Roots of Rhythm Funsheets Introduction & Answers

ROOTS OF RHYTHM – FUNSHEET ANSWERS
Roots of Rhythm Funsheets Introduction & Answers
Introduction
Each of the five types of ROR Funsheets have one or more descriptive paragraphs based on
chapters in the teacher's guide. Each two-page Funsheet might include maps, photographs, or
diagrams. They can be used as stand-along projects or used after a review of the chapter.
There are five types of Funsheets as follows:
• Decorate Your Instrument – These are short art projects that students complete
with pencils and markers (adufe and kakko).
• Make and Play Your Instrument – Using simple materials the student makes a
simple musical instrument and then compose rhythms to perform (bongos
and sjt). .
• Find Facts and Opinions – After reading the paragraph, students determine which
statements are based on facts or opinions (buhai and naqqra).
• Fill It In – Students fill in statements and complete a crossword puzzle based on
the material provided (djembé and rant k).
• Compare and Contrast – Using a Venn diagram, student compare two instruments
as to similarities and differences (dondo and Lakota Drum).
Chapter 1. The Adufe
Ideas for decorating the Adu
Ribbons on the frame
Flag of Portugal
Map of Portugal
The name Portugal
The name "adufe"
Chapter 2. The Bongos
Bongo Rhythms:
For Example,
1. Small drum
Large drum
2. Small drum
Large drum
3. Small drum
Large drum
The name "adufeiras"
Women playing the adufe
A drawing of the adufe.
Arabic designs
Musical notes
R L L R L L
R R
L R L R L L
R R
R L R L L
R L R
1

4. Small drum
Large drum
5. Small drum
Large drum
Chapter 3. The Buhai
1. Opinion
2. Fact
3. Fact
4. Opinion
5. Fact
ROOTS OF RHYTHM – FUNSHEET ANSWERS
6. Opinion
7. Fact
8. Opinion
9. Fact
10. Opinion
Chapter 4. The Djembé
Fill in:
1. Metal sheets with small rings attached adds a buzzing sound
2. To get the drummers started in a performance
3. Wood, metal sheets, metal rings, cloth, animal skin, and nylon cords.
Crossword:
1. Twelve
2. hands
3. djembé
4. dancers
5. strap
R L R
R L R L
R L R L L
6. legs
7. aconcon
8. pitches
9. Guinea
10. Signal
Chapter 5. The Dondo
Dondo vs. Lakota Drum
Dondo differences Similarities Lakota Drum differences
1. Two drumheads 1. Held for playing 1. One drumhead
2. Hourglass shape 2. Hit with one stick 2. Frame shape
3. Pitch can vary 3. Accompanies singing 3. Pitch does not vary
4. Held under arm 4. Accompanies dancing 4. Held in hand
5. North American 5. Played for social events 5. West African
6. Talking rhythm 6. For official ceremonies 6. Heartbeat rhythm
7. Wood beater 7. Flags have star shape 7. Padded beater
8. Tropical area 8. Struggled against British 8. Hot and cold climate
R
2

ROOTS OF RHYTHM – FUNSHEET ANSWERS
Chapter 6. The Kakko
Ideas for decorating the Kakko:
Rose Seated musician with pointed hat
Bouncing ball The word "Tgaku"
Small gong The word "Kakko"
Big taiko drum Gold leaf vine
To me, this decoration is a symbol of, -- an ancient drum, leader of a royal ensemble in Japan.
Chapter 7. The Lakota Drum
Lakota Drum vs. Tabla
Lakota Drum differences Similarities Tabla differences
1. One drum 1. Skin drumheads 1. Two drums
2. Frame drum 2. Change sound with fingers 2. Kettledrums
3. Held with hand 3. Accompany singing 3. Positioned in cushion on floor
4. No center paste 4. Accompany dancing 4. Have center tuning paste
5. Played with beater 5. Climate can be very hot 5. Played with fingers and palms
6. Can add a buzz sound 6. Climate can be very cold 6. Cannot add a buzz sound
7. Small geographic area 7. British ruled each area 7. Large geographic area
8. From North America 8. Both flags have circles 8. From South Asia
Chapter 8. The Naqqra
1. Opinion
2. Fact
3. Fact
4. Fact
5. Fact
6. Opinion
7. Fact
8. Opinion
9. Opinion
10. Fact
Chapter 9. The Rant k
1. With a roll or fast alternating hits.
2. Central
3. The rant k is a xylophone with 22 bars that is play with two mallets. It sits on a curved stand
with decorated ends that are pointed up. The curved stand sits on a smaller stand.
Crossword:
1. roll
2. percussion
3. floor
4. Thailand
5. conductor
6. mallets
7. dancers
8. Across - blowing
8. Down - bars
9. eight
3

Chapter 10. The Sjt
For Example,
1. Sjt
2. Sjt
3. Sjt
4. Sjt
5. Sjt
Darabouka
Darabouka
Darabouka
Darabouka
Darabouka
ROOTS OF RHYTHM – FUNSHEET ANSWERS
R L R L R L
Dum Tak Tak Tak Dum Dum
R L R L R L R
Dum Tak Dum Tak Dum Tak Dum
R L R L R
Dum Dum Dum Tak Tak
R L R L R L
Dum Dum Tak Tak Dum Tak
R L R L R L R L
Dum Tak Tak Dum Dum Tak Tak Tak
4

ROOTS OF RHYTHM – CHAPTER 1: THE ADUFE FROM PORTUGAL
FUNSHEET
Name ________________________________ Date____________________
DECORATE YOUR INSTRUMENT: THE ADUFE
The adufe is a square or rectangular frame drum played in Portugal. It is usually
played by women called adufeiras in religious festivals or sometimes at social
events to accompany singing. The drum came to Portugal from Arabic countries
when Muslims occupied the area of Spain over 1000 years ago. Since it can be
made in a small size, it was carried on ships for entertainment when Portuguese
explorers traveled to Asia and South America between 1450 and 1550. In Brazil,
the adufe helped to start the rhythm known as samba. The drum has two
drumheads of goat skin that are sewn on to a wooden frame. Inside there are beads
that rattle. The instrument comes in many sizes and is decorated with ribbons.
Some versions of the adufe have painted decorations on the drumhead itself.
The Adufe Adufeiras from Portugal.
Directions. Think about various designs that could be drawn on the surface of an
adufe. Consider ways to represent the country of Portugal, for example, through
artwork shown in the photographs. First, list some of your ideas in the spaces
below and then draw your designs on the four adufe shapes on the next page.
__________________________________ ____________________________________
__________________________________ ____________________________________
__________________________________ ____________________________________
__________________________________ ____________________________________
__________________________________ ____________________________________
1

ROOTS OF RHYTHM – CHAPTER 1: THE ADUFE FROM PORTUGAL
FUNSHEET
Directions: First, draw your designs on the two-dimensional surface below in
pencil, and then add color (front and back). Second, do the same things but now do
it on the three-dimensional surface (front and back), and don't forget the sides.
Front
Back
Front Back
2

ROOTS OF RHYTHM – CHAPTER 2: THE BONGOS FROM CUBA
FUNSHEET
Name_______________________________________ Date________________
MAKE AND PLAY YOUR INSTRUMENT: THE BONGOS
The bongos are two small drums that are attached to each other and are played with
the hands or with sticks. They were invented around 1900 to be used as highsounding
drums in small bands in Cuba for dance music, although the idea for the
two drums probably came from Africa where a low drum imitates the sound a
father's voice and the high drum the sound of the mother's voice. Now played all
over the world, bongos have been used in many types of music, including salsa,
jazz, rock and roll, hip-hop, and classical styles.
The Tin Can
Bongos Bongos
Directions. Make your own bongos with two cans, one small and one large, each
with a plastic lid. If you don't have cans, and if you get permission, you could use
two books of different thicknesses. For the tin can bongos, first be sure that there
are no sharp edges left from opening both of each can's metal lids and hammer
them down if necessary. Next, clean and dry the cans and then tape them together.
Put on the plastic lids and play your bongos with pencils or your fingers.
Play and Compose Bongo Rhythms. The main rhythm for the bongos is called
martillo which means "hammer." You can see this eight-count rhythm below in the
box notation. The small drum is the high sound and the large drum is the low
sound. Try this rhythm to warm-up and then compose your own martillo rhythms
using the box notation on the next page. Use an R for the right hand hits and an L
for the left hand hits. Leave a box empty if you want a rest or no sound. Listen to
examples of the martillo rhythm on the Roots of Rhythm CD.
1. Martillo Rhythm Count 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Small drum
Large drum
R L R L R L L
R
1

ROOTS OF RHYTHM – CHAPTER 2: THE BONGOS FROM CUBA
FUNSHEET
Title Bongo Rhythms
1. _______________ Count 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Small drum
Large drum
2. _______________ Count 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Small drum
Large drum
3. _______________ Count 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Small drum
Large drum
4. _______________ Count 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Small drum
Large drum
5. _______________ Count 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Small drum
Large drum
2

ROOTS OF RHYTHM – CHAPTER 3: THE BUHAI FROM ROMANIA
FUNSHEET
Name ________________________________ Date____________________
FIND FACTS AND OPINONS: THE BUHAI
The buhai (boo-hi) is a friction drum that is played in the eastern European country
of Romania. It is made to imitate the sound of an ox in a New Year's festival, an
old agricultural custom lasting 12 days. One of the most important traditions
associated with this festival is “Plugusorul” (plue-guh-so-rul - a small plow),
which is one of the oldest and most beautiful Romanian traditions. During this time
singers go through the village and wish the farmers good luck with the new
agricultural season. In this tradition, carol singers recite the plowing carol,
accompanied by whip snaps, buhai noises, shouts, and sometimes flutes and other
musical instruments. The plowing carol is a long verse about work of the field,
from the plowing to the kneading and baking of rolls of pure cornflower. For
example, the singers recite,
Our plow works wonders And where it passes it leaves
It has four or five coulters A soft and fertile furrow;
Sharpened, tempered And where it furrows!
Sharp and cutting, And where it furrows!
Never sleeping The field laughs and blooms.
Since traditionally an ox pulls the plow in the field, this animal sound is very
important to hear during the procession.
The buhai is made from an open barrel or bucket that has one end covered with a
goat skin. Strands of horsehair knotted at one end, pass through a hole in the center
of the drumhead. The performer pulls down the horsehair, causing friction, and this
makes the drumhead vibrate with a growling sound. The pitch of the drum can be
raised by pressing into the drumhead as the horsehair is being pulled. The
instrument is a very old type and dates back many centuries.
The Buhai
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ROOTS OF RHYTHM – CHAPTER 3: THE BUHAI FROM ROMANIA
FUNSHEET
Directions: Read each of the following sentences and draw an X in the box to tell
whether it is a fact or an opinion.
1. The buhai sounds interesting. Fact Opinion
2. The buhai is a friction drum from Romania. Fact Opinion
3. Romania is a country in Eastern Europe. Fact Opinion
4. The "Plugusorul" tradition should last a month
or even longer. Fact Opinion
5. The buhai is supposed to imitate the sound of
an ox in the Romanian New Year's festival. Fact Opinion
6. Romanian traditions should include modern songs
about modern farm equipment like tractors. Fact Opinion
7. The carolers' song says that the plow is tempered
and sharp. Fact Opinion
8. I think it would be fun to visit Romania during
this New Year's festival and hear the buhai. Fact Opinion
9. The buhai is made from an open barrel with
animal skin and horsehair. Fact Opinion
10. The buhai should be used in American popular
music. Fact Opinion
The Buhai
2

ROOTS OF RHYTHM – CHAPTER 4: THE DJEMBÉ FROM GUINEA
FUNSHEET
Name ________________________________ Date____________________
FILL IT IN: THE DJEMBÉ
The djembé is a wooden, hand drum played in Guinea, West Africa. Its goblet
shape gives the performer both high and low pitches. The drum's sound can be
changed with the addition of metal sheets with metal rings attached that buzz
sound when the animal skin drumhead is struck. Nylon or rope cords tighten the
drum. The drummer carries the instrument on a cloth strap around the neck,
necessary for moving around while accompanying dancers. To get the drummers
started in the performance, the lead djembé drummer uses a rhythmic signal. This
rhythm is also used to tell the dancers when to change their steps. Two of the many
types of djembé dance rhythms are Aconcon in 8 counts and Doundoumba in 12
counts. This type of drumming requires the performer to be in excellent physical
condition.
Directions. Answer these questions about the The Djembé and Performer
djembé.
1. How does the djembé get a buzzing sound?
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
2. How does a lead drummer use a signal rhythm?
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________ Olugbala Manns
3. List some of the materials that you think might be used to make the djembé.
______________________________ ______________________________
______________________________ ______________________________
______________________________ ______________________________
1

ROOTS OF RHYTHM – CHAPTER 4: THE DJEMBÉ FROM GUINEA
FUNSHEET
Directions: Use the facts about the djembé that you have learned about in the
paragraph and photographs, and complete the crossword puzzle.
Across: Down
2. The djembé is played with two _____. 1. _____ is the number of
4. Djembé drummers accompany ______. counts in Doundoumba.
6. The djembé's bottom is held between 3. A goblet-shaped drum from
the _____. Guinea is called a _____.
8. The djembé has high and low _____. 5. The djembé is carried with a
9. _____ is a country in West Africa. _____.
10. A ______ rhythm starts a performance. 7. An eight count djembé
rhythm is ___.
The Djembé
2

ROOTS OF RHYTHM – CHAPTER 5: THE DONDO FROM GHANA, WEST AFRICA
FUNSHEET
Name ________________________________ Date____________________
COMPARE AND CONTRAST: THE DONDO
Directions: A Venn diagram is a chart that shows similarities and differences
between two things. First, read the paragraphs below and then think of at least five
things to write in the Venn diagram for each outer part of the rounded shape
(differences) and five things to write in the intersecting part (similarities).
The Dondo is an hourglass-shaped drum from Ghana. By squeezing the cords
connecting the two drumheads under the left arm and hitting one head with a stick,
the performer can quickly change the drum's pitch. Dondo drummers use this
technique to "talk" on the drum. The lead drummer will call to the other drummers
with his talking drum, and say, "come and perform." One important 12-count
rhythm is Adowa (ah-doh-wah). It is played to accompany singing and dancing,
and is performed at social events, official ceremonies, and even funerals.
Ghana, a country in West Africa, is slightly smaller than the state of Oregon and it
has a population of almost 21 million. The country has a tropical climate and has
the world's largest artificial lake. The black star on the country's flag symbolizes
African freedom. European countries colonized the country beginning in 1471,
ending with the British in the 1900s. In 1957, Ghana became the first African
country to gain independence colonial rule.
The Lakota Drum is a frame drum with one drumhead used by the Lakota in
South Dakota. While holding the drum's handle with the left hand, the drummer
strikes the drumhead with a long, padded beater with the right hand. Sometimes the
drummer will add a buzz to the drum's sound by slightly touching the drumhead
with the left index finger. One important 3-count rhythm is the "heartbeat rhythm,"
because it sounds like a beating heart. It is played to accompany singing and
dancing at social events like a powwow and official ceremonies.
The Lakotas, or Oglalas, mostly live on the Pine Ridge Reservation in South
Dakota and have a population of almost 21,000. The climate in this area can be
extremely hot or cold. The state is named after one of the three Oglala tribes, the
Dakotas. The eight teepees on the Lakota's flag symbolize the eight Reservation
districts. British settlers built colonies in North America in the 1600's and began to
push the Native Americans westward forcing the Lakotas onto reservations in the
1800s. This legal issue has yet to be settled by the Lakota nation.
1

ROOTS OF RHYTHM – CHAPTER 5: THE DONDO FROM GHANA, WEST AFRICA
FUNSHEET
The Flag of Ghana
Dondo
A Venn Diagram for the Dondo and Lakota Drum
____________________ ____________________ ____________________
____________________ ____________________ ____________________
____________________ ____________________ ____________________
____________________ ____________________ ____________________
____________________ ____________________ ____________________
____________________ ____________________ ____________________
____________________ ____________________ ____________________
____________________ ____________________ ____________________
The Flag of the
Lakota Lakota Nation
Drum
2

ROOTS OF RHYTHM – CHAPTER 6: THE KAKKO FROM JAPAN
FUNSHEET
Name ________________________________ Date____________________
DECORATE YOUR INSTRUMENT: THE KAKKO
The kakko (kah-ko) is a barrel-shaped drum with two drumheads played with two
sticks from Japan. The drum is considered the leader or conductor of the ancient
musical ensemble called tgaku (toh-gah-koo). This drum probably came from
China in the 700s and was gradually accepted in Japan and even used in
performances in the Imperial Court for the Emperor's entertainment.
There are several types of rhythms played on the kakko, a slow repeated hit, a fast
roll (fast alternating R-L-R-L) and katarai, (kah-tah-rye) which sounds like a
bouncing ball. When other musicians in the ensemble, hear these rhythms they
know when to play or change speed. The kakko plays with two other percussion
instruments in the ensemble, a small gong called shko (sho-koh) and a large bass
drum called taiko (tie-koh). Below is a photograph of a tgaku ensemble, showing
the kakko and other percussion instruments in the front of the group, unlike many
European orchestras where the percussionists are positioned in the back.
The tgaku ensemble performs in traditional Japanese robes and headpieces, and
the musical instruments are often highly decorated as the photograph below shows.
The kakko is decorated with a lotus flower and ornamental greenery against a gold
background. The lotus is a symbol of spiritual enlightenment.
The Kakko
The Tgaku Ensemble
Shko Taiko Kakko
Reigakusha Gagaku Group
1

ROOTS OF RHYTHM – CHAPTER 6: THE KAKKO FROM JAPAN
FUNSHEET
Directions. Think about how you might decorate a kakko with one of your favorite
flowers or other designs. Consider what that design mean to you. First, list these
designs in the spaces below and then draw them on the kakko form shown below.
Outline the design and background in pencil then use color. Use the information in
the paragraph above to get some ideas for your designs.
______________________________ ______________________________
______________________________ ______________________________
______________________________ ______________________________
______________________________ ______________________________
To me, this decoration is a symbol of____________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
2

ROOTS OF RHYTHM
CHAPTER 7: THE LAKOTA DRUM FROM NORTH AMERICA
FUNSHEET
Name ________________________________ Date____________________
COMPARE AND CONTRAST: THE LAKOTA DRUM
Directions: A Venn diagram is a chart that shows similarities and differences
between two things. First, read the paragraphs below and then think of at least five
things to write in the Venn diagram for each outer part of the rounded shape
(differences) and five things to write in the intersecting part (similarities).
The Lakota Drum is a frame drum with one drumhead used by the Lakota in
South Dakota. While holding the drum's handle with the left hand, the drummer
strikes the drumhead with a long, padded beater with the right hand. Sometimes the
drummer will add a buzz to the drum's sound by slightly touching the drumhead
with the left index finger. One important 3-count rhythm is the "heartbeat rhythm,"
because it sounds like a beating heart. It is played to accompany singing and
dancing at social events like a powwow and official ceremonies.
The Lakotas, or Oglalas, mostly live on the Pine Ridge Reservation in South
Dakota and have a population of almost 21,000. The climate in this area can be
extremely hot or cold. The state is named after one of the three Oglala tribes, the
Dakotas. The eight teepees on the Lakota's flag symbolize the eight Reservation
districts. British settlers built colonies in North America in the 1600's and began to
push the Native Americans westward forcing the Lakotas onto reservations in the
1800s. This legal issue has yet to be settled by the Lakota nation.
The tabla is a set of two small kettledrums from India. By playing the head of each
drum with the fingers and hands, the drummer can quickly change the pitch of each
drum. Drummers use syllables for tabla sounds in a type of “drum” language. The
syllable "naa" sounds like "naa" on the drum. One important 16-count rhythm is
Tal Tintal (tol teen-tol). It is played to accompany singing and dancing in concerts
and is used for meditation.
India, a country in South Asia, is one-third the size of the United States and it has a
population of over 1 billion. The climate can be cold, hot, or rainy depending on
the area. India has some of the most fertile soil in the world. The blue wheel in the
center of the flag symbolizes the idea human chakras, or centers of energy in the
body. The area of North India was first invaded in 1500 B.C., but rule by outsiders
ended when India gained its independence from Great Britain in 1947.
1

ROOTS OF RHYTHM
CHAPTER 7: THE LAKOTA DRUM FROM NORTH AMERICA
FUNSHEET
The Lakota Flag
Lakota
Drum
A Venn Diagram for the Lakota Drum and Tabla
____________________ ____________________ ____________________
____________________ ____________________ ____________________
____________________ ____________________ ____________________
____________________ ____________________ ____________________
____________________ ____________________ ____________________
____________________ ____________________ ____________________
____________________ ____________________ ____________________
____________________ ____________________ ____________________
The Flag of India
Tabla
2

ROOTS OF RHYTHM – CHAPTER 8: THE NAQQRA FROM TURKEY
FUNSHEET
Name ________________________________ Date____________________
FIND FACTS AND OPINIONS: THE NAQQRA
The naqqra (nah-cah-rah) is set of two small kettledrums that are played in the
middle eastern country of Turkey. These kettledrums were used in one of the most
important types of music from Turkey’s past, the Janissary (jan-uh-sehr-ee) or
Mehter (mek-tair) military band. This type of band began in 1299 when a leader
was given a drum called the davul (duh-vul) as a symbol of his new high rank. A
large version of the naqqra called the kös (cos) played special beats to
demonstrate the ruler’s power and especially to cause fear in the enemy. The kös
would signal the soldiers when to attack or halt. During peacetime, Turkish leaders
used the drums and Mehter to help spread news and announcements. Aside from
the rulers, other important people in the government might have their own Mehter
band and these groups were found in many Turkish provinces. This percussion
music spread to new parts of the world because it took place during a time when
the Turkish military conquered many surrounding areas in Europe, North Africa
and the Middle East. The expansion called the Ottoman Empire lasted from 1326
to 1922.
Over many centuries, the Ottoman Turks expanded their empire through military
conquest, and as they did, percussion music was an important part of those battles.
Percussion was important for three reasons: it inspired soldiers to win, it signified
the importance of the leaders, and it frightened the enemy. This military music,
that included the zils, or cymbals, was performed as a sign of majesty, splendor,
and power even though the music itself evolved from humble carnival music. The
dignity and sacred nature of the state are expressed in the hitting of the drum.
The naqqra are made from two clay bowls with goat skin drumheads tied on.
Sometimes the drums are tied together. They are played with two beaters.
The Naqqra
1

ROOTS OF RHYTHM – CHAPTER 8: THE NAQQRA FROM TURKEY
FUNSHEET
Directions: Read each of the following sentences and draw an X in the box to tell
whether it is a fact or an opinion.
1. The naqqra should always be played very loudly. Fact Opinion
2. The naqqra are a set of two kettledrums from
Turkey that were played in Janissary bands. Fact Opinion
3. Turkey is a country in the Middle East. Fact Opinion
4. The Mehter military band started in 1299. Fact Opinion
5. The kös are large versions of the naqqra and are
supposed to signify the power of the ruler. Fact Opinion
6. Turkish music should be played in China, Japan
and other Asian countries. Fact Opinion
7. The Ottoman Empire lasted from 1326 to 1922. Fact Opinion
8. The best sound of Mehter music is when the
zils are playing. Fact Opinion
9. Having lots of Turkish percussion instruments
play together must have been difficult. Fact Opinion
10. The naqqra are made from two clay bowls with
goat skin drumheads tied on to them. Fact Opinion
Mehter Percussion: Zils
Naqqra Kös
Davul
2

ROOTS OF RHYTHM – CHAPTER 9: THE RANT K FROM THAILAND
FUNSHEET
Name ________________________________ Date____________________
FILL IT IN: THE RANT K
The rant k (raw-not ek) is a wooden xylophone played in Thailand, a country
that is located in Southeast Asia. This country, once called Siam, stretches north to
south and at one area is very narrow (see map). The rant k performer plays an
important part, the leader or conductor, in an ensemble or group of musicians
called p phat (bee pot). Most of the instruments in the group are percussion, but
one is a blowing instrument called p nai (bee nye). The word xylophone means
"wood sound." It is played with two mallets with long handles so that all of the
notes or bars can be reached easily. Much of the time the performer plays a "roll,"
fast alternating strokes…right, left, right, left, etc. This way the performer can play
sustained notes as well as single hits. The performer often plays very fast and often
hits in octaves (notes that are eight bars apart) at the same time. Because of this,
the rant k players need to use their peripheral vision, that is, they have to be able
to see many bars without looking at each one directly. The rant k performer sits
on the floor, and plays music sometimes to accompany dancers.
Directions. Answer these The Rant k
questions about the rant k.
1. How does the rant k player
sustain notes?
__________________________
__________________________
2. Looking at the map of Thailand, what part of the country gets very narrow?
northern central southern
3. Write a description of the rant k as shown in the photograph. For example,
how many bars or notes are there? How is it supported and decorated?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
1

ROOTS OF RHYTHM – CHAPTER 9: THE RANT K FROM THAILAND
FUNSHEET
Directions: Use the facts about the rant k that you have learned about in the
paragraph and photographs and complete the puzzle.
Across: Down:
3. The rant k player sits on the_____. 1. Fast alternating strokes
6. The rant k is played with two_____. 2. The rant k is a_____instrument.
8. The p nai is a_____instrument. 4. Country in Southeast Asia
9. Rant k players can play _____ bars 5. The rant k is a leader or _____.
apart at the same time. 7. Rant k music can accompany
_____.
8. The notes on a rant k are also
called_____.
Map of Thailand
2

ROOTS OF RHYTHM - CHAPTER 10: THE SJT FROM EGYPT
FUNSHEET
Name_______________________________________ Date________________
MAKE AND PLAY YOUR INSTRUMENT: THE SJT
The sjt (sah-got) are a pair of small finger cymbals used in Egyptian music by
belly dancers in what the Arabs call "Oriental dancing." These instruments were
probably invented around 2500 years ago. The sjt are a type of bronze cymbal
that are supposed to ring with a "ching." The fingers cymbals often follow the
rhythms of the darabouka (dah-rah-boo-kah), a goblet-shaped drum. The rhythm
shown below has a two drum sounds, a low tone "dum" and a high tone "tak." The
sjt will also have two different sounds "chung" for low and "ching" for high.
The Sjt – Egyptian Finger Cymbals Sjt Spoons Plastic Tray
Darabouka
Directions. Use some substitutes for the sjt like a small and large spoon struck
with pencils. For the drum sounds use a plastic take-out tray that has a low and
high sound. If you do not have a plastic tray, and if you get permission, you could
use two books of different thicknesses for the drum sounds.
Play and Compose Sjt Rhythms. Count, say and play the Egyptian rhythms
below to warm-up. After playing them, compose some of your own using the empty
boxes on the next page. An "R" stands for right hand hits or low sounds, and an
"L" for the left hand hits or high sounds. Leave a box empty if you want a rest or
no sound for a count. Listen to examples of the sjt rhythms on the Roots of
Rhythm Companion CD.
Wahed wa nusf (wah-head wah noosf)
Count 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Sjt
Darabouka
R L L R L
Dum Tak Tak Dum Tak
1

ROOTS OF RHYTHM - CHAPTER 10: THE SJT FROM EGYPT
FUNSHEET
Title Sjt Rhythms
1. _______________ Count 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Sjt
Darabouka
2. _______________ Count 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Sjt
Darabouka
3. _______________ Count 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Sjt
Darabouka
4. _______________ Count 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Sjt
Darabouka
5. _______________ Count 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Sjt
Darabouka
2

ROOTS OF RHYTHM: EXTENSIONS – FUNSHEET ANSWERS
Roots of Rhythm: Extensions Funsheets Introduction & Answers
Introduction
Each of the five types of RORE Funsheets have one or more descriptive paragraphs based on
chapters in the teacher's guide. Each two-page Funsheet might include maps, photographs, or
diagrams. They can be used as stand-along projects or used after a review of the chapter. There are
five types of Funsheets as follows:
• Decorate Your Instrument – These are short art projects that students complete
with pencils and markers (pandeiro).
• Make and Play Your Instrument – Using simple materials the student makes a
simple musical instrument and then compose rhythms to perform (turntable).
• Find Facts and Opinions – After reading the paragraph, students determine which
statements are based on facts or opinions (steel drums).
• Fill It In – Students fill in statements and complete a crossword puzzle based on
the material provided (snare drum).
• Compare and Contrast – Using a Venn diagram, student compare two instruments
as to similarities and differences (tabla).
Chapter 1. The Pandeiro
Ideas for decorating the Pandeiro:
Map of Brazil Dancers in stick form
Hand on drumhead Flag of Brazil
Musical notes The word "capoeira"
Festival ribbons/confetti The word "samba"
The word "pandeiro" The word "Carnival"
Chapter 2. The Snare Drum
1. With wire snares that vibrate against the drumhead
2. Wood frame, brass frame, plastic drumheads, calfskin drumheads, catgut snares, coiled
wire snares
Crossword:
1. Across - sticks
1. Down - signals
2. Switzerland
3. field
4. Turkish
Chapter 3. The Steel Drum
1. Fact
2. Fact
3. Opinion
4. Opinion
5. Opinion
5. Down - snap
5. Across - snares
6. rudiment
7. tabor
8. coiled
6. Fact
7. Fact
8. Opinion
9. Opinion
10. Fac
1

ROOTS OF RHYTHM: EXTENSIONS – FUNSHEET ANSWERS
Chapter 4. The Tabla
Tabla vs. Dondo
Tabla differences Similarities Dondo differences
1. Set of two drums 1. Can change pitch 1. One drum
2. Kettledrums 2. Pitch change is quick 2. Hourglass shaped body
3. One head on two drums 3. Cords tighten heads 3. Two drumheads, one drum
4. Plays with non-drummers 4. Imitates speech 4. Plays with many drummers
5. Played with fingers 5. Accompanies dancing 5. Played with a stick
6. Push head = pitch change 6. Accompanies singing 6. Squeeze cords = pitch change
7. Flag has a circle 7. Flag has three stripes 7. Flag has a star
8. Large population 8. Was British colony 8. Medium population
Chapter 5. The Turntable
For Example,
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
2

ROOTS OF RHYTHM: EXTENSIONS – CHAPTER 1. THE PANDEIRO FROM BRAZIL
FUNSHEET
Name ________________________________ Date____________________
DECORATE YOUR INSTRUMENT: THE PANDEIRO
The pandeiro (pon-day-roh) is a tambourine or round frame drum with jingles
played in Brazil. The drum came to Brazil when the Portuguese settled there in the
year 1500. It is played by men in several types of music including capoeira (cahpoo-eh-rah)
and samba. Capoeira looks like a dance but it is a type of martial art
that was brought from Africa during slavery. The pandeiro accompanies the
capoeira performers along with a musical bow, called the berimbau, (bee-rembow)
and other percussion instruments. Samba rhythms are important in Brazil
especially during Carnival, when they are played in large marching percussion
ensembles. While performers dance or march in the festival parade, the pandeiro
drummers play syncopated rhythms and display juggling and balancing tricks.
The original pandeiro was made with a wooden frame, metal jingles and an animal
skin drumhead tacked on to the frame. Now, new materials are used including a
metal frame, with tension screws for tightening the drumhead, and a plastic
drumhead instead of skin. The instrument comes in many sizes and it is decorated
with various designs including the flag of Brazil.
The Pandeiro The Flag of Brazil
Directions. Think about other designs that could be drawn on the surface of a
pandeiro. Consider other ways to represent the Carnival in Brazil, for example, a
map, musical notes or a festival mask. First, list some of your ideas in the spaces
below and then draw your designs on the two pandeiro shapes on the next page.
_____________________________ _____________________________
_____________________________ _____________________________
_____________________________ _____________________________
_____________________________ _____________________________
_____________________________ _____________________________
1

ROOTS OF RHYTHM: EXTENSIONS – CHAPTER 1. THE PANDEIRO FROM BRAZIL
FUNSHEET
Pandeiro #1
Pandeiro #2
Pandeiro drummer
Chalo Eduardo
Map of Brazil
2

ROOTS OF RHYTHM: EXTENSIONS
CHAPTER 2: THE SNARE DRUM FROM SWITZERLAND
FUNSHEET
Name ________________________________ Date____________________
FILL IT IN: THE SNARE DRUM
The snare drum is a double-headed cylindrical drum, mostly played with two
sticks, that has a special buzzing device called a snare. The snares are cords or
coiled wires fastened so as to vibrate against the bottom drumhead making each
stroke sound like "snap" or "buzz." This type of drum is played all over the world,
but has its origins with a small snare drum called tabor that was used in Europe in
the 1300s. Later drummers in Switzerland developed certain rhythms called
rudiments for use as military signals. For example, the Swiss rudiment R-LLR-L
meant get "your weapons." The Swiss rudiments are still very important today.
The Swiss learned about large snare drums from invading Turkish armies who
used large groups of percussion instruments in their military or Janissary (jan-uhsehr-ee)
bands to inspire and signal their soldiers. These large drums were carried
at an angle during battles and in camp so they were called "field drums" or "side
drums." In the 1900s, large orchestras in Europe started using smaller snare drums
made from wood and metal frames. Until the 1950's snare drums had calfskin
drumheads and catgut snares. Now most have strong, hi-tech plastic drumheads
and coiled wire snares. Today, drummers use many types of snare drums in jazz,
rock, hip-hop, classical concerts, and drum and bugle corps.
Directions. Answer these questions about the The Snare Drum on a stand
snare drum.
1. How does the snare drum make a buzzing sound
on each stroke?
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
2. List some materials for making a snare drum.
___________________ ___________________
___________________ ___________________
___________________ ___________________ Dr. Craig Woodson
1

ROOTS OF RHYTHM: EXTENSIONS
CHAPTER 2: THE SNARE DRUM FROM SWITZERLAND
FUNSHEET
Directions: Use the facts about the snare drum that you have learned about in the
paragraph and photographs, and complete the crossword puzzle.
Across: Down
1. Snare drummers play with two _____. 1. Turkish armies used snare
4. Swiss drummers learned from _____armies. drums for _____.
5. _____ are usually on the bottom drumhead. 2. _____is a country in Europe. 3
6. R-LLR-L on the snare drum is a Swiss_____. 3. A_____drum was carried
7. A_____ is a small, old European snare drum. during a battle.
8. Snares can be made of _____wires. 5. Snares can sound like____.
The Field Drum and the Snare Drum
2

ROOTS OF RHYTHM: EXTENSIONS
CHAPTER 3: THE STEEL DRUMS FROM TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO
FUNSHEET
Name ________________________________ Date____________________
FIND FACTS AND OPINIONS: THE STEEL DRUMS
The steel drums are tuned metal cans or "pans" that can be used to play melodies.
They were invented on the two-island nation of Trinidad and Tobago in the 1930s.
Mainly used in an annual festival called Carnival, these instruments are now used
for playing different types of music all over the world. At the time of their
invention, musicians in the festival's parade were using bamboo tubes to make
rhythms, by hitting them and stomping them on the ground. However, they were
not very loud. Some young boys would play on metal cans to get a louder sound.
Around the time of World War II, one young boy named Winston Spree, found
that dents in the bottom of a metal can would make different pitches, and this
allowed him play melodies. He and another boy named Elliot "Ellie" Mannette,
along with others, experimented as they grew up and improved the pan design. Oil
had been discovered on the islands in the 1800s and, because they lived near a
military shipyard, there were lots of empty oil drums around. These young steel
drum makers began to use the oil drums and learned that the dents in the bottom of
the can had to be separated and placed in certain positions. Ellie Manette found
that hammering the bottom of the can into a bowl shape made it easier for the
performer to play. So pan makers would "sink," or hollow out the surface before
placing the notes and tuning them. They also discovered that it helped the sound if
they cut off the pan below the playing surface and heated it over a fire.
A rhythmic percussion group called the "engine room" accompanies the melodic
pans in the steel drum band. These performers use the drum set, bells, and other
metal sounds. The main rhythm for the steel band is called calypso.
Map of Trinidad and Tobago Panic Steel Drum Ensemble
1

ROOTS OF RHYTHM: EXTENSIONS
CHAPTER 3: THE STEEL DRUMS FROM TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO
FUNSHEET
Directions: Read each of the following sentences and draw an X in the box to tell
whether it is a fact or an opinion.
1. The steel drums can be used to play melodies. Fact Opinion
2. The steel drum ensemble consists of tuned metal
oil drums and other percussion instruments. Fact Opinion
3. The nation of Trinidad and Tobago should be
called just one name, Trinidad. Fact Opinion
4. Steel drums bands should include some guitars. Fact Opinion
5. The climate on Trinidad and Tobago is too hot. Fact Opinion
6. Winston Spree was a young boy when he started
to make steel drums. Fact Opinion
7. The main rhythm in steel bands is called calypso. Fact Opinion
8. I think that steel drum bands should play very
fast and very loudly. Fact Opinion
9. It must be difficult getting from the island of
Trinidad to the island of Tobago. Fact Opinion
10. The steel drums are still made from empty oil
drums, by "sinking" and heating the metal. Fact Opinion
Tenor Pan – Side View Tenor Pan - Top View
2

ROOTS OF RHYTHM: EXTENSIONS
CHAPTER 4: THE TABLA FROM INDIA
FUNSHEET
Name ________________________________ Date____________________
COMPARE AND CONTRAST IT: THE TABLA
Directions: A Venn diagram is a chart that shows similarities and differences
between two things. First, read the paragraphs below and then think of at least five
things to write in the Venn diagram for each outer part of the rounded shape
(differences) and five things to write in the intersecting part (similarities).
The tabla (tah-blah) is a set of two small kettledrums from India. By playing the
head of each drum with the fingers and hands, the drummer can quickly change the
pitch of each drum. Drummers use syllables for tabla sounds in a type of “drum”
language. The syllable "naa" sounds like "naa" on the drum. One important 16count
rhythm is Tal Tintal (tol teen-tol). It is played to accompany singing and
dancing in concerts and is used for meditation.
India, a country in South Asia, is over one-third the size of the United States and it
has a population of over 1 billion. The climate can be cold, hot, or rainy depending
on the area. India has some of the most fertile soil in the world. The blue wheel in
the center of the flag symbolizes the idea human chakras, or centers of energy in
the body. The area of North India was first invaded in 1500 B.C., but rule by
outsiders ended when India gained its independence from Great Britain in 1947.
The dondo (done-doh) is an hourglass-shaped drum from Ghana. By squeezing the
cords connecting the two drumheads under the left arm and hitting one head with a
stick, the performer can quickly change the drum's pitch. Dondo drummers use this
technique to talk on the drum. The lead drummer will call to the other drummers
with his "talking drum," and say, "come and perform." One important 12-count
rhythm is Adowa (ah-doh-wah). It is played to accompany singing and dancing,
and is performed at social events, official ceremonies, and even funerals.
Ghana, a country in West Africa, is slightly smaller than the state of Oregon and it
has a population of almost 21 million. The country has a tropical climate and has
the world's largest artificial lake. The black star on the country's flag symbolizes
African freedom. European countries colonized the country beginning in 1471,
ending with the British in the 1900s. In 1957, Ghana became the first African
country to gain independence colonial rule.
1

ROOTS OF RHYTHM: EXTENSIONS
CHAPTER 4: THE TABLA FROM INDIA
FUNSHEET
The Flag of India
Tabla
A Venn Diagram for the Tabla and Dondo
____________________ ____________________ ____________________
____________________ ____________________ ____________________
____________________ ____________________ ____________________
____________________ ____________________ ____________________
____________________ ____________________ ____________________
____________________ ____________________ ____________________
____________________ ____________________ ____________________
____________________ ____________________ ____________________
The Flag of Ghana
Dondo
2

ROOTS OF RHYTHM: EXTENSIONS
CHAPTER 5: THE TURNTABLE FROM THE UNITED STATES
FUNSHEET
Name_______________________________________ Date________________
MAKE AND PLAY YOUR INSTRUMENT: THE TURNTABLE
The turntable is used today as a musical instrument in urban popular music to get
friction sounds called scratching. Beginning with the discovery of practical ways to
use electricity in the early 1800s and the invention of the phonograph by Thomas
Edison in 1877, advances in recording and amplification in the 1900s allowed the
turntable to become a musical instrument. In the 1970s urban young people mainly
in New York City began to set up their own turntables in parks to have their own
dance party. From this was born the four elements of Hip Hop: the DJ, MC, Break
Dancing and Graffiti art. The early pioneers of DJing or "turntablism" were DJ
Kool Herc, Africa Bambaatta, Grand Master Flash, and Grand Wizard Theodore,
each of whom contributed a new element to the art of scratching on the turntables.
DJ Drama Scratching on the Turntable Plastic tray scratching
Homemade Turntable Scratching Rhythms
Directions. You can create scratching rhythms on any bumpy surface, like a takeout
tray (see illustration above). As you rub, use your fingernails to get a loud
sound and your fingertips to get a softer sound. After you experiment with this for
a while, compose your own rhythms using the box notation below. For one
direction use an up arrow and for the other direction use a down arrow .
Angled lines are for continuing a sound. Now play your rhythm that you
wrote. Remember, you can use any permissible bumpy surface. For example,
1. Title Back Scratch________ _______
Count 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1

ROOTS OF RHYTHM: EXTENSIONS
CHAPTER 5: THE TURNTABLE FROM THE UNITED STATES
FUNSHEET
1. Title________________________________________
Count 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
2. Title _______________________________________
Count 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
3. Title________________________________________
Count 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
4. Title _______________________________________
Count 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
5. Title________________________________________
Count 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
6. Title _______________________________________
Count 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
2