Chapter 15 Section 1 - Nexuslearning.net

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Southeast Asia
Today
SECTION 1 History and Governments
SECTION 2 Economies and Cultures
SECTION 3 Vietnam Today
Human-Environment Interaction
People harvest tea leaves in a
field near Bao Loc, Vietnam. Tea
growing began in Southeast
Asia when the Dutch brought
seeds to Java from Japan.

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How has migration influenced
Southeast Asia’s culture?
Movement • The first people to live in mainland Southeast
Asia probably came from southern China and South Asia. Later,
the ethnic groups known as the Mon, Khmer, and Thai slowly
moved south into the Indochinese Peninsula, where they set up
rich kingdoms. Over the centuries, the region’s wealth attracted
Chinese settlers and merchants from India and Arabia. All these
groups brought their unique cultures and religions with them.
These and other influences blended to form the culture of
Southeast Asia.
What do you think?
♦ How does the migration of
people into a region affect
its culture?
♦ What challenges face
modern nations made up
of many different ethnic
groups and religions?

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BEFORE YOU READ
>> What Do You Know?
Before you read the chapter, think about what you know about Southeast Asia.
What countries make up this region? What do you know about the region’s
governments and economies? Have you ever seen a movie about the Vietnam
War? What do you know about Vietnam today? Recall what you know from
other classes, what you have read, and what you have seen on television.
>> What Do You Want to Know?
In your notebook, record what you hope to learn from this chapter.
READ AND TAKE NOTES
Reading Strategy: Drawing Conclusions To draw conclusions,
look at the facts and then use your common
sense and experience to decide what the facts mean.
Use the chart below to gather facts and draw conclusions
about Southeast Asia.
• Copy the chart into your notebook.
• As you read, record facts and examples that answer
each question. Look for specific information, as
shown.
• After you read, review the facts and examples,
decide what they mean, and record your
conclusions.
How are Southeast Asian nations linked
to other countries?
What forms of government are in
the region?
What factors affect economies in
Southeast Asia today?
What factors shape cultures in
the region?
What are the effects of the Vietnam War?
436 CHAPTER 15
Culture • Puppets made
from water buffalo hides
are used in the ancient art
of shadow theater.
Place • Singapore is a busy and wealthy city
in Southeast Asia.
Facts/Examples Conclusions

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History
MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW
The movements of people and
ideas through the nations of South
Asia have produced a varied and
exciting history.
Similarities and differences among
these nations have led to both
development and conflict.
RAMNURGER, NEAR BENARES ON THE GANGES RIVER, APRIL 19, 1796
A British ship anchored in
the river yesterday after
sailing many months from
England. Today, boatmen
and British sailors outfitted
in our native cotton dress
have been working madly
to load the ship. They hope
to sail before the monsoon
winds and storms begin.
Hundreds of boxes of tea,
spices, and cotton fabric
will travel back to England.
Movement • Despite great risk, ships from Great Britain, France,
and Portugal sail to India and other parts of South Asia to carry
back valuable spices, tea, and other goods.
Islam Comes to India
The coast of India has been a site of trade for centuries. Arabs
were trading along the coast of India a thousand years before the
British arrived. Early in the eighth century A.D., Muslims from
Arabia conquered northwest India. They converted many of
the people of this region to their religion, Islam. Even today,
the people of this region (what is now Afghanistan and Pakistan)
are Muslim.
TERMS & NAMES
Mughal Empire
Indian National
Congress
Muslim League
Mohandas Gandhi
India and Its Neighbors 403

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Location •
The Hindu Kush
Mountains in
northern
Pakistan helped
to keep out
invaders.
Culture • Akbar,
shown here
crossing the
Ganges, had
his life story
told in words
and pictures in
the Akbarnama,
or The Memoirs
of Akbar.
404 CHAPTER 14
Turks and Mongols Beginning in the
11th century A.D., Turkish Muslims from
what is now Afghanistan attacked northwest
India, replacing the Arabs. By 1206,
the Turkish kingdom stretched south to
the Deccan Plateau. The region was ruled
from the city of Delhi by a sultan. During
this time, Mongols from Central Asia
began spreading west and south. Because
of the mountains in the northeastern part of South Asia, the
Mongols never invaded the region. Many people who were threatened
by the Mongols fled across the mountains into South Asia.
These artists, teachers, government officials, and religious leaders
brought with them their culture and learning.
The Mughal Empire
In the year 1526, Babur (BAH•buhr), a Mughal (moo•GUL)
ruler and a Muslim, invaded southward with his army.
Eventually, his kingdom included northern India and land west
into Afghanistan. Babur involved local leaders in his government
and built trade routes, strengthening his rule. Babur’s reign was
the beginning of the great Mughal Empire.
Akbar, Mughal Emperor The third Mughal emperor,
Akbar, was a strong and intelligent leader who was
careful to include both Hindus and Muslims in his government.
His policies made India a place where both
Hindus and Muslims could live in peace. He taxed
people according to the size and value of their land,
which meant that poor farmers were not taxed as heavily
as they had been before. Akbar was a strong supporter
of the arts. He provided studios for painters and
gave awards to the best among them. He also created
a position for the official Hindu poet of the nation.
End of the Empire During the period of the Mughal
Empire, many new trade routes over land and water
were established, making travel between regions easier.
The trade routes also connected the empire with
other parts of the world. In this way new ideas and
inventions made their way into South Asia. Then, in
the year 1707, with the death of the last Mughal
emperor, the empire eventually collapsed.
Vocabulary
sultan:
emperor
Vocabulary
Mughal:
Muslim Turks
from what is
now Turkistan
A. Drawing
Conclusions How
would trade routes
help to strengthen
an empire?

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GEOGRAPHY
SKILLBUILDER:
Interpreting a Map
1. Location • The
Mughal Empire in
1707 was located in
which present-day
nations?
2. Movement • In
what directions did
the Mughal Empire
grow from 1524 to
1707?
N
The Mughal Empire, 1524–1707
Tropic of Cancer
Arabian
Sea
AFGHANISTAN
PAKISTAN
Indus R.
Bombay
.
R
s
u
d
n
I
Lahore
Delhi
I N D I A
Madras
NEPAL
Ganges R.
Calcutta
Bay of
Bengal
BHUTAN
BANGLADESH
60°E 70°E
80°E 90°E
Under Babur (1524–1530)
Under Akbar (1556–1605)
Under Aurangzeb (1658–1707)
0
250 500 miles
0 250 500 kilometers
Arrival of the British
In 1600, Queen Elizabeth I of England gave trade rights to the
East India Company, an organization of English merchants, to
trade in India and East and Southeast Asia. The Mughals agreed
to let the British set up factories
and trading centers. The
East India Company shipped
spices, tea, cotton, silk, indigo
(used for dyeing), sugar, and
saltpeter (used for gunpowder)
to England. Gradually, the
British increased their power.
By 1818, after the Rajputs and
other groups agreed to be
ruled by the British, Great
Britain’s strength in the region
was undeniable.
10°N
Movement • The
British brought
railroads to India,
such as this
steam train in
Darjeeling,
shown in 1930.
India and Its Neighbors 405

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India’s Neighbors and Great Britain In 1796, Great Britain took
possession of the island nation of Sri Lanka, then called Ceylon,
and the island nation of the Maldives. The nations of Nepal,
Bhutan, and Afghanistan never became colonies of Great Britain,
though the British tried to colonize Afghanistan. Nepal and Bhutan
depended on their mountainous frontiers to keep out foreigners.
Making India British The British army and navy, merchants, and
Christian missionaries came to India, bringing new technology for
railroads, the telegraph, steamships, and new methods of irrigation.
They also introduced the British legal system, with new laws
regarding landownership, and made English the official language.
Indians responded to the British in different ways. Some chose
to live just as they had before the British arrived. Others chose to
interact economically with the British by working for and with
them while maintaining their traditions. Still others studied the
British traditions and adopted what seemed useful while keeping
their own traditions. Among the higher castes, parents sent their
children to British schools so that they could learn English and
become successful.
Independence
In 1885, the Indian National Congress was formed to provide
a forum where Indians could discuss their problems. Muslims
formed the Muslim League in 1906. After World War I,
Indians began to think of independence. They had a great leader
in Mohandas Gandhi.
Mohandas Gandhi (GAHN•dee) Gandhi was born in India in 1869. He learned
about discrimination when, as a young boy, he saw that no matter how wealthy and
well educated Indians were, they were treated as second-class citizens by the British.
Gandhi studied law in England and then spent the rest of his life working for justice
for the Indian people.
He encouraged his followers to use nonviolence to resist the British and bring
about social change. Gandhi believed that the forces of goodness and truth had powerful
effects on people. As part of this belief, he went on hunger strikes and organized
labor strikes and marches to force the British to grant India its independence.
The Indian people call Gandhi the Mahatma, which means “Great Soul.” They
honor him as the father of their nation. His ideas have influenced many people who
have worked for justice around the world.
406 CHAPTER 14
B. Comparing
Which changes
brought by the
British were
cultural and
which were
technological?

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Vocabulary
monopoly:
The sale of a
good by only
one company
On the Unit Atlas
Map on page
368, find India,
Pakistan, and
Bangladesh. Before
independence, this
entire region was
India.
Gandhi used nonviolence to
impress upon the British the need for
independence. He also wanted all
Indians to be treated equally. He
wanted women to have the same freedoms
as men. He encouraged Hindus
and Muslims to find peaceful ways to
solve their problems. For example, to
protest the British monopoly of salt,
Gandhi led a 240-mile walk to the
coast to gather sea salt.
Eventually, Great Britain realized
that it would have to leave India, but
the Indian National Congress and the
Muslim League disagreed about how
the new government would be formed.
Muslims were afraid of losing power
because Hindus were the majority in
India. The solution was to divide India into two separate countries,
India for the Hindus and Pakistan for the Muslims. The two
countries were formed and granted independence in 1947. Sri
Lanka became independent in 1948, and the Maldives in 1965.
SECTION ASSESSMENT
Terms & Names
1. Identify: (a) Mughal Empire (b) Indian National Congress
(c) Muslim League (d) Mohandas Gandhi
Taking Notes
2. Use a Venn diagram like the one
below to compare and contrast the
rule of the Mughals and the British
in India.
Mughals British
Main Ideas
3. (a) How did Islam reach India?
(b) Name three achievements of
the Mughal emperors.
(c) Why did the British colonize
India?
Movement •
Gandhi led his
countrymen to
the coast at
Dandi to protest
the British sale
of salt.
Critical Thinking
4. Making Inferences
Do you think it was easier for rich
Indians or poor Indians to live
under British rule? Explain.
Think About
◆ how Indians responded to British
rule
◆ the opportunities for Indians of
different castes
Imagine being a reporter for an Indian newspaper and attending a speech given by Gandhi. Write a
short article reporting on the speech and giving your reaction to it.
India and Its Neighbors 407

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Theater
and Dance
In ancient times, theater and classical dance
productions were held in the temples and
royal courts of India. Spectators watched
dancers act out stories of Hindu gods and
myths, especially from famous epics. The
two most famous epics are the Ramayana
(ruh•MAH•yuh•nuh) and the Mahabharata
(MAH•huh•BAH•ruh•tuh). Folk dancing,
another dance form, was popular in rural
areas. Modern dance in Southern Asia
includes elements of both classical and
folk dancing.
442 UNIT 5
The Legacy
of Southern Asia
Architecture
Even before the rise
of Buddhism in the 5th
century B.C., people in
India made burial mounds
for their dead. When the Buddha died, similar
mound-shaped structures called stupas
became symbols of his death and of
Buddhism. Stupas became more elaborate
over time. This architectural form spread
throughout the Buddhist world and can be
found in the pagodas—religious buildings—of
Korea, Japan, and China, as well as
in shrines in Sri Lanka and temples in Java.

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Cities
One of the first cities in the world, Mohenjo-Daro, was built along
the Indus River in what is now Pakistan. After archaeologists discovered
the 4,000-year-old city in 1922, they spent years excavating its
ruins. What they unearthed was a city laid out in a grid pattern, with
streets, houses, assembly halls, storerooms, public baths, and a sewer
system. Many modern cities are laid out in grids, and some cities in
India have public baths similar to the ones found in Mohenjo-Daro.
Black Tea
Though tea bushes were found growing
wild in Assam, India, in the 1820s, it was
not until the mid-1880s that India
began to export tea. Workers used a
process that turned green leaves to a
brownish black color to produce a blend
known as black tea. Though tea had
been grown in China for more than
3,000 years, by 1888 England was
importing more tea from Southern Asia
than from China. Today, some of the
best black teas come from India.
Find Out More About It!
Study the text and photos on these
pages to learn about inventions,
creations, and contributions that
have come from Southern Asia. Then
choose the item that interests you
the most and use the library or the
Internet to research the subject and
learn more about it. Use the information
you gather to create a
diorama to share with the class.
RESEARCH LINKS
CLASSZONE.COM
Sanskrit Language
Sanskrit, the oldest written language
of India, was first brought to India
around 1500 B.C. The language has
distinctive sounds, as well as complex
grammar rules. Some of India’s
modern languages—Hindi, Bengali,
and Punjabi—are based on Sanskrit.
Though by 100 B.C. Sanskrit was no
longer being spoken, it is still used
in many Hindu ceremonies and in
scholarly works and teachings.
Southern Asia 443