The Industrial Revolution, 1700– 1900 Previewing Main Ideas

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Industrialization Industrialization is the process of developing industries that use machines to produce goods. This process not only revolutionizes a country’s economy, it also transforms social conditions and class structures. Effects of Industrialization ▼ This engraving shows urban growth and industrial pollution in Manchester. RESEARCH LINKS For more on industrialization, go to classzone.com • Industry created many new jobs. • Factories were dirty, unsafe, and dangerous. • Factory bosses exercised harsh discipline. Long-Term Effect Workers won higher wages, shorter hours, better conditions. ▼ • Factory workers were overworked and underpaid. • Overseers and skilled workers rose to lower middle class. Factory owners and merchants formed upper middle class. • Upper class resented those in middle class who became wealthier than they were. Long-Term Effect Standard of living generally rose. ▼ • Factories brought job seekers to cities. • Urban areas doubled, tripled, or quadrupled in size. • Many cities specialized in certain industries. Long-Term Effect Suburbs grew as people fled crowded cities. ▼ • Cities lacked sanitary codes or building controls. • Housing, water, and social services were scarce. • Epidemics swept through the city. Long-Term Effect Housing, diet, and clothing improved. ▼ GROWTH OF CITIES 500 400 300 200 100 0 500 400 300 200 100 0 500 400 300 200 100 0 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 MANCHESTER Population (in thousands) 90 1800 74 1800 351 1870 BIRMINGHAM Population (in thousands) 77 1800 GLASGOW 344 1870 Population (in thousands) 522 1870 Population (in thousands) 1,117 LONDON 3,890 1800 1870 Source: European Historical Statistics, 1750–1975 1. Recognizing Effects What were some advantages and disadvantages of industrialization? See Skillbuilder Handbook, page R6. 2. Making Inferences Many nations around the world today are trying to industrialize. What do you think they hope to gain from that process? 727 727
Child Labor Today To save on labor costs, many corporations have moved their operations to developing countries, where young children work long hours under wretched conditions. In 2007, their number was estimated at 218 million children aged 5–17. They are unprotected by labor laws. For mere pennies per hour, children weave carpets, sort vegetables, or assemble expensive athletic shoes. Several organizations are working to end child labor, including the Child Welfare League of America and the International Labor Rights Fund. SECTION 2 ASSESSMENT 728 Chapter 25 lunch and an hour for dinner. To keep the children awake, mill supervisors beat them. Tiny hands repaired broken threads in Manchester’s spinning machines, replaced thread in the bobbins, or swept up cotton fluff. The dangerous machinery injured many children. The fluff filled their lungs and made them cough. Until the first Factory Act passed in 1819, the British government exerted little control over child labor in Manchester and other factory cities. The act restricted working age and hours. For years after the act passed, young children still did heavy, dangerous work in Manchester’s factories. Putting so much industry into one place polluted the natural environment. The coal that powered factories and warmed houses blackened the air. Textile dyes and other wastes poisoned Manchester’s Irwell River. An eyewitness observer wrote the following description of the river in 1862: PRIMARY SOURCE Steam boilers discharge into it their seething contents, and drains and sewers their fetid impurities; till at length it rolls on— here between tall dingy walls, there under precipices of red sandstone—considerably less a river than a flood of liquid manure. HUGH MILLER, “Old Red Sandstone” Like other new industrial cities of the 19th century, Manchester produced consumer goods and created wealth on a grand scale. Yet, it also stood as a reminder of the ills of rapid and unplanned industrialization. As you will learn in Section 3, the industrialization that began in Great Britain spread to the United States and to continental Europe in the 1800s. TERMS & NAMES 1. For each term or name, write a sentence explaining its significance. • urbanization • middle class USING YOUR NOTES 2. Which change brought about by industrialization had the greatest impact? I. Industrialization Changes Life A. B. II. Class Tensions Grow MAIN IDEAS 3. Why did people flock to British cities and towns during the Industrial Revolution? 4. What social class expanded as a result of industrialization? 5. What were some of the negative effects of the rapid growth of Manchester? CONNECT TO TODAY CREATING A COMPARISON CHART Make a comparison chart listing information on child labor in three developing nations—one each from Asia, Africa, and Latin America—and compare with data from the United States. Drawing Conclusions Whose interests did child labor serve? CRITICAL THINKING & WRITING 6. SUMMARIZING How did industrialization contribute to city growth? 7. EVALUATING How were class tensions affected by the Industrial Revolution? 8. FORMING AND SUPPORTING OPINIONS The Industrial Revolution has been described as a mixed blessing. Do you agree or disagree? Support your answer with text references. 9. WRITING ACTIVITY ECONOMICS As a factory owner during the Industrial Revolution, write a letter to a newspaper justifying working conditions in your factory.
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