Bufford Defining the Rule of Law
Bufford Defining the Rule of Law
Bufford Defining the Rule of Law
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consent <strong>of</strong> each spouse. 27 Mo<strong>the</strong>rhood and childhood are entitled to special protection<br />
and assistance, and all children are entitled to equal social protection, whe<strong>the</strong>r born<br />
within or out <strong>of</strong> wedlock. 28<br />
In addition, <strong>the</strong> rule <strong>of</strong> law requires <strong>the</strong> protection <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> family as a fundamental<br />
group unit <strong>of</strong> society. 29 In this context, children must be protected against discrimination,<br />
including discrimination based on <strong>the</strong> status, activities, expressed opinions, or beliefs <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> parents, legal guardians, or family members. 30 Similarly, children must be protected<br />
from abuse, maltreatment or exploitation, 31 including sexual exploitation and abuse. 32<br />
Fur<strong>the</strong>rmore, each child should be provided an education 33 and medical services, 34<br />
ins<strong>of</strong>ar as feasible, and be protected from economic exploitation. 35<br />
B. Economic and Social Rights<br />
Economic and social rights have not received as much emphasis in U.S. thought as civil<br />
and political rights. None<strong>the</strong>less, <strong>the</strong>y are important values that receive international<br />
recognition as fundamental to human society. 36 For <strong>the</strong> most part, <strong>the</strong>se rights are<br />
27 See Universal Declaration, supra note 9, art. 16(2); Civil and Political Rights, supra note 11, art.<br />
23(3); Women, supra note 28, art. 16; American Convention, supra note 15, art. 17(3).<br />
28 See Universal Declaration, supra note 9, art. 25(2); Civil and Political Rights, supra note 11, art.<br />
23(4); American Convention, supra note 15, art. 17(4)(5), American Declaration, supra note 14,<br />
art. 7.<br />
29 See Universal Declaration, supra note 9, art. 16(3); Civil and Political Rights, supra note 11, art.<br />
33; Fundamental Rights <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> EU, supra note 12, art. 33; American Convention, supra note 15,<br />
art. 17(1), Arab Charter, supra note 14, art. 38; African Charter, supra note 15, art. 18.<br />
30 See Convention on <strong>the</strong> Rights <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Child, G.A. Res. 44/25, art. 2, U.N. Doc. A/44/49, (Nov.<br />
20, 1989) [hereinafter Child].<br />
31 See id. art. 19; Civil and Political Rights, supra note 11, art. 24; Fundamental Freedoms, supra<br />
note 12, art. 24; American Declaration, supra note 14, art. 7; American Convention, supra note<br />
15, art. 19; Arab Charter, supra note 14, arts. 10(2), 33; African Charter, supra note 15, art. 18(3);<br />
Asian Charter, supra note 16, art. 10. (??)<br />
32 See Child, supra note 32, art. 34; Asian Charter, supra note 16, art. 10. (??)<br />
33 See Child, supra note 32, art. 28; Fundamental Freedoms, supra note 12, art. 14.<br />
34 See Child, supra note 32, art. 24.<br />
35 See Child, supra note 32, art. 32; Arab Charter, supra note 14, arts. 10(2), 34; Asian Charter,<br />
supra note 16, art. 10. (??)<br />
36 See International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, G.A. Res. 2200A (XXI),<br />
U.N. Doc. A/6316, 993 U.N.T.S. 3 (Dec. 16, 1966).<br />
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