Ch 15 Brain and Cranial Nerves.pdf - Faculty.piercecollege.edu

Chapter 1 15 Lecture
Chapter 15
The Nervous System:
The Brain and Cranial Nerves
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
HUMAN ANATOMY
Fifth Edition
Frederic Martini
Michael Timmons
Robert Tallitsch

The Ventricles of the Brain
Figure 15.2a Lateral View Figure 15.2c Anterior View

The Cranial Meninges
Figure 15.3a Lateral View Figure 15.3b Superior View

The Cranial Meninges
Figure 15.3c Midsagittal View

The Cranial Meninges
Figure 15.4a Superior Cut away

The Cranial Meninges
Figure 15.4b,c Coronal Section

The Cerebrospinal Fluid
and Choroid Plexus
Figure 15.5b The Choroid Plexus and Blood–Brain Barrier

The Cerebrospinal Fluid
and Choroid Plexus
Figure 15.6 Circulation of Cerebrospinal Fluid

The Cerebrum
Figure 15.8a,b The Cerebral Hemispheres, Superior and Anterior Views

The Cerebrum
Figure 15.8c Posterior View Figure 15.9a Lateral View

Functions of the Cerebrum
Table 15.2 The Cerebral Cortex

Motor and Sensory Areas
of the Cerebral Cortex
Figure 15.9b Functional Areas of the Cortex

Central White Matter of the Brain
Figure 15.10a Lateral View Figure 15.10b Anterior View

Basal Nuclei
Figure 15.11b,c Coronal View

Basal Nuclei
Figure 15.11d,e Horizontal View

The Limbic System
Figure 15.12a Lateral View Figure 15.12b Close up

Sectional View Inside the Brain:
The Diencephalon
Figure 15.13a Midsagittal View

Sectional View Inside the Brain:
The Diencephalon
Figure 15.13b Coronal Section

The Diencephalon: Thalamus
Figure 15.14 The Thalamus, Lateral and Deep Views

The Diencephalon: Hypothalamus
Figure 15.15b Deep View Table 15.7 The Hypothalamus

The Mesencephalon
Figure 15.16a Lateral View Figure 15.16c Posterior View

The Pons
Figure 15.18 The Pons

The Cerebellum
Figure 15.19a Posterior, Superior Surface

The Cerebellum
Figure 15.19b Sagittal Section of Cerebellum

The Medulla Oblongata
Figure 15.20a Anterior View Figure 15.20b Posterior View

The Cranial Nerves
• Cranial nerves are components of the
peripheral nervous system that connect to
the brain rather than to the spinal cord.
– There are twelve pairs of cranial nerves.
– Cranial nerves are numbered using Roman
numerals.
• Each cranial nerve attaches to the brain
near the associated sensory or motor
nuclei.

The Origins of the Cranial Nerves
Figure 15.21a Inferior View

The Olfactory Nerve (N I)
• Primary function:
– Special sensory (smell)
• Origin:
– Receptors of olfactory epithelium
Figure 15.22 The Olfactory Nerve

The Olfactory Nerve (N I)
• Passes through:
– Cribriform plate of ethmoid
• Destination:
– Olfactory bulbs
Figure 15.22 The Olfactory Nerve

The Optic Nerve (N II)
• Primary function:
– Special sensory (vision)
• Origin:
– Retina of eye
• Passes through:
– Optic canal of sphenoid
• Destination:
– Diencephalon by way of the optic chiasm

The Optic Nerve (N II)
Figure 15.23 The Optic Nerve

The Oculomotor Nerve (N III)
• Primary function:
– Motor, eye movements
• Origin:
– Mesencephalon
• Passes through:
– Superior orbital fissure of sphenoid

The Oculomotor Nerve (N III)
• Destination:
– Somatic motor:
• Superior, inferior, and medial rectus muscles; the
inferior oblique muscle; the levator palpebrae
superioris muscle
– Visceral motor:
• Intrinsic eye muscles

The Oculomotor Nerve (N III)
Figure 15.24 The Oculomotor Nerve

The Trochlear Nerve (N IV)
• Primary function:
– Motor, eye movements
• Origin:
– Mesencephalon
• Passes through:
– Superior orbital fissure of sphenoid
• Destination:
– Superior oblique muscle

The Trochlear Nerve (N IV)
Figure 15.24 The Trochlear Nerve

The Trigeminal Nerve (N V)
• Primary function:
– Mixed (sensory and motor)
– Ophthalmic and maxillary branches sensory
– Mandibular branch mixed

The Trigeminal Nerve (N V)
• Origin:
– Ophthalmic branch (sensory):
• Orbital structures, nasal cavity, skin of forehead,
superior eyelid, eyebrow, and part of the nose
– Maxillary branch (sensory):
• Inferior eyelid, upper lip, gums, and teeth; cheek;
nose, palate, and part of the pharynx
– Mandibular branch (mixed):
• Sensory from lower gums, teeth, and lips; palate
and tongue (part); motor from motor nuclei of pons

The Trigeminal Nerve (N V)
• Passes through:
– Ophthalmic branch through superior orbital
fissure
– Maxillary branch through foramen rotundum
– Mandibular branch through foramen ovale
• Destination:
– Ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular
branches to sensory nuclei in the pons
– Mandibular branch also innervates muscles of
mastication

The Trigeminal Nerve (N V)
Figure 15.25 The Trigeminal Nerve

The Abducens Nerve (N VI)
• Primary function:
– Motor, eye movements
• Origin:
– Pons
• Passes through:
– Superior orbital fissure of sphenoid
• Destination:
– Lateral rectus muscle

The Abducens Nerve (N VI)
Figure 15.2 The Abducens Nerve

The Facial Nerve (N VII)
• Primary function:
– Mixed (sensory and motor)
• Origin:
– Sensory from taste receptors on anterior twothirds
of tongue
– Motor from motor nuclei of pons
• Passes through:
– Internal acoustic meatus of temporal bone,
along facial canal to reach stylomastoid
foramen

The Facial Nerve (N VII)
• Destination:
– Sensory to sensory nuclei of pons
– Somatic motor: muscles of facial expression
– Visceral motor: lacrimal (tear) gland and nasal
mucous glands via pterygopalatine ganglion;
submandibular and sublingual salivary glands
via submandibular ganglion

The Facial Nerve (N VII)
Figure 15.26 The Facial Nerve

The Vestibulocochlear Nerve (N VIII)
• Primary function:
– Special sensory:
• Origin:
• Balance and equilibrium (vestibular branch) and
hearing (cochlear branch)
– Receptors of the inner ear (vestibule and
cochlea)
• Passes through:
– Internal acoustic meatus of the temporal bone

The Vestibulocochlear Nerve (N VIII)
• Destination:
– Vestibular and cochlear nuclei of pons and
medulla oblongata

The Vestibulocochlear Nerve (N VIII)
Figure 15.27 The Vestibulocochlear Nerve

The Glossopharyngeal Nerve (N IX)
• Primary function:
– Mixed (sensory and motor)
• Origin:
– Sensory from posterior one-third of the
tongue, part of the pharynx and palate, the
carotid arteries of the neck
– Motor from motor nuclei of medulla oblongata
• Passes through:
– Jugular foramen between occipital and
temporal bones

The Glossopharyngeal Nerve (N IX)
• Destination:
– Sensory fibers to sensory nuclei of medulla
oblongata
– Somatic motor:
• Pharyngeal muscles involved in swallowing
– Visceral motor:
• Parotid salivary gland, after synapsing in the otic
ganglion

The Glossopharyngeal Nerve (N IX)
Figure 15.28 The Glossopharyngeal Nerve

The Vagus Nerve (N X)
• Primary function:
– Mixed (sensory and motor)
• Origin:
– Visceral sensory from pharynx (part), auricle,
external acoustic meatus, diaphragm, and
visceral organs in thoracic and
abdominopelvic cavities
– Visceral motor from motor nuclei in the
medulla oblongata

The Vagus Nerve (N X)
• Passes through:
– Jugular foramen between occipital and
temporal bones
• Destination:
– Sensory fibers to sensory nuclei and
autonomic centers of medulla oblongata
– Somatic motor to muscles of the palate and
pharynx
– Visceral motor to respiratory, cardiovascular,
and digestive organs in the thoracic and
abdominal cavities

The Vagus Nerve (N X)
Figure 15.29 The Vagus Nerve

The Accessory Nerve (N XI)
• Primary function:
– Motor
• Origin:
– Motor nuclei of spinal cord and medulla
oblongata
• Passes through:
– Jugular foramen between occipital and
temporal bones

The Accessory Nerve (N XI)
• Destination:
– Internal branch innervates voluntary muscles
of palate, pharynx, and larynx
– External branch controls sternocleidomastoid
and trapezius muscles

The Accessory Nerve (N XI)
Figure 15.30 The Accessory Nerve

The Hypoglossal Nerve (N XII)
• Primary function:
– Motor, tongue movements
• Origin:
– Motor nuclei of the medulla oblongata
• Passes through:
– Hypoglossal canal of occipital bone
• Destination:
– Muscles of the tongue

The Hypoglossal Nerve (N XII)
Figure 15.30 The Hypoglossal Nerve