312 LANKESTERIANA FiGurE 8. Vanilla inodora Schiede, based on M. Hern<strong>and</strong>ez s.n. sub M. Soto 7864. Drawing by R. Jiménez. LANKESTERIANA 9(3), January 2010. © Universidad de Costa Rica, 2010.
soto arEnas & drEsslEr — A <strong>revision</strong> <strong>of</strong> Central American Vanilla 313 yellowish green, shiny, lip white with yellow-orange tinge in <strong>the</strong> throat; ca. 4.5-5 cm diameter; fragrance sweet strong or faint medicinal, to weak solanaceous alcaloids; flowers lasting 2-3 days. Ovary straight to slightly arcuate, terete, smooth, 3-sulcate, <strong>the</strong> grooves twisted, 47-55 (48.67±1.25) mm long, 3-4 (3.33±0.47) mm thick. Tepals contorted, with very undulate, somewhat revolute margins, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> apices recurved or rolled backwards. Dorsal sepal erect, ellipticlanceolate, broadly obtuse to acute, ca. 11-veined, 44-50 (47±2.19) x 12-18 (13.4±2.8) mm. Lateral sepals descending, elliptic-lanceolate, broadly obtuse to acute, ca. 11-veined, 41-44 (42.4±1.02) x 13-17 (15_1.79) mm. Petals spreading, elliptic-lanceolate, attenuate towards <strong>the</strong> obtuse apex, axially canaliculate on <strong>the</strong> abaxial surface, ca. 9-veined, 43-47 (45±1.67) x 9-11 (10±1.26) mm. Lip attached to <strong>the</strong> column ca. 2.5 mm at base; arcuate, trilobed, <strong>the</strong> lateral lobes covering <strong>the</strong> column, <strong>the</strong> midlobe spreading <strong>and</strong> deflexed; 27-36 (33±3.16) mm long, 29-34 (31.6±1.62) mm wide when spread out; lateral lobes erect, semiobcordate, broadly rounded, reduplicated <strong>and</strong> covering <strong>the</strong> distal half <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> column; 20-24.5 (22.7±2.23) x 9-13.5 (12.2±1.69) mm; midlobe subcuadrate, spreading, deeply emarginate, <strong>the</strong> margins undulate, 12-17 (14.8±1.94) x 13-19.5 (15.8±2.38) mm; <strong>the</strong> midlobe <strong>and</strong> part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> disc with a massive, fleshy, elevated, cushion-like callus, 16-21 (18±1.79) mm long, 5-8 (6.8±1.16) mm broad, ca. 3-5 mm high. Column strongly arcuate, <strong>the</strong> apical part resting on <strong>the</strong> callus surface, 21-24 (22.6±1.16) mm long, 5-6.3 (5.76±0.56) mm wide at <strong>the</strong> apex. Stigma a well-defined, transversely oblongp<strong>and</strong>uriform cavity with thickened, yellow borders; without a rostellum. An<strong>the</strong>r hinge-like, broad, attached to <strong>the</strong> clin<strong>and</strong>rium, <strong>and</strong> forming toge<strong>the</strong>r with it, a couple <strong>of</strong> lateral auricles. Pollen s<strong>of</strong>t, somewhat sticky. Fruit cylindric with attenuate base <strong>and</strong> apex, not aromatic, 18 cm long, ca. 8 mm thick. Fig. 8. distribution: Mexico (Puebla, Veracruz, Jalisco, Guerrero, Oaxaca, Chiapas), Belize, Guatemala, Nicaragua (Heller & Hawkes, 1966), Costa Rica, <strong>and</strong> Panama. EcoloGy: Vanilla inodora grows in wet forests from 150 to 1600 m altitude; it is <strong>the</strong> only Vanilla that inhabits <strong>the</strong> cloud forests <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> area, <strong>and</strong> is found in <strong>the</strong> lowl<strong>and</strong>s only in sites with more than 2500 mm <strong>of</strong> rainfall. Flowering apparently without a defined period. It is sometimes found in savanas with slow drainage. Vanilla growers believe that this <strong>species</strong> can be self-pollinated; <strong>the</strong> large fruit set in some populations supports this idea; however, o<strong>the</strong>r populations have a fruit set as low as 2.5 %. The flowers remain in good condition for 2-3 days, <strong>and</strong> are <strong>the</strong>refore long-lived compared with o<strong>the</strong>r <strong>vanilla</strong>s; <strong>of</strong>ten older <strong>and</strong> younger flowers are at an<strong>the</strong>sis on <strong>the</strong> same raceme. The flowers <strong>of</strong> this <strong>vanilla</strong> resemble those <strong>of</strong> some <strong>species</strong> <strong>of</strong> Schomburgkia group <strong>of</strong> Laelia in <strong>the</strong> flower structure; <strong>the</strong> tepals are contorted, strongly twisted, with a varnished appearance <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> column lies on <strong>the</strong> lip surface; pollination must be carried out by large, strong bees that try to enter to <strong>the</strong> throat separating <strong>the</strong> lip from <strong>the</strong> column, as in Schomburgkia or Barkeria; in <strong>the</strong> latter this work is done by carpenter bees (Xylocopa), <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>y might be good c<strong>and</strong>idates to pollinate this <strong>species</strong>. We have observed carpenter bees approaching V. inodora in Chiapas, but <strong>the</strong>y were not been seen l<strong>and</strong>ing on <strong>the</strong> flower. V. inodora was collected by Schiede near Misantla; <strong>the</strong> original collections are housed at K, BM <strong>and</strong> W. None <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> herbarium specimens bear flowers, although probably some specimens have had fruits (see Rolfe 1896); so its identity has been somewhat obscure. The type specimen is evidently a member <strong>of</strong> Portère´s subsect. Membranacea, <strong>and</strong> as only a single <strong>species</strong> <strong>of</strong> this group is found in Mexico, <strong>and</strong> it is common in Veracruz, we discard <strong>the</strong> possibility <strong>of</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r <strong>species</strong>, from elsewhere, to which <strong>the</strong> name V. inodora has been applied. There is no evidence that <strong>the</strong> Mexican <strong>species</strong> is conspecific with <strong>the</strong> Haitian Vanilla <strong>mexican</strong>a, as suggested by many authors, despite <strong>the</strong> specific name <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> latter. The large foliaceous bracts <strong>of</strong> V. inodora are larger than in o<strong>the</strong>r Membranaceous <strong>species</strong> <strong>and</strong> are clearly visible in <strong>the</strong> type. Vanilla inodora has been known in recent years in <strong>the</strong> region as V. pfaviana Rchb.f. In <strong>the</strong>ir Orchids <strong>of</strong> Guatemala, Ames <strong>and</strong> Correll (1952) mentioned that <strong>the</strong>y had not examined Guatemalan material <strong>of</strong> V. inodora <strong>and</strong> that <strong>the</strong> <strong>species</strong> could be conspecific with V. pfaviana. It seems, however, that <strong>the</strong> sterile specimens (or those very badly preserved) <strong>of</strong> this <strong>species</strong> were always identified as V. <strong>mexican</strong>a or V. inodora, while <strong>the</strong> material with flowers was thought to be V. pfaviana. Vanilla inodora <strong>and</strong> V. <strong>mexican</strong>a LANKESTERIANA 9(3), January 2010. © Universidad de Costa Rica, 2010.
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