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List of Figures 1.1 Scheme of thermospheric phenomena and physical processes 2 2.1 Schematic diagram showing the optical path of the Fabry-Perot interferom- eter. The optical path difference of adjoining rays is given by the relation mA 2nd cos (ti. 18 2.2 Transmittance of a Fabry-Perot etalon as a function of the phase retardation of a beam for various values of the reflectance R. Four profiles from the narrowest to the widest one correspond to the values of R 0.98, 0.81, 0.65 and 0.45, respectively. 20 2.3 Schematic diagram showing the concept of the Fabry-Perot Doppler imaging system. 21 2.4 An example of interference fringes of a Fabry-Perot etalon. These are fringes of a He-Ne laser source with a etalon of 12 mm spacer and a reflectance of 0.88. 23 2.5 System diagram of the prototype of the Fabry-Perot Doppler Imaging System [after Nakajima, 1993] 25 2.6 Diagram of the photon imaging head (PHI) detector [after Nakajima, 1993] • 26 2.7 Example of a grid image used for the grid calibration: (a) an image before • correction and (b) a corrected image . It is apparent that distortions and nonlinealities of the image are eliminated [after Nakajima, 1995]. 28 2.8 Conceptual sketches of the thresholding and integration process: (a) normal photon spots and (b) photon spots which overlap each other because of an overexposure. In both sketches, top, middle and bottom panels show photon spot images, thresholding images and fringe patterns obtained by the integration process, respectively. 29 2.9 System diagram of the further developed Fabry-Perot Doppler Imaging System (FPDIS) 31
x LIST OF FIGURES 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.15 2.16 2.17 Schematic diagram of the Fabry-Perot Doppler Imaging System (FPDIS). The list of the components (1)-(15) is given in Table 2.2. View of the servo-stabilized Fabry-Perot etalon and its controller used for the FPDIS. Several connectors which are seen on the side of the etalon container are used for cables connecting the servo-control circuit to keep the parallelism and spacing of the etalon. Dependence of the reflectivity of the etalon coating on the wavelength of incident light. Filter transmission functions. Schematic diagram of the proximity focused photon counting imager (PFPCI). Radiant sensitivity and quantum efficiency of the photocathode as a function of wavelength. The photocathode used for the PFPCI is sensitive between 250 and 850 nm. Schematic diagram of the PFPCI cooling unit. View of a laser head and a power supply unit. 3.1 Overall view of the FPDIS installed in the information processing building at Syowa station(The picture was taken by a camera with a fish-eye lens). The optical system is seen in the middle, while the data processing system is seen on the left hand. 3.2 (a) The optical system for the FPDIS. A He-Ne laser tube is attached on the left side of the FPDIS, and a monochromatic laser enters into the optical path with an optical fiber which is seen as a blue string on the color picture. A CCD camera and a focusing lens are attached at the bottom of the FPDIS. (b) The instruments for image data processing and data storage of the FPDIS. An image data processor EXCEL and a monitor are seen in the middle, while a personal computer PG9801 which controls both the EXCEL and a filter selection unit is seen on the right hand. 3.3 View of the roof of the information processing building at Syowa station, Antarctica. A lens projecting from the cover of the roof opening is the objec- tive fish-eye lens of the FPDIS. 3.4 Conceptual sketch of the configuration of observations with the FPDIS. • • • 3.5 Example of 01630.0 nm fringe image obtained by the FPDIS. 33 36 37 38 39 40 41 44 47 49 51 55 57
Page 1 and 2: A Study on Middle-scale Variations
Page 3 and 4: Abstract The solar wind energy inje
Page 5 and 6: Contents Acknowledgments Abstract i
Page 7: 6 Discussions CONTENTS 6.1 Nighttim
Page 11 and 12: xii LIST OF FIGURES 4.8 Fringe prof
Page 13 and 14: xiv LIST OF FIGURES 5.23 Same as Fi
Page 15 and 16: Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 The Eart
Page 17 and 18: 1. INTRODUCTION rate at high latitu
Page 19 and 20: 1. INTRODUCTION 5 Analogous to the
Page 21 and 22: 1. INTRODUCTION 7 thermospheric cir
Page 23 and 24: 1. INTRODUCTION 9 Okano and Kim [19
Page 25 and 26: 1. INTRODUCTION confirmed that the
Page 27 and 28: 1. INTRODUCTION 13 and EUV solar ra
Page 29: 1. INTRODUCTION 15 analytical descr
Page 32 and 33: 18 2. DEVELOPMENT OF THE FABRY-PERO
Page 52 and 53: 38 Er e Z O CE F-F-a Ur) h^-• O 0
Page 54 and 55: i 40 2. DEVELOPMENT OF THE FABRY-PE
Page 56 and 57: 42 2. DEVELOPMENT OF TI E FABRY-PER
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44 2. DEVELOPMENT OF THE FABRY -PER
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46 3. OBSERVATIONS 1) The adjustmen
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(b) 3. OBSERVATIONS (a) !7lasigum 1
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3. OBSERVATIONS Table 3.1. Summary
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____------- wind velocity line-of-s
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3. OBSERVATIONS 59 All operations o
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Chapter 4 Procedures of Data Anal y
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4. PROCEDURES OF DATA ANALYSIS 63 2
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-, (a) 1000 500 (b) 1000 500 0 0 4.
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as 4. PROCEDURES OF DATA ANALYSIS 6
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wind velocity v is given by 4. PROC
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80 c..1 0 40 ,7u cn 20 0 0 4. PROCE
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,-C btu cu ...-1 7.) al +t) CI a) 1
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o 5000 4. PROCEDURES OF DATA ANALYS
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(a) 800 600 (i) =g-, 400 ›.- Pc C
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80 5. THER.MOSPIIERIC NEUTRAL WINDS
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8 2 5_ THERMOSPHERIC NEUTRAL WINDS
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I E 84 5. TILERMOSPHERIC NEUTRAL WI
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I 05 8 6 5. THERMOSPILERIC NEUTRAL
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88 5. THERMOSPHERIC NEUTRAL WINDS O
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Line-of-Sight Neutral Wind Velociti
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5. THERMOSPIIERIC NEUTRAL WINDS OVE
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0 Cf) CO • imme F.4 Ca) O 7-1)` c
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4 0 • U) 4.) O •-4 • -I•ma
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P-1 • p^^4 4.4 • •.* prZ •p
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5. THERMOSPHERIC NEUTRAL WINDS OVER
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Chapter 6 Discussions 6.1 Nighttime
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a_ -1 7 6 5 4 3 2 -2 1 0 - 3 _4 -5
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I = - E ,---, c.) u.) a) ..... c.;
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1 (13 C 7)4 "CI ,;3 C N 0 z 0, 2 Ho
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6. DISCUSSIONS 125 is seen in numer
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6. DISCUSSIONS 6.3 Middle-scale atm
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6. DISCUSSIONS 129 15:50:00 lb:00:0
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132 6. DISCUSSIONS It is very inter
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CAD MAGNE TOGFIRM AT STOWR STA T I
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136 7. CONCLUSIONS 5) Nighttime var
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138 REFERENCES Conde, M., and R. W.
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140 REFERENCES Hernandez, G., R. W.
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142 REFERENCES Rees, D., and A. H.
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Appendix A Sequential wind data in
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Line-of-sight neutral wind velociti
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