Untitled - Ashin Kelatha Vihara

yPmrm'd
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yrmP 4-yg;
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(2) 0d½k'¨
(3) oyÜwdyu©
(4) tod'¨
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Oyg"ded&moenf;
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O'g[&P 2-rsKd;
O'g[&P 0guspdwf pdppfcsuf
Oye,
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a0g[m& ½Sif;vif;csuf
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(14) teEkbmoe
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0gusm0,00PÖemusrf; (trSmpum;) 1
0gusm0,00PÖemusrf;
trSmpum;
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ûypkpOfumvu 0pem0,0wkdYESifh pyfqkdifaom a0g[m& teuf t"dyÜg,fwkdYudk okw vkdvm;aom ygVdusrf;*efwwf
yk*d ¾KvfwkdYtm; tvG,fwul odem;vnfapvkdaom pdwfqE´ jyif;jypGm jzpfcJhygonf/ xkdYjyif uxm0w¬K-teufck-[k
q&m tpOftquf ajymavh½Sdaom pum;t& uxm0w¬K tEk#Dumü tb,ftydkif;udk taMumif;ûyí tEk#Dumudk
todcufonf[k ajymprSwf ûyMuygoenf;[k qifjcifum? tEk#Dumudk avhvmMunfhcJh&m (Esm,okwårS ,lí jyqkd
xm;aom ed*¾[Xme 22-yg;udk awGU&ygonf/ ,if; 22-yg;rSm tvGefyif todcufygonf? Esm,okwåqkdif&m usrf;
rsm;udk ravhvmyJ teufrSefrSef jyefqkdazmfjy&efyif tvGefcufygonf? odkYjzpfí xkded*¾[Xme 22-yg;udkvnf; tvG,f
wul odem;vnfapvkdaom pdwfqE´jyif;jypGm jzpfcJhygonf/
xkdpdwfqE´\ wkdufwGef;csuft& oifhavsmfaom usrf;wpfck ûypk&ef BuHrdaomtcgç rdrdudk,fwkdif ûypk
jcif;xuf t½SifoDvmeE´mbd0Hotm; ûypk&ef awmif;yef wdkufwGef;jcif;u ydkrdkí jynfhpHkckdifvHkaomtm;jzifh txl;yif
aus;Zl;rsm;vdrfhrnf[k ajr§mfjrifrdaomaMumifh xkdt½Siftm; a&;om;ûypk&ef awmif;yefwkdufwGef;cJhygonf/ xkdwkduf
wGef;csuft&tm;jzifh t½SifoDvmeE´monf 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om pdwfqE´xufoefpGmjzifh oufqkdif&musrf;rsm;rS azmfjy
oifhaom tcsuftvuf[lorQudk vkdavao;r½Sd&atmif tjynfhtpHkazmfjyí þ0gusm0,0 0PÖemusrf;udk ûypkcJhay
onf? 1333-ckESpf e,kefvjynfhaeYuyif NyD;pD;cJhaomfvnf; tppt&m&m taMumif;rnDnGwfojzifh ,ckrSyif yHkESdyf
jzefYa0&ef pDrH&ygonf/
0gusm0,0-[lonfrSm ckdifvHkaom usrf;*efpum;&yfwkdif;ü xkdufonftm;avsmfpGm yg0ifoifhaom tpdwf
tykdif;rsm; jzpfygonf? odkYjzpfí ,if;0gusm0,0wkdYudk usrf;*efA[kokw jynfh0olwkdif; tajctjrpfESifhwuG odem;
vnfxm;oifhygonf? txl;tm;jzifh 0dok'd¨r*f r[m#Dumü¤if;? o'éDwdokwårmvmü¤if;? o'´w¬ab'pdEÅmusrf;
ponfwkdYü¤if;? ,if;0gusm0,0wkdYudk jyqkdxm;aomaMumifh ,if;wkdYudk Esm,usrf;&if;rsm;ESifh wuG ESD;aESmí wdus
rSefuefaom teuft"dyÜg,fudk ydkifydkifEkdifEkdif odem;vnfxm;bdkY vkdvSygonf/
xkdYjyif uxm0w¬Kusrf;rS pí ed*¾[ûyyHkwkdYudk jyqkdxm;aomaMumifh Esm,okwårS ,laqmifí tEk#Dumü
jyxm;aom ed*¾[XmewkdYudkvnf; tbd"r®musrf;wwf yk*d ¾Kvfwkdif; wdusrSefuefpGm odem;vnfxm;bkdY vkdygonf/
xkdYaMumifh ,if;odkY odem;vnfoifhaom ed*¾[|mewkdYudk ESm(97)rSpí tus,fjyqkdxm;onfrSm vkdvm;olwkdYtwGuf
0rf;ajrmufzG,f aumif;vSygonf/
xkdwGif tyw¬u(torÁE¨w¬) ed*¾[|meqkdif&m 'o 'gVd rmedpaom yHkpHwdkYü 0dok'd¨r*fr[m#Dumedó,wGif
0daoeyk'f\ teufukd twdtusrjyyJ vkd&if;teufudkom jyaomtm;jzifh ('o 'gVdrmed-ovJoD;q,fvHk;wkdY)[k
jyefxm;csufudk azmfjyNyD;vQif edó,teuf twdtuswkdYudkvnf; a½SUem;wGif azmfjyxm;cJhonfrSm twdtus teuf
vkdvm;olwkdYtwGuf aus;Zl;rsm;bG,f ½Sdygonf/ (ESm 119 ponf)
qVylyg-[laom ygXfwGif ygVdusrf;wkdYü xif½Sm;aom ylyg-[laom yk'fjzif hyif r[m#Dum edó,ü azmfjy
xm;onf? xkdt&mwGifvnf; qtylyg[k twdtus azmfjyxm;aom yOd öumedosponfwkdYudk xkwfjyxm;onfrSm
vnf; rl&if;udk twdtus odvkdolwkdYtwGuf tusKd;rsm;bG,f ½Sdygonf/(ESm 122)
yvvyda@m-yk'f\ teufudk pdppfjyqkdxm;onfrSmvnf; rSwfom;bG,f aumif;ygayonf/ (ESm 123)
ukrm&d,m ay,sH-[k ½Sdoifh&mü ukrm&DeH ay,sH-[k r[m#Dum edó,ü jyxm;onfrSm pm½kduful;&mü
rSm;oGm;[ef½Sdygonf? xkdygXfteufudkvnf; xkwfjyí {u0kpf A[k0kpfrQ uGJaeaomfvnf; ta&;rBuD;[k qHk;jzwfcsuf
csxm;onf? A[k0kpfESifh½Sdaomfvnf; tyw¬u tjzpfrysufaomaMumifh ta&;rBuD;[k qkdvkdygonf? odkYaomf rl&if;udk
odap&ef þü azmfjyxm;onfrSm rl&if;twkdif; rSwfom;vkdolrsm;twGuf aus;Zl;rsm;bG,f ½Sdygayonf/ (ESm 124)

0gusm0,00PÖemusrf; (trSmpum;) 2
r[m#Dum edó,ü ]]wóm-xkdrdef;r\ ydwm-tbonf? ywdoDavm- t½Sifoabm½Sd\? 0g-vlBuD;
aywnf;}} [k jyqkdxm;&mwGif 0ka'¨g-[laom #dyÜPDzGifhjycsuft& ywdoDavm-vlBuD;[k jyefoif h&mü (ywdt½Sifocif
BuD;ol\? oDv-tavhoabm ½Sdonf[laom) o'´geufudk azmfí (t½Sifoabm½Sd\-[k) teuf
jyefxm;onf/ ,if;odkY jyefjcif;onf vlBuD;[lorQrSm ydkif½Siftaejzifh tavhtx pdwfaeoabmxm; ½Sdonf[k
odrSwf&ef jzpfayonf/ odkYaomf xkdodkY o'´geufudk azmfí jyefqkdaomfvnf; þodkYaom t&mü tusKd;xl; ½Sdrnf
r[kwfaomaMumifh þü ]]ywdoDavm twGufrSmrl #dyÜPD tzGifhtwkdif;yif vkduf&awmhrnf}}[k jyqdkxm;ayonf/
xkdYjyif ywdoDaem? tyÜwdoDaem[laom rluGJrsm;udkvnf; xkwfjyí teufjyefjyxm;onfrSmvnf; rSwfom;bG,f
aumif;ygayonf/ (ESm 125)
teufrSefod&ef rvG,faom (1) 0g'? (2) ZyÜ? (3) 0dw@mwkdY\ teuft"dyÜg,fwkdYudk zGifhjyxm;onfrSm
vnf; rSwfom;bG,f aumif;vSygayonf/ (ESm 147-ponf)
ponf)
xkdYjyif qvESifh Zmwd\ o½kyfudk xkwfjyxm;onfrSmvnf; rSwfom;bG,f aumif;vSygayonf/ (ESm 153
xkdYjyif uxm0w¬Kusrf;qkdif&m tEkavmr yOöuç y#dur® pwkuúwkdYudk yHkpHrsm;jzifh xkwfjyxm;onfrSmvnf;
tvGefyif rSwfom;bG,f aumif;vSygayonf/ (ESm 158 ponf)
0gusm0,00PÖemusrf;\ taMumif;t&mwkdYudk þü azmfjyxm;onfrSm rajymyavmuf tenf;i,frQom
jzpfygonf? okwvkdvm;aom yk*d ¾KvfwkdYrSm þusrf;udk aphaphpyfpyf txyfxyf Munfh½I avhvmaomtm;jzifh £Ed´,
'óedu aA't&mwGif todÓPfrsm; xl;jcm;pGm jzpfMurnfrSm ,HkrSm;bG,fr½Sd jzpfygonf/ odkYjzpfí þusrf;udk
aphaphpyfpyf txyfxyf Munfh½Iavhvmí ,if; aA'qkdif&m todÓPfrsm;udk jzpfyGm;apEdkifMuygap/
t½Sifaombe
1340-ckESpf t*¾r[my@dw
0gqkdvqef; 1-&uf/ r[mpnfq&mawmf
(5-7-78) omoemh&dyfom-&efukefûrdU/

0gusm0,00PÖemusrf; 3
0gusm0,00PÖemusrf;
yPmrm'd
1/ avmuda,[} Ekrmaee? ZmedwkrÜ}wd'kuú&H/
armu©my0*¾edAÁmeH? ypöuH© a,e um&dwH/
2/ ewGm o"r®oHCH wH? Ak'H¨ Esma,smya'ouH/
o,rHÇK 0g'dygarmuH©? a*gwrmcsH ra[odeH/
3/ r[mpnfax&yga'e? or,EÅ&0dñkem/
tmPawåe r,m wuú-*aE¦ok uwoDvdem/
4/ tmap&yg'y'¨|-&aZmrw¬u*g[dem/
wuú*aE¦ ormavmp¢? aw[d om&OöKyg'd,/
5/ oHoaE´wGm o*aE¦[d? ygVd,|uxm'd[d/
u,saw okc0dan,sm? 0gusm0,0 0PÖmemwd/
yPmrm'd*gxmwkdYtwGuf rSwfcsuf
þusrf;onf Esm,'óeü tusHK;0ifaom 0gusm0,0 5-yg;ESifh ed*¾[Xme 22-yg; ponfwkdYudk tus,f
zGifhqkda&;om;aom usrf;jzpf\/ xkdYaMumifh Esm,qkdif&m toHk;tEIef;rsm;udk yg0ifapvsuf txufyg *gxmwkdYudk
a&;om;xm;onf/
yXr*gxm ykAÁ¹kü avmuda,[d tEkrmaeeyd ZmedwHk twd'kuú&H-[k teuf,l/ tEkrmejzif haomfvnf;
od&ef tvGefcJ,Of;onf qkdojzifh ypöu©jzifhrl ajymzG,fyif r½Sd? tvGefYtvGef cJ,Of;awmhonf[k tyd\ teufudk
azmfyg/ xkdavmud,'óeynm½SifwkdYu olwkdYqkdif&m 0g't& oHo&mrS vGwfajrmufrIudk armu©[k¤if;? ty0*¾
[k¤if; qkdMu\/ ,if;yk'fwkdYudkyif þü edAÁme-\ 0daooetjzpf oHk;xm;onf/ om0uwkdYudk edAÁmefypöu©jzpfatmif
ûyaptyfNyD qkdojzifh udk,fawmfwkdif ypöu©ûyNyD;onf\tjzpfonf rqkdyJ NyD;awmhonf/
'kwd,*gxmü Esm,m teayawm Esma,sm? edAÁme *grdra*¾g? wó Oya'oaum Esma,mya'oaum[k
ormofwGJyg/ [dE´LwkdYu jA[®mBuD;ud k o,rÇL[k qk dMuojzif h þü jrwfpGmbk&m;vnf; o,rÇLyif[k jyjcif;iSg
o,rÇHK[k qkdonf/ Esm,'óe usrf;ûy &aohBuD;\ trnfrSm a*gwr 0g-a*gwr r[m£od jzpf\? xkdESifh ½dk;rSm;
ûyí a*gwrmcsH ra[odeH[k Ak'H¨-\ 0daooeudk qkdonf/
wwd,*gxmü r[mpnfq&mawmfbk&m;onf or,EÅ&udk wufodem;vnfonf qk djcif;jzif h ouor,ü
uRrf;usifonf\ tjzpfudkrqkdyJ NyD;aponf/ tmPaw¬e-jzif h r[mpnfq&mawmfonf or, 2-yg;vHk;ü
uRrf;usifawmfrlaomfvnf; y#dywfomoemûy vkyfief;rsm;aMumifh qkdif&m usrf;*efrsm;udk ½SmazGavhvm a&;om;&ef
tcsdefr&ojzifh þpma&;oltm; apckdif;jcif; jzpfaMumif; odaponf/

0gusm0,00PÖemusrf; 4
0gusm0,00PÖem
yrmP
avmuü rSefuefaom todÓPfudk &zkdY&ef vGefpGmta&;BuD;\/ todÓPf rSefuefygrS xkdtodÓPfudk
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csufwkdY rSefuefygrSom rdrdwkdYvkdvm;tyfaom tusKd;w&m;rsm;udk &Ekdifrnfjzpfayonf/
xkdYaMumifhyif rnfonfhtawG;tac:qkdif&m *dkPf;*P t,l0g'rSmyif Munfhonfjzpfap rSefuefaom
todÓPf (or®mÓPf? or®m'd|d) udk tav;ay;í a[mqkdnTefMum; jyocJhMuonfudk awGU&jcif;jzpfayonf/
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&&ef taMumif;av;rsKd; ½Sdonf[k owfrSwfMuavonf/ xkdtaMumif;av;rsKd;rSm todrSef&a&;wGif r½SdvQifrjzpfaom
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xkdwGif todrSefukd £E´d,'óe toHk;tEIef;tm;jzifh yrm(ouúw-jyrm) [k ac:í todrSef&jcif;\
taMumif;udk yrmP (ouúw-jyrmP)[k ac:onf/ todrSefjzpfaMumif; r½SdvQifç 0g-todrSef&&ef tm;xkwf&mü
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yrmP 4-yg;
xdkyrmPwkdYtm; (1) ypöu©? (2) tEkrme? (3) Oyrme? (4) o'´-[k 4-yg; ½Sdonf/ t&m0w¬Kwpfckckudk
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jzpf&avonf/
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,wåu)tod}} [k zGifhjyonf/
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todrsKd;vnf; r[kwf&/ qHk;qHk;jzwfjzwfvnf;odç trSeftuefvnf;jzpfaom todÓPf[lvkd/
aemufay: Esm,0g'DwkYdurl ypöu©udk edAdÁuyÜuç o0duyÜu[k 2-rsKd;cGJMuonf/ Zmwf*kPfponf txl;
tjym; rygaom tm½HkomrefrQ[k odjcif;rsKd;udk edAdÁuyÜuypöu©-[k ac:onf/ qkdcJhNyD; tAsya'óESifh oabmwlyif/
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2-rsKd;udk oD;jcm;[k r,lyJ wpfckwnf;aom ypöu©\ tqifh 2-qifh[k ,lMuonf/
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awGU&ayonf/

0gusm0,00PÖemusrf; 5
rnfokdYyif jzpfap? ,cktcgwGif rsufjrifvufawGU[k ac:Muaom todÓPfudkyif ypöu©-ac:onf[k
tvG,ftm;jzifh rSwf&m\/
þypöu©onf yrmP 4-yg;wkdYwGif tckdifrmqHk; jzpf\/ ypöu©tm;jzifh odtyfaom t&mudk tEkrme ponf
ûy&ef rvkdtyfawmhay/ Oyrm-pmzwfoltzkdY þpmtkyfonf rsufjrifudk,fawGU jzpf\/ xkdYaMumifh pmtkyf[k odaom
todÓPfonf udk,fawGUrSjzpfvmaom todÓPfjzpfí rSefuefaom todÓPfjzpfavonf/ þpmtkyfudk odaom
todÓPfESifh ywfoufí pmzwfoltzkdY axmufqí odp&m? EdIif;,SOfí odp&m? olwpfyg;tajymjzifh odp&m rvkd
awmhay/
tEkrmeudk aemufrS a&;ygrnf/
Oyrme
Oyrmeudk a*gwr&aohu ]]xif½Sm;aom 0w¬KESifh wlonf\tjzpfaMumifh NyD;aptyfaomt&mudk NyD;apjcif;}}
[k zGifhjyonf/ xif½Sm;aom 0w¬KESifh wpfpHkwpfck wlnDrIudk taMumif;ûyí rxif½Sm;aom (rodao;aom) 0w¬Kudk
odjcif;[k qkdvkdayonf/
þOyrme\ yHkpHudk Esm,usrf;wkdYü qkdvwHåY twkdif; jyMuonf/
vlwpfa,mufonf EGm;aemufac:aom owGmudk rod? odkYaomf rkqkd;polxHrS ]]EGm;aemufqkdonfrSm EGm;ESifh
wlaom owGmwpfrsKd;}} [kum; Mum;bl;xm;\/ xkdvlonf xkdpum;udkrarhyJ awmodkYa&mufoGm;avaomf EGm;ESifh
wlaom (EGm;vnf; r[kwfaom) owGmwpfrsKd;ud k jrif\/ xkdtcg ]]EGm;aemuf qkdonfrSm 'DowGmyJ}}[k odavawmh
onf/ þodkY wlnDrIwpfckckjzifh EdIif;,SOfí odjcif;udkyif Oyrme[k ac:avonf/
o'´
o'údk ]],HkMunfavmufaom yk*d ¾Kvf\ nTefMum; ajymqkdrI}}[k Esm,q&mwkdY zGifhqkdMuonf/ ,HkMunf
avmufaom ol\ ajymqkdcsuf? a&;om;csufukd ]]o'´}}[k qkdvkdayonf/ þü ],HkMunfavmufaomol}[lonf
udk,fwkdifodjrifNyD;onfjzpfí xkdodjriftyfwkdif;aom teufoabmudk ajymMum;nTefjywwfoludk qkdvkdonf/ qk dif&m
ynm&yfukd aumif;pGmwwfajrmufí trSeftwkdif; ajymMum;wwfol\ pum;udkyif yrmPt&mü o'´[k qkd&onf/
,ckacwf toHk;tEIef;tm;jzifh qkd&vQif ]]usrf;udk; usrf;um;}}yif jzpfonf/
xkdxkdbmom0if xkdxkd0g'DwkdYtzkdY o'´trsKd;rsKd; ½Sdrnfjzpf&m [dE´Lbmom0ifwkdYtzkdY a0'usrf;*efonf¤if;?
c&pf,ef bmom0ifwkdYtzkdY or®musrf;pmonf¤if;? tpövmrf bmom0ifwkdYtzkdY udk&efusrf;onf¤if; tav;eufqHk;
aom o'´jzpfawmhonf/ Ak'¨bmom0ifwkdY tzkdYrlum; jrwfpGmbk&m;\ pum;awmfjzpfaom yd#uwfoH k;yH konf o'´
aywnf;/
tEkrme
tEkrmeonf Esm,0g'DwkdY vufcHtyfaom 'kwd,ajrmufyrmP jzpf\/ xkdxkd Esm,bmóusrf;ûy 0päm,e
&aohu ]]odtyfNyD;aom trSwftom;jzifh teufoabmudk aemufü odaMumif;}} [k zGifhjyonf/ tEkrme[laom
yk'fonf tEkESifh rmewkdYukd wGJpyfxm;aom yk'f-jzpf\/ xkdwGif tEkonf aemuf[laom teufudka[mí rmeonf
odaMumif;[laom teufudk a[monf/ xkdYaMumifh tEkrme\ o'´gteufrSm aemufüodaMumif; jzpfavonf/
t"dyÜg,frSm ypöu©tod\ aemufüjzpfaom todÓPf\ taMumif;jzpfaom 0g-xkdaemuf todÓPf jzpfay:a&;ü
r½SdvQif rjzpfaomÓPf jzpfonf/ ypöu©todrS xyfqifhjzpfay:&aom xdktusKd;jzpfaom todudkyif rSef;qodjcif;[k
ac:tyfavonf/ (þum; rSwfvG,f½Hkom/ tus,fudk ]Aswdåoabm} tcPf;ü Munfhyg&ef/)

0gusm0,00PÖemusrf; 6
tEkrme 2-rsKd;
,if;tEkrmeonf ouw¬mEkrmeç y&w¬mEkrme[k 2-rsKd;½Sdonf/ xkdwGif rdrdtwGuf rSef;qrI ûyjcif;udk
ouw¬mEkrme olwpfyg;twGuf rSef;qrI ûyjcif;udk y&w¬mEkrme[k ac:onf/
xkd 2-rsKd;wdkYwGif ouw¬mEkrme jzpfyHkum; þodkYwnf;/
vlwpfa,mufonf rD;zk dacsmif ponfü tBudrfrsm;pGm awGUjrif&bl;jcif;aMumifh ]rD;ckd;½Sdaom ae&mwkdif;ü rD;½Sd
onf}[k odxm;\/ olonf wpfpHkwpfckaom udpöjzifh awmifwpfckteD;odkY a&mufoGm;í awmifxdyfü rD;ckd;udk
jrif\/ xkdYaemif awmifxdyfü rD;½Sdavrnfvm;[k oHo,jzpfNyD;aemuf rD;ckd;½Sdaom ae&mwdkif;rSm rD;½Sdonf}[k rdrd
rSwfxm;aom tcsufudk owd&í (rD;udk wkduf½dkufrjrif&aomfvnf;) awmifxdyfay:ü rD;½Sdonf[k rSef;qí trSef
twkdif; odavonf/ þum; rdrdtwGuf rSef;qí odjcif;wnf;/
txufygyHkpHü vl\ rD;ckd;udkjrifjcif; odjcif;onf ypöu©wnf;/ xkdypöu©rS wpfqifhwufí ]]rD;cdk;½Sdaom
ae&mwk dif;ü rD;½Sdonf}}[laom tcsufukd tajccHí ]]awmifxdyfrSm rD;½Sdonf}}[laom tEkrme jzpfay:&onf/
xkdYaMumifh tEkrme[lonf wpfpHkwpfckaom vd*F(trSwftom;? þü rD;ckd;)udk jrifí xkdvd*FESifh rauGruGmjzpfjcif;udk
taMumif;ûyí xkdrauGruGmjzpfaom tjcm;t&mwpfck (þü rD;)udk odjcif;yif jzpfavonf/ Esm, toHk;tEIef;
tm;jzifh rauGruGmjzpfrIudk Aswdå-[k ac:í þyHkpHü rD;uJhodkYaom t&mudk om"s (twnfjzpfap&rnfht&m) [k
ac:onf/ þum; ouw¬mEkrmewnf;/
þodkY rD;ckd;rS axmufqí awmifxdyfü rD;½Sdonfudk tEkrme-jzifh odxm;aom yk*d ¾Kvfwpfa,mufonf xkdodkY
rodao;aom tjcm;yk*d ¾Kvfwpfa,muftm; ,if;yk*d ¾Kvf vufcH,HkMunfvmatmif ajym&mü oHk;pGJtyfaom tpdwf
tydkif; 5-rsKd;ygaom pum;&yfudk y&w¬mEkrme[k ac:onf/
rdrdtwGuf tEkrmeûypOfu (1) vd*Fudkjrifjcif;/ (2) Aswdåudk owd&jcif;/ (3) om"sudk tEkrmeûyjcif; þ
3-qifhjzifhyif vHkavmufcJh\/ odkYaomf olwpfyg;udk ,HkMunfvufcHatmif ajymjy&müum; xkd 3-qifhjzifh rvHk
avmufay/ xkdYaMumifh tpdwf 5-rsKd;ygaom pum;&yfukd xkwfazmfajymjy&jcif; jzpfonf/ xkdodkYaom pum;&yfjzifh
ajymqk drSom wpfzufom;u em;vnfí ,H kMunfvufcHEk difrnf jzpfayonf/ xkdtpdwf 5-yg;um; (1) y#dnm? (2)
a[wk? (3) O'g[&P? (4) Oye,? (5) ed*rewkdY jzpfavonf/ xkdtpdwf 5-yg;ESifh jynfhpHkaom 0gusum;
atmufygtwkdif; jzpfavonf/
tpdwf 5-yg;½Sdaom 0gus
y#dnm - yAÁawm t*d ¾rm/
awmifonf rD;½Sdonf/
a[wk - "lr0wåm/
rD;ck d;½S daomaMumif hwnf;/
O'g[&P - a,m a,m "lr0g? aom aom t*d ¾rm0 ,xm
r[meoH/
rD;ckd;½Sdaom t&mwkdif;onf rD;½Sdonf? Oyrm
rD;zkdacsmif/
Oy,e - "lr0g^pm,H (wxm pm,H)/
þawmifonf rD;ckd;½Sdonf/
ed*re - wo®m yAÁawm t*d
¾rm (wo®m wxm)/
xkdYaMumifh awmifonf rD;½Sdonf/

0gusm0,00PÖemusrf; 7
rSwfcsuf/ / ygVdodkYvkdufí ]awmifonf} ponfjzifh a&;onf/ jrefrmbmomtaejzifh ]awmifü} 0g ]awmifrSm
ponfjzifh qkdrS pum;ajzmifhrnf/
txufyg pum;&yfudk MunfhvQif y#dnmpaom tpdwfwkdYonf wpfckESifh wpfck obm0uspGm qufpyfvsuf
½Sdonfudk awGU&rnfjzpfonf/ awmifay:rSm (rD;udk wkduf½dkufrjrif&yJvsuf) rD;½Sdonf[k ajymvQif wpfzufvlu
]]bmaMumifhenf;}}[k ar;ayvdrhfrnf/ xkdYaMumifh y#dnm\ tjcm;rJhü a[wk (taMumif;jypum;) udk jyqkdxm;&onf/
]]rD;ckd;½SdrIESifhrD;½dSrI rnfodkY oufqkdifvkdYenf;}}[k ar;p&m½Sdjyefí O'g[&Pudk qkd&jyefonf/ xkdrQjzifh awmifay:rSm
rD;½Sdonfudk rNyD;apEkdifao;? 0g-awmifü rD;½SdaMumif; rxif½Sm;ao;? tb,fhaMumifh[lrl rD;ESifh rauGruGmjzpfonf
qkdaom rD;cdk;awmifü ½Sdonfudk rjy&ao;aomaMumifhwnf;/ xkdYaMumifh rD;ESifh rauGruGm jzpfavh½Sdaom rD;ckd;ESifh
awmifukd pyfí jy&jyefonf/ xkdodkY jyNyD;rS xkdrS&tyfaom aumufcsuftjzpf y#dnmudkyif xyfí ed*retjzpf jy&
onf/ xkdodkY tqifhqifh ajymjyEdkifrSom wpfzufvlu vufcHEdkifrnf jzpfavonf/
qkdcJhNyD;twkdif; y#dnmponfwkdYonf wpfckESifhwpfck obm0uspGm qufpyfvsuf½S daomaMumif h y#dnm
ponfwkdY\ tpOfudk cRwfapí uarmuúr ajymqkda&;om;ygrl xkdtEkrmeonf vufrcHEdkifaom tEkrmejzpfrnf
r[kwfay? rdrdbmom rSefuefpGm tEkrmeûyxm;tyfonf jzpfaomfvnf; wifjyyHk ae&mrusonfhtwGuf tEkrme
ysufom jzpf&awmhonf/ xkdYaMumifh þtEkrmet&mü y#dnmponfwkdY\ tpOfudk rcRwfap&[k NrJNrHpGm rSwftyf\/
xkdYaMumifhyif tpOfudk cRwfapí jyqkdxm;aomenf;wkdYudkvnf; a½S;a[mif;Esm, usrf;BuD;wkdYESifhvnf; rudkufnDç
vufawGUwGifvnf; oHk;írjzpfaom enf;wkdYom[k rSwftyfawmhonf/
,cktcg ,if;0guspdwf wkdYudk tus,fzGifhjyaytHh/
0guspdwf 5-yg;tus,f
þ tEkrmet&mü 0gust& ]]yAÁawm t*d¾rm}}rS ]]wo®m yAÁawm t*d¾rm}}wkdifatmif pum;&yftukefudk ,l&
rnf/ y#dnmpaom 5-cktaygif;udk ,l&rnf[lvkd/ tEkrmeûyyHk tjynfhtpHkygaom xkd 0gusBuD;udk tEkrme0gus
[kvnf; ac:onf? Esm,[kvnf; ac:onf/ taemufwdkif; ,kwdåaA'tac:tm;jzifh syllogism jzpfonf/ y#dnm
paom toD;toD;aom pum;&yfwkdYonf rdrdwkdYcsnf; jynfhpHkaom pum;0gusrjzpfMu? 0g-tEkrmewnf;[laom
jynf hpH kaom teufud k rjyEd kifMu? xk dYaMumifh ,if;wkdYonf tEkrme 0gusBuD;\ tpdwftydkif;rsm;om jzpfMuí
,if;wkdYudk ygVdouúwvkd 0gusm0,0? jrefrmvkd 0guspdwf[kom ac:a0:&avonf/
y#dnm
xkd tpdwf 5-yg;wkdYwGif y#dnmudk Esm,okwåusrf;ü ]]om"sudk xkwfazmf nTefjyjcif;}} [k zGifhjyonf/ þü
om"s[lonf NyD;aptyf? 0g-twnfjzpfaptyfaom tcsuftvufwnf;/ taxmuf txm;wkdYjzifh rSefuefaMumif;
tjycH&rnfh tcsufwnf;? xkdxkd xkwfazmfjyqkdjcif;udkyif rdrdt,ludk xkwfazmf 0efcHjcif;jzpfí y#dnm[k rSnfhac:[ef
wlonf/ þ y#dnmjy pum;&yfudkyif wuúbmomusrf;ü ]]om"s\ "r®jzifh txl;ûytyfaom yu©udk jyaom0gus}}
[k zGifhqkdonf/ ]]yAÁawm t*d ¾rm}} [laom 0gusü yAÁawm t&jzpfaom awmifudk Esm, toHk;tm;jzifh ]]yu©}}[k
ac:í t*d ¾t&jzpfaom rD;udk om"s? xkd\ *kPfjzpfaom rD;ckd;udk "r®[k ac:onf/ xkdYaMumifh ]]yAÁawm t*d ¾rm}}
[laom 0gusü om"s\ "r®jzpfaom rD;ckd;jzifh txl;ûytyfaomç 0g-rD;ckd;½Sdonf[kqkdtyfaom awmif[laom yu©udk
jyaom pum;&yfudk y#dnm ac:onf[k qkdvkdayonf/
wuúbmomusrf;vm tzGifhonf Esm,qkdif&m oD;jcm;a0g[m&wkdYjzifh jyxm;aom tzGifhjzpf ½kwfw&ufaomf
cufouJhodkY ½Sdonf/ odkYaomf tESpfom&tm;jzifhrl Esm,okwåzGifhyHkESifh qifwlyifjzpfonf/

0gusm0,00PÖemusrf; 8
a[wk
taMumif;jy pum;udk a[wk[k ac:onf/ ,if;udk ]]yOörD0dbwf 0g-wwd,m0dbwf tqHk;½Sdaom vd*Fudk
jywwfaom pum;}}[k wuúbmomü zGif hjyonf/ ,if;ü yOörD0dbwf 0g-wwd,m0dbwf[lonfrSm ]]aMumifh}}[k
teufxGufaom 0dbwf[k qkdvkdonf/ xkdYaMumifh jrefrmbmom tm;jzifhrl ]]aMumifh}}ygaomvd*Fukd jyaom0gus}}[k
zGifhqkd&monf/
þü wpfpHkwpfck½SdaMumif;? jzpfaMumif; odapwwfaom txdrf;trSwf 0g-trSwftom;udk vd*F[k
ac:onf/ avmuü awGUjrif&aom tvHpaom ypönf;wkdYrSm vd*Fcsnf;yif/ "lr0wåm[laom yHkpHü rD;ckd;onf vd*F
jzpfonf/ rD;ckd;udkjrifvQif rD;½Sdonfudk od&ojzifh rD;ckd;onf rD;\ vd*Fjzpf&onf/
jycJhaom ]]"lr0wåm = rD;ckd;½SdaomaMumifhwnf;}}[laom a[wk0gusudkMunfhvQif ,if;0gusonf y#dnmudk
taxmuftulûyaom 0gusjzpfaMumif; odomonf/ ,if;0gusjzifh om"sjzpfaom rD;ESifh rdrdxkwfjyvwHåYaom O'g[
½kPfwkdY\ wlnDaom tcsufwpfckjzpfonfh ]]rD;ckd;½Sdjcif;[lonf}}udk azmfxkwfjyonfudkvnf; awGU&onf/ odkYaomf
a[wk0guswkdif;onf O'g[&PESifh vkdufavsm&rnf[k wxpfcs r,l&? &HcgwGif a[wkonf O'g[&PESifh
qefYusifzufvnf; jzpfEkdifonf/ xkdYaMumifhyif a*gwr&aohu ]]O'g[½kPfESifh wlonf\tjzpfjzif h om"sud k NyD;ap
aMumif; pum;onf a[wk rnf\/ xkdYtwl (O'g[½kPfESifh) rwlonf\tjzpfjzif h (om"suk d NyD;apaMumif; ]]pum;
onf a[wk rnf\)}} [k zGifhqkdxm;ayonf/
xkd O'g[½kPfESifh wlrwlaom a[wkygonfh Esm,0gusukd Esm,bmó (1? 1? 39) ü 0päm,e&aohu
atmufygtwkdif; xkwfjyxm;avonf/
O'g[½kPfESifh oabmwla[wkyHkpH
y#dnm - tedapöm oa'´g/
toHonf rNrJ/
a[wk - OyÜwd å"r®uwåm/
jzpfjcif;oabm ½S daomaMumif hwnf;/
O'g[&P - OyÜwdå"r®uH^xmvsm'd'AÁH tedpö H/
jzpfjcif;oabm½Sdaom tkd;paom 0w¬Konf rNrJ/
Oye, - wxm p OyÜwdå"r®aum oa'´g/
xkdYtwlyif toHonf jzpfjcif;oabm½Sdonf/
ed*re - wo®m OyÜwdå"r®uwåm tedapöm oa'´g/
xkdodkYjzpfjcif; oabm½SdaomaMumifh toHonf rNrJ/

0gusm0,00PÖemusrf; 9
O'g[½kPfESifh oabmrwl a[wkyHkpH
y#dnm - tedapöm oa'´g/
toHonf rNrJ/
a[wk - OyÜwd å"r®uwåm/
jzpfjcif;oabm½S daomaMumif hwnf;/
O'g[&P - tEkyÜwdå"r®uH^twåm'd'AÁH^edpH ö 'd|H/
jzpfjcif;oabm r½Sdaom twåpaom j'AfNrJonfudk
jriftyfonf/
Oye, - e paom tEkyÜwdå"r®aum oa'´g/
toHonf xkdtwåvkd rjzpfjcif;oabm½Sdonfr[kwf/
ed*re - wo®m OyÜwdå"r®uwåm tedapöm oa'´g/
xkdodkYjzpfjcif; oabm½SdaomaMumifh toHonf rNrJ/
txufygyHkpHudk twk,lí yXrjycJhaom yHkpHudk O'g[½kPfESifh rwlaom a[wkygonfh yHkpHjzpfatmif jyifvQif
atmufygtwkdif; jzpfonf/
y#dnm - yAÁawm t*d ¾rm/
awmifonf rD;½S donf/
a[wk - "lr0wåm/
rD;ckd;½SdaomaMumifhwnf;/
O'g[&P - a,m a,m e "lr0g? aom aom e t*d ¾rm? ,xm-
&[a'g/
rD;ckd;r½Sdaom t&mwkdif;onf rD;r½Sd? Oyrm-a&tkdif/
Oy,e - ewxm yAÁawm e "lr0g/
xkdYtwl awmifonf rD;ckd;r½Sdonfr[kwf/
ed*re - wo®m yAÁawm t*d ¾rm/
xkdYaMumifh awmifonf rD;cdk;½Sdonf/
taMumif; 3-rsKd;
tEG,Aswda&udtaMumif;
txufygpum;&yfwkdYt& a[wk0gusonf O'g[½kPfESifh oabmwlrwl ESpfrsKd;½SdEdkifonf[k rSwftyfonf/
a[wk 0gusrSm 2-rsKd;om ½Sdaomfvnf; jytyfaomtaMumif; (a[wk)rSmrl 3-rsKd;½SdEdkifavonf/
csJUOL;tHh/ yXryHkpHkü jytyfaom "lr0wåm[laom taMumif;ü rD;cdk;udkMunfhyg/ xkdrD;ckd;jzifh tavsmftm;jzifh
jzpfap qefYusifzuftm;jzifhjzpfap O'g[½kPfxkwfjyí &onfudk awGU&vdrhfrnf/ ]]rD;cdk;½Sdaom t&mwkdif;ü rD;½Sdonf}}
[k tavsmftm;jzifh O'g[½kPfjyí &ovkd ]]rD;r½Sdaom t&mwkdif;ü rD;ckd;r½Sd/ Oyrm-a&tdkif}}[k qefYusifzuftm;jzifh
vnf; jyí&onf/ t"dyÜg,foufa&mufrIrSmrl twlwlyif jzpfonf/ (þuJhokdY tavsmf (tEG,) qefYusifzuf (Aswd
a&u) 2-rsKd;vHk;jyí&aom taMumif;rsKd;ukd wuúo*F[ü tEG,Aswda&udtaMumif;[k rSnfhac:avonf/

0gusm0,00PÖemusrf; 10
au0vmEG,dtaMumif;
qkdcJhNyD;twkdif; tEG,ç Aswda&u 2-rsKd;vHk;jzifh jyír&yJ tEG,tm;jzifhom O'g[½kPfjyí&aom taMumif;
rsKd;udkum; au0vmEG,dtaMumif;[k orkwfonf/
yHkpH
y#dnm - Ca#m tbda"a,sm/
tkd;onf trnfrSnfhí &Ekdifaom 0w¬Kjzpfonf/
a[wk - yar,swåm?
odtyfaom 0w¬KjzpfaomaMumif hwnf;/
O'g[&P - a,m a,m yara,sm? aom aom tbda"a,sm?
,xm-ya|m/
odtyfaom t&m0w¬K[lorQ trnfrSnfhí&Ekdifonf/
Oyrm-t0wf/
þyHkpHü ]]odtyfaom 0w¬=jzpfaomaMumifh}} [laom taMumif;onf au0vmEG,d taMumif;jzpf\/ þü
qefYusifzuftm;jzifh O'g[½kPfjyír&/ taMumif;um; trnfrSnfhí r&aomw&m; 0g-t&m0w¬K[lí wpfpHkwpfck
r½SdaomaMumifhwnf;/ xkdYaMumifh trnfrSnfhí r&Ekdifaom t&mrSeforQ rodtyf[k pum;tjzpf ajymEkdifaomfvnf;
trnfrSnfhr&í rodtyfEkdifaomt&m wpfpkHwpfckudk O'g[½kPftjzpf xkwfrjyEdkif&um; Aswda&u O'g[½kPf
r½SdEkdif/ xkdYaMumifh au0vmEG,d jzpf&onf/ þü yar,s[lonf aO,sESifh t"dyÜg,fwl jzpfonf/
au0vAswda&udtaMumif;
Aswda&u oufoufjzifhom O'g[½kPf xkwfjyí&aom taMumif;udkrl au0vAswda&ud[k ac:onf/
yHkpH
y#dnm - yx0D £wa&[d bdZÆaw/
yx0Dj'Afonf tjcm;j'Afwk dYrS oD;jcm;jzpfonf/
a[wk - *E¨0wåm/
teHY½SdaomaMumifhwnf;/
O'g[½kPf - ,H£wa&[d e bdZÆaw? e wH *E¨0EHÅ? ,xm ZvH/
tjcm;j'AfwkdYrS oD;jcm;r[kwfaom j'Afonf teHY½Sd
onfr[kwf/ Oyrm-a&/
þyHkpHum; 0daoodu'óet,lESifhtnD xkwfxm;aom yHkpHwnf;/ ,if; t,lt& yx0Dtmaygponfukd
j'Af[kqkdí teHY½Sdjcif;onf yx0D\vu©Pm[k qkdxm;onf/ yx0Dj'Afonf tjcm;j'AfwkdYrS oD;jcm;jzpfonf
qkdonfrSm yx0Donf tmaygponfr[kwf[k qkdvkdonf/ tjcm;j'Aft& tmaygponfudk ,l&onf/ tjcm;j'AfwkdYrS
oD;jcm;r[kwfaom j'Af[lonf tmaygponfyif jzpfonf/
0daoodu'óet,lt& teHY½Sdaom j'AfrSm yx0Dwpfckwnf;om jzpf&um; ]]teHU½Sdwkdif;aom j'Afonf
tjcm;j'AfwkdYrS oD;jcm;jzpfonf}}[k pum;tjzpfqkdEkdifaomfvnf; teHYvnf;½Sd yx0Dvnf;r[kwfaom j'Afwpfckudk
O'g[½kPftjzpfjzifh xkwfrjyEdkif? 0g-tEG,O'g[½kPfrxkwfEdkif/ ]]tmaygponfrS oD;jcm;r[kwfaom j'Af(tmayg
ponfyif)onf teHYr½Sd? Oyrm-a&}}[k Aswda&utm;jzifhom O'g[½kPf xkwfEkdifonf/ xkdYaMumifh teHY½SdaomaMumifh
[laom taMumif;onf au0vAswda&ud jzpf&avonf/

0gusm0,00PÖemusrf; 11
Ak'¨tbd"r®mtvkd yHkpHxkwfvkdrI atmufygtwkdif; xkwf&m\/
y#dnm - yx0D £w&m[d bdZÆaw/
yx0D"mwfonf tjcm;"mwfwkdYrS oD;jcm;jzpfonf/
a[wk - uu©Vwå0EÅwåm/
cufrmjcif; oabm½S daomaMumif hwnf;/
O'g[&P - ,m £w&m[d e bdZÆaw? e {om uu©Vwå0wD?
,xm tmayg"mwk/
tjcm;"mwfwk dYrS oD;jcm;r[kwfaom "mwfonf cufrmjcif;
oabm½Sdonf r[kwf/ Oyrm tmayg "mwf/
þokdYvQif y#dnmudk taxmuftulûyaom taMumif;onf tEG,Aswda&ud au0vmEG,d au0vAswd
a&ud[k 3-rsKd; ½Sdavonf/
a[wGmbmorsm;
taMumif; 3-rsKd;udk em;vnfNyD;aemuf taMumif;ppf taMumif;rSef tjypfuif;aom taMumif;udk od&ef
vkdtyfonf/ xkdudkod&efrSmvnf; taMumif;[k taMumif;rSm; tjypftemtqm½Sdaom taMumif;wkdYudk odrS jzpfEkdif
rnf/ xkdtaMumif;wdkYü ½Sdaom tjypfukd a½Smif½Sm;EdkifygrS taMumif;ppf taMumif;rSefukd &Ekdifrnfjzpfayonf/
xkdtjypftemtqm½Sdaom taMumif;wkdYudk Esm,usrf;wkdYü ]]a[wGm bmo}}[k orkwfonf/ taMumif;
uJhodkY xifaom t&mrsm;[k teufxGufonf/ taMumif;tjzpfjzifh xkwfjyxm;ojzifh taMumif;ppf[k xif&aomf
vnf; pifppftaMumif;\ vu©PmrjynfhpHkojzifh taMumif;ppf r[kwfaom twkta,mifrQom jzpfaomtaMumif;
rsm;[k qkdvkdonf/
a[wGmbmoac: xkdtaMumif;wkwkdYonf (1) oAsbdpm&/ (2) 0d½k'¨/ (3) oyÜwdyu©/ (4) tod'¨/ (5)
Am"dw[k 5-rsKd;½Sdonf/
(1) oAsbdpm&
xkdwGif raocsmaom vkdtyfonfxufykdí ysHUESHYaom taMumif;udk oAsbdpm& taMumif;[k ac:onf/
xkdtaMumif;rsKd;onf ysHUESHUvGefojzifh rdrdtvkd½Sdtyfaom aumufcsufudkvnf; jzpfapEdkifí tvkdr½Sdtyfaom aumuf
csufudkvnf; jzpfapEdkifonf/ xkdYaMumifh ,if;udk ]]taeuEdÅu}}[k zGifhMuavonf/ vkdtyf rvkdtyftzkdY 2-yg;vHk;udk
ysHUES HUwwfaom taMumif;[lvkd/
cE¨mudk,fjzifh awGUxdí r&aomaMumifh toHonf NrJonf[k qkd&mü ]]awGUxdí r&aomaMumifh}}[laom
taMumif;onf tAsbdpm&taMumif;jzpfonf/ avmuü awGUxdí r&yJ NrJaomtwåuJhodkYaom t&m½Sdovkd ([dE´L
t,lt& a&;onf) awGUxdír&yJ rNrJaomAk'¨d (todÓPf) uJhodkYaom t&mvnf;½Sdonf/ xkdYaMumifh twåudk yHkpH
xkwfí ajymvQif twåonf awGUxdr&aomaMumif h NrJouJ hod kY toHvnf; awGUxdr&aomaMumif h NrJonf[k
aumufcsufay;EdkifouJhodkY Ak'dönf awGUxdr&aomaMumifh rNrJovkd toHvnf; awGUxdr&aomaMumifh rNrJ[k
a½S;aumufcsufESifh qefYusifaom aumufcsufukd ay;Ekdifonf/ xkdodkY tESHYvGefaomaMumifh ,if;ukd oAsbdpm&
taMumif;wk[k qkd&avonf/
xkdoAsbdpm& a[wGmbmoonfvnf; wuúo*F[tvkd tm;jzifhom "m&P tom"m&P tEkyoH[m&D[k
3-rsKd;jym;jyefonf/ xkdwGif om"s\ r½Sdjcif;oabm½Sdaom 0w¬Kü jzpfjcif;½Sdaom taMumif;onf om"m&P rnf\/
qufqHvGef;aom t&m us,fvGef;aom taMumif;[k qkdvkd\/ xkdodkY t&mus,fvGef;aomaMumifhyif {uefrjzpfyJ
taeuefjzpf&onf/ yHkpHum;-yAÁawm t*d ¾rm yar,swåm[lonfwnf;/ (yAÁawm t*d ¾rmü awmifonf yu©?

0gusm0,00PÖemusrf; 12
rD;onf om"sjzpfaMumif; trSwf&aeygap/) þü ]]yar,swåm=odtyfaomaMumifh}} [laom taMumif;onf om"s
jzpfaom rD;r½Sd&mjzpfonfh a&tdkifüvnf; ½SdaomaMumifh t&mus,fvGef;&um; om"m&Pmjzpfawmhonf/ (þom"m
&Ponf jycJhaom oAsbdpm& omrefESifh twlwlyif/)
tvHk;pHk oyu©? 0dyu©ü r½Sd yu©rQüom½Sdaom taMumif;onf tom"m&P rnf\/ usOf;vGef;aom? rESHY
vGef;aom taMumif;[lvkd/ yHkpHum;-oa'´g edapöm o'´wåm (toHjzpfaomaMumifh toHonf NrJonf) [lonfwnf;/
þü o-yu©[lonf yu©ESifh oabmwlaomt&m? 0dyu©[lonf yu©ESifh oabmrwlaom t&mwnf;/ þyHkpHü
oa'´gonf yu©? edapömonf om"swnf;/ ]]o'´wåm=toHjzpfaomaMumifh}}[k jyxm;aomtaMumif;onf toHESifh
oabmwlaom teHYpaom tedpöj'AfwkdY (oyu©)üvnf; r½Sd? toHESifhoabmrwlaom tumopaom edpöj'AfwkdY
(0dyu©)üvnf; r½Sd/ yu©jzpfaom toHüom½SdaomaMumifh tom"m&Pjzpf&avonf/
tEG,tm;jzifhvnf; O'g[½kPf xkwfír&? Aswda&utm;jzifhvnf; O'g[½kPf xkwfír&aom taMumif;
onf tEkyoH[m&DtaMumif; rnf\/ yHkpHum; oAHÁ tedpH ö yar,swåm (odtyfaomaMumifh tvHk;pHkonf rNrJ) [lonf
wnf;/ þü tvHk;pHkonf yu©jzpfaeaomaMumifh tEG, Aswda&u O'g[½kPf 2-rsKd;vHk;xkwfí r&? xkdYaMumifh
tEkyoH[m&D[k qkdtyfonf/ þtjypfonf taMumif;\ tjypfr[kwfyJ y#dnm\ tjypfuJhodkY jzpfonf/ odkYaomf
ÓPfyGm;ap&ef wuúo*F[ü jyonfhtwkdif; jyonf/ wuúbmomüum; yXr 2-rsKd;ukdom jyonf/
(2) 0d½k'¨
0d½k'¨ taMumif;wk[lonf om"sudk twnfjzpfap&ef xkwfjytyfonfjzpfygvsuf ,if;\ om"s r½Sdjcif;ESifh
rauGruGmjzpfrIaMumif h om"sr½S djcif;ud k NyD;apwwf (0g-twnfjzpfapwwf)aom taMumif;wkrsKd;wnf;/ ,if;udkyif
wuúo*F[ü ]]om"s\ r½Sdjcif;onf jyefYESHYtyfaomtaMumif;[k zGifhavonf/ yHkpHum; oa'´g edapöm uwuwåm
(ûytyfonfjzpfaomaMumif h toHonf NrJ\) wnf;/ þü ]]uwuwåm = ûytyfonf jzpfaomaMumifh}}[laom
taMumif;ud k NrJjcif;[laom om"sr½S daom rNrJjcif;u jyefYESHYtyfaomaMumifh 0d½k'¨ (qefYusifaom taMumif;) jzpfav
onf/ ½Sif;½Sif; qkd&vQif ûytyfaom t&m0w¬KrSeforQ tedpöcsnf; jzpf&um; uwuwåm[k ay;tyfaom taMumif;
onf om"sjzpfaom NrJrIud k rNyD;apyJ xk d\ qefYusifzuf rNrJrIudkom NyD;aponf jzpf&um; 0d½k'¨ jzpfavawmhonf/
qkdcJhNyD; oAsbdpm&ESifh þ0d½k'¨wkdYtxl;um; oAsbdpm& taMumif;wkonf om"sukd rNyD;apEkdif½Hkom
jzpfonf/ 0d½k'üm; om"s\ qefYusifzufudkom NyD;apEdkifonf/ 0g-om"srSm;aMumif;udkom NyD;apEdkifonf/
(3) oyÜwdyu©
]]om"s\ r½Sdjcif;udk NyD;apwwfaom taMumif;wpfyg;½Sdaom taMumif;udk oyÜwdyu©taMumif;wk}}[k
wuúo*F[q&m zGifhjyonf/ om"sudk NyD;ap&eftaMumif;wpfckudk rdrdu jyxm;&m0,f om"s r½SdaMumif; NyD;apwwf
aom tjcm; taMumif;wpfck ½SdaeonfjzpftHh? rdrd jytyfaom taMumif;onf oyÜwdyu© taMumif;wk rnfonf[k
qkdvkdonf/
yHkpH- oa'´g edapöm? aomwAÁwåm o'´wåó £0/ toHonf
NrJ\/ toH\tjzpfuJhodkY Mum;tyfaom aMumifhwnf;/
oa'´g tedapöm? um&d,wåm C#ó £0/
toHonfrNrJ? tdk;uJhodkY ûytyfaomaMumifhwnf;/
þodkY ]]Mum;tyfaomaMumifh toHonf NrJonf}}[laom tqkdudk ]]ûytyfaomaMumifh toHonfrNrJ}}[laom
tqkdu ydkifEdkifpGm y,fzsufEkdifonf/ 'kwd,tqkdüygaom ]]ûytyfaomaMumifh}} [laom taMumif;u yXr tqkdü
ygaom NrJjcif;[laom om"sr½Sdjcif;ukd NyD;aponf/ xkdYaMumifh ]]Mum;tyfaomaMumifh}}[laom taMumif;onf ]]ûytyf
aomaMumifh}}[laom ywdyu© taMumif;wpfyg; ½SdaomaMumifh oyÜwdyu©[k trnf&avonf/

0gusm0,00PÖemusrf; 13
þwGif 0d½k'ËSifh oyÜwdyu©wkdY\ txl;udk rSwfom;oifh\/ 0d½k'¨ü rdrdjytyfaom taMumif;uyif rdrd\
tqkdudk y,fzsufonf/ oyÜwdyu©üum; tjcm;taMumif;wpfcku rdrdtqkdudk y,fzsufonf/ 0d½k'¨ü taMumif;wpfck
om½Sdonf/ oyÜwdyu©üum; taMumif;ESpfck ½Sdonf/ þum; txl;wnf;/
(4) tod'¨
rNyD;aomtaMumif;? 0g-om"sukd rNyD;apEdkifaom taMumif;onf tod'¨ taMumif;wkrnf\/ ,if;onf
tmo,mod'¨? o½lygod'¨? Asmyswåmod'¨[k 3-rsKd;jym;onf/
]]vd*F\ tjzpfjzifh rqHk;jzwftyfaom taMumif;onf tod'¨taMumif;wkrnfonf}}[k wuúbmomü zGif hjy
onf/ xkdwGif ]]vd*F\ tjzpf}}udk ,if;\ #Dumü ]]rauGruGm jzpfrIjzifh txl;ûytyfaom yu©ü vd*F½Sdjcif;}}[k zGif hjy
onf/ t"dyÜg,frSm taMumif;\tjzpfjzif h xkwfjytyfaomt&m 0g-oabmw&m;onf om"sESif h rauGruGm jzpfrI
vnf; ½Sd&rnf/ yu©üvnf; xif½Sm; ½Sd&rnf/ xk dod kY r[kwfaom taMumif;onf rNyD;aom 0g-rxif½Sm;aom 0gtaMumif;tjzpf
r&yfwnfEdkifaomaMumifh tod'¨taMumif;wk jzpf&avonf/
,if;onf tmo,mod'ö½lygod'¨ Asmyswåmod'¨[k 3-rsKd;jym;onf/ xkdwGif ]]tMuiftaMumif;\ wnfrS D&m
(tmo,)udk rodtyf? xkdtaMumif;onf tmo,mod'¨rnf\ [k wuúbmomü zGifhonf/ ,if;#Dumüvnf;
]]tmo,tm;jzifh rNyD; rxif½Sm;aom 0g-rNyD; rxif½Sm;aom tmo,½Sdaom[k AsLyÜwfjzpfaMumif;}} zGifhonf/
taMumif;onf wpfpHkwpfck rSDwG,f&m½Sd&rnf/ xkdokdY r½SdaomtaMumif;rsKd;udk tmo,mod'¨taMumif;[k ac:tyf
onf? ½Sif;½Sif;um; xif½Sm;r½Sdaom yu©ukd NyD;ap&ef jytyfaomtaMumif;rsKd;wnf;/
yHkpH-- **em&0dEH ´ ok&bd? t&0dE´wåm oa&mZm&0dEH ´0/
aumif;uifMumyef;onf &eHYarT;onf? a&tkdifü
aygufaom Mumyef;uJ hod kY MumjzpfaomaMumif hwnf;/
þü aumif;uifMumyef;[laom yu©onf taMumif;\ wnfrS D&mjzpfí tmo,wnf;/ ,if;aumif;uif
Mumyef;[lonf wu,f½Sdaom t&mr[kwf&um; ]]MumjzpfaomaMumifh}}[k jytyfaom taMumif;onf wnfrSD&m r½Sd
aom taMumif;jzpfí tmo,mod'¨trnf &avonf/
o½lygod'¨
]]tmo,ü rodtyfaomtaMumif;onf o½lygod'¨rnfonf}}[k wuúbmomü zGifhonf/ taMumif;[lonf
yu©ü½Sd&onf/ yu©ü r½Sdonfudk taMumif;tjzpfjzifhjyvQif xkdtaMumif;onf o½lygod'¨taMumif;wk jzpf&onf/
rdrdoabmtm;jzifh rNyD; rxif½Sm;aom taMumif;[lvkd/
yHkpH-- oa'´g *kaPm? pu©K0dan,swåm ½lyó £0/
toHonf *kPfjzpfonf? tqif;uJhodkY rsufpdjzifh jrifodtyfaomaMumifhwnf;/
þü toHonf tmo,wnf;/ ,if;ü jriftyfonf\ tjzpfr½Sd? Mum;tyfonf\ tjzpfom ½Sdonf/ xkdodkY
r½Sdaom jriftyfonf\tjzpfudk taMumif;tjzpfjzifh jytyfaomaMumifh ,if; taMumif;onf o½lygod'¨ jzpf&onf/

0gusm0,00PÖemusrf; 14
Asmyswåmod'¨
Asmyswåmod'üdk ]]taMumif;\ jyefYESHYjcif;ukd rod&aom 0g-taMumif;\ jyefYESHYjcif;r½Sdaom taMumif;}} [k
wuúbmomüzGifhí wuúo*F[ürl Oyg"d½Sdaom 0g-0daooe½Sdaom 0g-tuefYtowf½Sdaom taMumif;[k zGifhonf?
oabmrSm twlwlyifjzpfonf/
þü ]]jyefYESHYjcif;}}\ t"dyÜg,fudk od&efvkdonf/ rD;ESifh rD;ckd;wkdYwGif rD;½Sdaomae&mwkdif;ü rD;cdk;r½Sd? Oyrm-&J&J
Nidaom oHawGcJ/ odkYaomf rD;ckd;½Sdaom ae&mwkdif;ü rD;um; {uef½Sdonf/ xkdYaMumifh rD;onf rD;ckd;udk jyefYESHYtyfonf/
xkdYaMumifh rD;onf jyefYESHYwwfaom t&mjzpfí rD;ckd;onf jyefYESHYtyfaom t&mjzpfonf/ rD;onf t&mus,fí
rD;ckd;onf t&musOf;onfjzpf&m t&mus,fukd jyefYESHYwwf[k qkdí t&musOf;udk jyefYESHYtyf[k qkdonf/ xkdwGif jyefYESHY
wwfudk Asmyuç jyefYESHYtyfukd Asmys[k ac:í jyefYESHYrI 0g-tNrJwef; rauGruGm jypfrIudk Aswdå[k ac:onf/ (Aswdå\
t"dyÜg,ftus,fukd O'g[&Ptcef;rSm a&;ygrnf)/
Asmyswåmod'¨\ yHkpHum;- ]]yAÁawm "lr0g? t*d ¾rwåm (awmifonf rD;ckd;½Sd\? rD;½SdaomaMumifhwnf;)}}
[lonfwnf;/ (þyHkpHonf yAÁawmt*d ¾rm "lr0wåm\ ajymif;jyefjzpfonf/) þü "lrt&jzpfaom rD;ckd;onf om"s?
t*d ¾t& rD;onf om"u? 0g-taMumif;wnf;/ taMumif;tjzpfjzifh jytyfaom t&monf t&musOf; (Asmys)jzpf&
onf? odkYrS jyefYESHYrI½Sdonf[k qkd&onf/ þü rD;zufrS MunhfvQif rD;ckd;onf rdrdESifh tNrJwef; rauGruGm jzpfrI r½Sd?
0g-Aswdåac: jyefYESHYjcif;r½Sd? xkdYaMumifh ]]rD;½SdaomaMumifh}} onf Asmystjzpfjzifh rNyD; rxif½Sm;aomaMumifh Asmyswåm
od'¨jzpf&onf/ þü wuúbmomtzGifhü t"dyÜg,fwnf;/
wpfenf;vnf;-rD;½dSwkdif; rD;ckd;½Sdonfr[kwf? &J&JNidaom oHawGcJü rD;½Sdaomfvnf; rD;ckd;r½Sd/ rD;ESifhxif;pdkwkdY
awGUrSom 0g-xif;pdkESifhawGUaom (0daooe) rD;üom rD;ckd;½SdEdkifonf/ xkdYaMumifh xif;pdkESifh awGUjcif;onf þü
0daooe? 0g-tuefYtowfjzpfonf/ xkdodkY ]]xif;pdkESifhawGUaom}}[laom 0daooeonf? 0g-tuefYtowf½SdrSom
rSefuefaomtaMumif; jzpfrnfjzpfaomaMumifh ]]rD;½SdaomaMumifh}} onf Asmyswåm od'¨jzpf&onf/ þü wuúo*F[
tzGifhü t"dyÜg,f/
(5) Am"dw
]]om"s\ r½Sdjcif;udk yrmPwpfyg;jzifh qHk;jzwfí&aom taMumif;udk Am"dw (wm;jrpftyfaom) taMumif;
wk[k qkd&onf/ tEkrmerSwpfyg;aom yrmPjzifh ppfaq;aom tcg y#dnmysufpD;oGm;aom taMumif;rsKd;[k qkdvkd
onf/ yHkpHum;-t*d ¾ tEkaPSm? j'Aswåm (rD;onfryl? j'AfjzpfaomaMumifhwnf;) [lonfwnf;/ þü ryljcif;onf
om"swnf;/ rD;ü xkdryljcif;r½SdaMumif; 0g-rD;onf ylaMumif; xdudkifí Munfhjcif;[laom ypöu©jzifh odEdkifonf/ 0grD;onf
ryl[laom y#dnmrSm;aMumif; rD;udk vufawGUudkifMunfhvkdufvQif xifxif½Sm;½Sm; odEdkifawmhonf/
taMumif;rSef\ vu©Pm
taMumif;wkwkdYudk odNyD;aemuf taMumif;ppf taMumif;rSef\ t*Fgvu©PmwkdYukd od&ef vkdtyfonf/
taMumif;rSef\ t*Fgvu©PmwkdYukd odrSom rSefuefaom taMumif;udk azmfxkwfjyoEkdifrnf/ taMumif;rSefudk
azmfxkwfEdkifrSom rdrd tEkrmeûytyfaom tcsufudk trsm;u vufcHEdkifrnf jzpfavonf/ xkdt*Fgvu©PmwkdYum;
atmufygtwkdif; 5-yg;wkdY jzpfonf/
(1) yu©"r®wm (0g-yu©"r®wå)
(2) oyau©owå (0g-oyu©"r®wm)
(3) 0dyu©mAsm0kwdå
(4) tAm"dw0do,wå
(5) toyÜwdyu©wå

0gusm0,00PÖemusrf; 15
(1) yu©"r®wm
xkdwGif yu©"r®wm[lonf yu©ü taMumif;½Sdaejcif;wnf;/ wpfpHkwpfckukd taMumif;tjzpfjzif h xkwfjy
vkdvQif xkdtaMumif;onf yu©ü½Sdaomt&m odkYr[kwf oabmjzpf&rnf/ yAÁawm t*d ¾rm[laom "lr0wå yHkpHü rD;ckd;
[laom taMumif;onf awmif[laom yu©ü ½Sd&rnf/ awmifü rD;cdk;½SdrSom ]]rD;ckd;½SdaomaMumifh awmifü rD;½Sdonf}}
[k qkdEdkifrnfjzpfavonf/ þt*FgcsKdUwJhvQif ay;tyfaom taMumif;onf tod'¨taMumif;wk jzpfawmhonf/
(2) oyau©owå
oyau©owå[lonf yu©ESifh oabmwlaomt&m (oyu©)wkdYü taMumif;\ xif½Sm;½Sdjcif; (owå) wnf;/
rdrdxkwfjyaom taMumif;onf yu©üomru oyu©üvnf; ½Sd&rnfjzpfonf/ ,cif yHkpHü rD;ckd;onf awmifü
omru oyu©jzpfaom rD;zkdacsmifponfüvnf; ½Sd&rnf/ xkdodkY½SdrSom rD;ckd;½Sdojzifh rD;½Sdaom rD;zkdacsmifESifh[yfí
awmifü rD;½SdaMumif;udk jyEkdifrnf jzpfavonf/
(3) 0dyu©mAsm0kwdå
0dyu©m Asm0kwdå[lonf yu©ESifh oabmrwlaom t&m (0dyu©)wkdYrS epfjcif; (Asm0kwd å) 0g-0dyu©wkdYü
taMumif;\ r½Sdjcif;wnf;/ rdrdxkwfjyaom taMumif;onf yu©ESifh oabmrwlaom t&mwkdYü r½Sdap&/ ,cif yHkpHü
rD;r½Sdaom a&tkdifponfonf 0dyu©wnf;/ tu,fí a&tdkifü rD;ckd;½SdcJhaomf rD;ckd;½SdaomaMumifh rD;½Sdonf[k jytyf
aom taMumif;onf vufcHEkdifaom taMumif;jzpfrnf r[kwfay/ rdrdxkwfjyaom taMumif;onf 0dyu©wkdYü r½Sd
aom taMumif;jzpfrSom ckdifrmaom taMumif;jzpfEkdifayonf/
qdkcJhNyD; t*Fg 2-yg;csKdUwJhvQif jytyfaomtaMumif;onf oAsbdpm&taMumif;wkom jzpfoGm;ayawmhonf/
(4) tAm"dw0do,wå
tAm"dw0do,wå [lonf rwm;jrpftyfaom 0do,½S djcif;? 0g-wm;jrpftyfaom 0do, r½Sdjcif;wnf;/
,cif yHkpHü rD;ckd;½Sdjcif;onf taMumif;wnf;? ,if;\ 0do,um; om"soabmjzpfaom (awmifü) rD;½Sdjcif;wnf;/
xkdawmifü rD;½Sdjcif;[laom 0do,udk tjcm;rnfonfh yrmPjzifhyif jzpfap rwm;jrpfEdkif rcsKd;zsufEdkifap&/ wpfpHk
wpfckaom om"sudk NyD;apzkdY&m rdrdu taMumif;jyxm;&m xkdom"sudk y,fzsufEkdifaom tjcm;yrmPwpfyg; r½Sdap&
[lvkd/ þt*Fgvu©Pmonf Am"dwa[wGmbmo vu©Pm\ qefYusifzufwnf;/ xkdYaMumifh þt*FgysufvQif rdrd
jyaom taMumif;onf Am"dtaMumif;wk jzpfoGm;ayrnf/
(5) toyÜwdyu©wå
trnfudk Mum;&½HkrQjzifhyif þt*Fgonf oyÜwdyu©a[wGmbmovu©Pm\ qefYusifzufjzpfaMumif;
odomNyD/ rdrdjyaom taMumif;onf om"sukd y,fzsufrnfh tjcm;taMumif; wpfyg;½Sdaom taMumif;rjzpfap&[lvkd/
,cif yHkpHü awmifay:rSm rD;½Sdjcif;udk y,fzsufEdkifaom taMumif;wpfyg; r½Sd? xkdYaMumifh þt*FgESifhjynhfpHk&um;
]]rD;ckd;½SdaomaMumifh}} [laom taMumif;onf vHkavmufckdifrmaom taMumif; jzpf&awmhonf/
azmfjyyg vu©Pm 5-&yfonf taMumif; 3-rsKd;wGif tEG,Aswda&udtaMumif;twGuf jzpfonf? au0vm
EG,dç au0vAswda&udtaMumif;wkdYürl 5-yg;vHk; ½SdEdkifrnf r[kwfay/ au0vmEG,dtaMumif;ü 0dyu©mysm0kwdåt*Fg
½SdEdkifrnfr[kwf/ xkdYtwl au0vAswda&ud taMumif;ü oyau©owåt*Fg½SdEdkifrnf r[kwfay/
xkdYaMumifh xkdtaMumif; 2-rsKd;wkdYü t*Fg 4-yg;pDom ½SdEkdifrnf jzpfavonf/
þjyqkdcJhaom t*Fgvu©Pmrsm;onf taMumif;ü {uef½Sd&rnfh t*Fgvu©Pmrsm; jzpfMu\/ ,if;vu©Pm
wkdY csKdUcJhvQifrl jytyfaom taMumif;onf taMumif;ppf toGifaqmifaom taMumif;wkom jzpfayawmhrnf/

0gusm0,00PÖemusrf; 16
od kYjzpfvQif taMumif;wkjzif h jyxm;aom rdrd\tEkrmeudk rnfolurQ vufcHrnf r[kwfawmhay/ xkdYaMumifh
taMumif;ay;aomtcg ckdifrmaom taMumif;jzpfap&ef þt*Fgvu©PmwkdYESifh jynfhpHkatmif *½kûy&rnf jzpfayonf/
Ak'¨Esm,tvkd
[dE´Lwufusrf;wkdYü qkdcJhNyD;twkdif; a[wk\ vu©Pmudk 5-yg;jyonfudk awGU&\/ odkYaomf ajrmufydkif;
Ak'¨bmomwufusrf;wkdYüum; tp 3-yg;ud kom jyMuonfudk awGU&onf/ tEk#Dumüvnf; xkdYtwlyif tp 3-yg;
udkom a[wk\ vu©Pmtjzpf jyonf/ xkdYaMumifh Ak'¨bmomq&mwkdYtvkd tp 3-yg;ESifh jynfhpHkvQifyif ckdifrmaom
taMumif;jzpfNyD[k ,ltyfayonf/
O'g[&P
O'g[&Pum; 3-ckajrmuf 0guspdwfwnf;/ ,if;udk ]]AswdåESifhwuGaom yHkpHjypum;}}[k wuúbmomü
zGifhqkdonf/ Aswdå[lonf tNrJwef; rauGruGmjzpfrIjzpfaMumif; aemufua&;cJhNyD/ xkdAswdåESifhwuG yHkpHukdjyaom
pum;udk O'g[&P[k ac:onf/
yAÁawm t*d ¾rm paom yHkpHü a,m a,m "lr0g aom aom t*d ¾rm ,xm-r[meoHum; O'g[&Pjy
pum;&yfwnf;/ xkdwGif ]]a,m a,m "lr0g aom aom t*d ¾rm}}um; Aswdåjy0gus? ]],xm r[meoH}}um; yHkpHjy0gus
wnf;? Aswdåjy? yHkpHjy0gus 2-ckudkyif aygif;í O'g[&P[k 0guspdwfwpfcktjzpf jyxm;ayonf/
Aswdåoabm
tEkrmet&mü Aswdåonf tvGefta&;BuD;onf/ Aswdår½SdvQif tEkrmeyif jzpfay:rvmEkdifay/ xkdYaMumif h
Aswdå oabmudk tenf;i,fcsJUí a&;ygOL;tHh/
awmifay:ü rD;udk wkduf½dkufrjrif&yJ ]]awmifay:rSm rD;½Sdonf}}[k tEkrmeûy&mü a½S;OL;pGm awmifay:ü rD;ckd;
udk jrifonf/ xkdYaemuf rD;ckd;\ rD;ESifh tNrJwef; rauGruGmjzpfrIukd owd&onf/ xkdYaemufrSom ]]rD;ckd;½SdaomaMumif h
awmifay:rSm rD;½Sdonf}}[k tEkrmeûyEdkifjcif; jzpfonf/ xkdYaMumifh termet&mü (1) yu©ü vd*F½Sdjcif; (yHkpHESifh [yf
&vQif-awmifü rD;ckd;½Sdjcif;) (2) a[wk\ om"sESif h rauGruGmjzpfjcif;-þt*Fg 2-&yf½SdrSom jzpfEkdifrnf/ þt*Fg
2-&yf½Sdí 'kwd,t*Fgudk trSwf&rI½SdygrSom tEkrmeudk xkwfazmfEdkifrnfjzpfavonf/ awmifay:rSm rD;½SdaMumif;
ajymEd kifjcif;rSm rD;ck d;\rD;ESifh rauGruGm jzpfrI½SdaomaMumifhomç 0g-rD;ckd;½Sdaom ae&mwkdif;rSm rD;½Sdonf[laom
tcsufaMumifhom jzpfonf/ þtcsufr½Sdygu yXrtcsufyif ½Sdaomfvnf; awmifay:rSm rD;½SdaMumif; ajymEkdifrnf
r[kwfay/ þodkY tEkrmet&mü ta&;BuD;vSaom vd*F\om"sESif h (0g-rD;ckd;\rD;ESifh) rauGruGmjzpfrI}} udkyif Esm,
toHk;tEIef;tm;jzifh Aswdå=jyefESHYjcif;[k ac:onf/ "r®o*FPDtEk#Dumq&murl þAswdåudk t0dembm0 (ruif;rlí
jzpfrI? rauGruGmjzpfrI)[k ac:avonf/ tEk#Dumq&m\ toHk;rSm ydkí t"dyÜg,fay:aom toHk;jzpf&m ,if;udkyif
Aswdåtpm;oHk;ouhJodkY ½Sdonf/ odkYaomf AswdåESifh pyfí odp&mrsm; ½Sdao;ojzifh AswdåudkvTwfí rjzpfEkdifonfukd awGU&
onf/
Aswdå (ouúw-AsmydÅ)\ o'´geufrSm jyefYESHYjcif; jzpf\/ jyefYESHYjcif;½SdvQif jyefYESHYwwfaomt&m (Asmyu)ç
jyefYESHYtyf jyefYESHYcH&aomt&m (Asmys)wkdYvnf; ½Sd&rnfjzpfonf/ odkYjzpf&m rauGruGmjzpfaom t&m 2-ckwkdYwGif
tb,fukd Asmyuç tb,fudk Asmys[k ac:&rnfenf;? tMuif0w¬Kwpfck (0g-oabm) ½SdvQif tjcm;0w¬Kwpfckvnf;
{uef½Sdonf jzpftHh? xkd0w¬Kudk Asmys (jyefESHYtyfaom t&m)[k ac:í tMuif0w¬Kwpfck½Sdaomf tjcm;0w¬Kwpfck ½Sdcsif
vnf; ½SdtHh? r½Sdcsifvnf; aetHh? xkd0w¬udk Asmyu (jyefYESHYwwfaom t&m)[k ac:&onf/ rD;ckd;½Sdaom ae&mwkdif;ü
rD;onf {uef½Sd\/ xkdYaMumifh rD;ç rD;ckd;ESpfrsKd;wdkYwGif rD;ckd;onf Asmysjzpfonf/ rD;½Sdaom ae&mwkdif;ü rD;ckd;½SdcsifrS
½Sdrnf/ Oyrm-oHawGcJü rD;½Sdaomfvnf; rD;ckd;r½Sd/ xkdYaMumifh rD;udk Asmyu[k ac:&onf/ wpfenf;tm;jzifh rSwf&ef
um; t&mus,fudk Asmyuç t&musOf;ukd Asmys[k owfrSwf&onf/

0gusm0,00PÖemusrf; 17
þokdY rD;ckd;ESifh rD;vkd tusOf;tus,ftm;jzifh rwlaom t&mwkdY\ tauGruGmjzpfrIukd torAswdåç 0g-0dor
Aswdå[k ac:&onf/ þAswdårsKd;ü tjyeftvSef tEkrmeûyí r&ay? wpfzufzufrS axmufqí tjcm;wpfzufukdom
tEkrmeûyEkdifonf/ rD;ckd;½SdaomaMumifh rD;½Sdonf[k rSefuefpGm tEkrme ûyEkdifaomfvnf;? rD;½SdaomaMumifh rD;ckd;½Sdonf
[k rûyEdkifay/ xkdodkY tusOf;tus,f ruGmjcm;yJ t&mwl 2-ck\ tauGruGmjzpfrIudkum; orAswdå[k ac:onf/
þAswdåüum; tjyeftvSef tEkrmeûyí &onf/ odtyfaom t&mjzpfaomaMumifh trnfrSnfhí&Ekdifaom t&m
jzpfonf qkd&mü tjyeftvSefûyEdkifyHkudk odygav/
qdkcJhNyD; AswdåwrsKd;rsKd;½SdrS tEkrmejzpfEkdifonf/ xkdYaMumifh ,if;Aswdå wpfrsKd;rsKd;onf tEkrme\ r½SdvQif
rjzpfaom tajccHjzpf\/ torAswdåt&mü tjyeftvSef tEkrmeûyí r&[k qkdcJh\/ rD;ckd;udk axmufqí rD;½Sdonf
[k qkdEkdifaomfvnf; rD;udk taxmuftxm;ûyí rD;½SdaomaMumifh rD;ckd;½Sdonf[k wxpfcsrqkdEkdifay/ xkdodkY rqkdEkdif
jcif;rSm ]]xif;pdkESifh awGUaom}} rD;½SdaomaMumifh[k txl;ûyrIudk iJhae&aomaMumifh jzpf\/ xkdYaMumifh tEkrme\
tajccHjzpfaom Aswdå[lonf vd*FESifh om"swkdYtwlwuG jzpfumrQudk rqkdvkdç ,if;wkdY\ rnfonfhtxl;ûyrIrsKd;udkrS
riJ haom 0g-rnfonfh uefYowfcsufrS rygaom tNrJwef; rauGruGmjzpfrIudkom qkdvkdonf[k jynfhjynfhpHkpHk rSwftyf
\/
Aswdå 2-rsKd;
Aswdåonf tEG,Aswdå? Aswda&uAswdå[k 2-rsKd;½Sdjyefonf/ xkdwGif tavsmftm;jzifh tNrJwef; rauGruGm
jzpfrIudk tEG,Aswdåac:í qefYusifzuf tjyeftm;jzifh tNrJwef; rauGruGmjzpfrIudk Aswda&uAswdå[k ac:onf/
yHkpH-- rD;ckd;½Sdaom ae&mwkdif;ü rD;½Sdonf/ (tEG,Aswdå)
rD;r½Sdaom ae&mwkdif;ü rD;ckd;r½Sd/ (Aswda&uAswdå)
xkdwGif Aswda&uAswdåü Asmyu AsmyscGJyHkonf tEG,wkef;u cGJyHkESifhrwl/ tEG,Aswdåü vd*F(om"evnf;
ac:onf)onf Asmys? om"sonf Asmyujzpf&onf/ 0g-rD;onf t&mus,fí rD;cdk;onf t&musOf;onf/ Aswda&u
Aswdåüum; xkdodkYr[kwfyJ ajymif;jyef,l&onf/ ,if;ü rD;r½Sdjcif;onf t&musOf;í rD;ckd;r½Sdjcif;onf t&mus,f
onf/ rD;r½Sdaom ae&mwkdif;ü rD;ckd;r½Sd? rD;ckd;r½Sdaom ae&mwkdif;üum; rD;r½Sd wxpfcsr[kwf? r½Sdcsifvnf; aernf?
½Sdcsifvnf; ½Sdrnf}}[lonfukd qifjcifvQif tus,ftusOf;udk oabmaygufayrnf/ xkdYaMumifh Aswda&uAswdåü rD;r½Sd
jcif;onfç 0g-om"s\ r½Sdjcif;onf Asmys? rD;ckd;r½Sdjcif;ç 0g-vd*F(om"e)\ r½Sdjcif;onf Asmyujzpfonf/ atmuf
yHkpHudk MunfhvQif omí½Sif;&monf/
þyH kü/ / u-onf rD;om½Sdí rD;cdk;r½Sdaom t&m?
c-onf rD;ç rD;ckd; 2-rsKd;vHk;½Sdaom t&m?
*-onf rD;ç rD;ckd; 2-rsKd;vkH;r½Sdaom t&m?
uç *-onf rD;ckd; r½Sdaomae&m jzpfonf/
rD;zkdacsmif oHawGcJ
a&tkdif
xkYdaMumifh rD;½Sdonfh uçc-onf rD;ckd;om½Sd c-xufus,fonf/ (tEG,)

0gusm0,00PÖemusrf; 18
rD;r½Sd *-onf rD;ckd;r½Sdonfh uç *-xuf usOf;onf/ (Aswda&u/)
xkdYtwl t½Sd (tEG,)rS MunfhvQif rD;ckd;½Sd (om"e)u tusOf; (Asmysjzpf)í rD;½Sd (om"s)u us,f (Asmyu
jzpf)onf/ r½Sd (Aswda&u)rS MunfhvQif rD;r½Sd (om"smbm0)u usOf;(Asmysjzpf)í rD;ckd;r½Sd (om"embm0)u us,f
(Asmyujzpf) onf? od kYjzpf&um; tEG,Aswd åü om"eç0g-vd*Fonf Asmysjzpfí om"sonf Asmyu jzpf&NyD; Aswda&u
Aswd åü om"embm0 (om"e\r½Sdjcif;)onf Asmyujzpfí om"smbm0onf Asmysjzpf&aMumif; xif½Sm;onf/
þpnf;urf;twkdif; vkdufemrSom rSefuefaom tEkrmejzpfonf/
Asmyswåmod'¨ t&mü jycJhaom ]]yAÁawm "lr0g t*d ¾rwåm}}[laom yHkpHudk Munfhyg? ,if;onf tEG,Aswdåudk
tajccHaom tEkrme jzpf\/ odkYaomf ,if;ü jytyfaom t*d ¾rwåm[laom om"e(taMumif;)onf Asmyujzpfvsuf
½Sdí "lr0g[laom om"sonf Asmysjzpfvsuf ½Sdonf/
xk dod kY tEG,ü om"eonf Asmys(jzpf&rnf) om"sonf Asmyu jzpf&rnfqk daom pnf;urf;ESif h rnDnGwf
&um; t*d ¾rwåm[laom [dwfonf Asmysr[kwfaom Asmyswåmod'¨ taMumif;wkom jzpf&awmhonf/
Aswdå ppfrppf pdppfenf;
rdrdxkwfjyaom Aswdåonf AswdåtppfjzpfzkdY vkdonf/ AswdåtppfjzpfrSom rdrdtEkrmeonf ckdifrmaom tEkrme
jzpfayrnf/ xkdaMumifh Aswdåtppf [kwf-r[kwf pdppf&efenf;vrf; ½SmzkdYvkdonf/ xkdenf;vrf;wkdYudk Esm, usrf;q&m
wkdYu ay;xm;NyD; jzpfonf/
tEG,enf;
xkdenf;wkdYwGif yXrenf;rSm tEG,enf;jzpf\/ ]]rD;ckd; ½Sdaomae&mwkdif;ü rD;½Sdonf}}[laom Aswdåudk rD;ckd;
½Sdaom ae&mwkdif;ü rD;½Sdovm; qkdonfukd Munfh½I ppfaq;jcif;jzifh trSefjzpfatmif qHk;jzwfEkdifonf/
Aswda&uenf;
'kwd,enf;rSm Aswda&uenf;jzpf\/ txufyg Aswdåudk ppf-rppfodvkdvQif tjyeftm;jzifh ]]rD;r½Sdaom ae&m
wkdif;ü rD;ckd; r½Sdoavm}} [lonfukd ppfaq; Munfh½I&rnf/ þokdY ppfaq;í rD;r½Sdaom ae&mwkdif;ü rD;ckd;r½SdonfrSm
trSefjzpfaMumif;awGU&vQif tqkdyg AswdårSm rSefuefaom AswdåjzpfaMumif; odomayNyD/
Asbdpm&*¾[enf;
wwd,enf;um; Asbdpm&ud k ,lonf henf;jzpf\/ rD;r½SdyJ rD;ckd;½Sdaom t&mrsm; ½Sdavovm; [louJhodkY
aom pdppfjcif;rsKd;udk Asbdpm&*[[k ac:onf/ rD;r½SdyJ rD;ckd;½Sdaom t&m[lí r½Sdonfudk od&aomtcg ]]rD;ckd;½Sdaom
ae&mwk dif;ü rD;½Sdonf}}qkdaom AswdårSefuefaMumif; aocsmawmhonf/
Oyg"ded&moenf;
þrQjzifh rauseyfao;olwkdYtzkdY aemufwpfenf;um; Oyg"ded&moenf; jzpfonf/ txl;ûyrI 0g-uefYowfrI
wpfpHkwpfckudk y,faom enf;wnf;/ ]]rD;½Sdaomae&mwkdif;rSm rD;ckd;½Sdonf}} [k qkdvmvQif xkdAswdåonf xif;pdkESifh
awGUjcif;[laom Oyg"d (txl;ûyrI 0g-uefYowfcsuf) ½Sdaom Aswdåjzpfae\/ ,if;Oyg"dukd y,fvkdufygvsuf xkdAswdå
pum;rSefaeao;vQif 0g-xif;pdkESifh awGUrIr½Sdonfh rD;½Sdaom ae&mwkdif;rSmyif rD;ckd;½SdonfrSm trSefyif[k awGU&tHh?
xkdokdYawGU&vQif xkdAswdåonf tppftrSefjzpfayrnf/ ,ck xkdodkYr[kwfaomaMumifh ]]rD;½Sdaom ae&mwkdif;rSm rD;ckd;
½Sdonf}}[laom Aswdåonf tppf r[kwfonfudk odEkdifonf/ ]]rD;ckd;½Sdaom ae&mwkdif;rSm rD;½Sdonf}} qkd&mürl xkduJhokdY
Oyg"d wpfpHkwpfckrQr½Sd? xkdYaMumifh xkdAswdåonf tppfjzpfaMumif; qHk;jzwfEdkifawmhonf/ Oyg"d ½Sdç r½Sdudk b,fodkY
qHk;jzwf&rnfenf;[lrl ,if;ukd tzefzefMunfh½I avhvmjcif; (bla,m'óe) jzifh qHk;jzwf&rnf/

0gusm0,00PÖemusrf; 19
Oyg"d[lonf
]]rD;½SdaomaMumifh awmifay:ü rD;ckd;½Sdonf}} þyHkpHü rD;onf om"e rD;ckd;onf om"sjzpfonf/ xif;pdkESifh
awGUjcif;um; Oyg"djzpfonf? rD;ckd;½Sdaom ae&mwkdif;ü xif;pdkESifh awGUrI½Sdonf/ xkdYaMumifh xif;pdkESifh awGUjcif;onf
rD;ckd;[laom om"sukd jyefYESHYEdkifonf/ rD;½Sdaom ae&mwkdif;ü xif;pdkESifhawGUrI r½Sd? oHawGcJudk Munfhyg/ xkdYaMumifh
xif;pd kESif h awGUjcif;onf rD;[laom om"eudk rjyefYESHYEkdif/ þudk axmufí Oyg"d[lonf om"sudkom jyefYESHYEdkifí
om"eukd rjyefYESHYEdkifaom t&mjzpfaMumif; odomonf/ xkdYaMumifhyif wuúo*F[usrf;ü Oyg"dukd ]]om"sudk jyefYESHY
wwfonf\ tjzpf½Sdaomf(vnf;) om"eukd rjyefYESHYonf\tjzpf}}[k zGifhqkdavonf/
wuúenf;
þrQjzifh tm;r&ao;ygrl wuúac:aom pwkw¬enf;udk toHk;ûy&rnf/ þenf;um; oG,f0dkufaomtm;jzifh
oufaoxlaomenf; jzpf\? rD;ckd;½Sdaom ae&mwkdif;rSm rD;½Sdonfqkdonfudk b0ifrusEkdifolu ZGwfjiif;aecJhvQif
qdkvwHåYtwkdif; ajymjyEkdifonf/ rD;ckd;½Sdaom ae&mwkdif;rSm rD;½Sdonf qkdonfukd oHo,½SdvQif xkd\jyefzuf ]]rD;ckd;
½Sdaom tcsKdUae&mrSm rD;r½Sdbl;}} [k qkdMupdkY/ þodkYqkdvQif ]]rD;r½SdyJ rD;ckd;½Sdonf}}[k qdk&ma&mufonf/ xkdodkYjzpfvQif
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0gusm0,00PÖemusrf; 20
O'g[&P 0guspdwf pdppfcsuf
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tqdkESifh rudkufnDyJ½Sdaeonf/ O'g[&P[laom trnfrSm Esm,okwåü wdkuf½kdufygaom trnfjzpfí O'g[&P
taMumif;udk pdppfvdkvQif Esm,okwåudkyif tav;ûyí pdppf&rnf jzpfonf/ jycJhNyD;aom Esm,okwåudk tav;ûyí
pdppfvQif wwd,0gus pdwfjypum;&yfrS Aswådjypum;udk xkwfypfrSom ,if;okwftqdkESifh nDñGwfrnfjzpfonf/
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pum;rygyJ yHkpHoufoufom ygonfqdkaom tcsufrSm xif½Sm;vmawmhonf/ wwd,0guspdwfü yHkpHoufoufom
ygonf[k ,lrSom ,if;udk O'g[&P[k trnfrSnfhxm;onfESifh vdkufavsmrnfjzpfonf/ xkdYaMumifh a*gwr&aoh
vufxufavmufu tEkrme0gusrSm atmufygtwdkif; jzpfzG,f½Sdonf/

0gusm0,00PÖemusrf; 21
y#dnm - yAÁawm t*¾ drm/
a[wk - "lr0wåm/
O'g[&P - ,xm r[meoH/
Oye,
ed*re
-
-
wxm pm,H (wxmpm,H yAÁawm "lr0g/)
wo®m wxm (wo®m yAÁawm t*¾ drm/)
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usrf;*ef taxmuftxm;rsm;t&vnf; od½Sd&onf/
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cJhonf/
edapöm oa'´g trkwåwåm ur®rd0 y&rmPk £0Ca#m 0d,/ (3? 124/)
tedapöm oa'´g uwuwåm Ca#m 0d, £wd/ (3? 126/)
a½S;a[mif; Esm,usrf;rsm;rSm omru t½Sifr[mAk'äCmorax&f\ 0dok'¨dr*fusrf;üvnf; enf;wlyif Aswåd
rygyJ jyonfudk awGY&onfyif jzpfonf/ xkdYaMumifh a½S;Esm,q&mwkdY toHk;ûycJhaom tEkrme0guswGif wwd,
0guspdwfü Aswådjypum;rygyJ yHkpHoufoufom ygonf[k rSwf,loifhawmhonf/
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tajzum;-a½S;q&mwkdYonf O'g[½kPfuyif Aswådudkvnf; odaponf? xkdYaMumifh Aswådudk wdkuf½kdufjyzG,f rvdkawmh
[k ,lqMu[efwlonf/ yHkpHrQudk azmfjyvdkufvQif a[wkESifh om"swdkY rauGruGmjzpfrI Aswådudk pOf;pm;odEdkifavmufNyD
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a½S;q&mwkdYvufxufu vHkavmufcJhaom yHkpHoufoufonf aemiftcgü rvHkravmufjzpfvm[ef
wlonf/ yHkpHoufoufudk Munfhí Aswådudkxkwf,l&ef rpGrf;EdkifrIrsm; ay:aygufcJh[efwlonf/ xkdYaMumifh Aswådudkyg
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oGm;&awmhonf/ xkdYaMumifh Aswdå0gusygaom tEkrmeukd Munfhí Aswdå0gusrygrDu zGifhqkda&;om;cJhaom tzGifhwkdY
ESifh wkdufqkdif pdppfaomtcg pyf[yfí r&Ekdifatmif jzpfMu&jcif;jzpfonf/ xkdYaMumifhyif wuúbmom usrf;q&m
paom aemufq&mwk dYu y#dnm a[wkponfwkdYudk Esm,okwåtzGifhESifh tnD rzGifhqkdyJ wpfrsKd;wpfzHk zGifhqkdcJhMujcif;
jzpfavonf/ ,if; aemufq&mwkdY tzGifhonfom Aswdå0gusygaom tEkrmeESifh udkufnDonf/ xkdYaMumifhyif
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0gusm0,00PÖemusrf; 22
Oye,
pwkw¬0guspdwfjzpfaom Oyem,udk wuúbmomü ]]yu©ü vd*Fudkuyfí aqmifjyaompum;}}[k zGihfonf/
yu©ESifh vd*Fudk pyf[yfíjyaompum;[k qkdvkdonf/
y#dnm a[wk Oy'g[&PrQjzifhom tEkrmeukd tNyD;owfxm;vQif p um;rSm rjynfhpHkao;/ ]]Aswdå ½Sdonf
um; [kwfygNyD? okdYaomf Asmys 0g-vd*Fonf yu©ü wu,f½Sdyg\avm? tu,fí r½Sdu Aswdåudk jyjcif;ESifhwuG
a[wkjypum;onf tcsD;ESD;yif jzpf&monf r[kwfavm?}}[k apm'emzG,f ½Sdaejyefonf/
xkdYaMumifh yu©ü vd*F taotcsm½Sdaeonfukd xif½Sm;atmifodapzkdY&m þOye,pum;ukd jy&ayonf/
þpum;½SdrSvnf; þpum;udk tajcûy&aom ed*Hk;udkvnf; azmfjyEkdifrnf jzpfavonf/
xkdodkY Oye,ukd jy&mwGif ]]wxm}}[laom pum;jzifh O'g[½kPf(yHkpH) udk nTef;onf/ xkdYaMumifhyif a*gwr
&aohu ]]O'g[½kPfukd iJhjcif;½Sdonfjzpfí ]]wxm}}[k om"s(yu©)ud k uyfí aqmifjcif;onf¤if; ]]ewxm}}[k uyfí
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[&Ponf tc&mjzpfaMumif; xif½Sm;onf/
Aswda&u a[wkç O'g[&Pç Oye,wkdYygaom tEkrme-0gusyHkpHukd a[wk tcef;ü jycJhNyD/ jyefMunfhav/
ed*re
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pum;}} [k zGifhjyonf/ Oye,jzifh yu©ü vd*F½SdaMumif;jyNyD; aemufyu©ü om"s½SdaMumif; jy&efvkdao;onf/
xkdYaMumifh ed*reudk jy&jcif; jzpfonf/ þed*reonf Oye,wkdifatmif jytyfaom pum;wkdY\tusKd; 0gaumufcsufyif
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ayonf/ wo®m OyÜwdå"r®uwåm tedapöm oa'´g/
y#dnmESifh ed*re txl;
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xl;oenf;[k ar;zG,f½Sdonf/ y#dnmjzifh rdrdtEkrmeûyí jyrnfh tcsufukd wifjy½Hkom½Sdao;onf/ 0g-y#dnm
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tcsufukdyif tNyD;tpD; tcdkiftrm wifjyonf/ 0g-ed*reusrS rdrdwifjyaom tcsufonf twnfjzpfoGm;onf/
xkdYaMumifh ed*reygrSom tEkrme jynfhpHkawmhonf[k rSwftyfonf/

0gusm0,00PÖemusrf; 23
0guspdwf ta&twGufESifh *dkPf;trsKd;rsKd;
jycJhaom 0guspdwf 5-yg; yg0ifaom tEkrme0gusum;-tvGefjynfhpHkaom 0gusjzpf\/ wzufvl Mum;0if
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odkYaomf 0guspdwf 5-yg;vHk;udkyif

0gusm0,00PÖemusrf; 24
xkdYaMumifh jycJhNyD; a0g[m&wkdYudk yHkpHESifh[yfí jrifvG,fatmif a&;vQif atmufygtwkdif; jzpfonf/
yAÁawm t*d¾rm "lr0wåm
yu© om"s om"e
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Asmyu Asmys
a[wkç vd*F
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\/ ,if;onf ]]Asmys\ awmifponfü jzpfjcif;½Sdonf\ tjzpfonf yu©"r®wm rnf\}}[laom wuúo*F[vm
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awGU&aom tzGifhwkdYukd taxmuftxm;ûyí rdrdxifjriforQudk wifjyygrnf/
"lr0wåH yu©ó yAÁwó "ar®m yAÁaw wó 0dZÆrmewåm/ (wuúbmom? 72/)
yAÁaw "lare t*d¾rSd oma"s t*d ¾Asmys"lr0g yAÁawm £pöMw "lró yu©"r®wm/ (Esm,aumo)
,Gm,H y#dnm"ar®m [kwGm o'doyau© 0dZÆrmaem to'doyau© t0dZÆrmaema,0 a[wk vu©PlyyaEém
emr a[mwd/ (uxm0w¬KtEk#Dum/)
txufygwkdYwGif wuúbmom pum;ü rD;ckd;½Sdjcif;onf yu©\ "r®jzpfonf[k qk dojzif h yu©\ "r®t& rD;ckd;
½Sdjcif;udk ,l&rnfrSm xif½Sm;onf/ xkdYjyif yu©ó yAÁó yAÁwó "ar®m[k zGifhojzifh yu©ESifh"r®udk q|D wyÜK&dof
wGJapvkdonf/ "lró yu©"r®wm [laom Esm,aumo pum;üvnf; ]]bm0orÁef? wmorÁef? vm[ef vdif0kpf
t&wl}} [lonft& yu©"r®[laom bm0orÁefESifh "lró [laom wmorÁefwkdYrSm t&wlyif jzpfonf/ xkdYaMumifh
Esm,aumo tvkdvnf; yu©"r®t& rD;ckd;[laom taMumif;udkyif aumuf&rnfrSm xif½Sm;jyefonf/ y#dnm"ar®m
[kwGm a[wk[laom tEk#Dumtvkdvnf; y#dnm"r®ESifh a[wk t&wljzpfaMumif; odaponf/ þü y#dnmt&vnf;
y#dnm\ tpdwftydkif;jzpfaom yu©ukdyif ,l&rnf/ xkdYaMumifh tEk#Dumtvkdvnf; yu©"r®t& a[wk (=taMumif;)
udkyif ,l&rnf[k rSwftyf\/
þusrf;wkdYü "r®o'´g rnfonfhteufa[monf[k zGifhqkdcsufr½Sd? odkYaomfvnf; "rD®? "r®[laom toHk;EIef;
wkdYudk¤if;? yu©"r®wmoabmoGm;udk¤if;? axmufí *kPf (o'´gusrf;vm*kPfrsKd;) a[m-[k rSwfoifhonf/
xkdYaMumifh yu©"r®wmyk'fudk yu©ó "ar®m yu©"ar®m[k q|DwyÜK&dofûyí yu©\ *kPfjzpfaom (þyHkpHt&
qk d&vQif) rD;cd k; 0g-rD;ckd;½Sdjcif; [laom a[wkudk t&aumuf/ *kPf[lonf *kaPü wnf&onf hjzpf\/ xkdYaMumifh
*kaPü *kPf½Sdonf[kyif qkd&\/ xkdYaMumifh yu©"r®ó bma0g yu©-"r®wmt& yu©\*kPf tjzpf[lonf a[wk
\ yu©*kPf jzpfjcif;? 0g-a[wk\ yu©ü ½Sdaejcif;udkyif t"dyÜg,ftm;jzifh qkdvkd&if; jzpfawmhonf/ xkdYaMumifhyif
tqHk;owfxGufvmaom t"dyÜg,fusudk &nfí wuúo*F[ü ]]Asmys\ awmifponfü jzpfjcif;½Sdonf\ tjzpf}}[k
zGifhcJhjcif; jzpfayrnf/ þpum;ust"dyÜg,fonfom vufawGUusifhoHk;&mwGif toHk;usaom t"dyÜg,fjzpf&um; þodkY
rSwf,lvG,fatmif zGifhcJhaom wuúo*F[q&mudk aus;Zl;rsm;pGm wifxkdufayonf/
þyu©"r®wmudkyif tcsKdUae&mü yu©"r®wå[k oHk;onf/ Ak'Ësm,usrf;wdkYü vmaom tEkara,s owå[l
aom toHk;vnf; þyu©"r®wmukdyif qdkvkdaom toHk;jzpfonf/ ,if;ü tEkar,st& "rD®jzpfaom yu©ukdyif ,l&
onf/

0gusm0,00PÖemusrf; 25
tEkrmeteufzGifhtus,f
tEkrme\ oabmudk aemufutusOf;a&;om;cJhNyD/ þü wuúo*F[vm tzGifhpum;wkdYukd rlwnfí
,if;\tus,fudk a&;OD;tHh/
(1) tEkrdwd\ rqufqHaom taMumif;onf ]]tEkrme}}rnf\/
(2) y&mrmoonf jzpfaptyfaom ÓPfonf ]]tEkrdwd}}rnf\/
(3) Aswdåjzifh txl;ûytyfaom yu©"r®wmudk odaom ÓPfonf ]]y&mrmo}}rnf\/
yHkpH-]þawmifum; rD;onf jyefYESHYtyfaom rD;ckd;½Sdaom t&mwnf;}[k odjcif;onf y&mrmownf;/ xkdonf
jzpfaptyfaom ]awmifonf rD;½Sd\}[k odaomÓPfonf tEkrdwdwnf;/
(4) ]tMuiftMuift&yfü rD;cdk;½Sd\? xkdxkd t&yfü rD;½Sd\} þodkY wuGjzpfjcif;\ NrJjcif;onf ]Aswdå}rnf\/
(5) Asmys\ awmifponfü jzpfjcif;½Sdonf\tjzpfonf ]]yu©"r®wm}}rnf\/ (wuúo*F[? tEkrme
tcef;/)
txufygpum;&yfwkdYwGif (1) jzifh tEkrmeonf tEkrdwd\ taMumif;jzpfaMumif;? 0g-tEkrme½SdrS tEkrdwd
½SdEkdifaMumif; jyonf/ (2) jzifh tEkrdwd\ taMumif;onf y&mrmo jzpfaMumif;? 0g-y&mrmo½SdrS tEkrdwdjzpfEkdif
aMumif; jyonf/ ,if;jzif h tEkrme[lonf y&mrmoyif jzpfaMumif; odaponf/ (3)jzifh y&mrmot&udk zGifhjyonf/
,if;jzif h Aswd åuk dodrI 0g-trSwf&rI½SdrSom y&mrmo jzpfEdkifonfudkvnf; jyonf/ (4)jzifh Aswdåudkç (5)jzifh yu©"r®
wmudk zGifhjyyHkrSm xif½Sm;NyD;? t"dyÜg,ftus,fudkvnf; aemufua&;cJhNyD/
txufyg wuúo*F[vmzGifhqkdcsuf pum;&yfudk ½IqifjcifvQif tEkrmeü-
(1) yu©ü vd*Fuk d jrifjcif;/
(2) xkdYaemuf Aswdåudk trSwf&jcif;/
(3) xkdYaemuf om"sESifh rauGruGmjzpfaom vd*Fonf yu©ü ½Sd\[kodaom y&mrmojzpfjcif;/ xk donfyif
tEkrme (aemufjzpfaom tod 0g-rSef;qaMumif;) jzpfawmhonf/
(4) xkdYaemuf rSef;qjcif; tEkrdwdjzpfjcif;-[k tqifh 4-qifh ½Sdonfudk awGU&rnfjzpf\/
xkdtqifhwkdYukd ]awmifürD;½Sd}yHkpHjzifh [yf&vQif atmufygtwkdif; jzpfonf/
(1) awmifay:ü rD;ckd;udk jrifonf/
(2) xkdYaemuf rD;ESifhrD;ckd;wkdY tNrJwef; rauGruGm jzpfonfudk trSwf&onf/
(3) xkdYaemuf rD;ESifh (þyk'fudk ]rauGruGmjzpf}rSm pyfyg) rauGruGmjzpfavh½Sdaom rD;ckd; awmifay:ü
½Sdonfudk odonf/ 0g-awmifay:ü½Sdaom rD;cdk;onf rD;ESifh rauGruGm jzpfavh½Sdaomt&m[k odonf/
(4) xkdYaemuf awmifü rD;½Sdonf[k rSef;qodjrifrI jzpfay:vmonf/
xkdwGif (1) ESifh (3) rSm rxl;ouJhodkYxif&onf/ odkYaomf (1) tqihfonf yu©ü vd*Foufoufudkom
jrifaom tqifhjzpfí (3) jzpfaom y&mrmotqihfum; AswdåoabmESifh wGJ,SOfí yu©ü vd*F½Sdonfudk odjcif;

0gusm0,00PÖemusrf; 26
jzpfonf/ xkdYaMumifhyif ]]Aswdåjzifh txl;ûytyfaom yu©"r®wmudk odaomÓPf}} [k zGifhcJhjcif; jzpfavonf/ þü
y&mrmo t&odrI wrsKd;yif jzpfí ,if;udk oHk;oyfBuHpnfrIç 0g-oHk;oyfodrI[k jrefrmjyefvkdu jyefEkdif&monf/
tEkrme 3-rsKd;
tEkrmeonf (1) ykAÁH0ç (2) aooH0ç (3) omrnawm'd|[k 3-rsKd;½SdaMumif; Esm,okwå (1?1?5)ü qkdonf/
xkd 3-rsKd;\ t"dyÜg,fudk 0päm,e&aohu bmóü 2-rsKd;pD zGifhjyonf/
yXrenf;
ykAHÁ0 tEkrmeenf;[lonf taMumif;udk axmufqjcif;jzifh tusKd;udk rSef;qí odjcif;rsKd;wnf;/ yHkpH-rdk;om;
rsm;wufvmonfudk jrifaomtcg tusKd;jzpfonfh rdk;½GmrIjzpfrnfudk rSef;q odjrifjcif;rsKd;/ tusKd;taMumif; 2-rsKd;
wkdYwGif taMumif;ua½SUjzpfí tusKd;u aemufjzpfonf/ xkdYaMumifh þenf;ukd ykAHÁ0[k orkwfonf/
aooH0enf;um; tusKd;udk axmufqjcif;jzifh taMumif;udk rSef;qodjrifjcif;rsKd;wnf;/ yHkpH-jrpfxJü a&
aemufvmonfudk¤if;? jrpfa&jynfhvmonfukd¤if;? a&pD;oefvmonfudk¤if; jrifí vGefcJhNyD;jzpfaom taMumif;
jzpfonfh rdk;½GmrIudk rSef;qodjrifjcif;rsKd;/ taMumif;tusKd; 2-rsKd;wGif taMumif;udk ykAÁ=a½SU[kqkd&m tusKd;rSm ,if;rS
t

0gusm0,00PÖemusrf; 27
qkdaom omrn 0daoo or0g, rjzpfEkdif/ usef j'Asç *kPç ur® wkdYwGifvnf; toHonf j'Afr[kwf/ ur®
(vIyf½Sm;rI) vnf;r[kwf? xkdYaMumifh toHonf ¤if;wkdYrS

0gusm0,00PÖemusrf; 28
tv,fyk'frSm om"ejzpfonf/ ,if; tv,fyk'fonf yXrtqkd 'kwd,tqkd 2-ckvH k;üygaom 0g-xdk 2-ckvHk;ESifh
qufqHaom yk'fjzpfí ,if;udk om"&Pyk'f[k ac:&vQif omí em;vnfvG,f&monf/
txufyg t&pöwdkwJvf\ tEkrmeudk MunfhvQif tqkd 2-ckESifh ed*Hk;wkdYonf Esm,vm 0guspdwf 5-yg;ü
twGif;0ifonfukd awGU&onf/ yXrtqkdrSm Esm,q&mwkdY\ Aswdå0gusrsKd;jzpfí 'kwd,tqkdrSm Oye,yif jzpfonf/
xkdYaMumifh O'g[&P Oye, ed*re 0guspdwf 3-ckom[k t,l½Sdaomq&mwkdYtqkdESifh taemufwkdif;tqkdwkdY [yfrd
vsuf½Sdawmhonf/ xkd 3-csufudk 0guspdwf 5-yg; jynfhpHkonfh Esm,tEkrme0gusjzpfatmif vkyfvkdvQif atmufyg
twkdif; vkyf&rnf/
y#dnm - qkdua&;wD;onf aorsKd;jzpfonf/
a[wk - vljzpfaomaMumif hwnf;/
O'g[&P - vljzpfaom owGmwkdif;onf aorsKd;jzpfMuonf/
Oyrm-aovd? ZDEkd ponf/
Oyem - qkdua&;wD;onf vljzpfonf/
ed*re - xkdYaMumifh qkdua&;wD;onf aorsKd;jzpfonf/
þpHyHkukd MunfhvQif taemufwkdif; Major Premise onf Esm,ü O'g[&P? Minor Premise onf
Oye,? Conclusion onf ed*rejzpfaMumif; odomonf/
]awmifü rD;½dS} yHkpHukd t&pöwdkwJvf\enf;jzifh a&;vQif atmufygtwkdif;jzpfonf/
yXrtqkd - rD;ckd;½Sdaom t&mtm;vHk;onf rD;½Sdonf/
'kwd,tqkd - awmifonf rD;ckd; ½Sdonf/
ed*Hk; - xkdYaMumifh awmifonf rD;½Sdonf/
jyqkdtyfNyD;aom Esm,yHkpH taemufwkdif; yHkpHwkdYwGif tEkrme ûyyHk-ûyenf; xl;jcm;yHkudkvnf; rSwf,loifh
onf/ taemufwkdif; tEkrmerSm omrnrS 0daooudk rSef;qenf;? 0g-taygif;\ oabmrS tpdwf\ oabmukd
xkwf,lonfhenf; (Deduction) jzpfonf/ vltm;vHk;\ oabmjzpfaom aorsKd;jzpfjcif;rS qkdua&;wD;\ aorsKd;
jzpfjcif;oabmudk xkwf,laom enf;wnf;/ Esm, tEkrmeüum; 0daoorS omrnudk rSef;qonfhenf;ç 0g-tpdwf
\oabmrS taygif;\ oabmudk xkwf,lonfhenf; (Induction) vnf; ygíqkdcJhNyD;enf; (Deduction)vnf;
ygonf/ Aswdå 0gusonf rD;ckd;½Sdaomae&m twef-rsm;rsm;\ rD;½Sdjcif;oabmrS rD;ckd;½Sd&mae&mwkdif;ü rD;½Sdjcif;
oabmudk xkwf,lxm;yHkudk jyaom0gusyif jzpfonf/ xkdYaMumifh ,if;jzifh 0daoomEkrme (Induction) enf;udk
jyonf/ wpfzef O'g[&P Oye, ed*rewkdYjzifh rD;ckd;½Sdaom ae&mwkdif;ü rD;½Sdjcif;oabmrS awmifü rD;½Sdjcif;
oabmudk xkwf,lyHkudk jyonf/ xkdYaMumifh ,if;wkdYjzifh omrnmEkrme (Deduction) enf;udk jyonf/ xkdYaMumifh
Esm,tEkrmeonf 0daoomEkrme omrnmEkrme 2-rsKd;ygaom tEkrme0gus jzpfavonf/
xkdwGif Induction ud k 0daoo BuHqenf;? Deduction ud k omrn BuHqenf;[k¤if;? tpOftwkdif; csHK,l
qifjcifjcif;? xkwf,lqifjcifjcif;[k¤if; jrefrmjyefMuonfukd awGU&onf/ þusrf;üum; um&PmEkrmeenf;ç zvm
Ekrmeenf; [lonfwkdYudk twk,lí 0daoomEkrmeç omrnmEkrme[k oHk;onf/
xkdYjyif t&pöwdkwJvf\tEkrmeenf;rSm yHkoP²mefç 0genf;pepf rSefuefrIudk tav;*½kûyí Esm,tEkrmeum;
taMumif;t&mrSefuefrIudk *½kûyonf/ ed*H k;vm taMumif;t&m rSefonfjzpfap? rSm;onfjzpfap tEkrme ûyyH k ûyenf;
pepfrSefvQif t&pöwdkwJvftvkd ckdifrmaom 0g-pepfrSefjzpfaom (Valid) tEkrmejzpfawmhonf/ pepfrSefqkd&mü

0gusm0,00PÖemusrf; 29
tEkrme ûyyH kûyenf; rSefuefonf[kom qkdvkdonf/ pepfrSefojzifh ed*Hk;vnf; taMumif;t&mrSefonf[k twdtus
qkdvkdonf r[kwf/ yXr? 'kwd, tqkd 2-ckwkdY taMumif;t&mrSefvQif ed*Hk;vnf; taMumif;t&mrSefrnf/ tqkd 2-ck
wkdYwGif wpfckck taMumif;t&m rSm;cJhaomf ed*Hk;vnf; trSm;jzpfrnf[lvkd/
atmufyg tEkrmeudk Munfhyg/
ig;tm;vHk;onf aoG;at; (EdkYrwkduf) owGmrsm;jzpfMuonf/
a0vig;rsm;onf ig;rsm; jzpfMuonf/
xkdYaMumifh a0vig;rsm;onf aoG;at; owGmrsm; jzpfMuonf/
þ tEkrmewGif yXrtqkdrSm trSefjzpfonf/ 'kwd,tqkdrSm rSm;onf/ odkYaomf tEkrmeûyyHkpepfuseí
,if;udk pepfrSef tEkrme[k qkd&onf/ ,if;odkY pepfrSefaomfvnf; taMumif;t&mrSmrl rSm;avonf/ tb,f
taMumifh[lrl a0vig;wkdYonf aoG;at;owGm ig;owGmrsKd;wGif ryg0ifyJ aoG;aEG; (EkdYwkduf) owGmrsKd;? wd&pämef
(animal) owGmrsKd;wGif yg0ifaomaMumihfwnf;/
txufyg tEkrmeonf pepfrSef jzpfaomfvnf; tqkdwpfckrSm trSm;jzpfojzifh vufawGUwGif oHk;r&aom
tEkrmejzpf&onf/ tqkdrsm;a&m-ed*Hk;yg taMumif;t&m rSefaomfvnf; pepfrusojzifh ed*Hk;onf pepfrSm; tEkrme\
ed*Hk;tjzpf ay:vGif&aom tEkrmewkdYvnf; ½SdEdkifonf/
yHkpH- 0D&d, ½Sdolrsm;onf qifjcifÓPf ½Sdolrsm; jzpfMuonf/
y½Gufqdwfrsm;onf qifjcifÓPf½Sdolrsm; jzpfMuonf/
xkdYaMumifh y½Gufqdwfrsm;onf 0D&d,½Sdolrsm; jzpfMuonf/
þü ed*Hk;rSm taMumif;t&mtm;jzifh trSefyif? tqkd 2-ckwkdYvnf; trSefyif/ odkYaomf tEkrmeûy&mü om"m
&Pyk'fonf tqkdwkdYü tenf;qHk;wpfBudrf jyefYES HY&rnf [laom Oya'ESifh rnDonfhtwGuf pepfrSm; jzpf&onf/
pepfrSm;aomaMumifhyif tqkd 2-ckwkdY taMumif;t&m rSefuefygvsuf ed*Hk;ü trSm;jzpf&aom tEkrme
rsKd;vnf; ½Sdao;onf/
yHkpH-tm;vHk;aom aMumifrsm;onf ajcav;acsmif;owGmrsm; jzpfMuonf/
atmifeufonf ajcav;acsmif;owGm jzpfonf/
xkdYaMumifh atmifeufonf aMumifjzpfonf/
þü yXr? 'kwd, tqkdrsm;onf trSefyif/ okdYaomf txufyHkpHenf;wl Oya'ESifh rudkufnDojzifh pepfvnf;
rSm;? taMumif;t&mvnf;rSm; jzpf&onf/
jyqkdcJhNyD;aom yHkpHwkdYrSm tvGef½Sif;vif;í odvG,faom yHkpHrsm; jzpfMu\/ odkYaomf xkdxkd t,ltqwkdYudk
ppfaq;&mwGifrl þrQ½Sif;vif;aom yHkpHrsKd;udk awGU&rnf r[kwfay/ xkdtcgrsKd;wGif oufqkdif&m ppfaq;vkdonfh
t,ltqukd þyHkpHrsKd;jzpfatmif tpm;xkd; ajymif;vJMunfhjcif;jzifh xkdt,ltq rSef-rrSefudk ppfaq;MunfhEkdifonf/
jyvwHåY yHkpHudk Munfhyg/
]]vlowGmwkdYtm; vrf;rSm;okdY ydkYaqmifwwfaom arm[w&m;[lonf rdrdwkdYtvkdqEÉSifh udkufnDaom
tcsufukd trSef[k ,HkMunfvkdaom qEáMumifh jzpfay:vm&onf/ vlom;wkdY\ ,H kMunfrIud k jzpfapwwfaom
tm;BuD;aom tvkdqE´wpfckrSm 'ku©tm;vHk;r½Sdonfh csrf;omrSefukd &,lvkda&;yif jzpfonf/ vlom;wkdY\ tvkdqE´

0gusm0,00PÖemusrf; 30
wk dYü arm[w&m; ûyrlyH k\ t&if;tjrpfudk odaom rnfonfhyk*d ¾KvfrS 'ku©uif;pifonfh csrf;omrSef½Sdonfqkdaom
tcsufü ,HkMunfjcif;onf arm[w&m;yif jzpfaMumif; rqH k;jzwfyJaernf r[kwfay/
þtqkdonf ckdifrmaom tqkdavm? rckdifrmaom tqkdavm? rSefaom tqkdavm? rSm;aom tqkdavm
qkdonfudk ½kwfw&uf od&ef rvG,fulay/ xkdYaMumifh ,if;udkjycJhNyD;aom yHkpHwkdYwGif jzpfoihfaom yHkpHjzifh [yfMunfh
vQif ]]aMumif}} yHkpHESifhwlonfudk awGU&rnf/ þü arm[w&m;onf xkdü aMumifESifh wlnDonf/ xkdYtwl rdrdwkdY
rSefapvkdaom tcsufwkdYü ,HkMunfrIonf ]]ajc av;acsmif; owGm}}ESifh wlí csrf;omrSef½Sd\[k ,H kMunfjcif;onf
atmifeufESifhwlonf/
(1) arm[onf rdrdwkdYrSefapvkdaom tcsufü ,HkMunfrIaMumifh jzpfonf/
(2) csrf;omrSef½Sd\[k ,HkMunfjcif;onf rSefapvkdaom tcsufü ,HkMunfrIaMumifh jzpfonf/
(3) xkdYaMumifh csrf;omrSef½Sd\[k ,HkMunfjcif;onf arm[jzpfonf/
txufyg pum;&yfukdMunfhvQif ,if; tqkdonf pepfrSm;aom tqkdjzpfaMumif; xif½Sm;onf/ ,if;wGif
(1) (2)wkdY taMumif;t&m rSefonf qkdOKH;? ,if;wkdYjzifh (3) rSefuefaMumif; rjyEkdifay/
þuJhodkYaom tcgrsKd;ü puf0dkif;jzifh pdppfenf;udk toHk;ûyvQif tEkrme\ ck difrmrI? rck difrmrI? rSefrI?
rSm;rIrSm ydkí xif½Sm;onf/
yXrjycJhaom ]]qdkua&;wD;}} yHkpHü vltm;vHk;ukd u-puf0dkif;? aorsKd;ukd c-puf0dkif;? qkdua&;wD;udk *tpufi,f[k
owfrSwfí atmufygtwkdif; yHkpHcsMunfhvQif ,if;tEkrmecdkifrmaMumif; pepfrSefaMumif; xif½Sm;onf/
pepfrSefojzifh (1) (2) tqkd 2-ckwkdYrSefvQif ed*Hk;vnf; rSefawmhonf/
þü vltm;vHk;[laom u-puf0dkif;onf aorsKd;[laom c-puf0dkif;twGif;rSm ½Sdojzifh vltm;vHk;onf
aorsKd;jzpfonf qkdaom pum;rSm rSefonf/ wzefwHk qkdua&;wD; [laom *-tpufi,fonf vltm;vHk;[laom
u-puf0kdif;twGif;rSm ½Sdojzifh ,if;onf aorsKd;[laom c-puf0dkif;twGif;rSmyif usa&mufonf/ xkdYaMumifh ,if;
tqkdvnf; rSefawmhonf/
a0vig;yHkpHürl ig;udku? aoG;at;owGmukd c? a0vig;udk *-[k owfrSwfEdkifaomfvnf; *-tpufudk uc-wkdYwGif
rnfonfh puf0dkif;rSmrS csír&? odkYaMumifh ,if;tEkrmerSm taMumif;t&m rSm;onf[k qkd&onf/ odkYaomf
yXr? 'kwd, tqkd 2-ckwkdYukd taMumif;t&m rSefonf[kqkdygrl ,if; tEkrmeonf txufygpuf0dkif;yHkpHtwkdif;
jzpfrnfjzpfí rSefonf[k qkd&rnfjzpfonf/ ,ckaomf- 'kwd,tqkdü taMumif;t&m rSm;aomaMumifh rSm;aom
tEkrme jzpf&onf/ xkdYaMumifh pepfrSef tEkrmeü ed*Hk; rSef-rrSef ppfaq;vkdvQif tqkd 2-ckudk a½S;OD;pGm pdppfí
puf0kdif;yHk csMunfhjcif;jzifh ppfaq;Ekdifavonf/
]]y½Gufqdyf}}yHkpHukd puf0dkif;yHkpH csMunfhvQif *-tpufudk c-twGif;üvnf; csEkdifí? u-twGif; (c-tjyif)ü
vnf; csEdkifonfudk awGU&onf? xkdwGif tpufukd c-twGif;ü cs&vQif rSefrnf? c-tjyifü cs&vQif rSm;rnf
jzpfonf/ xkdYaMumifh þtEkrmeonf pepfrSm; jzpf&onf/

0gusm0,00PÖemusrf; 31
]]atmifeuf}} yHkpHrSmvnf; þtwlyif jzpfonf/ tpufudk c-twGif;ü cs&vQif rSefrnf? ,ckrl c-twGif;ü
r&? c-tjyifüom csí&aomaMumifh rSm;awmhonf/
onf/
þodkYvQif puf0dkif;csíMunfhaom enf;onf xkdxkd tqkdwkdYukd pdppf&mü tvGeftoHk;0ifaom enf;jzpfav
t|uxm? #DumrS tqkdtcsKdU
t|uxm? #Dum? tEk#DumwkdYü 0guspdwfwkdYukd trnfazmfxkwfí a&;om;zGifhqkdcsufwkdYukd awGU½Sd&onf/
y|mef;t|uxm? 0dok'd¨r*ft|uxmwkdYü a[wktzGifhwGif ]]y#dnm a[wlwdtm'Dolwd avmau 0pem0,
a0ga[wlwd 0kpöwd}}[k zGifhonfudk awGU&onf/ ,if;tzGifhjzifh ywdnma[wl'g[&aPmye,ed*rmEs0,0g [laom
Esm,okwå (1?1?32) udkyif &nfnTef;onf[k ,loifhonf/
txufyg 0dok'd¨r*f\tzGif hjzpfaom r[m#Dumü y#dnmpaom 5-yg;vHk;\trnfukd xkwfjyí a[wk\
tzGifhudk Esm,okwåudkyif trSDûyí zGifhqkdxm;avonf/
y|mef;t|uxmESifhwuG okwåedygwft|uxm? o*gxm0*¾oH,kwf#DumwkdYüvnf; t0,0ESifhqkdifaom
pum;rsm;½SdaMumif; o'éDwdedosü nTefjyxm;onf/
xkdwGif okwåedygwft|uxm? okbmodwokwftzGifh ('k-124)ü ]]y#dnmpaom t0,0 emrfpaom yk'f
vdif 0kpf 0dbwfumv um&upaom orÜwd åwk dYESif h jynh fpH kaom pum;ud k avmuü okbmodw[k qk daMumif;?
odkYaomf ,if;pum;onf ayoknponfESifh jynhfpHkvQif t0,0 ponfESifh jynhfpHkaomfvnf; 'kAÇmodwyifjzpf
aMumif;}} zGifhqkdcsuf awGU&onf/ ,if;tzGifhjzifh y#dnmponfESifh jynfhpHk½HkrQjzifh pum;aumif;[k Ak'¨0g'DwkdYtaejzifh
vufrcHEkdifao;aMumif; jyqkdawmfrlonf/ xkdtzGifhrSm oH,kwft|uxm (y?150) ü vmaomtzGifhESifh twlwlyif/
,if;\tzGifh0,f oH,kwf#Dum (y? 286)ü ]]y#dnm a[wl 'g[&aPmye,ed*rmemed t0,0g 0gusómwd 0'EdÅ}}
[k y#dnm'dü tm'd0efudk usrf;wpfyg;vm pum;jzifh xkwfjyawmfrlonf/ ,if;tzGifhvnf; jycJhNyD; Esm,okwfudkyif
&nfnTef;onf[k rSwf,loifhonf/
okwfr[m0g#Dum? yPÖmo#DumponfwkdYüvnf; t0,0 trnfazmfí a&;om;csufwkdYukd awGU&onfyif
jzpfonf/ tcsKdUt&müum; Esm,usrf;oHk; pum;wkdYudk oHk;EIef; zGifhqkdonf wkdYukdvnf; awGU&onf/
xkdYjyif 0gusm0,0 qkdif&mü avhusifhcef; ûyvkyfp&maumif;aom zGifhqkda&;om;csufwkdYukdvnf; xkdxkd
t|uxm? #DumwkdYü awGU&onf/ ,if; tcsufrsm;um; ½SmEdkifvQif ajrmufjrm;pGmyif awGU&rnf jzpfygonf/
þtcef;wGifrl tvG,fwul awGU½Sd&aom t|omvdeDrS yHkpHwpfckESifh 0dok'd¨r*frS yHkpH 3-ckudk xkwfjyí Esm,enf;jzifh
zGifhqkda&;om;ygrnf/
t|omvdeDrS yHkpH
aom yaeo (umavm) obm0awm t0dZÆrmewåmynwdårwåaum {0gwd a0'dwaAÁm/ (ESm-101)
þü aom yaeo (umavm) ynwd årwåaum {0-um; y#dnm? obm0awm t0dZÆrmewåm-um; a[wk
wnf;/ þodkY t0,0 2-ckom ygonf/ xkdxkd 5-yg;jynhfpHkatmif xkwfvkdrl atmufygtwkdif; xkwf&m\/
y#dnm - umavm ynwd årawåm{0/
a[wk - obm0awm t0dZÆrmewåm/
O'g[&P - a,m a,m obm0awm t0dZÆrmaem? aom aom ynwd
å
rawåm {0? ,xm-oo0domPH/

0gusm0,00PÖemusrf; 32
139)
Oye, - wxm umavm obm0awm t0dZÆrmaem/
ed*re - wo®m umavm ynwd årawåm {0/
0dok'd¨r*frS yHkpHrsm;
(1)
eaw¬0 edAÁmeH oo0domPH 0d, tEkyvAÇeD, awmwdap/ e? Oyga,e OyvAÇeD,awm/ (0dok'd¨r*f?'k?
þ0gusü ap wkdifatmifjzifh apm'uq&m-okdYr[kwf 0dw@0g'D\ apm'emyHkudk jyonf/
xkdwGif eawå0 edAÁmeHum;-y#dnm? oo0domPH 0d,um; O'g[&P? tEkyvAÇeD,awm um;-a[wk
wnf;/ ,if;wkdYudk 5-yg;pHkatmif atmufygtwkdif;jzifh pGuf&rnf/
y#dnm - edAÁmeH eaw¬0/
a[wk - tEkyvAÇeD,awm/
O'g[&P - a,m a,m tEkyvAÇeDa,m? aom aom ewd ¬? ,xm oo
0domPH/
Oye, - wxm edAÁmeH tEkyvAÇeD,H/
ed*re - wo®m edAÁmeH eaw¬0/
txufyg 0dok'd¨r*fvmapm'emudk r[m#Dumü atmufygtwkdif; zGifhjyonf/
,'d omrnawm y#dnm? twåem t"dayÜwedAÁmeómyd tbma0g tmyZÆwd? wxm owd y#dnm 0da&m
a"m/ tx y&mbdrwH edAÁmeH ywd? {0H owd "rd® tod'd¨? wawm p edó,m oda'¨g a[wk/ ('k? 205/ þr[m
#DumzGifhü Esm, toHk;tEIef;rsm;ygonfudk owdûy&m\/)
,if; r[m#DumtzGifhü t"dyÜg,fum;-
eaw¬0 edAÁmeH [k 0dw@0g'D ûytyfaom y#dnmonf rdrd[laom 0dw@0g'Dtvkd edAÁmef? ou0g'Dtvkd
edAÁmef[k rcGJjcm;yJ edAÁmefonf r½Sd[k omrntm;jzifh qkdtHh? ,if;odkYqkdvQif rdrd 0dw@0g'Dtvkdjzpfaom edAÁmef
(=c,rwåponf)vnf; r½Sd[k qkd&ma&muf\/ xkdodkYjzpfvQif y#dnmESifh qefYusifjcif; jzpf&monf/ y#dnmwGif rdrd
edAÁmefygaeonf? xkdedAÁmefudkum; ½Sd\[k,lxm;onf/ odkYaomf taMumif;jyaomtcg tEkyvAÇeD,awm[k
taMumif;jyonf/ ½Sdonf[k ,lxm;aom rdrdedAÁmef[laom y#dnmESifh tEkyvAÇeD, awm [laom [dwfwkdY qefYusif
onf/ xkYdaMumifh 0dw@0g'D pum;onf t½HI;pum;yif jzpfawmhonf/ 0dw@0g'D pum;ü y#dnm0da&m"wnf;[l
aom ed*¾[Xme tjypfoifhonf[lvkd/
tu,fí omrntm;jzifh r[kwfyJ ou0g'D\ r*fzkdvftm½HkjzpfaomedAÁmefudkpGJí eaw¬0 edAÁmeH[k y#dnmudk
qkdonf jzpftHh/ rdrd 0dw@0g'D t,lt& xif½Sm;r½Sdaom edAÁmefjzpfaeí edAÁmef[laom yu© 0g-"rD®\t& r½Sd/ xkdodkY
r½SdaomaMumifh tEkyvAÇeawm [laom [dwfonf tod'ä[wGmbmo jzpfavonf/ tod'¨ 3-rsKd;wGifvnf;
[dwf\ rS D&myu© 0g-"rD® r½SdaomaMumifh? rSD&mtm;jzifh rNyD;aom edó,mod'¨[dwf jzpfawmhonf [lvkd/ (a[wGm
bmotcef;ü jycJhaom tmo,mod'¨[dwfudkyif edó,mod'¨[k ac:xm;onf/)
xkdYaemifqufvufí r[m#Dumü [dwfudk atmufygtwkdif; zGifhjyjyefonf/

0gusm0,00PÖemusrf; 33
tEkyvAÇeD,awmwd uð ypöu©awm O'g[k tEkrmeawm yk&droð ® yau© pu©m'D[d taeuEdÅuwm/ 'kwd,
oð ® y&H ywd toda'¨g a[wk/ ('k? 205/)
þtzGifhü t"dyÜg,fum;-
tEkyvAÇeD,awm t& ypöu©tm;jzifh rodtyfaomaMumifh[k qkdtHh? xkdodkYjzpfvQif rsufpdponfwkdYjzifh tae
ueftaMumif; jzpfonf/ pu©Kjzifh rodtyf? aomwjzifh rodtyfponfjzifh taMumif;awG rsm;aeí rnfonfh
taMumif;[k {uefrjzpfjcif;udk taeuef[k qkd[efwlonf/ wenf;vnf; ypöu©tm;jzifh rodtyfaomaMumifh[k
qkdvQif xkdtaMumif;onf oAsbdpm&a[wGmbmo jzpf&monf? pu©K ponfjzif h rodtyfonfrSm edAÁmefom r[kwf?
ta0;? rsufuG,fponfü wnfaom 0w¬KwkdYvnf;? ypöu©awm tEkyvAÇeD,yif jzpfaomaMumifh us,fvGef;aom
[dwfjzpfí [dwftwkom jzpfawmhonf/ ypöu©tm;jzifh r[kwfyJ tEkrmetm;jzifh rodtyfaomaMumifh[k qkdtHh? xkdodkY
jzpfvQif jycJhNyD;twkdif; ou0g'D\ edAÁmefudkpGJí edó,mod'¨ a[wGmbmo jzpfrnf[lvkd/
140/)
--------
( 2 )
edAÁmeó edpöwåm aw (tPktm'a,m) edpömwd ap e a[wkvu©Pó tEkyywdåawm/ (0dok'd¨r*f? 'k?
edAÁmeó edpöwåmwd tyu©"r®wåm a[wkvu©PmEkyywdå/ (r[m#Dum? 'k? 210/)
txufyg 0dok'd¨r*fü edAÁmeó edpöwåmonf [dwf? aw (tPktm'a,m) edpömonf y#dnm? þodkY t0,0
2-yg;omygonf/ þü 5-yg;pHkatmifvkyfí r&? tb,fhaMumifh[lrl-edAÁmeó edpöwåmonf [dwf vu©Pm rjynfhpHk
aomaMumifhwnf;/ xkdYaMumifh ,if;apm'emvnf; roifhaom apm'em jzpf&onf/
[dwfvu©Pm rjynfhpHkjcif; taMumif;udk 0dok'd¨r*fü rjycJhojzifh ,if;taMumif;udk r[m#Dumü tyu©
"r®wåm [k jyonf/ ,if; ygXf0,f q|rlü tayu©"r®wåm[k ½Sdonf/ odkYaomf oD[dkVfrlü tyu©"r®wåm ½Sdonf[k
od&onf/ ,if;ygXfom ygXfrSefjzpfoifhonf/ ,if;\t"dyÜg,fudk em;vnfEkdif&ef tyu©"r®wm oabmudk em;vnf
xm;rS jzpfrnf/ r[m#Dum\qkdvkd&if;um; ..... taMumif;tjzpfjzifh jytyfaom edAÁmef\ NrJjcif; *kPfoabmonf
tPkjrLpaom yu©\*kPf"r®r[kwf? 0g-yu©jzpfaom tPkjrLponfü r½Sd/ xdkYaMumifh ,if;[dwfonf yu©"r®rjzpf?
xkdYaMumifh ,if;[dwfü ]][dwfonf yu©"r®jzpf&rnf}} [laom yXrvu©PmcsKdUwJhvsuf ½Sd&um; ..... ,if;onf [dwf
ppfr[kwf? [dwfwk a[wGmbmoom jzpfonf[lvk d/ jycJ haom a[wGmbmo 5-yg;wGifvnf; yu©ü r½Sdonfukd
taMumif;tjzpfjzifh jyaomaMumifh (taMumif;wjcm; tusKd;wjcm; jzpfaom) o½lygod'¨ a[wGmbmojzpfavonf/
-------
( 3 )
edpöm OyÜg'g'DeH tbm0awm edAÁmeH 0d,mwd ap/ e? tPktm'DeH tod'¨wåm/ (0dok'd¨r*f? 'k? 140/)
tPktm'DeH tod'¨wåmwd {awe ]]edpöm tPktm'a,m}}wd y#dnm, "rD® tod'¨d? wawm p edó,m
oda'¨g a[wlwd 'aówd/ (r[m#Dum? 'k? 210/)
0dok'd ¨r*fvm apm'empum;udk t0,0 pHkatmif a&;vQif atmufygtwkdif; jzpf\/
y#dnm - tPktm'a,m edpöm/
a[wk - OyÜg'g'DeH tbm0awm/

0gusm0,00PÖemusrf; 34
O'g[&P - a,m a,m e OyÜg'g'drm? aom aom edapöm/ ,xm-edAÁmeH/
Oye, - wxm tPktm'a,m e OyÜg'g'd rEÅm/
ed*re - wo®m tPktm'a,m edpöm/
r[m#Dumü t"dyÜg,fum;-þü yu© 0g-"rD®t& xkwfjytyfaom y&rmPkjrL? yuwd? umv? yk&do? twå
wkdYum; y&rw¬tm;jzifh xif½Sm;½Sdaom w&m;rsm; r[kwfMu/ odkYr[kwfMuaomaMumifh yu© 0g-"rD®\ rNyD;jcif; 0grxif½Sm;jcif;
jzpf\/ xkdodkY "rD® xif½Sm;r½SdaomaMumifh wnf&mrSD&m r½Sd&um; OyÜg'g'DeH tbm0awm [laom [dwf
onf rSD&mtm;jzifh rNyD;aom edó,mod'¨ (tmo,mod'¨) a[wGm bmoom jzpf&awmhonf [lvkd/
uxm0w¬K tEk#Dum (69) ü ]]yk*¾avm OyvAÇwd}} paom ygVdawmf0,f y#dnmpaom 5-csufudk xkwfjy
xm;csuf ½Sdonf/ odkYaomf ]]yk*¾avm OyvAÇwd}} ponf0,f y#dnmpaom 5-csufpHkatmif xkwfEkdif&efrSm tEk#Dum
q&muJhodkY ÓPfBuD;olwkdY t&mom jzpfonf[k oabm&ygonf/
ed*¾[Xmersm;
þusrf;ü tus,fjycJhaom tpdwf 5-yg;½Sdaom 0gusonf wpfzufESifhwpfzuf tajctwif ajymqkd&mü
toHk;ûy&aom 0gusjzpf\/ xkdodkYajym&m0,f wpfOD;OD;\ ajymqkdrI cRwf,Gif;jcif;aMumifh t½HI;ay;&aom ae&mrsm;
½Sd\/ xkdae&mrsm;udk Esm,usrf;oHk; tac:ta0:tm;jzifh ed*¾[Xme[k ac:onf/ t½IH;ay;&aomae&m[lonfvnf;
t½HI;ay;&jcif;\ taMumif;yifjzpfonf/ xkdYaMumifh ed*¾[Xmeudk y&mZ,a[wk=½HI;jcif;\taMumif;[k wuúbmom
(221) ü zGifhjyavonf/
a[wktcef;ü jycJhaom a[wGmbmowkdYudk jyefMunfhvQif xkda[wGmbmowkdYonf t½IH;ay;&jcif;\
taMumif;rsm; jzpfonfudk awGU&ayrnf/ taMumif;jy rrSefuefonfhtwGuf rdrdjyaom tEkrmewpfckvHk; ysufpD;oGm;
&í jzpf\/ xkdYaMumifh a[wGmbmorsm;onf ed*¾[Xmersm;yif jzpfonf/
þokdYvQif ed*¾[XmewkdYonf tEkrme0gusESifh pyfoG,fvsuf ½SdMuojzifh¤if;? uxm0w¬K tEk#DumwGif ,if;
wkdYukd jyxm;ojzifh¤if; ,if;wkdYudk rvGJraoG odoifhodxdkufonf? xkdYaMumifh þtcef;ü ,if;wkdY\ t"dyÜg,f
tus,fudk (bmó? 0kwdåwdkYudk trSDûyí) a&;aytHh/
ed*¾[XmewkdYukd Esm,okwåüyif t"dyÜg,f zGifhjycsufESifh wuG jyqkdxm;onfudk awGU&onf/ tEk#Dumü
jyaom pum;&yfrsm;vnf; o½kyf ocFsmu tp Esm, okwå pum;ESifh rsm;pGm wlnDvsuf ½Sdonfudk awGU&onf/
xkdYaMumifh tEk#Dumq&monf Esm,okwårSyif ,lí ed*¾[Xmersm;udk jyqkdxm;onf[kyif qkdEkdifygonf/
Esm,okwåESifh tEk#Dumusrf;wkdYü ed*¾[XmewkdY\ t"dyÜg,fudkom zGifhjycJhMuonf/ yHkpHrsm;udkum; rjycJhMu/
odkYaomf Esm,bmó Esm,0kwdåwkdYürl ed*¾[Xme tawmfrsm;rsm;wkdY\ yHkpHwkdYudk jycJhMuonf/ xkdusrf;wdkYü yHkpHxkwf
rjyaom ed*¾[Xmersm;vnf; ½Sdonf/ ,if;wk dYum; yH kpHxkwfjyzG,frvk daom ed*¾[Xmersm; jzpfaomaMumif h xkwfrjycJ h
Mujcif; jzpfonfudkyif rSwftyfayonf/

0gusm0,00PÖemusrf; 35
,if;Xme 22-yg; o½kyf
ed*¾[XmewkdYum; atmufygtwkdif; 22-yg; ½Sdavonf/
(1) y#dnm[med
(2) y#dnmEÅ&
(3) y#dnm0da&m"
(4) y#dnmonmo
(5) a[wGEÅ&
(6) tw¬EÅ&
(7) ed&w¬u
(8) t0dnmww¬
(9) tyw¬u (torÁE¨w¬)
(10) tyÜwåumv
(11) OKe
(12) t"du
(13) yke½kwå
(14) teEkbmoe
(15) tnmP
(16) tyÜwdbm
(17) 0dau©y
(18) rwmEknm
(19) y&d,Eka,maZÆmayvu©Pm
(20) ed&Eka,mZÆmEka,m*
(21) tyod'ËÅ
(22) a[wGmbmorsm;
(1) y#dnm[med
ywd'd|EÅ "r®mbsEknm ou'd|aEÅ ywdnm[med/ (Esm? 5? 2? 2/)
0do'dol'g[&P"r®mEkZmeeH yXrk'g[&aP y#dnm[med (uxm0w¬KtEk#Dum? 61/)
rdrd xkwfjyxm;aom O'g[½kPfü qefYusifzuf yk*d ¾Kvfxkwfjytyfaom O'g[½kPf\ *kPfoabmukd cGifhûy
jcif;onf y#dnm[med ed*¾[Xmernf\/ rdrd\y#dnmukd pGefYjcif;[lvkd/ tEk#Dumü yXrk'g[&Pt& rdrd\ O'g[
½kPfudk ,lí 0do'dol'g[&Pt& wpfyg;ol xkwfjytyfaom O'g[½kPfudk ,ltyf\/
(yHkpHukdjy&mü yXrajymolukd ]]0g'D}} 'kwd,ajymoludk ]]ywd0g'D}}[k owfrSwfí a&;ygrnf/)
yHkpH
0g'D - tedapöm oa'´g £`Ed´,uwåm C#aó0/
ywd0g'D - 'd|H £`Ed´,uwHå omran edapö? uo®m e wxm oa'´/
0g'D - ,'d £`Ed´,uH omrnH edpH ö? umrH Ca#m edapöm b0wk/
þü ]]tkd;uJhokdY £a`E´jzifh odtyfaomaMumifh toHonf rNrJ}}[k 0g'Du qkdaomtcg ywd0g'Du ]]NrJaom
Zmwf (omrn) ü £a`E´jzif h odtyfonf\ tjzpfudk jrif&onf/ tb,faMumifh toHü xkdYtwl rjzpfoenf;[k
qkdonf/ qkdvkd&if;um; £a`E´jzifh odtyfaomZmwfonf edpöjzpfonf/ xkdYtwl £a`E´jzifh odtyfaom toHvnf;

0gusm0,00PÖemusrf; 36
bmhaMumifh edpörjzpfyJ ½Sd&rnfenf; edpöjzpfonfom [lvdk/ xkdtcg 0g'Dyk*d ¾Kvfu ]]tu,fí £a`E´jzifh odtyfaom
Zmwfonf edpöjzpfcJhvQif £a`E´jzifh odtyfaomtkd;vnf; edpöjzpfygapawmh}}[k qkdonf/ ,if;tqkdjzifh ywd0g'D\
O'g[½kPfZmwf\ NrJjcif;oabmud k rdrd\ O'g[½kPfjzpfaom tkd;ü 0efcHaomaMumifh rdrd\ y#dnmud k pGefY&m
a&mufonf/ xkdYaMumifh y#dnm[med ed*¾[Xmejzpfí 0g'Dyk*d ¾Kvfonf ½HI;avonf/
(2) y#dnmEÅ&
ywdnmww¬yÜwdaoa" "r®0duyÜg w'w¬ eda'áom ywdnmEÅ&H/ (Esm? 5? 2? 3/)
y#dnmww¬y#daoa" w'nw¬ eda'áom y#dnmEÅ&H/ (tEk#D? 61)
rdrd0efcHxm;aom teuf(t&m)udk wpfzufyk*d ¾Kvfu qefYusifzufO'g[½kPfudk jyí wm;jrpfaomtcg rdrd
O'g[½kPf qefYusifzufO'g[½kPf 2-ckwkdYü tjcm;wpfyg;aom oabm*kPfudk txl;BuHí xkd0efcHtyfaom
teufudk jyjcif;onf y#dnmEÅ&rnfonf/ ½Sif;½Sif;um; ...... yXr0efcHxm;aom oabmwpfcktjyif wzufvlxkwfjy
aom O'g[½kPfESifh oabmcsif;rwlatmif aemufxyf oabmwpfckyg 0efcHjcif;udk y#dnmEÅ& (y#dnmwpfyg;) ac:
onf[k qkdvkdonf/
yHkpH
0g'D - tedapöm oa'´g-£`E´ d,uwåm C#aó0/
ywd0g'D - omrnrd`E´d,uH edpH ö/
0g'D - (u) omrnrd`Ed ´,uH oAÁ*wH? £`E´ d, aum wk toAÁ*awm Ca#m/
(c) Ca#m toAÁ*awm? {0H oa'´gys oAÁ*awm Ca#m0 {0 edapöm/
þü 0g'D\ tedapöm oa'´gonf y#dnmww¬/
ywd0g'D\ pum;onf y#dao"/
0g'D\ 'kwd,pum;ü (u) onf "r®0duyÜ/ (c)ü
oa'´gysoAÁ*awm0,f toAÁ*awmonf y#dnmEÅ&wnf;/
tdk;uJhokdY £a`E´jzifh odtyfaomaMumifh toHonf rNrJ}} [laom 0g'D\pum;udk ywd0g'Du ]]£a`E´jzifh
odtyfaom Zmwfonf NrJonf]][laom pum;jzifh wm;jrpfonf/ xkdtcg 0g'Donf ]]£a`E´jzifh odtyfaomZmwfonf
tvHk;pHkESHYonf? £a`E´jzifh odtyfaom tdk;um; tvHk;pHkrESHY}}[k rdrdolwpfyg; 2-OD;om;wkdY\ O'g[½kPf0,f rwlaom
tcsufukd BuHí ]]tdk;onf tvHk;pHkrESHY? xkdYtwl toHvnf; tvHk;pHkrESHY? (xkdYaMumifh) tdk;uJhokdYyif tedpöjzpfonfom}}
[k ajymonf/ 0g'Donf yXrajympOfu tedpö[kom ajymcJhí 'kwd,ajymaomtcg ]]tvHk;pHk rESHY}}[laom oabm
*kPfukd tydkxnfhvmonf/ ,if;onf tedpö [laom rlv y#dnmrS wrsKd;wjcm;jzpfaom y#dnmwnf;/ þuJhodkY rlv
y#dnmudkvnf; rpGefYyJ tydkxnfhum pum;ajymif;oGm;aomaMumifh ,if;odkY ajymqkdjcif;udk y#dnmEÅ&[k ac:&av
onf/
y#dnm[medwkef;u rdrd\y#dnmudk vHk;0pGefYonf/ þy#dnmEÅ&üum; rdrdy#dnmudk txl;ûycsuf tydkwpfck
xnfhí jyifqifonf/ txl;ûycsufrygaom yXry#dnmudk pGefYonfyif jzpfaomfvnf; aemufy#dnmü ,if;y#dnm
udkyif txl;ûyí 0efcHonf? þum; txl;/
xkdYaMumifh w'nw¬ eda'áom [laom tEk#Dumü w'n (xkdrSwpfyg;)t& rlv y#dnmrS vHk;0 wpfyg;
wpfjcm;jzpfonfudkr,lyJ rlvy#dnmvnf;ygí topfpum;vnf; ygaom y#dnmwpfyg;[k ,loifhonf/

0gusm0,00PÖemusrf; 37
(3) y#dnm0da&m"
ywdnm a[wleH 0da&ma"m ywdnm 0da&ma"m/ (Esm? 5?2?4/)
y#dnm 0d½k'¨ a[wkudwåeH y#dnm 0da&ma"m/ (tEk#D? 61/)
y#dnmESif h a[wkwk dY qefYusifjcif;onf 0g-y#dnmESif h qefYusifaom a[wkud k ajymMum;xkwfjyjcif;onf
y#dnm0da&m" rnfonf/
yHkpH
0g'D - *kPAswd&dwHå 'AÁH/ (y#dnm)
½lyg'dawm tw¬EÅ&ómEkyv'däwm/ (a[wk)
þü 0g'Du ]]j'Afonf *kPfrS tydktvGef (oD;jcm;)jzpfonf/ 0g-j'Afonf *kPfr[kwf}}[k y#dnmudk jyNyD;
aemuf ]]½lyponfrS wpfyg;aom y'w¬("r®)tjzpfjzifh rod&jcif;aMumifhwnf;}}[k a[wkudkjyonf/ 0daoodu'óe
t,lü ½ly (tqif;ta&mif) ponfukd *kPf[k qkdonf/ 0g'D\ taMumif;jy qkdvkd&if;rSm ]]*kPfrSwpfyg; r[kwfaom
aMumif h 0g-*kPfjzpfaomaMumifh}}[k jzpfonf/ tu,fí j'Afonf *kPfr[kwfu ]]*kPfjzpfaomaMumifh}} qkdaom
taMumif;jyonf ravsmf? tu,fí ,if;taMumif;jytwkdif; jzpftHh? ]]j'Afonf *kPfr[kwf}}[laom y#dnmonf
roifh/ xkdYaMumifh y#dnmESifh a[wkwkdY qefYusifvsuf½Sd&um; y#dnm0da&m" jzpf&onf/
(4) y#dnmonmo
yu©yÜwdaoa" ywdnmww¬mye,eH ywdnmonmaom/ (Esm? 5? 2? 5/)
y#dnmwwåmye,eH y#dnmonmaom/ (tEk#D? 61/)
rdrd\tqkd (yu©)udk wpfyg;olu wm;jrpfaomtcg xkdolUudkEdkifvkdí 0efcHtyfNyD;aom pum;ud k y,fjcif;
onf y#dnm onmo (y#dnmudk pGefYjcif;) rnfonf/
0g'D - tedapöm oa'´g £`E´d,uwåm/
ywd0g'D - omrnrd`Ed ´,uH? epmedpH ö? {0H oa'´g £`E´ d,aum? e pmedapöm/
yHkpH
0g'D - aum yke&m[ ]tedapöm oa'´g} £wd/
þü 0g'Du ]]£a`E´jzifh odtyfaomaMumifh toHonf rNrJ}}[k qkd&m ywd0g'Du ]]Zmwfonf £a`E´jzifh
odtyfom q&mjzpfonf? odkYaomf rNrJ r[kwf/ xkdYtwl toHvnf; £a`E´jzifh odtyfaomt&m jzpfonf? rNrJonf
vnf; r[kwf? NrJonfom}}[k wm;jrpfaomtcg ]]toH rNrJ}}[k rnfolajymoenf;[k qkdjcif;jzifh rdrd y#dnmudk
pGefYavonf/ þü y#dnmudk twdtvif;ajymNyD;rS y#dnmudk pGefYaomtm;jzifh ajymjcif; jzpfonf/ xkdYaMumifh
q&mawmf\ wlawmfygonf[k tzrf;cH&aom vlqdk;u ajymonfrSm [kwf-r[kwf awmifzDvmq&mawmfud k
ar;avQmufMuaomtcg ]]ighwlr[kwfbl;vkdY rnfol ajymoenf;}} [k jyefvnfrdefYMum;aom pum;rSm þy#dnm
onmoESifh rqkdif[k rSwftyf\/
uxm0w¬KtEk#Dumü uxm0w¬KygVdawmfvm atmufygtar;tajz0,f þy#dnmonmotjypfoifhaMumif;
zGifhqkdxm;onf/ (ESm? 62/)

0gusm0,00PÖemusrf; 38
ou0g'D/ /yk*¾avm OyvAÇwd opd öu|y&raw¬emwd/
y&0g'D / /tmrEÅm/
ou0g'D/ /a,m opd öua|m y&raw¬m? wawmaom yk*¾avm OyvAÇwd
opd öu|y& raw¬emwd/
y&0g'D / /e a[0H 0wåaAÁ/
þü yXrtajz0,f y&0g'Donf ]]yk*d ¾Kvfudk rSefaomoabm jrwfaomoabmtm;jzifh &tyf-odtyfonf}}udk
tmrEÅmjzifh0efcHí 'kwd,tajzürl ]]þodkYum; rqkdoifhyg}}[k xkd0efcHcsufudkyif pGefYavonf jzpfaomaMumifh y&0g'D
ü y#dnmonmo tjypfa&mufonf/ xkdYaMumifh þtar;tajzwpfpHk (yXred*¾[)ü y&0g'D ½HI;avonf[lvkd/
(5) a[wGEÅ&
t0daoaomawå a[wkrSd ywdoda'¨ 0daoordpäawm a[wGEÅ&H/ (Esm? 5? 2? 6/)
t0daoo0kawå a[wkrSd y#doda'¨ 0daooa[wkuxeH a[wGEÅ&H/ (tEk#D? 61/)
0g'Dyk*d ¾Kvfu omrntm;jzifh xkwfjytyfaomtaMumif;udk ywd0g'Du wm;jrpfaomtcg xkdtaMumif;udk
txl;ûyí 0g'Duqkdjcif;onf a[wGEÅ&rnf\? y#dnmEÅ&wkef;u rdrd\ y#dnmü tydkxyfí xnfhjcif;ukd y#dnEÅ&[k
ac:ovkd þüvnf; rdrday;tyfNyD;aom taMumif;ü tydk txl;xyfí xnfhjcif;udk a[wGEÅ&ac:&onf/
þa[wGEÅ&0,f Esm,bmóü xkwfjyaom yHkpHrSm ½Snfvnf;½Snf omcFs0g'qkdif&m tcsuftvufwkdY ygae
ojzifh todvnf;cufaomaMumifh odvG,faom 0kwdåü jyaom yHkpHukd a½S;OD;pGmjyí bmórSyHkpHudk aemufrSjyygrnf/
0kwdårS yHkpH
0g'D - tedapöm oa'´g Am[d&d`E´d, ypöu©wåm/ C#aó0/
ywd0g'D - omrnH Am[d&d`E´d,ypöu©H edpH ö/
0g'D - omrn0awå owd/
þü ]]tdk;uJhokdY tyjzpfaom £a`E´(þü aomwda`E´)jzifh odtyfaomaMumifh toHonf rNrJ}} [k 0g'Du
qkdaomtcg ty£a`E´jzifh odtyfygvsuf Zmwfonf NrJonf? xkdYaMumifh oifjyaom taMumif;onf taeuEdÅujzpf
onf}} [k wm;jrpfonf/ xkdtcg 0g'Dyk*d¾Kvfu ]]Zmwf½Sdonf\ tjzpf½Sdvwfaomf}}[k txl;udk xnfhavonf/ Zmwf
onf ty£a`E´jzifh odtyfaomt&mjzpfonf/ odkYaomf Zmwfonf Zmwf½Sdaom t&mr[kwf? toHum; Zmwf½Sdaom
t&mjzpfonf/ ,ck igqkdvkdonfrSmvnf; ]]Zmwfvnf;½Sd ty£a`E´jzifhvnf; odtyfaomaMumifh}}[k qkdvkdonf/þodkY
rdrdyXrjyNyD;aom taMumif;ü txl;udk xnfhí qkdjyefaomaMumifh a[wGEÅ&jzpfavonf/

0gusm0,00PÖemusrf; 39
bmórS yHkpH
0g'D - (y#dnm) {uyuwd £'H AswHå/
(a[wk) {uyuwDeH 0dum&meH y&drmPawm/
rwdåumykAÁumeH o&m0g'DeH 'd|H y&drmPH?
,m0 yuwd,m AsLa[m? wm0 0duma&m £wd/
'd|Oö ywd 0dum&H y&drmPH? twd¬ ap'H y&drmPH ywd AswHå/
wo®m {uyuwDeH 0dum&meH y&drmPm yómr
]Aswård'aruyuwD}wd/
ywd0g'D - ememyuwDeH {uyuwDeOö 0dum&meH 'd|H y&drmPH/
0g'D - {uyuwdorEGa, owd o&m0g'd0dum&meH y&drmP'óem?
okc'ku©arm[orEG dwH [d £'H AswH å y&drdwH *,Saw? wMw
yuwsEÅ&½lyorEG,mbma0 owd {uyuwdwHå/
« yuwd=rlvtaMumif;/ Aswå=xif½Sm;jzpfay:vmaom tusKd;/ 0dum&=ajymif;vJjzpfay:vmaom t&m/
AswåESifh qifwl/ y&drmP=twkdif;twm »
0g'D - (y#dnm) þ Aswåw&m;onf wpfckwnf;aom yuwd ½Sdonf/
(a[wk) wpfckwnf;aom yuwd½Sdaom 0dum&0w¬KwdkY\ y&drmP½Sdaom
aMumifhwnf;/ ajrnuf (½GHU) a½SUoGm;½Sdaom cGufponfwkdY\
y&drmPudk awGUjrif&onf/ taMumif;ajrnuf tpkta0; ½Sdo
avmuf y&drmP½Sdonf/
0dum&0w¬Kwkdif;üvnf; y&drmPudk awGU&onf/ þ y&drmP
vnf; Aswåw&m;wkdif;rSm ½Sdonf/ xkdodkY wpfckwnf;aom yuwd
½Sdaom 0dum&0w¬KwkdY y&drmP½Sd jcif;aMumifh ]þAswåw&m;onf
wpfckwnf;aom yuwd½Sdonf} qkdonfudk odjrif Mu&onf/
ywd0g'D - rsm;aom yuwd½Sdaom 0dum&0w¬KwkdY\¤if;? wpfckwnf;aom
yuwd½Sdaom 0dum&0w¬KwdkY\¤if; y&drmPudk awGU&onf/
0g'D - wpfckwnf;aom taMumif;\ tpOfvkduf ygaerI½Sdaomf cGuf
paom 0dum&0w¬Kwk dY\ y&drmPud k jrif&jcif;aMumif hwnf;/ okc
'ku© arm[ tpOfvkdufygaerI½Sdaom þAswåw&m;onf y&drmP
½Sdonf[k ,ltyfonf? xkdü wpfyg;aomtaMumif;\ tpOfvkduf
ygaerI r½Sdjcif;½Sdvwfaomf wpfckwnf;aom yuwd½Sdonf\
tjzpfonf jzpfawmhonf/
þü 0g'Dum; t|uxm#DumwkdYü {uum&P0g'[k¤if;? uydv0g'[k¤if; ac:tyfonfh omcFs0g'udk
vufcH,HkMunfolwnf;/ omcFs0g'tvkd wwGac:aom w&m; (y&rw¬w&m;uJhodkYaom w&m;) 25-yg;½Sdonf/ ,if;
wkdYum; yuwd yk&doESifh r[wfpaom 23-yg;wkdYwnf;/ xkdwGif yuwdonf ½Sd½SdorQ ouf½Sd oufrJhtm;vHk;\
rlvtaMumif;&if;wnf;/ ,if; yuwd[lonfvnf; okc 'ku© arm[ oabm½Sdonfh owG &Z wr[laom *kP 3yg;wkdY\
nDrQpGmwnfaerIudkyif qkdvkdonf? ,if;yuwdonf yk&doESifh aygif;qHkrdaomtcg xkd*kPwkdY\ nDrQpGm
wnfaerI ysufí r[wfpaom w&m;wkdY tqifhqifh jzpfay:vmMuonf/ xkdwGif *kPwkdYnDrQpGm wnfNidrfaerIonf
rxif½Sm;aom oabmjzpf&um; yuwdukd tAswå? yuwdESifh yk&dowkdY aygif;qHkrdjcif;aMumifh xif½Sm;jzpfay:vmaom
w&m;wkdYjzpfí r[wf ponfudk Aswå[k ac:onf/ ,if;wkdYudkyif 0duwdç 0g-0dum&[kvnf; ac:onf/ (,if;wkdY
wGif 16-yg;ukd au0v0duwd? 7-yg;udk yuwd0duwd[k cGJjcm;Edkifao;onf/)

0gusm0,00PÖemusrf; 40
omcsF0g'DwdkYtvkd Aswåjzpfaom w&m;rSeforQ 0g-ouf½SdoufrJh rSeforQ yuwd[laom taMumif;wpfck
wnf;rS jzpfay:vm&onf/ xkdYaMumifh omcFs0g'Djzpfaom 0g'Dyk*d ¾Kvfonf jycJhonfhtwkdif; y#dnmuk d jyjcif;jzpfav
onf/ olay;aom taMumif;\ qkdvkd&if;rSm-ajrnufjzifh vkyfxm;aom tkd;cGufponfü y&drmPudk awGU&onf/
y&drmP½Sdaom tkd;cGufü ajrnuf[laom taMumif;wpfckom ½Sdonf/ Aswåjzpfaom w&m;wkdif;ü y&drmP ½Sdonf/
xkdYaMumifh y&drmP½Sdaom Aswåw&m;onf taMumif;wpfckom ½Sdaomw&m; jzpf&onf[k qkdvkd\/
xkdtcg ywd0g'Du y&drmP½Sdaomt&mrSm taMumif;wpfckom½Sdaom w&m;om r[kwf? taMumif;w&m;
trsm;½Sdaomw&m;rSmvnf; y&drmP½Sdonfyif/ xkdYaMumifh oifjyaomtaMumif;onf taeuEdÅu jzpfonf[kqkd
onf/ xkdtcg 0g'Du igqkdvkdonfrSm wpfckwnf;aom taMumif;tpOfvkdufygaerI½Sdaom tkd;cGufpaom 0dum&wkdY
\ y&drmPudk jrif&jcif;aMumifh[k jzpfonf/ Aswåw&m;wkdif;rSm okc 'ku© arm[ oabmwkdY tpOfvkdufygaerI½Sd
onf/ ypönf;wpfckudk wpfOD;u ESpfoufonf? tjcm;wpfOD;url rESpfouf? aemuf wpfOD;urlum; ESpfoufonf
vnf; r[kwf? rESpfoufonfvnf; r[kwf? tv,ftvwfjzpfonf/ þodkY-þoabmtpOfvkdufygrI½Sdaom Aswå
w&m;udk y&drmP½Sdaom w&m;[kyif ,l&onf/ qkdcJhNyD; okc 'ku© arm[ oabm½Sdaom owG &Z wr [laom
*kP 3-yg;rSwpfyg; tjcm;taMumif;\ tpOfvkdufrI r½SdaomaMumifh Aswåw&m;wkdY\ wpfckwnf;aom taMumif;
onf ,if; *kP 3-yg; nDrQpGm jzpfrI[laom yuwdyif jzpfonf/ xkdYaMumifh Aswåw&m;onf wpfckwnf;aom
taMumif;½Sdaom w&m; jzpfonf[k ig qkdvkdonf[k acsyonf/
0g'Dyk*d ¾Kvfjyaom taMumif; 2-ckwGif 'kwd, taMumif;ü ]wpfckwnf;aom taMumif;\ tpOfvkdufrI½Sd
aomf}[k tydktxl; ygvmonf/ xkdYaMumifh a[wGEÅ& jzpfí ed*¾[|mejzpf&onf/
þyHkpHjzifh Esm,0g'Djzpfaom bmóq&monf omcFs0g'Dtay: wzufowf tEkdif,lvdkufavonf/odkYaomf
omcFs0g'DwpfOD;u þodkY a½SUwpfrsKd; aemufwpfzHkjzpfaom taMumif;rsKd;udk ay;rnf-ray;rnfrSmrl pOf;pm;zG,f&myif/
(6) tw¬EÅ&
yuwm tw¬m tyÜwdorÁ'¨wH¬ tw¬EÅ&H/ (Esm? 5?2?7/)
t"duww¬mEkya,m*d tw¬uxeH tw¬EÅ&H/ (tEk#D 61/)
qkdtyfqJ (tm;xkwftyfqJ) aom teufudk vspfvsL½Ií rpyfrqkdifaom teuf½Sdaompum;udk qkdjcif;onf
tw¬EÅ&rnf\/ tEk#Dumtvkdtm;jzifh qkdtyfqJ (tm;xkwftyfqJ) aom pum;tm; aus;Zl;rrsm;aom teufudk
qkdjcif;onf tw¬EÅ&rnfonf[kqkd/ t"dyÜg,frSm twlwlyif/ ajymqkdaeqJ pum;ESifhrqkdifaom tjcm;taMumif;rsm;
udk xnfhoGif;í ajymqkdrIwnf;/
þtjypfum; 2-OD;ajymqk drS r[kwf? wpfOD;wnf; ajym&müyifjzpfaom tjypfwnf;/ xkdYaMumifh bmó 0kwdå
wkdYü wpfOD;wnf;\ pum;udkom yHkpHxkwfjyMuonf/
yHkpH
0g'D - edapöm oa'´g tzk|wåm £wd a[wk? a[wk emr [daemwdo®m "mwkrSmwk
ypöa, udwEÅy'H? y'Oö emrmcsmawmyo*¾ edygwm ponf/
toHonf NrJ\ rawGUxd&aomaMumif hwnf; [lonf a[wkwnf;/
a[wk[lonf [d"mwfaemif wkypönf;oufvQif NyD;aom udwfyk'fwnf;/
yk'f[lonfvnf; emrf tmcsmwf Oyom& edygwfwkdYwnf; ..... ponf/
þü a[wkemrpaom pum;wkdYonf qkdtyfqJaom ]]toHonfNrJonf}} [laom pum;ESifh bmrQrqkdif?
xkdYaMumifh tw¬EÅ&jzpfonf/

0gusm0,00PÖemusrf; 41
0kwdåü atmufygyHkpHudk xkwfjyonf/
0g'D - oa'´g tedapöm uwuwåm/ oa'´g*kaPm? o pmumoaó0/
ûytyfaom oabm½SdaomaMumifh toHonf rNrJ/ toH[lonf *kPf
wnf;? ,if;vnf; tmumo\om *kPfwnf;/
þüvnf; oa'´g *kaPmpaom pum;onf rqkdifaom pum;jzpfaomaMumifh tw¬EÅ&jzpfonf/ 0daoodu
t,lü tmumoj'Afonf toH[laom *kPf½Sdonf[k rdefYqkdcsuf ½Sdonf/
(7) ed&w¬u
0PÖuúreda'ó0EHÅ ed&w¬uH/ (Esm? 5?2?8/)
rmwdumygaXm 0d, tw¬[DeH ed&w¬uH/ (tEk#D? 61/)
teufudk rjyEkdifaom tu©&mwkdY\ tpOfudk nTefjyjcif;aom pum;onf ed&w¬urnfonf/ tEk#Dum
tvkdrl.....rmwdumudk ½Gwfjcif;uJhodkY teufuif;aom pum;onf ed&w¬u rnf\[lvkd\? þü ]]rmwdumudk
½Gwfjcif;uJhokdY teufuif;aom}}t& jynfhpHkaom teuf r½Sdonfudk qkdvkdonf[k ,lyg/
yHkpH
0g'D - edapöm oa'´g u p # wygeH Z A * ! 'wåm ps b Ú C ¡ "m £0/
toHonf NrJonf/ u p # w y wdkYonf ps b Ú C ¡ " wkdYuJhodkY Z
A * ! ' wk dYjzpfaomaMumif hwnf;/
þü u p # w y-paom pum;onf tu©&mwkdYukd tpOftwkdif; qkdaejcif;omjzpfí teufuif;aom
pum;jzpfaomaMumif h ed&w¬u rnfavonf/
þ ed*¾[XmetzGifh Esm,okwåpum;onf aMueyfzG,f r½Sday/ xkdYaMumifh 0kwdåü ]]0PÖwkdY tpOfudk nTefjyjcif;
uJhokdYaom pum;teufudk ra[mEdkifaomyk'fwkdYukd oHk;pGJjcif;}}[k zGifhí ]]oabmwlowfrSwfxm;aom pnf;urf;udk
qeYfusifí}} [k 0daooevnf; xnfhoifhaMumif; rdefYNyD;vQif ]]tyAÇHobmomjzifh pdppfjcif;udk ûy&rnf}}[k owfrSwf
xm;&mü tyAH Çobmomud k oHk;vQif tjypfr½Sd/ þtjypfonf arhavQmhjcif; ponfaMumifh jzpfonf}} [k zGifhqkdonf/
]]þtaMumif;jyrsKd; vufawGUtoHk;wGif rawGU&/ wyÜ&d,#Dumü ]j'm0d!vlrsKd;wpfa,mufu t&d,vlrsKd;
wpfa,mufudk odjrifapjcif;iSg j'm0d!bmomjzifh ajymaomtcg þtjypfjzpfonf/ j'm0d!bmomudk rwwfaom
t&d, vlrsKd;tzkdY xkdpum;onf bmrQ t"dyÜg,faqmifrnf r[kwf? xdkYaMumifh t&d,vlrsKd;tzkdY j'm0d!pum;onf
tu©&moHawGom jzpfawmhonf[k zGifhaMumif; bmó t*Fvdyfjyefü rSwfcsufjyonf/
(8) t0dnmww¬
y&doywd0g'D[d wdu©wHåK tbd[dwryd t0dnmwH t0dnmwwH¬/ (Esm? 5? 2? 9/)
wdu©wHåK 0kwårdÜ oud©y#d0g'D[d t0d'dwH t0dnmwwH¬/ (tEk#D? 61/)
0g'D yk*d ¾Kvfu 3-Budrf 3-cg qkdtyfygvsuf y&dowfESifh ywd0g'DwkdYu rodtyfaom pum;onf t0dnm
ww¬ rnfonf/ 3-Budrfwk difwk dif ajymaomfvnf; y&dowf 0g-ab;u oufaoyk*d ¾KvfwkdYu jzpfap? ywd0g'Dujzpfap
em;rvnfEdkifaom pum;rsKd;udk t0dnmww¬ ac:onf[lvkd/
þü y&dowfywd0g'DwkdYu em;rvnfEdkifjcif;\ taMumif;ud k odvd|jzpfaom 0g-yk'fudk trsKd;rsKd;cGJí teuf
,lEk difaom yk'fuk d oH k;jcif;? rodEk difaom 0g-rxif½Sm;aom pum;udk oHk;jcif; tvGefvQifpGm ½Gwfqkdjcif;[k bmóü
jyí rdrdü ckcHEkdifpGrf;r½Sdonfudk zHk;uG,f&ef þt0dnmww¬udk toHk;ûyaMumif; zGihfonf/ yHkpHudkum; xkwfrjycJhay/

0gusm0,00PÖemusrf; 42
0kwdåüum; þtjypfonf oHk;rsKd;okH;pm; jzpfEkdifaMumif; zGifhjyonf/ (1) yXrtrsKd;rSm- rqufqHaom t,l
üom xif½Sm;aom pum;vHk;rsm;ukd oHk;pGJjcif;jzpf\/ yHkpHudk ]]Ak'¨bmomwkdY\ cE¨m 5-yg;ponf}}[k jyí cE¨m 5-yg;
w&m;udk,fudk xkwfjyonf/ [dE´Ly&dowftv,fwGif Ak'¨bmomüom xif½Sm;aom toHk;udkoHk;vQif þtjypf
oifhonf[k qkdvkdayonf/ (2) 'kwd, trsKd;tpm;rSm rvkdtyfaom teufrsm; uyfNidyg0ifvmzG,f½Sdaom 0dû*d[f
0guseufudk riJhaom txiftm;jzifhjzpfaom o'´g (½kVD)udk oHk;jcif;rsKd;wnf;/ yHkpHudk ]]uóywe,"&Pa[wk
t,H wde,e ormeemra",s0g wauúwkrwåm}}[k xkwfjyonf/ þü uóywe,\ o'´geufrSm ]]uóy\
om;}} jzpf\/ odkYaomf þü uóy\ om;rSeforQud k r,l&bJ om;wpfa,mufjzpfaom ajrBuD;udkom ,l&onf/
xkdYjyif uóywe, "&Pa[wkt& ajrBuD;wnfjcif;\taMumif; trSwfr½Sdudk r,l&yJ ygVd ouúwvkd bl"&
ac:aom awmifudk ,l&onf/ wde,eorme emra",s 0gü wde,et& rsufpdoHk;vHk;½Sdaom od0ewfudk,lí olESifh
wlaom trnft& þü t*d¾wnf;/ xkdt*d¾½Sdonf[k qkdvkdonf/ wauúwkrwåmü wauúwk t& xkdrD;\ tvHwHcGef
ozG,fjzpfaom rD;ckd;wnf;/ xkdYaMumifh tajzmifhtwkdif;a&;vQif xkdpum;rSm yAÁawm t*d ¾rm"lr0wåmyif jzpfonf/
þrQ tazmf&cufatmif a&;vQif t0dnmww¬tjypf oifhawmhonf[lvkd/ (3) wwd, trsKd;tpm;um; teufESpfrsKd;
ponf xGufaom pum;udk oHk;jcif;wnf;/ yHkpHukd ]]aoawm "m0wd}}[k jyonf/ þü aoawm wpfyk'f? "m0wd
wpfyk'f,lvQif ]jzLaom owGmonf ajy;onf}}[k teufxGufíç om+£awm+"m0wd[k 3-yk'f,lvQif acG;onf
þt&yfrS ajy;oGm;\[k teufxGufonf/ þuJhodkYaom pum;wkdYudk oHk;vQif t0dnmww¬ tjypfoifhonf [lvkd/
(9) tyw¬u (torÁE¨w¬)
ykAÁmy&d,ma,m*g tyÜwdorÁE¨wH¬ tyw¬uH/ (Esm? 5?2?10/)
ykAÁmy&0aoe orÁE¨&[dwH torÁE¨wH¬/ (tEk#D? 61/)
a½SUaemuftjzpf 0g-taMumif;tusKd;tjzpfjzifh rqufpyfjcif;aMumifh rpyfaom teuf½Sdaom yk'f 0gusonf
tyw¬u rnf\/ tMuift&mü yk'ftrsm;\jzpfapç 0gustrsm;\ jzpfap a½SUaemuf taMumif; tusKd; tjzpfjzifh
tavsmfbufpyfrI r½SdtHh? xkdyk'ftaygif; 0gustaygif;onf tquftpyf teufuif;jcif;aMumifh tywåurnfonf/
a½SUaemuf taMumif;tusKd;tm;jzifh tquftpyfr½SdyJ qkdrdqkd&m qkdxm;aom pum;onf tyw¬u rnfonf[k
qkdvkdonf/ wpfyk'fcsif; teuf½Sdaomfvnf; taygif; teuf r½Sdaom pum;rsKd;wnf;/
yHkpH
'o 'gVdrmed? qVylyg/ uk@}rZmZdeH yvvyda@m? tx a&m½kuarwH ukrm&d,m ay,sH wóm ydwm
tyÜwdodaem/
þyHkpHü 'o'gVdrmedESifh qVylygonf 0gustcsif;csif; tpyfuif;aomyHkpHjzpfíç uk@H ponfwkdYonf
yk'ftcsif;csif; tpyfuif;aom yHkpHjzpfonf[k Esm,om&y'yOd öumü zGifhaMumif; yOd öumy'Dyusrf;ü qkdonf/
þ'o 'gVdrmed yHkpHonf ouúwusrf;wkdYü¤if;ç ygVdusrf;wkdYü¤if; rsm;pGmawGU&aom yHkpHjzpf\/ odkYaomf
]]'o'gVdrmed ponf}}[kom txkwfrsm;Muojzifh ]pHonf}t&udk azmf&ef rvG,fulvSay/ usrf;&if;udk awGU&rSom
tjynfhtpHkazmfEkdifrnf jzpfonf/
þyHkpHum; tvGef a½S;usaom yHkpHjzpfonf/ tb,fhaMumifh[lrl-c&pfESpf 4-&mpkavmufrSm ay:onf[k
qkdaom Esm,bmóü omru c&pfray:rD tESpf 150-cefYrSm ay:onf[k qkdMuaom ywOÆvd&aoh ûypkonfh
(ygPdeD tzGifh) r[mbmomusrf;BuD;rSmvnf; ,if;yHkpHukd awGU&aomaMumifhwnf;/ odkYaomf r[mbmóü awGU&
aom yHkpHrSm aemufydkif;wGif Esm,bmóyHkpHESifh tenf;i,f uGJvGJonfukd awGU&onf/
'o ygVdrmed qVylyg uk@rZmZdeH yvvyda@m t"a&m½luarwH ukrm&d,m az,uwó ydwm ywdoD
aem/ (r[mbmó? 1?2?45)
Esm,bmóüyifvnf; tcsKdUrlü tx a&m½kuarwH[k ½Sdí tcsKdUrlü t"a&m½kuarwH[k ½Sdonf/ xkdYtwl
tyÜwdoDaem[k¤if;? ywdoDavm[k¤if; ygXftrsKd;rsKd; ½Sdonf/

0gusm0,00PÖemusrf; 43
ygVdusrf;wkdYwGif tawmftwef jynfhpHkatmif jyaomusrf;um; arm*¾v’mefyOd öum#Dum jzpfonf/ ,if;ü
yvmvyda@mwkdifatmif jyonf/
tqkdygusrf;wkdYt& ygXftrsKd;rsKd;jzpfvsuf ½Sdojzifh teuf trsKd;rsKd;jzpfEkdifí¤if;? ygXfwl&müyifvnf; teuf
trsKd;rsKd; awGU&í¤if; ,if;yHkpHygyk'fwkdY\ teufudk xkdxkd edospaom usrf;wkdYrS xkwfEkwfí wpfckpDjyygOD;tHh/
'o'gVdrmed
'o 'gVdrmed? q,fvHk;ukefaomovJoD;wkdY/ (arm*¾v’mefyOd öum edoQ?y?28/)
'o? (q,fvHk;)ukefaom/ 'gVdrmed? ovJoD;wkdY/ (yOd öum#Dumedos? 1?1? okwf/)
'o 'gVdrmed? ovJoD;q,fvkH;wkdY/ (0dok'd¨r*f r[m#Dumedó,? w? 550/)
'gVdrudk ouúw t*Fvdyf tbd"mefwkdYü-Pomegranate = ovJoD;[k zGifhqkdonf/ xkdYaMumifh 'gVdr-o'´g
ovJoD;a[mjzpfaMumif; xif½Sm;onf/ um&dum#Dum (19-*gxmzGifh) ESifh ab'pdEÅm#Dum (12-*gxmzGifh)ü 'gVdrm
ADZyla&m[k zGifhMuonf/ tbd"meyÜ'Dydumü ADZyl&-o'´g a½SmufoD;a[m[k vmonf/ xkdYaMumifh ,if;wkdYtvkd
'gVdrudk a½SmufoD;[k jyef&rnfuJhodkY ½Sdonf/ ovJoD;udkyif &nf½G,fí ADZyla&m zGifhonf[k ,lvQifrl ,if;wkdY
tvkdvnf; ovJoD;[kyifjyef&ef ½Sdygonf/
um&dumedó,üum; #DumzGifhodkYrvkdufyJ ]]'o? q,fa,mufaom vlwdkY/ wmvdrm? xefaph}}[k jyefonf/
wmvdrm[laom ygXfysufudk awGUí jzpfovkd teufay;vkdufjcif;jzpf[efwlonf/ xkdedó,okdYyif vkdufí (jzpf[ef
wlonf) rCa'0vuFmopf (yd k'fa&-2)ü rmefvnfq&mawmfbk&m;uvnf;- ]]q,fa,mufaom vl? xef;aph[lokdY}}
[k pyfqkdawmfrlavonf/
qVylyg
qtylyg? ajcmuf½Sufukefaom rHkYwkdY/ (yOdöumedos/)
q? (ajcmuf½Suf)ukefaom/ tylyg? rHkYwkdY/ (yOdöum#Dumedó,/)
qylyg? rHkYajcmufckwkdY/ (r[m#Dumedó,/)
arm*¾v’mefyOd öum#Dumü qtylyg[kxkwfí r[m#Dum edó,ü qylyg[k xkwfjyonf/ todvG,fatmif
xkwfonf[k rSwftyf\/ yly tyly-o'´g 2-ckvHk; rHkYa[mcsnf;jzpfonf/ qVylygü V-um; qVylygü V-um; qV
bdnmüuJhodkY tm*Hkwnf;/
uk@H? u&m;/ tZmZdeH? qdwfa&/ (yOdöumedos/)
uk@H tZmZdeH yvvyda@m
uk@H? u&m;/ tZmZdeH? qdwfa&/ yvmvyda@m? aumuf½dk;pk/ (yOdöum#Dumedó,/)
uk@H? a&u&m;/ tZmZdeH? qdwfa&/ yvvyda@m? tom;pkdif? 0g-ESrf;yHk/ (r[m#Dumedó,/)
þü uk@HESifh tZmZdeHrSm ½Sif;ygonf/
yvvyda@mürl yOd
öum#Dumü yvmvyda@m[k ygXf½Sdojzifh edó,ü aumuf½kd;pk[k teufay;awmf
rlonf/ odkYaomf ouúwusrf;wdkYüum; yvvyda@m[k awGU&onf/

0gusm0,00PÖemusrf; 44
xkdwGif yvv\teufudk e-rHao yauF wdvpkaPÖ p? &u©ao-yk-[k axmred"dü zGifhonf/ yvvo'´g
eyH kvdifjzpfvQif tom;nTef ESrf;rIefYudka[mí ykvd’ifjzpfvQif &ud©Kofudk a[monf[lvkd/ qmarmfed,m0DvQH\ ouúw
t*Fvdyftbd"mefü xkdteufwkdYtjyif axmif;xm;aom ESrf;rIefYESifh oMum;a&mí vkyfxm;aom rHkY[k qkdao;onf/
xkdYaMumifh yvvyda@mudk ESrf;rHkYcJ[kvnf; jyefEkdifonf/
tx a&m½kuarwH-ponf
tx? xkdYjyif/ a&m½kuH? qwfa& qwfcsKd qwfom;/ {wH? þt&monf/ ukrm&DeH? rdef;rysKdwkdY\/ ay,sH?
aomufzG,f/ wóm? xkdrdef;r\? ydwm? tbonf/ ywdoDavm? t½Sifoabm½Sd\? 0g-vlBuD;aywnf;/....(#dyÜPDü
ywdoDavmudk 0ka'¨g[k zGifhjy\/) (r[m#Dumedó,/)
Es,bmó 2-rlESifh r[mbmóü tca&m½kuH[k ½Sd\/ teufxif&ef cJ,Of;bdawmif;/ xkdYjyif ,if;wkdYü
ukrm&d,m[k ½Sdonf/ r[m#Dumedó,ü ukrm&DeH[k ½Sdonf/ {u0kpf A[k0kpfrQom uGJonfjzpfí ta&;rBuD;yg/
ukrm&d,maemif yg,sH[k ½SdMuonf/ yg,s-o'´g eyHk vdifjzpfvQif twkdif;twm aomufa& teufwkdYudk
a[mí wdvdifjzpfvQif ]uJh&JUtyfaom}teufudk a[monf[k axmred"d zGifhonf/ xkdYaMumifh yg,sH? twkdif;twm/
0g-aomufa&[k ay;ygav/
r[mbmóü ydwm\a½SU0,f az,uwó[k ygonf/ ,if;ukd "g; oefvQuf oP²mef½Sd ,Zfypönf;
a,mufrud k ûywwfol\ om;\[kjyef&ef jzpfygonf/ ygPded? 7? 3? 4 \ umodum0kwdåudk Munfhyg/
ywdoDaem (r[mbmó) tyÜwdoDaem (Esm,bmówrl) ywdoDavm (r[m#Dumedó,) tm;jzifhrl
trsKd;rsKd;awGU&onf/ ywdoDe (jywd*De) um; ywda½S;½Sdaom ao(*J s) *wd,H[laom "mwfaemif w-ypönf;udk eûyí
{-udkvnf; þ-ûyíNyD;aom (ouúwtvkd orÜom&PûyíNyD;aom) yk'fwnf;/ xkdYaMumifh ywdoDaem? wpfzef
oGm;a&mufonf/ 0g-wpfzef oGm;a&mufol[k teufay;/ (ygPded? 6?1?25/ rk'äAm"? 1056-Munfhyg/ ywdykaAÁm,H
a&ma* {0 0wåaw[laom umwEÅtvkdrl ,if;edosESifhtnD tat;em? 0g-tat;em pGJol[k ay;&m\/ ouúw
t*Fvdyf tbd"mefürl melted, fluid, dropping- [k zGifhonf? xkdtvkd ywdoDaemukd t&nfaysmfonf? 0g-t&nf
wpfpufpuf usonf[k ay;&efjzpfygonf/ ywdoDavmtwGufrSmrl #dyÜPD tzGifhtwkdif;yif vkduf&awmhrnf/
Esm,bmó t*FvdyfjyefudkvkdufvQif tyÜwdoDavm? tusifhraumif;[k jyef&efjzpfygonf/
trSefrSm þyHkpHonf tvGef a½S;usaom yHkpHvnf;jzpf? tquftpyf uif;aom pum;\ yH kpHvnf; jzpfaom
aMumifh rnfonfudkom trSef[k qHk;jzwfEkdif&ef rjzpfEkdifygacs/
þ 'o 'gVdrmedudk yHkpHxkwfaom awGUbl; orQusrf;rsm;um;-
ouúwusrf;rsm;-r[mbmó? 1? 2? 45/ Esm,bmó? 5? 2? 10/ umwEÅ0kwdå#Dum? 2? okwfzGifh/ tr&
aumok*¢gwe #Dum? 6? 20/
ygVdusrf;rsm;-aewdåt|uxm? 79/ ax&*gxm? t|uxm? 'k? 89/ "r®o*FPDtEk#Dum? 4/ 0dok'd¨r*f
r[m#Dum? 'k? 232/ ½lyod'd¨#Dum? 6/ arm*¾v’mefyOd öum#Dum? 1? 2/ um&dum? 19-*gxm/ tbd"mef#Dum? 126?
*gxmzGifh/ ab'pdEÅmr[m#Dum? 12-*gxmzGifh/ rPdom&rOÆLom y? 7/ wkdYwnf;/
þ ed*¾[Xmeonf tvuFmvm tayww¬ a'goESifhoabmwlyif/
o&ówDuP²mb&Pusrf;ü atmufyg yHkpHudk xkwfonf/

0gusm0,00PÖemusrf; 45
Z&*¾a0g urÁvyg'kum[d?
'Gga& Xdawm *g,wd r*Fvmed/
wH jAm[®PD ykpäwd ykwåumrm?
&mZm} ½krm,H vokeó aum} a*¢g/ (ESm-35)
Z&*¾a0g? EGm;tkdonf/ urÁvyg'kum[d? urÁvm ajceif;wkdYjzifh/ 'Gga&? wHcg;ü/ Xdawm? &yfvsuf/ r*Fvmed?
r*FvmoDcsif;wkdYudk/ *g,wd? oDqkd\/ wH? xkdEGm;tkdudk/ ykwåumrm? om;vkdcsifaom/ jAm[®PD? yHkaP;ronf/
ykpäwd? ar;\/ &mZm? rif;jrwf/ ½krm,H? ½krmrnfaom qm;usif;ü/ vokeó? MuufoGefjzL\/ aumta*¢g? tbdk;
b,frQenf;/ (arm*¾v’mefyOd öumedos?y? 27-8/)
þed*¾[Xme 0g-a'go\yHkpHudk omoemawmf enf;tm;jzifh xkwfvkdrI t|momvdeD (82) ü vmonfh
twkdif; ]]ukovm ½lyH pu©Krm}} [k xkwf&m\/
(10) tyÜwåumv
t0,00dy&d,mo0peH tyÜwåumvH/ (Esm? 5?2?11/)
t0,00dyv’mo0peH tyÜwåumvH/ (tEk#D?61/)
y#dnmpaom t0,0wkdYudk tpOfazmufzsufí qkdjcif;onf tyÜwåumvrnf\/
y#dnm? a[wk? O'g[&P? Oye,? ed*re-þt,0,wkdYonf wpfckESifhwpfck ,kwdå½SdpGm qufpyfvsuf
½SdMu\/ xkdt,0,wkdYukd tpOfcRwfapí ajymqkdvQif ajymcsdefra&mufao;onfuk d ajym&ma&mufaomaMumif h tyÜwå
umv qkd&avonf/ uarmuúrtjypf [lvkd/
bmó? 0kwdåusrf; 2-usrf;vHk;üyif yHkpHudk xkwfrjyMu/ xkwfvkdrI- yAÁawm t*d ¾rm paom yHkpHukdyif y#dnm
aemif O'g[&P? xkdYaemifa[wk ponfjzifh uarmuúrjzpfatmif xkwfygav/
(11) OKe
[Dernwaremys0,a0e OKeH/ (Esm? 5? 2? 12/)
t0,00duvH OKe/(tEk#D? 61/)
y#dnmpaom t0,0wd kYwGif wckjzif haomfvnf; ,kwfavQmyapaompum;onf OKernf\/ t0,0wdkYudk
tjynfhtpHkazmfjyí ajymrSomjynfhpHkí tquftpyf aumif;aompum;jzpfrnf/ t0,0wckck csKdYwJhcJhvQif 0g-rygcJh
vQif vdktyfaom tusKd;udk NyD;apEdkifawmhrnf r[kwfí þpum;rsKd;onf ed*¾[Xme jzpf&onf/
txif½Sm;qHk;tm;jzifh a[wkrygyJ y#dnm ponfudk a&;Munfhyg? pum;rjynfhpHkojzifh omcsudk NyD;apjcif;iSm
rwwfEdkifonfudk awGY&rnfjzpfonf/
þü jynfhpHkaom t0,0t& rdrdwdkYqdkif&m *dkPf;ü jynfhpHkNyD;[k owfrSwfxm;aom ta&twGuf ½dSaom
t0,0udk ,l&rnf/ tcsKdYaom *dkPf;u t0,0 3-yg;udkom vufcHonf/ xdk*dkPf;tzdkY 3-yg; jynfhpHkvQif pHkNyD[k
rSwf&rnf/ 3-yg;rpHkrSom þ OKe tjypfoifhonf[k rSwftyfonf/ xdktwl Ak'Ësm,ü t0,0 2-yg;udkom vufcH
xm;&m xdk 2-yg;pHkvQif OKetjypfroifh[k rSwftyfayonf/
qdkif&m*dkPf;wdkY vufcHaom t0,0 ta&twGufwdkYudk ]]t0,0 ta&twGufESifh *dkPf;trsKd;rsKd;}} tcef;rSm
jyefMunfhyg/

0gusm0,00PÖemusrf; 46
(12) t"du
a[wl'g[&Pm"duH t"duH/ (Esm? 5?2?13/)
t"dua[wl'g[&PH t"duH/ (tEk#D? 61/)
a[wkESifhO'g[&Pukd tydkqdkjcif;onf t"du rnfonf/ wpfckaom a[wk? wpfckaom O'g[&Pjzifhyif
vkdtyfaom udpöNyD;aomaMumifh tydkjytyfaom a[wk O'g[&PwdkUrSm t"du tjypfoifh&onf/
þtjypfonf owfrSwfcsufwpfckckukd ûyvkyf0efcHí ajymqkd&mü jzpfonf[k bmóü zGifhjyí owfrSwfcsuf
[lonf a[wkwpfckud kom 0g-O'g[&P wpfckudkom jyMupwrf;[k a½S;OK;u 0g'DESifh ywd0g'DwkdY ESpfOK;oabmwl
xm;tyfaom owfrSwfcsuf[k Esm,aumoü zGifhjyonf/ þusrf;wkdYtvkd a[wkç O'g[&PwkdYudk jycsifoavmuf
jyMupwrf;[k oabmwlxm;cJhvQif þt"du tjypfoifhEkdifzG,f r½Sd[k rSwf&efjzpfawmhonf/
0kwdåüum; okwfü a[wl'g[&Ponf Oyvu©Pom jzpfí 'loe ponf ydkvGefjcif;vnf; t"duyif
jzpfonf/ ponfjzifh zGifhjyí t"du\yHkpHudk atmufygtwkdif; xkwfjyonf/
a[wkt"du - "lrawm tmavmuawm/
O'g[&Pt"du - r[meord0 pwG&rd0/ (pwG&o'´g,ZfylaZmf&m ajrtzkdYukd
a[monf/)
tu,fí O'g[&Pudk ,xm r[meoH? r[meord0[k jyvQifum; t"dur[kwf? yke½kwåjzpfonf
[kvnf; ,if;0kwdåü zGifhjyonf/
(13) yke½kwå
o'´w¬meH yke0peH yke½kwåH? tnMw tEk0g'g/ (Esm? 5?2?14/)
tEk0ga' wGyke½kwåH o'´gwsmom tw¬0daoaomywdå,m/ (Esm? 5?2?15/)
tw¬m tmyEéó ouoa'é yke 0peH/ (Esm? 5?2? 16/)
XaywGm tEk0g'H o'´w¬meH ykeyÜKeH 0peH tw¬myEé0peOö yke½kwåH/ (tEk#D? 61/)
xyfqifh zGifhqkdjcif; (tEk0g') rSwpfyg; o'´gteufwkdYudk xyfíqkdjcif;onf yke½kwårnfonf/ xyfqifh
zGifhqkdjcif;üum; o'´gxyfjcif;jzifh teuftxl;udk od&aomaMumifh yke½kwårjzpf/ teuftm;jzifh a&mufonfukd rdrd
o'´gjzifh wpfzefqkdjcif;onf (vnf; yke½kwå rnfonf/) tEk#Dumü ykeyÜKeH tpm; yke[k½SdvQif omíaumif;ayrnf/
o'´gwludk xyfí qkdjcif;onf o'´yke½kwå? teufwludk o'´guGJjzifh xyfíqkdjcif;onf twåyke½kwå?
wkduf½kdufr[kwfyJ teufa&mufaomtm;jzifh jzpfaomteufudk rdrdo'´gudkyif toHk;ûyí qkdjcif;onf tw¬myEéyke
½kwå-þodkY yke½kwåonf 3-rsKd; jym;onf/ xyfqifhzGifhjy&mürl o'´gudk xyfí toHk;ûy&aomfvnf; ,if;jzifh teuf
txl;udk od&aomaMumifh yke½kwårjzpf? 0g-xyfqifhzGifhjyjcif;udk yke½kwå rqkd& [lvkd/
t0,0 5-yg;ü ed*reonf y#dnmudk xyfíqkdjcif;yif? odkYaomf y#dnmjzifh twnfrjzpfao;aom tqkdudk
jyí ed*rejzifh twnfjzpfvmaom tqkdudk jyonf/ ,if;onf xyfqifh zGifhqkdjcif;yif jzpfonf/ xkdYaMumifh ed*reü
yke½kwå tjypfr½Sd[k rSwftyf\/ xkdaMumifh xyfí qkdwkdif; yke½kwå r[kwf? teuftxl;udk rjyEkdifyJ tusKd;rJh xyfqkd
jcif;udkom yke½kwå ac:&onf/

0gusm0,00PÖemusrf; 47
yHkpH
o'´yke½kwå - edapöm oa'´g/ edapöm oa'´g/
toHonf NrJonf/ toHonf NrJonf/
tw¬yke½kwå - tedapöm oa'´g/ eda&m" "r®aum "ed/
toHonf rNrJ/ jrnfjcif;onf csKyfjcif;oabm½Sdonf/
tw¬myEéyke½kwå- OyÜwåd"r®uwåm tedpö H/ tEkyÜwåd"r®uH edpö H/
jzpfjcif; oabm½SdaomaMumifh rNrJ/
rjzpfjcif; oabm½Sdaom t&monfNrJonf/
jzpfjcif;oabm½SdaomaMumifh rNrJ[k qkdvQifyif teufa&mufaom tm;jzifh rjzpfjcif; oabm½Sdaom t&m
onf NrJonf[laomteufukd odtyfNyD;jzpfawmhonf/ xkdYaMumifh tEkyÜwåd"r®uH epö Honf yke½kwå jzpf&avonf/
(14) teEkbmoe
0dnmwó y&dom, wdu©wåKH tbd[dwómysEkpöm&PH teEkbmoeH/ (Esm? 5? 2? 17/)
y&dom, 0d'dwó wD[d 0kwåó typöK'g[ma&m teEkbmoeH/ (tEk#D? 61/)
ywd0g'Dyk*¾ dKvfu 3-Budrfwkdif qkdtyfí y&dowfuvnf; odtyfaom teufudk wzef rqdkjcif;onf teEk
bmoe rnfonf/ aemufrSvdkufí rqkdjcif;[lvkd/
0g'D? ywd0g'DwkdY pum;ajymMuaomtcg ywd0g'Du rdrd\ tqkdwpfckudk 3-Budrf 3-cg wifjyonf/
xkdtqkd\ teuft"dyÜg,fudk y&dowfuvnf; odonf/ xkdtcg 0g'Dyk*d ¾Kvfonf xdktqkdudk acszsufzkdY&m xkdtqkdudk
xyfíqkd&rnf/ xkdodkY xyfíqdkjcif;onf xdktqdkudk trSDûyí ,if;udk y,f&ef jzpfonf/ xkdodkY ywd0g'D\ tqdkudk
xyfírqdkvQif ywd0g'D\ tb,fokdYaom pum;udk y,fzsufrnf[k odEdkif&mrnf r[kwfaomaMumifhwnf;/
t0dnmwOömnmPH/ (Esm? 5? 2? 18/)
(15) tnmP (0dnmw)
,H 0g'dem 0kwåH y&dom, 0dnmwH ywd0g'dem 'k0dnmwH? wH t0dnm wH/ (tEk#D? 62?)
(þEsm,okwfodkY qdkNyD;okwfrS 0dnmwó ywd0g'dem wdu©wåKH tbd[dwóyk'fwkdYudk vdkufap&rnf/)
ywd0g'Du 3-Budrfwdkifwdkif qdktyfí y&dowfu odtyfaom teufudk 0g'Du rodjcif;onf tnmP
rnfonf/ tEk#Dumtvdkrl 0g'Du 3-Budrfwdkifwdkif qdktyfí y&dowfu odtyfaom teufudk ywd0g'Du rodvQif
(0g-raumif;ojzifh odvQif) ,if;onf t0dnmw rnfonf[lvdk/
Esm,okwåtqdkü þtjypfonf 0g'D\ tjypfjzpfonf/ tEk#Dumtqdküum; ywd0g'D\ tjypfwnf;/ 0g'D
jzpfap ywd0g'Djzpfap wzufom; 3-Budrfwdkif ajymaompum;udk y&dowf em;vnfygvsuf rdrd rodem;rvnfvQif
rdrdü þtnmP (t0dnmw) tjypfa&mufawmhrnfjzpfí 2-enf;vHk; toifhcsnf;yif/ wzufvlajympum;udk
em;rvnfvQif xdk olYpum;udk tb,fodkY acszsufEdkifawmhrnfenf;/ xkdYaMumifhyif ed*¾[Xme jzpf&onf/

0gusm0,00PÖemusrf; 48
(16) tyÜwdbm
Owå&ómywdywåd tyÜwdbm/ (Esm? 5? 2? 19/)
0g'dem 0wåaAÁ 0kawå y&0g'daem y#d0peó tEky|meH
tyÜ#dbm/ (tEk#Dum? 62/)
pum;wkHYudk rodjcif;onf tyÜwdbm rnfonf/ þü pum;wkHY[lonf olwyg; pum;udk acszsufonfh
acsycsufjzpfonf/ xdkacsycsufudk rodjcif; 0g-xdkacsy&eftcsuf rdrdÓPfü ray:vmjcif;onf tyÜwdbm
rnfonf/ tacstwif zufûydifajymMu&mü acsy&efpum;udk rpOf;pm;EdkifvQif ½IH;awmhonfyif/
½kdufNyD; tEk#DumrlwkdYü wH0g'dem[k½Sdonf xdkwGif wH-rSm tydkyif jzpf[efwlonf/ t0dnmwH-rS wH-udk
aypma&;wkdY xyfía&;rdonfh vu©Pm½Sdygonf/
(17) 0dau©y
um&d,Asmo*Fg uxm0dapäa'g 0dau©ayg/ (Esm? 5? 2? 20/)
umpöEÅ&yÜoa*Fe uxm0dpädEéH 0dau©ayg/ (tEk#Dum? 62/)
ûyzG,fudpöwckckü tvGefpGJvrf;jcif;udk xifay:apí pum;ud k jzwfypfjcif;onf 0dau©y rnf\/ tEk#Dum
tvdkudpöwyg;udk t>rufûyí pum;udk jzwfypfjcif;[k t"dyÜg,fqdkyg/
pum;ajymae&if; rdrdtqdkudk rckcH rumuG,fEdkifaomtcg jzpfap? olwyg;tqdkudk ry,fzsufEdkifaomtcg
jzpfap ]]ighrSm vkyfp&mudpöwck ½Sdao;onf? xdkudpövkyfNyD;rS pum;ajymEdkifrnf}}[k qdkí a½SmifoGm;jcif;rsKd;udk 0dau©y
ac:onf/
þü vkyfzG,fudpö wu,fr½SdyJ ½Sdav[efûyí a½SmifoGm;&müom þ0dau©y tjypfoifhonf/ ]]rif;csif;
a,musfm;wkdYu ac:aomaMumifh jzpfapç rdrdtdrfom;rsm;u {uef vkyf&rnfhtvkyf½Sdí ac:aomaMumifh jzpfapç rdrd
tdrfrD;avmifonfukd jrifrufaomaMumifh jzpfapç acgif;ukdufa&m*g ay:vmaomaMumifh jzpfap pum;ukd jzwfí
oGm;&mü þtjypfroifh}}[k 0kwådü zGifhonf/ xkdYaMumifh wu,frvkyfvQifrjzpfaom udpö½Sdí pum;jzwf&mü tjypf
r½Sd[k rSwftyfayonf/
(18) rwmEknm
ouyu©a'gombsKy*rm y&yu©a'goyÜoa*Fg rwmEknm/ (Esm? 5? 2? 21/)
tw¬aem a'gomEkZmeae y&yu©ó a'goyÜoOöoeH y&rwmEkZmeH rwmEknm/ (tEk#Dum? 62/)
rdrdzufü olwyg; wiftyfaom tjypfukd 0efcHaomtm;jzifh 0g-xkdtjypfukd rEkwfy,frlí olwyg;zufü
xkdtjypfukd qufoG,fNiduyfapjcif;onf rwmEknmrnfonf/ olwyg;zuf½Sd tjypfukd rdrdzufü 0efcHjcif;[lvkd/
qkdvkd&if;um; olwyg;u ]]oifhrSm þtjypf½Sdonf}}[kqkdaomtcg xkdtjypfukd ry,f½Sif;yJ ]]oifhrSmvnf;
þtjypf½Sdonfyif}}[k ajymjcif;rsKd;wnf;/ xkdokdYajymjcif;rSm olwyg;wifaom tjypf rdrdrSm½Sdygonf[k 0efcH&m
a&mufonf/ xkdYaMumifhyif ]]rdrdzufütjypfukd 0efcHaomtm;jzifh}}[k okwfüqkdjcif; jzpfavonf/

0gusm0,00PÖemusrf; 49
(19) y&d,Eka,maZÆmayu©P
ed*¾[|meyÜwåómed*¾a[m y&d,Eka,maZÆmayu©PH/ (Esm? 5? 22/)
ed*¾[ywåómed*¾PSeH tEk,kOÆdwAÁó Oayu©eH/ (tEk#Dum? 62/)
ed*¾[|meok dYa&mufaom 0g-ESdyfxkdufaom taMumif;okdYa&mufaomolukd ESdyfxkdufygvsuf ]]oifonf ed*¾[
|meokdYa&mufNyD}}[k rESdyfjcif;onf y&d,Eka,maZÆmayu©P (ed*¾[ûyoifhonf\tjzpfjzif h apm'emxk dufol 0g-tjypf
wifxkdufolukd vspfvsL½Ijcif;) rnf\/
þü 0g'Donf a½S;OD;pGm (þed*¾[|merSwyg;) tjcm;ed*¾[|me wckckokdY a&mufonfqkdMupkdY/ xkdokdY
a&mufygvsuf ywd0g'Donf ]]oifonf ed*¾[|meokdY a&mufNyD}}[k rajymrdcJhtHh? ywd0g'Dvnf; þ 19-trSwf ed*¾[
|meokdY a&mufawmhonf/
xkdodkY 2-OD;vHk; ed*¾[|mewpfckpDodkY a&mufNyD;aemuf ed*¾[XmeodkY ywd0g'Da&mufonfudk rnfolu
azmfxkwf&rnfenf; [lrl \-0g'Du ]]oifonf ighudkESdyfoifhvsuf rESdyfaomaMumifh ed*¾[|meodkY a&mufNyD}}[k
ajym&vQif udk,fhtjypfudk,f azmfjyovkdjzpfrnfaMumifh 0g'Du razmfxkwf&/ y&dowfu azmfxkwf&rnf/ xkdaMumifh
bmóü ]]xkdpum; (oifed*¾[|meodkY a&mufNyD[laom pum;)onf rnfol ½HI;oenf;[k tar;cH&aom y&dowfu
ajymoifhaom pum;jzpfonf/ ed*¾[odkY (udk,fwdkif) a&mufaomol (0g'D)onf rdrd\ vQKdU0Suftyfaom tjypfudk
vSpfrjyygapvifh}} [k zGifhqdkavonf/
0kwådüvnf; enf;wlyif zGifhonf/ ]] 0g'Donf tb,fodkY þed*¾[|meudk xif½Sm;jytyfoenf;/ rdrd\
vQKdU0Suftyfaom tjypfudkazmfjyjcif;onf roifhonfr[kwfavm}} [lrl 0g'Du rjyoifhonfrSm trSefyif// tv,f
vlç 0g-Mum;vluom ,if;ed*¾[Xmeudk xifpGmjytyfayonf/
xdkYjyif 0kwådüyif ]]wzufESifhwzuf w&m;ojzifh (EdkifvQifNyD;a&m oabmrsKd; r[kwf) yJ pum;ajymqd kjcif;
jzpfaom ]0g'} r&mürl 0g'Duyif udk,fwdkif azmfxkwfaomfvnf; tjypfr½Sd}}[k zGifhao;onf/ þü 0g't&m0,f
udk,fwdkif azmfxkwfaomfvnf; tjypfr½Sd[k qdkojzifh 0g'r[kwfaom ZyÜç 0dw@mt&mwdkYürl y&dowfujzpfap?
Mum;vlwOK;OK;ujzpfap xkwfazmf&rnf[k qdkvdkayonf/ (0g'ç ZyÜç 0dw@m wdky\ tus,fudk vmvwåHU tcef;rSm
½Iyg/)
(20) ed&Eka,mZÆmEka,m*
ted*¾[Xmae ed*¾[|membda,ma*g ed&Eka,mZÆmEka,ma*g/ (Esm? 5? 2? 23/)
torÜwåed*¾[ó ted*¾[|mae p ed*¾PSeH teEk,kOdÆwAÁó tEka,ma*g/ (tEk#Dum? 62/)
ed*¾[|me oabm vu©Pmudk vGJrSm;pGm odxm;jcif;aMumifh ed*¾[|me r[kwf&mü ]]oif ed*¾[|meodkY
a&mufNyD}}[k ed*¾[|mejzif h pG Jqk djcif;onf ed&Eka,mZÆmEka,m* (rapm'emoif holud k apm'emjcif;? tjypf rwif hoif h
oludk tjypfwifjcif;)rnf\/ xkdodkY ESdyfoifh&mr[kwfygyJ ESdyfrdvQif ESdyfoludk,fwkdif ed*¾[|meodkYa&mufí ½IH;awmh
onf/
tEk#Dum½kdufNyD;rlü orÜwåed*¾[ó[k ygXf½Sdaeonf/ xkdtwkdif;,lvQif ed*¾[odkY a&mufoludk ESdyfoifhaom
ae&mü rESdyfyJ rESdyfoifhaomae&mü ESdyfvQif þtjypfoifhonf[k ,l&ef½Sdonf/ odkYaomf ]p}ygaeojzifh tcuftcJ
awGU&vsuf ½Sdonf/ xkdYaMumifh ,if; ]p}udk axmufí torÜwåed*¾[ó[k ygXf½SdvQif omíavsmf&monf/ xkdtwkdif;
jzpfvQif ]]ed*¾[odkY ra&mufao;oludk ESdyfjcif;? ed*¾[|mer[kwf&mü ESdyfjcif;}} [k,l&ef jzpfonf/ odkYaomf ]ed*¾[odkY
ra&mufao;ol} ESifh ]ed*¾[|me r[kwf&m} qdkonfrSm oabmtm;jzifh xl;vSonf r[kwfaomaMumifh torÜwå
ed*¾[ó-a&mç p-a&m rygvQif t½Sif;qHk; jzpfayrnf/

0gusm0,00PÖemusrf; 50
(21) tyod'¨EÅ
od'ËÅrbsKaypömed,rm uxmyoa*Fg tyod'äEÅm/ (Esm? 5? 2? 24/)
{uH od'ËÅH tEkZmedwGm ted,rawm w'nod'ËÅ uxmyÜoOÆeeH tyod'ËÅ&H/ (tEk#Dum? 62/)
rdrdwdkY usrf;*eft& twnfjzpfNyD;aom t,lwckudk 0efcHNyD;aemuf rNrJaomtm;jzifhç 0g-xdk0efcHtyf NyD;aom
teufESifh qefYusifaomtm;jzifh pum;udk jzpfapjcif;onfç 0g-qufvufajymjcif; onf tyod'ËÅrnfonf/
yXr t,lwckudk 0efcHNyD;aemuf xdk 0efcHtyfNyD;aom t,kü NrJNrJrwnfaeyJ xd kESif hqefusif haom 0g-xdkrS
wyg;aom t,ludkvufcHí qufvufajymqdkjcif;onf tyod'ËÅ (0efcHNyD; t,lrS zJcGgjcif;) rnf\ [lvdk/
(tEk#Dumü ]tyoe'ËÅ&H} ½SdonfrSm ygXfysuf jzpf[efwlonf/)
yHkpH
þt&m0,f bmóü xkwfjyaom yHkpHrSm a[wGEÅ&wkef;uvdk omcsF 0g'oabmrsm; yg0ifvsuf ½Sd\/
xdkYjyif tcsKdYbmórlwdkYü rluGJrsm;vnf;½Sd\/ xdkYaMumifh þü ZD0geE´rludk y"mexm;í a&;ygtHh/ jyvwåHY yHkpHudk
rzwfrD a[wGEÅ&ü ½Sif;vif;jycJhonfwdkYudk jyefvnfzwf½IygavOK;/
]]xif½Sm;½Sdaom w&m;onf rdrdoabmudkrpGefY (0g-ysufpD;íoGm;onf r[kwf)? xif½Sm;½Sdaom t&m\
ysufpD;jcif;rnfonfr½Sd/ xif½Sm;r½Sdaom w&m;onf rdrdoabmudk &onfr[kwf? (0g-jzpfay:vm onf r[kwf)?
xif½Sm; r½Sdaom w&m;\ jzpfay:vmjcif; rnfonfr½Sd}} þt,ludk 0efcHNyD;aemuf rdrdpum;udk atmufygtwdkif;
twnfjzpfaponf/
]]Aswå (xif½Sm;jzpfay:vmaom) w&m;onf wckaom yuwd½Sd\? ajymif;vJjzpfay:vmaom (0dum&) 0w¬K
wdkY\ tpOfvdkufygaerIudk jrif&jcif;aMumifhwnf;/ ajrnuf (½THU) tpOfvdkufygaerI½Sdaom tdk;cGuf ponfwdkY\ wck
aom yuwd½Sdonf\ tjzpfudkjrif&onf/ xdkYtwl þ Aswåw&m; txl;udk (ü) vnf; okc 'ku© arm[wdkY tpOf
vdkufygaeonfudk jrif&onf/ xdkodkY tpOfvdkufygaerIudk jrif&jcif;aMumifh þ cE¨mudk,fonf okcponfwdkYjzifh wck
aom yuwd½Sdonf/
þodkY ajymaomol (omcsF0g'D)udk þodkY ar;pdppftyf\/ ]]yuwd? 0dum&[lonfudk tb,fodkY rSwftyf
oenf;}} ]]tMuift&mwck wnf½SdaepOf (,if;\) oabmwrsKd; qkwfepf (aysmuf) oGm;onf½Sdaomf tjcm;oabm
wrsKd; jzpfay:vm\? xdkt&monf yuwdrnf\/ tMuifoabm wrsKd;wnf; jzpfay:vm\/ xd konf 0dum&rnf\}
[k (omcsF0g'Du ajz\/)
xdkomcsF0g'Donf rdrd0efcHxm;cJhaom t,l\ azgufjyefjcif;aMumif h rNrJjcif;aMumif h pum;ud k qufvuf
ajymqd k\/ olonf ]]xif½Sm;r½Sdaomw&m;onf xif½Sm;ay:vmonf r[kwf? xif½Sm;½Sdaom w&m;onf aysmufuG,f
oGm;onf r[kwf} [k pifppf0efcHxm;cJh\/ xif½Sm;ç ½Sdr½Sdjzpfaom t&mwdkY\ aysmufuG,frIç xif½Sm; jzpfay:vmrIrS
vGJí wpHkwckaom t&m\jzpfjcif;ç jzpfrIuif;pJoGm;jcif;r½Sd/ ajrnuf pifppfwnf½SdaepOf tdk;cGufponfh vu©Pm
½Sdaom oabmwrsKd;onf jzpfvmrnf jzpfvQifjzpfjcif; onf ay:vm\-[k qd k&rnfjzpf\/ (,if; tdk;cGufpaom
oabmwrsKd;) jzpfcJ hbl;NyD jzpfvQif jzpfrI\ uif;pJjcif; jzpfonf[k qd k&rnfjzpf\/ (omcsD0g'D xkwfjyaom)
ajrnuf\ oabmwdkYrSmyif xdktjzpfrsKd;r½Sd/
þodkY acsytyfaomtcg ]xif½Sm;½Sdaom 0w¬K\ rdrdoabmudk pGefYjcif;ç xif½Sm;r½Sdaom 0w¬K\ rdrd
oabmudk &jcif;}udk 0efcHonfjzpftHh? xdkonf xdkol\ tyod'ËÅ rnfaom ed*¾[|me jzpfawmhonf/ tu,fí
0efrcHtHh? ol\ yu©onf (0g-y#dnmonf) twnfrjzpfawmhay/ (bmó)
omcsF0g'ü taMumif;ç tusKd;ESifhywfowfí þodkYaom t,l½Sd\/ tusKd;onf taMumif;rS oD;jcm; r[kwf?
taMumif;xJrSmyif tusKd;onf r&ifhusufao;aom tjzpfjzifh ygNyD;jzpf\/ tusKd;w&m;[k jzpfay:vmonfrSm xdk
r&ifhusufao;aom t&m\ &ifhusuf xif½Sm;vmjcif;om jzpf\/ xdkYaMumifh tusKd;ESifh taMumif;onf wjcm;pD

0gusm0,00PÖemusrf; 51
r[kwf/ xdkodkYtaMumif;ü tusKd;onf ikyfvQKd;wnf½SdcJhonf jzpfaomaMumifh eudkuxif½Sm;r½Sdaom t&m wck
topfjzpfay:vmonf[kvnf; rqdkEdkif? xif½Sm;½Sdaom t&mwck csKyfuG,f aysmufokOf;oGm;onf[kvnf; rqdkEdkif?
ajymif;vJrIç toGifajymif;rIom½Sdonf[k qdkEdkifonf/ þ0g'udk ouúm&d,0g' [k¤if;ç y&dPmr0g' [k¤if; ac:\/
þt,ludkvufcHxm;olomcsF0g'Dwa,mufu ]]tm;vHk;aom Aswåw&m;onf wckaom yuwd½Sdonf}} [k
tqdkûyí ]]yuwdrS ajymif;vJ xif½Sm;vmaom (0dum&)w&m;wkdYü yuwdtpOfvkdufygrIudk jrif&jcif;aMumifh}}[k
taMumif;jyonf/
ajrnufjzifh ûyvkyfxm;aom tkd;cGufponfudk MunfhvQif xkdypönf;wkdif;ü ajrnufygonfudk awGU&\?
xkdYaMumifh xkdypönf;wkdYonf ajr[laom wpfckwnf;aom taMumif;½SdMuonf/ xkdYtwl Aswåw&m;wkdYudk MunfhvQif
,if;wkdYü okc 'ku© arm[wkdY tpOfvkdufygaerIudk awGU&onf/ xkdYaMumifh Aswåjzpfaom þcE¨mudk,f (þavmu
BuD;)onf yuwd[laom wpfckwnf;aom taMumif;½Sdonfudk od&onf[k ½Sif;jyonf/ ,if;aemuf wpfzuf
yk*d ¾Kvfu yuwdç 0dum&wkdYt&udk ar;í omcsF0g'Du ½Sif;jyonf/
xkdtcg wpfzufyk*d¾Kvfu ]]xif½Sm;½Sdaom 0w¬K\ uG,faysmufoGm;jcif; xif½Sm;r½Sdaom 0w¬K\ xif½Sm;
vmjcif;rS vGJí ysufjcif;ç jzpfjcif;[lonf r½Sdonfyif r[kwfavm}} 0g-xif½Sm;½Sdaom0w¬K aysmufroGm;vQif csKyf
aysmufjcif; [lonfyif r½Sd? xif½Sm;r½Sdaom0w¬K jzpfay:rvmvQif jzpfjcif;[lonfyif r½SdEdkifonfr[kwfavm}
ajrnufwnf½SdaepOf tkd;cGufponfonf jzpfvwHå ypönf;omjzpf\/ tkd;cGuf ponfonf jzpfcJhNyD[kqkdvQif xkdtkd;
cGufponfonf jzpfcJhNyD; jzpfí ,ckr½Sdaom t&myifjzpf\/ xkdYaMumifh oifxkwfjyaom yHkpHüyif ajrnuftckdufü
tkd;cGufr[kwfao;/ tkd;cGufysufpD;NyD;rS ajrnufjyefay:onf jzpf&um;-oifajymovkd r[kwfEdkif[k jyefacsyonf/
xkdtcg xif½Sm;½Sdaom 0w¬K\ ysufpD;rIç xif½Sm;r½Sd ao;aom 0w¬K\jzpfay:vmrIudk omcFs0g'Donf
0efcHvQif rdrd\t,lrS aoGzDoGm;NyDjzpfí tyod'ËÅ tjypfoifhawmhonf/ 0efrcHvQifvnf; ol\ rlvy#dnm pum;rSm
tvum; jzpfawmhonf[lvkd/
a[wGmbmom p ,axmwåm/ (Esm? 5?2?25/)
(22) a[wGmbmorsm;
tod'¨g taeuEdÅum 0d½k'¨gp a[wGmbmom/ (tEk#Dum? 62)
Esm,okwå? yXrt"sm,ü a[wGmbmowkdYudk tus,fjycJhNyD;jzpfaomaMumifh þü ]]qkdNyD;twkdif;}}[k qkdav
onf/ tEk#Dumüum; a[wGmbmowkdYudk rjy&ao;? xkdYaMumifh tod'¨gponfjzifh o½kyfxkwfí qkdonf/ 3-rsKd;om
xkwfjyxm;ojzif h tEk#Dumq&mu a[wGmbmo 3-rsKd;udkom todtrSwfûyonf[k rSwftyf\/ Esm,AdE¨Küvnf;
a[wGmbmo 3-rsKd;yifjyonf/
a[wGmbmoonf taMumif;tppfr[kwf? taMumif;ppfuJhodkY xif&aom taMumif;wkomjzpfonf/
þtaMumif;wkudk oHk;rdvQif rdrd\y#dnmudk NyD;apEdkifrnfr[kwf? xkdYaMumifh ed*¾[|mejzpf&onf/ okwfü ]qkdNyD;
twkdif;} [laom pum;jzifh a[wGmbmowkdY\ ed*¾[|me vu©Pm txl;r½Sd? a[wGmbmo vu©Pmjzifhyif ed*¾[
|metjzpf jzpfawmhonf[k jyonf/

0gusm0,00PÖemusrf; 52
ed*¾[|mewkdY\ tcsKyfoabm
ed*¾[|mewkdY\ tcsKyfoabmudk Esm,okwå (1? 2? 60)ü ]]0dyÜwdywdå=azmufjyefaom todonf¤if;? tyÜwd
ywd å = rodjcif; 0g-rusifhoHk;jcif;onf¤if;? ed*¾[|mernfonf[k zGifhjyonf/ xkdudkyif bmóü atmufygtwkdif;
½Sif;jyonf/
]]azmufjyefaom odkYr[kwf pufqkyftyfaom todonf 0dyÜwdywd rnfonf/ azmufjyefpGm odolonf
½HI;jcif;odkY a&mufawmhonf/ ed*¾[|me rnfonf pifppft½HI;odkY a&mufjcif;wnf;/ tyÜwdywdå rnfonfum;
tm;xkwfajymqkd&rnfh t&mü tm;rxkwfjcif; rajymqkdjcif;wnf;/ olwpfyg;u twnfjzpfaptyfaom tqkdukd
rwm;jrpf? (olwpfyg;u) wm;jrpfxm;onfudkrlvnf; rEkwfy,f}}/
wpfzufyk*d ¾Kvf ajymvkdufaom pum;udk rdrdu vGJrSm;pGm odvkdufvQifjzpfapç vHk;0rodonfhtwGuf acszsuf
oifhonfudk racszsufç ckcHumuG,foifhonfudk rckcHrumuG,frdvQif jzpfap t½HI;ay;&rnfrSm aocsmawmhonf/
xkdYaMumifh ed*¾[|me\ tcsKyfoabmrSm todvGJrSm;rIç vHk;0rodrIyif[k qkdvkdayonf/
jycJhNyD;aom ed*¾[|mewkdYwGif teEkbmoeç tnmPç tyÜwdbmç 0dau©yç rwmEknmç y&d,Eka,maZÆm
ayu©PwkdYonf tyÜwdywdåjzpfaom ed*¾[|mewkdYjzpfí

0gusm0,00PÖemusrf; 53
(3) y#dnmpaom t0,0 5-yg;wkdY rjynfhpHkvQif OKeç ydkvGefvQif t"du ed*¾[|meodkY a&mufrnfjzpfí
t0,0 5-yg;twdtus jzpf&rnf/
(4) þüyu©ç ywdyu©t& ½Sif;&efvkdtyfonf/ xkdYaMumifh {um"du&Pm ponfudk qkdMuonf/ wlaom
wnf&m½Sdí tcsif;csif; qefYusifaom "r® 2-ckudkom yu©ç ywdyu©[k qkd&onf? ]]twå½Sdonfç twår½Sd}}-þtqdk
2-ckwkdYonf twå[laom wpfckwnf;aom wnf&m½SdMuonf/ xkdYaMumifh yu©ç ywdyu© jzpfMuonf/ jym;aom rwl
aom wnf&m ½Sdaom w&m;wkdYudkum; tcsif;csif; qefYusifaomfvnf; yu©ç ywdyu©[k rqkd&/ ]]twåonf NrJonf?
Ak'dönf rNrJ}}- þü ]NrJonfç rNrJ}[k tcsif;csif; qefYusifrI½Sdaomfvnf; twåç Ak'd¨[k wnf&m jym;aomaMumifh ,if;
tqkd 2-ckudk yu©ç ywdyu©[k rqkd&/ 0g'rnfaom pum;ajymrIü þyu©ç ywdyu©wkdYudk odrf;,ljcif; 0g-0efcHrI
tcdkuftwefY ½Sd&rnf/ 0g-(t*Fvdyfjyeftvkdtm;jzifh) wifjyrI½Sd&rnf/ xkdodkY yu©ç ywdyu©wkdYudk wifjyrI½SdrSom
tajctwif ajymrI ½SdEdkifrnfjzpfonf/ þ0g't& ajymqkdrIonf qkdvwHåU ZyÜç 0dw@mwkdYESifh rwl/ þü trSef
w&m;odkY qkdufa&muf&ef w&m;aom enf;vrf;wkdYjzifh ûydifqkdif ajymqkd jiif;cHkjcif; jzpfonf/
,axmawåmyyaEém qvZmwded*¾[|meom"aemygvarÇm ZayÜg/ (Esm? 1? 2? 43/)
ZyÜ
a,e qvZmwded*¾[|mae[d yu©y#dyu©meH ywd|m yeywdau©yg&arÇm? aom ZayÜg? tm&rÇara0w¬ e
tw¬od'D¨wd 'óewH¬ tm&rÇ*¾[PH/ (tEk#Dum? 57/)
qkdtyfNyD;aom vu©PmwkdYESifh jynfhpHkaom qvZmwded*¾[|mewkdYjzifh twnfjzpfapjcif;? y,fzsufjcif;
½Sdaom pum;onf ZyÜrnf\/ tEk#Dumtvkd-tMuif pum;ajymjcif;rsKd;jzifh qvZmwded*¾[|mewkdYjzifh yu©ç ywd
yu©wkdYukd twnfjzpfapjcif;ç y,fjcif;iSg tm;xkwfjcif;jzpf\/ xkdpum;ajymjcif;rsKd;onf ZyÜrnfonf[k qkdyg/
Esm,okwfü qkdtyfNyD;vu©Pmt& 0g'üqkdcJhaom (1) (2) (3) (4) vu©PmwkdYudk &nfñTef;onf/
xkdYaMumifh ZyÜonf qvZmwded*¾[|mewkdYjzifh twnfjzpfapjcif;ç y,fzsufjcif;[laom vu©Pmydkygaom 0g'yif[k
t"dyÜg,fxGufonf/ þü qvZmwded*¾[|mewkdYukd toHk;ûyjcif;rSm tEdkif&zkdYom jzpfonf? trSefw&m;odkY a&muf&ef
r[kwf? xkdYaMumifh ,if;wkdYudk toHk;ûyaomfvnf; trSefw&m;odkY a&mufrnfum;r[kwf/ xkdYaMumifh tEk#Dumü tm&rÇ
ara0w¬-ponfudk rdefYavonf/ 0g'wkef;u ajymqkdolwkdYonf tEkdif&zkdYxuf trSefodkY a&muf&efudkom y"me
xm;Muonf/ þZyÜüum; w&m;onfjzpfap? rw&m;onfjzpfap tEkdif&zkdY&efom y"mexm;Muonf/
0dw@m
o ywdyu©|myem[Daem 0dw@m/ (Esm? 1? 2? 44/)
,m, ye qvZmwded*¾[|mae[d y#dyu©y#dau©yg,0g,rEdÅ? om 0dw@m/ (tEk#Dum? 57/)
rdrd yu©udk wnfapjcif; rygaom xkdZyÜonf 0dw@mrnf\/ Esm,okwfü ywdyu©t& udk,fhyu©udkyif
qkdvkdonf/ xkdYaMumifhyif bmóü y&yu©ywdaoa"ae0 y0wåaw=olwpfyg;zufud k wm;jrpfjcif;jzif homvQif
0dw@m jzpfonf[k qkdonf/ xkdYtwlyif wuúbmomüvnf; ]]rdrdyu©udk twnfjzpfapjcif;rygaom xkdZyÜonfyif
0dw@mrnfonf[k¤if;? oAÁ'óeo*F[usrf;ü ]]rdrdyu©udk twnfjzpfapjcif; rygaom uxmtxl;onf 0dw@m
rnfonf[k¤if; zGifhjyavonf/ xkdYaMumifh okwfü ywdyu©t& rdrdzufpum;udkom ,laMumif; rSwftyf\/
ZyÜwkef;u rdrdpum; twnfjzpfaprIç olwpfyg;pum;udk acszsufrI-þ 2-rsKd;vHk;udkyif toHk;ûyonf/ þ
0dw@müum; ..... rdrdpum; twnfjzpfaprIudk toHk;rûyawmhyJ olwpfyg;pum; acszsufrIudkom toHk;ûyawmhonf/
xkdYaMumifh 0dw@m[lonf olwpfyg;pum;udk acszsuf&efom tm;xkwfolç 0g olwpfyg;pum;udk uzsuf-,zsuf
vkyfvkdolwkdYom oHk;aompum; ajymjcif;rsKd; jzpfonf[k rSwftyfonf/ þtqkdudk em;vnfxm;ygrS t|uxm #Dum
wkdYü awGY&aom ]]0dw@0g'D}}[lonf\ t"dyÜg,frSefudk em;vnfoabmaygufrnf jzpfavonf/

0gusm0,00PÖemusrf; 54
þ0dw@müvnf; pum;ajymolwkdYonf tEdkif&zkdY&efom y"mexm;onf/ odkYaomf þü tEdkif,ljcif;onf
wpfzufom;\ tqkdudk acszsufjcif;jzifhomwnf;/ þü rnfonfhenf;jzifh acszsuf&onfjzpfap acszsuf&rnfom
jzpf&um; qvponfwkdYudkvnf; toHk;ûyrnfom jzpfawmhonf[k rSwftyf\/
qv
ZyÜESifh 0dw@mwkdYwGif qvç Zmwdç ed*¾[|mewkdYudk toHk;ûyonf[k qkd&m ,if; qvponfwkdYwGif qvESifh
Zmwdudk atmufygtwkdif; odtyf\/
0pe0dCmawm tw¬0duayÜgyywdå,m qvH/ (Esm 1? 2? 51)
tw¬0duyÜKyywdå,m 0pe0dCmawm qvH/ ,xm ]]e0urÁavm,H yk&daom? &mZm aem ouD©}} wd {0rm'd/
(tEk#Dum? 57/)
wzuf0g'½Sif tvkd½Sdtyfaom teufudk qefYusifonfh BuHqjcif;[laom toifh ,kwdåtxl;jzifh wpfzuf
0g'½Sif\ pum;udk y,f½Sm; zsufqD;jcif;onf qvrnfonf/ ½Sif;½Sif;rSm wpfzufvlajymaom pum;udk wpfrsKd;
wrnf uGJvGJatmif t"dyÜg,faumufí y,fzsufjcif;rsKd;[k qkdvkdonf/
qv 3-rsKd;
xkdqvonf 0gpmqvç omrnqvç Oypm&qv-[k 3-rsKd;½Sdonf/ xkd 3-rsKd;wGif (1) teufudk txl;
rqkd&mü ajymol qkdvkdaom teufrSwpfyg;aom teufudk BuHjcif;onf 0gpmqvrnf\/
yHkpHum;-e0urÁvaum,H rmP0aumwnf;/ þü qkdvkdonfrSm þvkvifonf urÁvmtopf½Sdonf[l
ownf;/ þü qv0g'Donf wpfzufvl qkdvkd&if;jzpfaom e0-\ topf[laom teufrSwpfyg; rqkdvkdaom
udk;ck[laom teufwpfyg;udk BuHqí vkvifü urÁvmudk;xnf½Sdjcif; rjzpfEdkif&um; ]]olUrSm urÁvm wpfxnfom
½Sdonf? udk;xnf b,frSm½SdEdkifygrnfvJ}}[k acszsufonf/
ouúwç ygVdwkdYü e0-o'´gonf topfteufudkvnf; a[mí udk;ckteufudkvnf; a[monf/ ajymqkd
olu topfudk&nf½G,fí e0urÁvaum,H rmP0aum [kqkdonf/ odkYaomf e0urÁavmü e0t& udk;ckvnf;
jzpfEkdif&um; olrqkdvkdaom ,if;teufudkyif,lí qv0g'Du olUpum;udk y,favonf/ þqvonf o'´gomref
jzpfae&mü toHk;ûytyfaomaMumifh 0gpmqv trnf&avonf/ cHkawmf armifuswrf; jzwfxHk;vm ]avSygukefukd
csdefí} qkdaom pum;rsKd;vnf; 0gpmqv\ t&mjzpfaom pum;rsKd;yif/
(2) jzpfoifhaom teuf\ tvGef qufqHjcif;aMumif h rjzpfoif haomteufud k BuHqjcif;onf omrnqv
rnf\/ 0gpmqvwkef;u o'´gwpfckü jzpfoifhaomteufrsm;xJrS ajymqkdol rqkdvkdaomteufudk ,lonf/
þüum; o'´g\ teufwpfckonfyif us,fjyefYvGef;aomaMumifh ,if;teufrS ajymqkdol\ pum;ü rjzpfEk difaom
teufudk BuHonf/ þum;txl;/
yHkpH- ]]jAm[®Ponf 0dZÆmp&P (twwfynm? tusifhw&m;)ESifh jynfhpHkonf}}/ þü jAm[®Pt& ZmwfxHk;pH
twkdif; ocFg&ûyNyD;oludk 0g-ZmwfoGif;NyD;oludk ajymqkdolu qkdvdkonf/ odkYaomf jAm[®P\ teufrSm xkdrQomru
ocFg&rûy&ao;ol (j0mws) wkdYüvnf; jyefYvsuf ½Sdonf/ ,if;jAm[®P\ us,fvGef;aomteufrS j0mws[laom
rqkdvkdaom teufudk,lí ]]tu,fí jAm[®Pü 0dZÆmp&PESifh jynfhpHkrI ½SdonfqkdtHh? xkdodkYjzpfvQif j0mwsüvnf;
0dZÆmp&PESifh jynfhpHkrI½Sd&m\/ j0mwsüvnf; jAm[®P tjypf½Sdonfyif? xkdYaMumifh j0mwsonf 0dZÆmp&PESifh jynfhpHk
ygapawmh}} [k y,fzsuf&mü þomrnqv jzpfavonf/
þü j0mws[lonf ]]j0mawsm ocFg&[Daem od,m}}[laom tr&aumo (17? 54)ESifh tnD *AÇm"me
paom ZmwfxHk;pHtwkdif; ûyoifhûyxkdufaom ocFg&wkdYrS qkwf,kwfol 0g-pvG,fêud;qifí ykPÖm;Zmwf roGif;&ao;
olwnf;/

0gusm0,00PÖemusrf; 55
(3) wpfyg;üjriftyfonfudk tjcm;wpfyg;ü oHk;pGJ&m0,f rkcsteufjzifh wm;jrpfjcif;onf Oypm&qv
rnf\/ ½Sif;½Sif;rSm ajymqkdolu Oypmwifpm;í ajym&mü y,fzsufolu rkcsteufudk,lí y,fzsufvQif Oypm&qv
jzpfonf [lvkd/
yHkpH-rOöm aumoEÅ d (aCmoEd Å) = anmifapmif;wk dYonf 0g-pifwkdYonf atmfukef\/
þü ajymqk dolu anmifapmif; (pif)ü wnfoludkyif anmif;apmif; (pif) [k wifpm;í XmElypmtm;jzifh
ajymonf/ y,fzsufolurl rkcsteufudk,lí ]anmifapmif;(pif) awG b,frSmatmfygrnfvJ? anmifapmif; (pif) ay:½Sd
vlawGom atmfMuonf}[k qkdonf/ ,if;onf Oypm&qvjzpfawmh onf/
jycJhNyD; qvwkdYudk MunfhvQif ,if;wkdYonf tekdif&½Hkoufouf tvkdjzifh toHk;ûytyfaom enf;wkdYjzpfaMumif;
odomygonf? wpfzufvl qdkvdkaomteufudk odvsufESifh oufouf tEdkif&vkdí oHk;pGJtyfaom enf;wkdYjzpfojzifh
½kd;om;ajzmifhrwfaom pdwf½Sdol orm"d½SdolwkdY oHk;oifhoHk;xkdufaom enf;rsm; r[kwfay/
,if; qv 3-rsKd;wkdYwGifvnf; 0gpmqvESifh Oypm&qvwkdYrSm rw&m;aom enf;jzpfaMumif; tvGefxif½Sm;
onf/ omrnqvum; ,if;wkdYxuf odrfarGUonf/ xkdYaMumifh tajctwif ajym&mwkdYü omrnqvudkom toHk;
rsm;zG,f ½Sdonf/ uxm0w¬Kusrf;üvnf; y&0g'D yk*d ¾Kvfonf þomrnqvudkyif rsm;pGm toHk;ûyonfud k awGU&
onf/
uxm0w¬Kusrf;onf todcufaom usrf;jzpf\/ ]]uxm0w¬K? teufck? tEkcuf}}[k a½S;u qkd½kd;pum;½Sd\/
uxm0w¬Kü tEk#DumrSm tvGefcufonf[k qkdvkd\/ trSefrSm uxm0w¬KwGif ygVdawmfa&m? #Dum? tEk#Dumyg
todcufvSayonf/ ,if;usrf;ü oHk;EIef;xm;aom a0g[m&wkdYrSm qvudk vrf;zGifhay;xm;aom a0g[m&rsm;
jzpfojzifh omí todcuf&jyefonf/ þü uxm0w¬K ygVdawmfpmydk'f 1-ESifh 2-ü qvjzpfyHkudk tzGifhusrf;wkdYudk
trSDûyí ÓPfrSDorQ todvG,fqHk;jzpfatmif a&;ygOD;tHh/
tEkavmr yOÆu
(1) ou0g'D - opd öu|ç y&rw¬tm;jzifh yk*d ¾KvfowGm ½S doavm/
y&0g'D - ½Sdygonf/
(2) ou0g'D - ½kyfa0'em paom w&m;wkdY½Sdjcif;rsKd;uJhodkY
opd öu|y&rw¬tm;jzifh ½Sdoavm/
y&0g'D - þuJhodkY rqkdoifhyg/ (xkdw&m;wkdY ½SdwmrsKd;jzifh
½Sdwmr[kwfyg-[lvkd/)
ou0g'D - oifhtjypfudk 0efcHyg/
(tEkavmrXyem) - tu,fí yk*d ¾KvfowGmonf opd öu|ç y&rw¬tm;jzifh
½SdonfjzpftHh/
(tEkavmrygyem) - xkdodkYjzpfvQif 'kwd,tar;ü ]½Sdygonf}[k
ajzoifhonf/
(tEkavmrygyem) - yXrtar;ü ]½Sdygonf}[k ajzcJhí 'kwd,tar;ü
]þuJhodkY rqkdoifhyg} [k ajzjcif;onf rSm;onf/
(y#davmrXyem) - tu,fí 'kwd,tar;ü ]þuJhodkY rqkdoifhyg}[k ajztHh/
(y#davmrygyem) - xkdodkYjzpfvQif yXrtar;ü ]½Sdygonf}[k rajzoifh/

0gusm0,00PÖemusrf; 56
(y#davmra&myem) - yXrtar;ü ]½Sdygonf}[k ajzcJhí 'kwd,tar;ü
]þuJhodkY rqkdoifhyg}[k ajzjcif;onf rSm;onf/
þpum;&yfü opd öu|ç y&rw¬[lonf [kwfrSefaom oabm jrwfaomoabmwnf;/ xkdopd öu| y&rw¬
t& or®Kwdopömudkvnf; ,lEkdifí y&rw¬ opömudkvnf; ,lEkdifonf/ xkdwGif y&rw¬opömudk &nfí ou0g'Du
yXrtar;udk ar;onf/ y&0g'Duvnf; t[kwftrSef t½Sdudkyif &nfí ]½Sdygonf}[k ajzonf/ y&0g'D\
tmabmfum; þodkYjzpf\/ ]]twd¬ yk*¾avm twå[dwm, y#dyaEém=rdrd tusKd;iSg usifhaom yk*d ¾Kvf½Sdonf}} ponfjzifh
a[mawmfrltyfaom a'oemrsm;½Sd\/ jrwfpGmbk&m;onf trSefudkom a[mawmfrlavh½Sd\/ cRwf,Gif;apvkdrIudk
a½SU½Ií pum;udk ajymawmfrrl? wpfqifhMum; ponfjzifhvnf; w&m;udk a[mawmfrlonfr[kwf? ewfESifhwuGaom
avmuudk udk,fwkdifodawmfrlí rsufarSmufûyawmfrlí a[mawmfrlonf/ xkdaMumifh jrwfpGmbk&m;u ½Sdonf[k
a[mvQif opd öu| y&rw¬tm;jzifhyif ½SdvdkYjzpfonf [k xifrSwf\/ xkdYaMumifh ]½Sdygonf}[k ajzavonf/
trSeftm;jzifh jrwfpGmbk&m; qkdvkdonfrSm or®Kwdopöm taetm;jzifh ½Sdonfudk qkdvkdonf/ ou0g'Du
þtwkdif;yif,lonf/ y&0g'Durlum; twd¬=½Sd\[k omrnom a[mawmfrlonf? or®Kwdtm;jzifh ½Sdonf? y&rw¬
tm;jzifh ½Sdonf[k cGJjcm;a[mawmfrrl? xkdYaMumifh opd öu|y&rw¬ tm;jzifhyif yk*d ¾KvfowGm ½Sdonf[k ,lonf/ þü
twd¬t& t½Sdonf or®Kwdç y&rw¬ 2-rsKd;qkdif omrnjzpfonfudk pGJí ]]½Sdygonf}}[k ajzaomaMumifh y&0g'D\
tajzonf omrnqv jzpfavonf/
y#dur® pwkuú
(1) y&0g'D - opd öu| y&rw¬tm;jzifh yk*d ¾KvfowGm r½Sdbl;vm;/
ou0g'D - r½Sdyg/
(2) y&0g'D - opd öu|ç y&rw¬ jzpfaom tMuif oabm½Sd\? xk doabmjzif h
yk*d ¾KvfowGm r½Sdbl;vm;/
ou0g'D - þuJhodkY rqkdoifhyg/ (½Sdygonf [lvkd)
y&0g'D - wkefYjyefzdESdyfrIudk 0efcHyg/
(tEkavmrXyem) - tu,fí yk*d ¾KvfowGmonf opd öu|ç y&rw¬tm;jzifh
r½SdonfjzpftHh/
(tEkavmrygyem) - xkdodkYr½SdvQif 'kwd,tar;ü ]r½Sdyg} [k
ajzoif h\/
(tEkavmrygyem) - yXrtar;ü ]r½Sdyg} [k ajzí 'kwd,tar;ü
]½Sdygonf} [k ajzjcif;onf rSm;onf/
(y#davmrXyem) - tu,fí 'kwd,tar;ü ]½Sdygonf}[k ajztHh/
(y#davmrygyem) - xkdodkYjzpfvQif yXrtar;ü ]r½Sdyg}[k rajzoifh/
(y#davmra&myem) - yXr tar;ü ]r½Sdyg}[k ajzí? 'kwd,tar;ü
]½Sdygonf} [k ajzjcif;onf rSm;onf/
þü y&0g'Du ar;í ou0g'Du ajzonf/ ]]twd¬yk*¾avm}} ponft& {uef½Sd[k pGJNrJpGm ,lxm;ol
jzpfojzifh ]r½Sd} qkdonfudk rêudufí ykpäm xkwfonf/ ou0g'Dtvkd yk*d ¾KvfowGmonf y&rw¬tm;jzifh r½Sd? or®Kwd
opöm=ynwftm;jzifhum; ½Sdonf[lonfudkd y&0g'Du odonf/ odkYaomf qvudk oHk;vkdí cGJjcm;rIrûyyJ ar;onf/
ou0g'Du y&rw¬udk &nfí ]r½Sdyg}[k ajzonf/ xkdYaemuf or®Kwdopömudk &nfí y&0g'Du 'kwd,tar;udk

0gusm0,00PÖemusrf; 57
ar;onf/ xkdukdodí ou0g'Du ]½Sdygonf}[k or®Kwdopömudkyif &nfí ajzonf/ ou0g'Du y&rw¬tm;jzifh r½Sd
onfudk &nfí ]r½Sdyg}[k yXr ajzcJh\/ y&0g'Durl ]]r½Sdyg}t& rcGJjcm;yJ omrn,lí ]]wkefYjyefzdESdyfrIudk 0efcHyg}}
ponfjzifh qvudk toHk;ûyí tjypfwifavonf/ þqvonf ]]r½Sdyg}}[laom o'´g\ omrnjzpfrIudk pGJí ûytyf
aomaMumif h omrnqv jzpfavonf/
Zmwd
om"r® a0"ar®[d ypö0|meH Zmwd/ (Esm? 1? 2? 59/)
'loPm OKewm'sKwdå/ (Esm,AdE´K? 3? 137/)
'loPmbmom wk Zmwa,m/ (Esm,AdE´K? 139/)
tblw a'gokAÇm0emed ZmwsKwå&meDwd/ (Esm,AdE´K? 140/)
'loembmom Zmwa,m? Owå&ywd½lyumwd taw¬m/ (tEk#Dum? 57/)
þZmwdtzGifhü Esm,okwåESifh tEk#DumwkdY wpfjcm;pD jzpfvsuf½Sdonf/ þt&mü tEk#Dum\ rS D&mrSm Esm,
AdE´Kusrf; jzpf[efwlonf/
wpfzufvlu taMumif;udkjyaomtcg tMuif uefYuGufjcif;onf jzpf\/ xkdonf Zmwdrnf\/ xkd
uefYuGufjcif;onfvnf; wlrI-rwlrIwkdYjzifh qefYusifjcif;ç tjypfwifjcif;ç wm;jrpfjcif;wnf;/ (bmózGifh)
þEsm,okwåESifh bmótzGifhwkdYudk tm;r&aomaMumifhyif 0kwdåq&mu ]]om"r® a0"ar®[d}} [laom pum;
onf om0"m&P (uefYowfrI½Sdaom) nTefjyaMumif; pum;jzpf\/ xkdYaMumifh ]]Aswdåudk riJhukefaom wlrI-rwlrI
wkdYjzifh qefYusifjcif; y,fzsufaMumif;pum;udk qkdjcif;onf Zmwdrnfonf}} [k qkdvkdaMumif; zGifhjyonf/ ,if;odkYyif
vkdufí wuúbmomq&muvnf; ]]rrSefuefaom 0g-y,fzsufjcif;udk ûyEdkifpGrf;r½Sdaom wkefYjyefcsuf}}[k zGifhav
onf/ xkdYaMumifh Zmwd[lonf Aswdår½Sdonfudk xnfhoGif;rpOf;pm;yJ O'g[½kPfESifh wlrI-rwlrIrQudkom tajccHí
wpfzufvl\pum;udk y,fzsufaom pum;jzpfonf[k rSwftyf\/ xkdodkY y,fzsufaomtcg Aswdåudk *½krûyrdojzifh
rdrd\ tzsufpum;onf wpfzufvl\ pum;udk y,fzsufEkdifpGrf; r½Sdawmhay/ xkdYaMumifhyif Esm,AdE´K? tEk#DumwkdYü
]'loembmom = y,fzsufaMumif; pum;twk}[k zGifhjcif;jzpfavonf/ y,fzsufaMumif; pum;[lonfvnf;
olwpfyg;tm; wkefYjyefcsufyifjzpf\? ,if; wkefYjyefcsufonf tppfrjzpfawmh? twkomjzpf&um; Owå&ywd½lyumwd
taw¬m[k tEk#Dumq&m zGifhavonf/ ,if;tzGifh onf ]]Zmwd-o'´g twk[laom teufudk a[monf}}[k zGifhaom
Esm,AdE´K#DumESif h oabmwlyif/
þ Zmwdonf Esm,okwåtvdk om"r®or a0"r®orponfjzifh 24-yg; tjym;½Sdonf/ ,if;wkdYwGif om"r®
orrS yHkpHwpfckudkom xkwfjyygtHh/
0g'D - toHonf rNrJ? tkd;uJhodkY ûyvkyftyfaomaMumifhwnf;/
tmumouJhodkY rûyvkyftyfonfr[kwfaomaMumif hwnf;/
ywd0g'D - toHonf NrJonf? tmumouJhodkY taumiftxnf
r½SdaomaMumifhwnf;/
0g'D\pum;ü ûyvkyftyfaom t&mwkdif;onf rNrJ&um; Aswdå½Sdonf? ,if;Aswdåudk tajccHí tkd;[laom
O'g[½kPfESifh wlnDrIjzifh toHrNrJonfudk NyD;ap&um; ... ,if;pum;onf ck difrm rSefuefaompum; jzpfonf/
ywd0g'Donf 0g'D\ pum;uk
d wkefYjyef&ef 0g-acszsuf&ef ]]toHonf NrJonf}} paom pum;udkqkdonf/
xkdYaMumifh ol\pum;onf pum;wkefY (Owå&)ç 0g-y,fzsufpum; ('loe) oabmrsKd;½Sdonf/ odkYaomf olUpum;ü
taumiftxnfr½Sdaom t&mwkdif;onf NrJonfr[kwf&um; (Ak'dönf taumiftxnfr½Sd? odkYaomf rNrJ) Aswdår½Sd?
,if;Aswdår½Sdonfudk *½krpdkufyJ toHESifh aumif;uifwkdY\ taumiftxnf r½SdyHkcsif; wlrQrIoufoufudk tajccHí

0gusm0,00PÖemusrf; 58
qdkxm;&um; 0g'D\tqkdudk y,fzsufjcif;iSg rpGrf;Ekdifawmhojzifh Zmwdom jzpf&awmhonf? 0g-'loe twkom jzpf&
awmhonf/
ed*Hk;
þrQaom pum;tpOfjzif h &efukefûrdU omoemh&dyfom t*¾r[my@dw? r[mpnf q&mawmfbk&m;\ trdefY
t& rEÅav;ûrdU pdefyef;&yf tb,m&mr a½T*lwkduf 'kwd,em,u q&mawmf t½Sif oDvmeE´mbd0Ho rax&fonf
txl;xl;aom ouúwusrf;ç ygVdusrf;ç t*Fvdyfbmoma&;usrf; jrefrmusrf;wkdYudk rSDNirf;ûyí a&;om;pD&iftyfaom
]]0guspdwfig;yg;\ tus,fudkzGifhjy&m ]]0gusm0,0-tzGifh}} usrf;onf 1333-ckESpf e,kefvjynf h r[mor,aeYü
NyD;qH k;jcif;od kY a&mufownf;/

0gusm0,00PÖemusrf; (rSwfcsufrsm;) 59
rSwfcsuf
1/ ypöu©mEkrmaemyrmPo'´g yrmPmed/ (Esm,okwå? 1? 1? 3)/
rSwfcsuf
2/ þyrmP 4-ckudk 'óewkdif;u tukeftpif vufcHMuonfum; r[kwfay/ Oyrm pm&fAmu'óeac:
avmum,w0g'uac: ypöu©wpfckudkom yrmPtjzpfjzifh vufcHí Esm,AdE´Kac: ajrmufydkif; Ak'Ësm,usrf;
Ak'Ësm,usrf; Ak'¨wuúbmomusrf;wkdYurl ypöu©ç tEkrme 2-yg;udkom vufcHMuonf/ rmeH wGu©Zar0[d/ (q'´
óeorkpö,usrf;? 83-*gxm? avmum,wtcPf;) wk yke rmeH yrmPH [d edpdäwH tu©Zar0 ypöu© ar a0uH
yrmPrdpöaw¬m/ (¤if;Asmcsm) 'k0d"H or®mÓPH (Esm,AdE´K? 1? 2?) ypöu©rEkrmeaOöwd/ (¤if; 1? 3?) ypöu©ara0uH
yrmPrdwd pAÁmaum? ypöu©rEkrmeH o'H ápwd omacFsm? ypöu©rEkrmerkyrmeH o'H ´ apwd ae,m,daum? ypöu©rEkrme
rkyrmeH o'´rw¬mywdå&dwd ygbmua&m? ypöu©rEkrmeH o'´rw¬mywdå Oyrmerbm a0g apwd rDrHoaum/ (armu©*kwå
q&ma&; wuúbmomusrf;? ESm-3-4/)
1? 4/)
rSwfcsuf
1/ £`Ed´,wåoEdéumokyÜEHé Óe}rAsya'ó}rAsbdpm&dAs0-om,wåuH (As0om,obm0H) ypöuH©/ (Esm? 1?
rSwfcsuf
1/ wH ypöu©H'k0d"H edAdÁuyÜuH o0duyÜuH apwd/ wMw edyÜum&uH ÓPH edAdÁuyÜuH/ oyÜum&uH ÓeH
o0duyÜuH? ,xm!daw¬m,H jAm[®aPm,H omarm,rdwd/ (wuúo*F[?2?4?5/)
rSwfcsuf
2/ ,'g edAdÁuyÜumeEÅ&H o0duyÜuH emrZmwsm'da,mZemwåuH !daw¬m,H jAm[®aPm,H omarm,rdwd
0daooe 0dao,sm0*g[d ÓerkyÜZÆaw/ (auo0rdóq&m\ (wuúbmomusrf;? 36? 7/)
60/)
rSwfcsuf
3/ wMw ypöu©H uyÜemaygrbEÅH (Esm,AdE´K? 1? 4/) (Ak-wuúbmom 7/)
rSwfcsuf
1/ aumpd ypöu©oda'¨g a,m ½lyg'd "r®meH ypöwåa0'eDa,m ted'´dodwAÁmuma&m/ (r? #D? 2/ 303/ tEk#D? 1?
rSwfcsuf
2/ &Hcg ypöu©xuf tEkrmeu tm;BuD;aMumif; ygPdedtzGifh r[mbmóusrf;BuD;í þodkY qkdxm;onfudk
vnf; rSwf&m\/ b0dwd [d ypöu©mysEkrmeAvD,wåH/ wH ,xm tvmwpuHú ypöuH© 'dóaw tEkrmem p *rsaw
aew'wD¬wd/ (3?2? 124/)
rSwfcsuf
1/ tawåmya'aom oa'´g (Esm?1?1?7/) twå0gusH oa'´g? tawåmwk ,xmw¬0wåm/ (wuúo*F[? 46/)
twå0gusH oa'´g? tawåm wk ,xmblwów¬ó Oya'odwm yk&daom/ (wuúbmom? 87/)

0gusm0,00PÖemusrf; (rSwfcsufrsm;) 60
rSwfcsuf
1/ tawåm cvk opdäuw"ar®m ,xm 'd|ów¬ó csmy,dwkrdpäm, ya,mwåm Oya'odwm/ (Esm,
bmó/)
rSwfcsuf
2/ wdu*Fkwå&? auorkwdåokwfudk nTefjyí þpum;udk apm'u wufvkdaumif; wufvkdMuayrnf/ odkYaomf
,cktcg vufawGUwGifrl ygVdawmfrsm;udk rqkdxm;bd/ t|uxm? #Dumtrsm;yif o'´pm&if;0if jzpfaeMuayNyD/
rSwfcsuf
1/ rdawe vda*Fe tw¬ó ypäm rmeH tEkrmeH/ Esm, bmó?1?1?3/
1/ jyvwHåY ed*¾[|metcef;ukd Munfhyg?
rSwfcsuf
rSwfcsuf
2/ ab'pdEÅm? 14? 15 trSwf*gxmwkdYudk Munfhyg/
rSwfcsuf
1/ awoH ork'ga,m Esma,m/ (wuúbmom#Dum? 201)/
rSwfcsuf
2/ qmarmfeD,m0DvsH\ t*Fvdyfouúw tbd"mefüvnf; Syllogism udk Esm,;ç t0,0Dç t0,0C#dw
0gusHç t0,0 ,kwå0gusHç t0,0gayw0gusHç tmEkykAdÁ[k ouúwvkdjyonf? xkdYaMumifh Syllogism udk e,[k
jrefrmjyefjcif;rSm raumif;vSay/
rSwfcsuf
3/ tw¬om"ubm0gwk ywdnm pç a, om"u 0gusó bm*g {ua'om t0,0g? (Esm,bmó? 1?
1? 32/) tEk rme0gusaóua'om t0,0g/ (wuúbmom?200/)
rSwfcsuf
1/ om"seda'áom ywdnm (Esm,okwå?1?1?33) om"eD, eda'áom y#dnm/ (o'éDwdokwå rmvm? pwky'
0dbm*? 4?415/)
rSwfcsuf
2/ om"s"r®0dod|yu©ywdyg'uH 0peH ywdnm/ (wuúbmom? 200/)
rSwfcsuf
1/ yOörsEHÅ wwd,EHÅ 0g vd*Fywdyg'uH 0peH a[wk/ (¤if;/)

0gusm0,00PÖemusrf; (rSwfcsufrsm;) 61
rSwfcsuf
2/ "larm ynmP r*d ¾aem[laom a0óEÅ&mZmwf ygVdawmf (1841 *gxm)ü ynmPESifh þü vd*FwkdYum;
twlwlyif/
rSwfcsuf
1/ O'g[&Pom"r®m om"s om"eH a[wk/ (Esm,okwå? 1?1?34) ,xm a0"r®m/ (¤if; 1?1?35/)
1/ [dE´L0g't& jyqkdcsufwnf;/
rSwfcsuf
rSwfcsuf
1/ vd*ø wd0d"H tEG,Aswda&ud au0vmEG,d au0vAswd a&udapwd/ (wuúo*F[/)
rSwfcsuf
2/ þü Aswda&u[lonf r½Sdjcif; rjzpfjcif;yif jzpfonf/ Aswda&aum emrmbma0g/ (Esm,aAm"deD)/
qkdvwHåY Aswdå 2-rsKd;tcef;ESifh pyfMunfhyg/
rSwfcsuf
1/ trnfjzifh ac:a0:í &Ekdifaom 0w¬K 0g-trnfwyfí &aom 0w¬K[lvkd? tbda"a,sm=Nameable.
rSwfcsuf
1/ a[wkvu©Pmbm0g ta[wa0g a[wkomrnma[wl0 tmbmormem/ (Esm,bmó? 1?2?45/)
rSwfcsuf
2/ wuúo*F[ü vmonfhtwkdif;jyonf/ Esm,okwå (1?2?45) ü (3) yu&Por? (4) om"sor? (5)
rwdwumv[k jyonf/ oabmrSm rxl;jcm;vS/
3/ Esm,okwå? 1?2?46/ wuúo*F[/
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rSwfcsuf
4/ {uoð ® taEÅ 0dZÆaw £wd {umEdÅaum? 0dy&d,,m taeumEdÅaum? Ob,E¦Asmyuwåm£wd/ (Esm,
bmó? 1? 2? 46/)
rSwfcsuf
1/ om"smbm00EÅ0kwdå om"m&aPm taeuEdÅaum/ (wuúo*F[)

0gusm0,00PÖemusrf; (rSwfcsufrsm;) 62
rSwfcsuf
1/ oAÁoyu© 0dyu© Asm0kawåm yu©rwå0kwdå tom"m&aPm/ (wuúo*F[)
rSwfcsuf
1/ tEG, Aswda&u 'd|EÅ&[dawm tEkyoH[m&D/ (wuúo*F[)
2/ om"smbm0Asmydawm a[wk 0d½ka'¨g/ (¤if;/)
rSwfcsuf
rSwfcsuf
1/ om"smbm0om"uH a[wGEÅ&H ,ó o oyÜwdyau©m/ (wuúo*F[/)
rSwfcsuf
1/ 0d½k'öyÜwdyu©meH 0daoaom wk 0d½k'ä[wkaem {uawåe oyÜwdyu©a[wkaem 'Gdawåe p OmwaAÁm/
oyÜwdyau© a'G a[wl? 0d½ka'¨ {aum a[wlwd ,m0/ (Esm,aAm"deD/)
rSwfcsuf
1/ vd*Fawåemedpdäawm a[wk toda'¨g/ (wuúbmom?78/)
rSwfcsuf
2/ vd*Fawåaewd Aswdå0dod|yu©"r®awåaewsaw¬m/ (¤if;? #D? 78/)
rSwfcsuf
3/ ,ó a[wkaem tmoa,m em0*rsaw? o tm o,moda'¨g/ (wuúbmom 206)/
rSwfcsuf
4/ tmoa,emoda'¨g toda'¨g tmoa,m ,ómwd 0gAsKyÜwdå/ (wuúbmom? 78/)
rSwfcsuf
1/ o½lyoda'¨g wk oOpöaw a,m a[wk tmoa, ae0g0*rsaw (wuúbmom 207)/
rSwfcsuf
1/ Asmyswåmoda'¨g wk o{0 ,Mw a[wkaem Aswdå em0*rsaw/ (wuúbmom 210)/
rSwfcsuf
2/ aom yg"dauma[wk Asmyswåmoda'¨g (wuúo*F[)/

0gusm0,00PÖemusrf; (rSwfcsufrsm;) 63
rSwfcsuf
1/ ,rdkufvm tmrEÅm0dwif; xkwfyHkESifh EdIif;,SOfyg/
rSwfcsuf
1/ ,ó om"smbma0g yrmPEÅa&P edpdäawm? o Am"dawm/ (wuúo*F[)/
rSwfcsuf
1/ wmed yOö½lyged wk yu©"r®wHå oyau©owHå 0dyu©m Asm0kwåd tAm"dw 0do,wHå toyÜwdyu©wåaOöwd/
(wuúbmom 72/) yu©"r®wHå oyu©"r®wHå 0dyu©Asm0kwdåtAm"dw0do,wHå toyÜwdyu©wåH apwd (Esm,rOö&D? ESm
110)
2/ y'w¬ BuHqcsufudk aemufü jytHh/
rSwfcsuf
rSwfcsuf
1/ wxm [d "lr0wåó a[wkaem 0doa,m oma"sm "ar®m? wOö t*d ¾rwHå? wHauemyd yrmaPe e
Am"dwH e c@dwrdpöaw¬m/ (wuúbmom? 73/)
rSwfcsuf
1/ aw½lysH yke vd*FómEkara,s owåar0 oyau© {0 owåH toyau© pmowåar0 edpädwH/ (Esm,AdE´K? 2?
5/) orÜwdvd*Fó aw½lysrkpöaw-tEkara,s owåar0 edpdäwH? .... oyau© {0 owHå edpdäwrd[d 0wåaw? ......
toyau© pmowåar0 edpdäwH/ (armu©mum&*kwåa&; wuúbmom? ESm-13-14/) a[wkaemwd ½ly0peH? umed yke
wmed wDPd ½lyged yau© owåar0 £awsuH ½lyH? oyau© {0 owårdwd 'kwd,H ½lyH? 0dyau© pmowåar0 edpdäwrdwd
wwd,H/ Zdwm&da&; a[wkwawGmya'o/)
rSwfcsuf
2/ ,Gm,H ,o®m y#dnm"ar®m [kwGm o'doyau© 0dZÆrmaem a,0 a[wkvu©PlyyaEém emr a[mwd? e
£wa&m/ (uxm0w¬K tEk#Dum? 69/) þü y#dnm"ar®m [kwGmjzifh vd*F\ yu©ü ½Sdjcif;[laom yXrvu©Pm
jzpfonfh yu©"r®wmudk jyonf/ Ob,H ykpäaEÅm um&Pó p wdvu©Pm orÜwdå,m ,xm y#dnmaw taw¬
om"daw-[laom oDvu©ef #Duma[mif; (350) üvnf; wdvu©Pt& yu©"r®wm oyau© owå0dyu©m Asm0kwdå
[laom þ 3-yg;udkyif ,loifhonf/ #Dumopf ('k? 350) üum; a[wk Oyrm O'g[½kPf[k wd\o½kyfudk
xkwfonf/ qifjcif&ef/
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1/ oAswdåuH 'd|EÅ0pe rk'g[&PH/ (wuúbmom? 200/)
rSwfcsuf
1/ tEkrmeó a'Gt*Fged-Aswdå yu©"r®wm apwd/ Esm, aumoü udk;aom wuúbmom/)

0gusm0,00PÖemusrf; (rSwfcsufrsm;) 64
rSwfcsuf
1/ ,xm "lrawm t*d ¾tEkrmaem e au0vH "larae0 t*d ¾0dnm,wd/ "lró ye t*d ¾em t0dembm0
ocFgawm orÁaE¨m 0dnm,rmaem0 "lare t*d ¾ 0dnm,wd/ ("r®o*FPD tEk#Dum? 196/)
rSwfcsuf
1/ ,'ayu©m, ,H t"dua'o0kwdå? w'ayu©m, wH AsmyuH/ {0H ,'ayu©m, ,H tyÜa'o0kwdå?
w'ayu©m, wH AsmysH/ (wuúbmom? 66/)
rSwfcsuf
1/ wxmp t*¾ßbm0gayu©m, t"dua'o0kwdåwåm "lrmbma0g w'ayu©m, Asmyaum/ {0H "lrmbm0g
ayu©m, tyÜa'o0kwdåwåm t*¾ßbma0g w'ayu©m, Asmaysm/ (wuúbmom? 66/)
rSwfcsuf
1/ tEGa, om"eH AsmyHs? om"sH Asmyurdóau/
om"smbma0gnxm Asmaysm? Asmyaum om"epöa,m/ (wuúbmom? 67-ü udk;aom*gxm/)
rSwfcsuf
1/ om"sAsmyuawåowd om"emAsmyuwåH Oyg"d/ (wuúo*F[/)
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1/ wOö 'k0d"H tEG,d Aswda&ud ab'g/ (Esm,0kwdå)/
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2/ oDvu©ef#Duma[mif; 350/ uxm0w¬K tEk#Dum? 61? 69/
rSwfcsuf
1/ 'd|mEÅya,ma*g wk omr,daum e ed,awm/ (Esm, od'ËÅrOö&Dyumo/)
rSwfcsuf
1/ om"som"r®m w'¨r®bm0D 'd|aEÅm O'g[&PH/ (1?1?36)
2/ wAdÁy&d,,m 0g 0dy&DwH/ (1?1?37)
rSwfcsuf
rSwfcsuf
3/ om"sOö 'k0d"H? "r®d 0doda|m 0g "ar®m-o'´ómedpöwåH? "r®0doda|m 0g"r®D-tedapöm oa'´g £wd/
£awmwå&H w*¾[aPe *,Saw £wd/

0gusm0,00PÖemusrf; (rSwfcsufrsm;) 65
rSwfcsuf
1/ þEsm,okwfü yk'frsm; r½Sif;vif;aMumif; Esm,okwfESifh bmó t*Fvdyfbmomjyef usrf;ûyq&m **Fg
emx psm(qkdol)uvnf; rSwfcsufcsonf/ ,if;ü (1? 1? 37) okwfudk jyvwHå twkdif; bmomjyefonf/
That Familiar instance, which, through similarity to what is to be proved (i.e. the Subject), is
possessed of a property of that (Subject) constitutes the 'Statement of the Corroborative Instance'.
rSwfcsuf
1/ ,if;usrf; y&wåmEkrmetcef;wGifrl oHk;½dk;yHkpHukdyif ]],Mw"larm wMwt*d ¾ ,xm r[meoma'g? twd¬
ap[ "larm}} (3? 21)[k xkwfjyonfvnf; ½Sdonfyif/
1/ aemuftcef;wkdYü xif½Sm;vwHåY/
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1/ yau© vda*FgyoH[m&0peH Oyea,m/ (wuúbmom? 200/)
rSwfcsuf
2/ b0wk Aswdå? wxmyd AsmydwH uð yau© 0wåawe0g £wsmouFm,H Asmydwó yu©"r®wåy'óem
a,myea,m? yu©"r®wm ÓPH Oye,ó ya,mZeH/ (wuú'Dydum)
1/ om"só-yu©ó/ (Esm,0kwdå/)
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2/ O'g[&Pomayau©m waxwsLyoH[ma&m e waxwd0g om"saomyea,m/ (Esm,okwå? 1? 38/)
3/ yau© oma"smyoH[m&0peH ed*reH/ (wuúbmom? 200/)
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1/ a[wGya'om ywdnm, yke 0peH ed*rmeH/ (Esm,okwå? 1? 1? 39/)
rSwfcsuf
1/ om"seda'áom [d ywdnm? od'ëda'áom wk ed*reH/ (Esm,rOÆ&D)

0gusm0,00PÖemusrf; (rSwfcsufrsm;) 66
rSwfcsuf
1/ aupdwk (=rDrHoum) O'g[&PEÅm wa,m {0g0,0g £pöm[k? wwÉpdEÅmrPd/) a[wl'g[&aPmye
,emed {awua,m t0,0g £wd aupd rnaEÅ/ (0gpyÜws/) O'g[&aPmye,m a'GUt0,0g £wd aAm'¨g
tm[k/ (Esm,od'ËÅ-yOÆ&D yumo/) &mrmEkZD,mmwk 0'Ed Å-trSmuH wk ted,arm? uGpdwf yOöm0,a0g Esma,m?
uGpd ws0,a0g? uGpd 'Gs0,a0g? O'g[&aPmyea,[d {0Aswdåyu©"r®wmeH od'¨wåm/ (,wd`E´rw'Dydum/)
þtukd;tm;vHk;udk Esm,aumousrf;rS &,lonf/ ,Mw "larm wMw t*d ¾,xm r[meao? "larm pMw-£wdAswdå
yu©"r®wm onuH (O'g[&PESifh Oye,[lvkd) 'Gß 0,0ar0 om"e0gusH aom*wmeH/ (armu©*kwå\ wuú
bmom? 14/)
The author of Nyaya-Bindu who was a Buddhist likewise mentions two only, y#dnm and a[wkç
making the 'd|EÅ or Aswdå a part of the a[wk (Tarka-Sangraha, Notes, p. 273.)
rSwfcsuf
1/ oH'd'öm"s0gyau©m? (wuúo*F[) þyu©ukd taemufwkdif; tEkrme toHk;tEIef;tm;jzifh Subject
[k¤if;? Minor Term [k¤if; ac:onf/
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2/ om"sudk Predicate [k¤if;? Major Term [k¤if; ac:onf/
1/ Asmyuukd Pervader [k oHk;onf/
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rSwfcsuf
2/ om"eudkrl Middle Term, a[wkudk Reason odkYr[kwf Ground of Inference, vd*Fukd Mark [k
ac:onf/
3/ Asmysudk Pervaded [k oHk;onf/
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rSwfcsuf
1/ a[wkESifhpyfaom t&mjzpfí yu©"r®t& rD;ckd;[k qdk&onf/ trSefrSm rD;onfvnf; awmifü½Sdaom t&m
jzpfí yu©"r®yif/ t*d ¾aem yu©"r®wHå a[wkaem yu©"r®wm Aave odZÑwd/ (wuúbmom? 73/)
rSwfcsuf
1/ tEkara,smMw Zdnmodw (Ówkrd|) 0daoaom "rD®/ (Esm,AdE´K-2?6)
rSwfcsuf
1/ ouw¬mEkrdwd y&w¬mEkrdwDeH vd*Fy&mrmaom{0 um&PH/ wo®m vd*Fy&mrmaom tEkrmeH/ (wuú
o*F[)

0gusm0,00PÖemusrf; (rSwfcsufrsm;) 67
rSwfcsuf
1/ þykHpHudk Teach Yourself Logic pmtkyfrS ,lonf/
rSwfcsuf
1/ pmayAdrmefxkwf t*Fvdyf-jrefrma0g[m&bPf? 'kwd,wGJ/
rSwfcsuf
2/ wuúodkvf ynmya'ompmapmif? twGJ-3? tydkif;-2? ESm 156/
3/ Sinha pmtkyf? twGJ 1? ESm-408-9-Munfhyg/
1/ Teach yourself Logic, P.85.
1/ Teach yourself Logic, P.86.
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rSwfcsuf
rSwfcsuf
rSwfcsuf
2/ The middle term must be distributed at least once. ,if;usrf; ESm-88/
rSwfcsuf
1/ Straight and crooked thinking, p. 51. udk rSD;onf/
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1/ Straight and crooked Thinking, p. 51. udk rSD;onf/
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1/ Straight and crooked Thinking, p. 49-51. udk Munfhyg/
rSwfcsuf
1/ ed*¾[Xmetus,fukd vmvwHåU tcef;ü jyxm;ygonf/
rSwfcsuf
1/ r[mpnf q&mawmfbk&m;\ 0dok'd¨r*f r[m#Dumedó,? w? 488-Munfhyg/

0gusm0,00PÖemusrf; (rSwfcsufrsm;) 68
rSwfcsuf
1/ r? #D? 1/ 212-udk ½Ií ygVdawmfpum;ü t0,0 ig;yg; xkwfprf;Munfh&m\/
rSwfcsuf
1/ Esm,ü ½Sd&if;twkdif; ywdnm[med-[k jyonf? tjcm; t&mwkdYüvnf; enf;wlyif/
rSwfcsuf
1/ þ ed*¾[|meudk zwfNyD;aemuf? 0ZD&Ak'¨d#Dum rkom0g'odu©myk'f tzGifhudk zwfMunhfyg/
rSwfcsuf
1/ yuwm yuawmy,kwåm? wGmavmay yOörD? awe yu-awmy,kwårw¬rkayud©wGm torÁE´wåmbd"meH
tw¬EÅ&H/ (0kwdå/)
rSwfcsuf
1/ wdu©wåKrbd[dwH 0g'daewd aoaom/ (0kwdå/) tEk#Dumü 0kwårdÜ\ uwåm;udkvnf; 0g'dem[kyif
xnfhyg/
rSwfcsuf
1/ odvd|o'´rywDwya,m*rwd'kawmpöm&dwrdaws0rm'dem um&aPe/
1/ um&d,um&Pbma0g/ (0kwdå)
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2/ ,Mwmaeuó y'ó 0gusó 0g ykAÁm y&da,emEG, a,ma*g ewD¬wsorÁ'¨w¬uwHå *,Saw? wórk
'ga,m tw¬ómyg,m tywåuH/ (Esm,bmó)/
rSwfcsuf
1/ wMw 0gusmeH teEdGwawå O'g[&Prm[ ],xm'o 'gVdrmed? qVylyg} £wd/ y'geH teEdGwawå
O'g[&Prm[ ]uk@rZmZderdaws0rm'D} wd/ (yOd öumy'Dy? 15-üjyaom Esm,om&y'yOödumtudk;/)
rSwfcsuf
1/ 'Ten pomengranates, Six cakes, Cup--goat skin--flesh--lump--deerskin--of the Virgin--to
be drunk--her father--denroid of chareter.'
('o 'gVdrmed ponf\ t*Fvdyfjyef/ **Fgemx psmqkdol\ bmomjyefrS/)

0gusm0,00PÖemusrf; (rSwfcsufrsm;) 69
rSwfcsuf
1/ t0,a0e ouow¬oda'ë? awe aom*wó (Ak'¨0g'D\) 'Gß0,0gbd"maeyd e OKewHå/ (0kwdå/)
rSwfcsuf
1/ um&d,Asmo*Fg=um&d,Asmo*FrkAÇm0d, £pöaw¬m? wGmavmay yOörD/ (0kwdå)/
rSwfcsuf
1/ a'gomwsLy*rm=a'gorEk'¨&dwGmwsaw¬m/ (0kwdå)/
rSwfcsuf
1/ ½dkufNyD; tEk#dumrlü ed*¾[yÜwåó ed*¾PSeH[k ½Sd\/ Esm,okwfudk axmufí¤if;ç tEk,kOdÆwAÁó Oayu©
eHudk axmufí¤if; ]]ed*¾[yÜwåómed*¾PSeHom}} ygXfrSefjzpfaMumif; xif½Sm;onf/
rSwfcsuf
1/ 0ga' p o,rkAÁm0aeysa'gaom/ (0kwdå/) In a discussion (0g') D (disputant) may expose his
own ground of defeat. But in a wrangle (ZyÜ) and a cavil (0dw@m) the ground of defeat should be
exposed by the assembly or an impartial expert. (Sinha, Vol. 1, p.548.)
rSwfcsuf
1/ t*Fvdyfjyefü ayrlwpfckü½Sdaom 0doGrdwd [laom ygXfudk vkdufí Universe [kjyefonf/
rSwfcsuf
1/ ]]jzpfvnf; jzpfay:í csKyfvnf; csKyfoGm;aomoabm}} [k t*Fvdyfjyefü jyefxm;\/ y0wåaw ed0wåaw
0g-[k ½Sdaom ygXfodkY vkdufíwnf;/
rSwfcsuf
1/ þ0g'udkyif oDvu©ef#Dumü tbdAswd¬0g'[k jyonf/ {awe um&aP zvó twd¬bm0'óaee
tbdAswdå0g'H 'Daywd/ (¤if;? 143/)
rSwfcsuf
2/ þ0g'taMumif; oDvu©ef#Dumüvnf; awGU&onf/ ¤if;usrf; ESm-144? 153-wkdYrSm Munfhyg/
rSwfcsuf
1/ {0aroH w,meH ½lyge ar auuó 'GdEHé 'GdEHé 0g ½lygeH tod'd¨,H oaEä[ 0g ,xma,m*rod'¨g
0d½k'¨gaeuEdÅ wm w a,m a[wGmbmom/ (Esm,0dE´K? 3? 109/)
rSwfcsuf
1/ 0kwdåü od'ËÅm 0d½ka'¨gjzifh tyod'ËÅ ed*¾[|meudk jyonf[k qkdonf/

0gusm0,00PÖemusrf; (rSwfcsufrsm;) 70
1/ Putting forword
rSwfcsuf
rSwfcsuf
1/ An introduction to Indian philosophy, P. 170.
rSwfcsuf
1/ o {0 oyu©|myem[Daem 0dw@m? om p y&yu©'loPrwåy,s0omem/ (214)
rSwfcsuf
2/ oyu©|myem[Daem uxm0daoaom 0dw@m/ (oAÁ'óeo*F[usrf;? ESm 187/)
rSwfcsuf
1/ orÇ0awm tw¬ómwdomrna,m*g torÇLww¬uyÜem omrnqvH/ (Esm? 1?2? 54/) orÇ0EÅó
omrane torÇ0EÅó uyÜeH yaew¬ qv0ga'g b0dwHk t&[wd-[laom uxm0w¬K rlv#Dum (52) pum;
vnf; þEsm,okwfudkyif &nf½G,faom pum;jzpfonf/
1/ aMumEdÅ (ouúwrl&if;/)
1/ tEk#Dum? 70-Munfhyg/
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2/ þü PBuD;ESifh 'loPm-ygXfonf ouúwusrf; rl&if;twkdif;jzpfonf/
rSwfcsuf
3/ tEk#Dumü ]]'loembmom}}[k ygXfrSef ½Sd&rnf/ þü Eki,fESifh 'loemygXfonf ygVdrl&if;twkdif;
jzpfonf/
1/ toEHÅ Owå&H Zm[d/ (wuúbmom? 219/)
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rSwfcsuf
1/ 'loPm £0 tmbmoaEÅ 'loPmbmom? au aw¿ Zmwa,m £wd/ Zmwdoa'´g om'dó 0paem?
Owå&o'domed ZmwsLwå&med? Owå&|mey,kwåw¬m Owå&o'domed ZmwsLwå&med/ (Esm,AdE´K#Dum/)