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50° 30° Wine History in Anatolia “The Neolithic Period” Vitis Vinifera’s Natural Distribution and Archaeological Discoveries. SAQQARA BUTO ABYDOS ‘EN BESOR MINSHAT ABU OMAR TELL IBRAHIM AWAD According to archaeobotanists, the grape was discovered in the region of the East Anatolia, Georgia and Armenia trio. Vitis Vinifera grows in a 6000 km long band from the Middle East to Portugal and 1300 km wide from the Crimea to West Africa. Primal Vinifera in Eastern Anatolia Dr. Patrick E. McGovern Collecting Wild Grapevines (at the Headwaters of the Tigris River) ASLAN TEPE JERICHO KORUCUTEPE HASSEK HÖYÜK KURBAN HÖYÜK HABUBA KABIRA HAMA JAWA BAB EDH-DHRA’ SHOMUTEPE SHULAVERI HAJJI FIRUZ TEPE NIPPUR URUK TEPE SIALK CHOKH GODIN TEPE FARUKHABAD TELLO SUSAD Turkey is situated between 30° and 50° latitude in the very Heart of the “Grand Terrain”. Wine History in Anatolia “from the Bronze Age to Antiquity” The first traces of viticulture and winemaking in Anatolia date back 7,000 years. Wine had an indispensable role in the social lives of the oldest civilizations of Anatolia the Hattis and the Hittites. It was the primary libation offered to the gods during rituals attended by royalty and high governors. Provisions protecting viticulture in Hittite law, and the custom of celebrating each vintage with a holiday, suggest that wine was important to both ancient economies and ancient cultural practices. Hittitie Decanter The Phrygians Introduced Wine to Greek Colonists on Anatolia’s Western Flank For the Phrygians, who lived in Anatolia after the Hittites, wine was an essential part of daily life and an important element in their diet along with olive oil, fish, and bread. The Phrygians introduced wine to Greek colonists on Anatolia’s western flank, and by the 6th century BC wine was being exported as far as France and Italy from trading and production centres such as Tabae (Tavas, near the present-day Pamukkale) and Klazomenai (near Urla) both in the southern Aegean region and Ainos (Enez) to the north. Knidos (today’s Datça), on the southwest Mediterranean coast, and the island of Rhodes were also leading centres for the wine trade. One of these early Anatolian grapes, Misket, became known as Muscat in Europe. Another variety from Smyrna (today’s Izmir), was used in the production of the famous wine of Pramnios, which is mentioned in Homer’s Iliad. Wine History in Anatolia “The Hellenistic Period Wine Regions” ‹zmir “Pramneion, produced in the ‹zmir Region was a dry and full bodied wine with high tannin and alcohol.” Illias Odysseia Gallipoli “Phonecia colony Lampsakos (Lapseki) is known with its wines.” Strabo, Geografia Central Anatolia In the Galatia Region in Central Anatolia, sweet wine was produced called Scybelites. “Scybelites produced in Galatia always keeps its freshness as the Halyntium wine of Sicily.” Gaius Plinius Secundus
Wine History in Anatolia “From the Ottoman Empire to the Turkish Republic” Later still, Turkish tribes arrived in Anatolia from Central Asia and they, too, drank wine. Production continued even after Islam began to dominate the region, and a comfortable balance developed between Christian and Muslim residents: Christians, for the most part, produced the wine; both Christians and Muslims consumed it. During the long period of the Ottoman Empire (1299–1923), wine production and trade were carried out exclusively by non-Muslim minorities (Greeks, Armenians, Syrians, and others). However, what we today would call wine-bars, usually in Christian neighborhoods, were also patronized by Muslims. During the Ottoman period, the general atmosphere of tolerance was interrupted from time to time by official prohibitions on the use and sale of alcohol. Wine-bars were forced to close and heavy sanctions, even death penalties, were applied to those who didn’t obey the new rules. The prohibitions were always short-lived, however each time they would be first loosened, then eventually lifted completely. This regular reversal of policy had an economic reason: the tax collected from wine sales was an important source of income for the Ottoman treasury, so any long-term banning of alcohol sales contradicted state interests. Even during periods of prohibition, vineyards were never uprooted: grape production was simply diverted to other types of consumption. A ready supply of grapes enabled wine production to recover rapidly after each hiatus. Wine production reached record levels and alcohol prohibitions ceased during the second half of the 19th century, in the atmosphere of tolerance and freedom brought about by the Ottoman modernization movement. At the same time European vineyards were being devastated by an epidemic of phylloxera (a vine-attacking insect), reducing wine production dramatically. In order to meet the resulting surge in European demand, the Ottoman Empire’s wine exports increased substantially reaching 340 million litres in 1904. Wine History in Anatolia “The Turkish Republic” There was a considerable amount of wine production before World War I and the War of Independence in Turkey. But wars affected production negatively, especially in the Thrace and Aegean regions. The production of all alcoholic beverages went under the control of government monopoly in 1927, with the exception of wine, for which private production and the development of vineyards was still permitted. This was specifically done to develop and protect wine production. The only restriction, which in today’s terms could be called “controlled wine regions-appellation controllée”, was the permissions given to wine production on specific regions where wine grapes were being produced. In 1928 the government began to support wine producers with technical knowhow and semi-financial support. (There was also support for export tax exemptions and a support fee/kg). M.Emile Bouffart was one of the first pioneering consultants who evaluated wines and the wine regions in Turkey, including advising on where to develop wineries. In 1946 there were 28 small sized wineries all around Turkey exploring the potential quality of wine production with different varieties and terroirs under the Government Monopoly. Marcel Biron was also one of the consultants working for the Government Monopoly and identifying different wine regions and wines in Turkey (1937-1947). The 1950’s government initiated French grape varieties for plantation in the Aegean and Thrace regions (Semillon, Clairette, Sylvaner, Gamay, Cinsaut, Pinot Noir and Cabernet Sauvignon are among the varieties planted and explored during these dates). The subsequent decrease in quality began with the non-implementation of this “controlled wine regions” regulation as well as political changes in the 1960’s. Private producers stayed in the market throughout this period, but remained relatively small in size. By the late 1980s, as the Turkish economy began to integrate with other global economies and deregulation became more prevalent, the tourism sector also began to develop, thus substantially boosting wine sales. This was the impetus for the wineries to invest in the latest technology, machineries, to develop their wineries, begin investment in their vineyards and plant international and local grape varieties to international quality standards.
Page 1 and 2: Discover the Roots from Silvestris
Page 3 and 4: SPEAKER BIOGRAPHIES (in consecutive
Page 5: Turkish Culinary Art “One of the
Page 9 and 10: BOZCAADA ED‹RNE ÇANAKKALE ‹ZM
Page 11 and 12: MEDITERRANEAN AEGEAN SEA North : 36
Page 13 and 14: SOUTH-EAST ANATOLIA MEDITERRANEAN S
Page 15 and 16: EM‹R Pronunciation: Eh-mere ORIGI
Page 17 and 18: GENERAL INFORMATION • Another Aeg
Page 19 and 20: WINERIES
Page 21 and 22: BRAND VINEYARDS GRAPE/S AWARDS / CO
Page 29 and 30: BRAND VINEYARDS GRAPE/S Senfoni Dry
Page 31 and 32: BRAND VINEYARDS GRAPE/S Gülpembe 2
Page 35 and 36: BRAND VINEYARDS GRAPE/S Vinkara Whi
Page 37 and 38: TURKEY: DID YOU KNOW? Turkey's Litt

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