Vol. VIII, no. 2 (2004) - Mamluk Studies Review - University of Chicago

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MAMLU±K STUDIES REVIEW VOL. 8, NO. 2, 2004 35 years had elapsed, Venetians might still suffer. 36 We can only guess how great the original fury of the Mamluk inner circle had been over the crime from the fact that, at least as the Venetians perceived it, it might still be smoldering after four years. 36 Ibid., 10 December 1381 (reg. 37, fol. 38v). © 2004, 2012 Middle East Documentation Center, The University of Chicago. http://mamluk.uchicago.edu/MamlukStudiesReview_VIII-2_2004.pdf
BENJAMIN ARBEL TEL AVIV UNIVERSITY The Last Decades of Venice's Trade with the Mamluks: Importations into Egypt and Syria For hundreds of years, Venetians and Mamluks were engaged in an economic partnership based on a fundamental interdependence of two economic systems that were both linked to many other commercial networks. During the fifteenth century, Venetian merchants and entrepreneurs became the main middlemen between the territories subject to Mamluk sultans and western Europe. The basic characteristics of the commercial relations between Mamluk lands and Venice stem from their dependence on the continuous presence of Venetians in Egypt, Syria, and Palestine. This presence had two main components: on the one hand merchants, commercial agents, and official representatives (consuls and vice-consuls) staying in the main centers of commercial activity, importing and exporting goods and keeping constant contacts with their partners in Venice and in other centers of international trade; and on the other hand, periodic visits of Venetian ships, including both the state-owned and regulated commercial galleys, particularly those operating on the Alexandria, Beirut, and trafego galley lines, 1 and the privately-owned round ships. 2 The latter were also of two kinds: those visiting the Levantine ports in preestablished periods (mude) in spring and autumn, and those that were not dependent on a state-regulated sailing schedule. Thus, Venetians functioned not only as exporters of goods from Venice to the East and from the East to Venice, but also as importers of Western goods and products into Egypt and Syria. No Egyptian or Syrian merchant is known to have been involved in this trade with the West beyond the boundaries of Mamluk territories. The activities of Venetian merchants in Mamluk lands were often disturbed or disrupted, owing to disagreements with Mamluk sultans as to the conditions regulating their activities and to harassments by Mamluk officials, who considered European merchants easy prey to extortion. In particular the policy inaugurated by Sultan Barsba≠y in the 1420s and pursued by his successors, forcing the Venetians ©Middle East Documentation Center. The University of Chicago. 1 The trafego line linked Venice, the Maghreb, and the Mamluk ports. On the system of the merchant galleys, see Frederic C. Lane, Venice, A Maritime Republic (Baltimore and London, 1973), 124–31, 337–52. 2 Round ships is a term used in Mediterranean shipping to distinguish a certain type of ship (roundish in form, propelled by sails) from another type, namely galleys, which were long in form and could be operated either with sails or with oars. © 2004, 2012 Middle East Documentation Center, The University of Chicago. http://mamluk.uchicago.edu/MamlukStudiesReview_VIII-2_2004.pdf
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120 BETHANY J. WALKER, MAMLUK INVES
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192 STUART J. BORSCH, THIRTY YEARS
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ADAM SABRA WESTERN MICHIGAN UNIVERS
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the alienation of state lands in th
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Book Reviews IH˝SA≠N ‘ABBA≠S
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213 BOOK REVIEWS visitors and the m
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215 BOOK REVIEWS edited Ayyubid and
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217 BOOK REVIEWS Library of Egypt,
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219 BOOK REVIEWS SHAWKAT RAMAD˝A
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225 BOOK REVIEWS and Vessel Stamps"
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229 BOOK REVIEWS Arabists and other
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231 BOOK REVIEWS laws and follow th
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233 BOOK REVIEWS of the activities
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236 RECENT PUBLICATIONS IBN TAYM|YA
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Vol. VIII, no. 2 (2004) - Mamluk Studies Review - University of Chicago

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