The Global Magazine of Leica Geosystems

60
The Global Magazine of Leica Geosystems

Dear Readers,
A new edition of the “Reporter” lies on my desk,
ready for printing. At such moments, the thought
crosses my mind how exciting the business we all
work in is. In close cooperation with our customers,
the editorial team manages to present the whole
range of measurement technologies – geomatics,
engineering, construction, machine control, geographic
information systems, and high definition
scanning – by describing fascinating projects. These
projects, realized by our customers, are very diverse:
for example the Arabian Canal in Dubai’s desert, the
Gotthard base tunnel in Switzerland, an American oil
refinery, or the capturing and processing of digital
aerial images in the UK.
Infrastructure projects are an important factor in
helping to ease the economic crisis that dominates
the news as well as our everyday conversations at
the moment. This is also demonstrated through the
economic stimulus programmes launched by governments
all around the world. Sustainability, stability,
and reliability are becoming increasingly important.
At Leica Geosystems, we combine these values with a
deep understanding of users’ needs – accuracy, productivity,
and efficiency. Transferring these values
and this knowledge into products and solutions, we
enable our customers to stay ahead of their competitors.
Thus, we not only contribute to their economic
success, but also ensure that our “Reporter”-Team
will have exciting projects to present in the future.
Enjoy reading!
Ola Rollén
CEO Hexagon and Leica Geosystems
2 | Reporter
Editorial
CONTENTS
03
06
08
10
12
14
18
22
23
23
Imprint
57 km long and
in the right Place
The City Walls of Dubrovnik
Project Savings at Deer Park
Arabian Canal:
A Miracle in the Making
Laser Land Levelling
Refined Dimensions
A new Level of Precision
Leica TS30: Pride in Accuracy
NRS TruStory:
First Prize goes to Latvia
Leica Geosystems Technologies:
«Singapore Quality Class»
Reporter: Customer Magazine of Leica Geosystems
Published by: Leica Geosystems AG, CH-9435 Heerbrugg
Editorial Office: Leica Geosystems AG,
9435 Heerbrugg, Switzerland, Phone +41 71 727 34 08,
reporter@leica-geosystems.com
Contents responsible: Alessandra Doëll
(Director Communications)
Editor: Agnes Zeiner
Publication details: The Reporter is published in English,
German, French, and Spanish, twice a year.
Reprints and translations, including excerpts, are subject to
the editor’s prior permission in writing.
© Leica Geosystems AG, Heerbrugg (Switzerland),
May 2009. Printed in Switzerland
Cover: BSF Swissphoto AG: Employee Reto Bardill
surveying in the Gotthard base tunnel

57 km long and
in the right Place
by Agnes Zeiner, Pictures: BSF Swissphoto AG
With the modernization of its railway infrastructure,
Switzerland seeks to connect to the
European high-speed train network and achieve
a reduction in the amount of the transit traffic
on its roads. One of the key projects is the “Alp-
Transit Gotthard”, at the heart of which is the
Gotthard Base Tunnel: A 57-km-long twin-tube
railway tunnel and the longest tunnel in Europe.
A challenge to the surveyors – under and on the
mountain.
Switzerland lies at the centre of Europe and the Alps.
This compact country of blooming alpine pastures
and the classic children's story of Heidi, is the same
country that has a major share of European traffic
rolling through it north to south – and back again.
Traffic flows have increased continuously over the
decades, as more and more people and goods cross
the Alps in both directions. One of the most important
transit routes in Europe passes over the 2’108 m
high St. Gotthard Pass.
Modern low-level rail link
with speeds of up to 250 km/h
The Gotthard Rail Tunnel was built more than 125
years ago. Otto Gelpke and Carl Koppe, two surveyors
working independently of one another, each
created a triangulation network, which – checked
by comparison of the two meshes – was to form
the basis for all the later surveys. In 1880 when the
breakthrough of the 15 km long Gotthard Rail Tunnel
took place, the deviation of the two headings was
only 30 cm – an incredible success for the surveyors
involved.
>>
The Global Magazine of Leica Geosystems | 3

4 | Reporter
Gotthard Base Tunnel
Length: 57 km
Scheduled completion: End of 2017
Construction costs (2008):
6.43 billion euro (8.62 billion US$)
Construction costs (2008) including Ceneri
Base Tunnel: 7.76 billion euro (10.41 billion US$)
Surveying:
Consortium VI-GBT c/o Grünenfelder und Partner AG
and ARGE LOS349 c/o BSF Swissphoto AG,
www.bsf-swissphoto.ch
This would have been way outside the accuracy of
10 cm horizontally and 5 cm vertically required of the
engineers working for the surveying consortium VI-
GBT today, because the new Gotthard Base Tunnel
is designed for a modern low-level, high-speed railway.
The highest point on the route is only 550 m
above sea level and the maximum gradient is limited
to 0.8 percent. This means that from the end
of 2017 (scheduled date), high-speed trains with
people, goods, and vehicles on board will be carried
safely through the Alps at speeds of up to 250 km/h.
Perfect alignment of the track is essential for this to
happen.
The hole in the right place
Ensuring that the alignment complies with these
requirements is the task of Ivo Schätti and his team
from Grünenfelder & Partner AG, the lead engineering
consultancy in the surveying consortium. As the
client's surveying engineers, they are responsible for
maintaining the correct position, height, and direction
as the mega-tunnel heading advances. “You
could say we have to make sure the hole is in the
right place,” grins Schätti during our visit to his office
in Domat-Ems, a small town near the Gotthard section
of the works. A map on the wall showing the
whole project gives rise to the suspicion that it might
be somewhat more difficult than that. “The special
aspects of this project naturally include its length,
Instruments used for tunnel surveying:
Precision total station Leica TCA2003
Digital level Leica DNA03
Nadirlot NL
Instruments used for monitoring :
Precision total station Leica TCA2003
Monitoring software Leica GeoMoS
Leica GPS System 500
Monitoring the Nalps dam wall
the five entry points out of which we work, and of
course the required accuracy,” he adds.
Great effort for control surveys
The mega-tunnel is being built from five places at
once – the two portals at Erstfeld (north) and Bodio
(south), and intermediate headings at Amsteg, Sedrun,
and Faido. The basic primary network was created
in 1995 and was completely resurveyed ten years
later. “In 1995 the use of GPS was still relatively new,
but our measurements confirmed that the points
were stable,” declared Schätti.
One of the principal tasks of Grünenfelder & Partner
AG at the moment is tunnel control. As the client's
surveyors, the team can take more time for its measurements,
but also work more intensely, using special
instruments such as a gyrotheodolite and enjoying
better working conditions than the contractor's
survey teams, who continuously monitor and control
the heading. Their measurements are usually taken
when the site is shut down. “This entails coming into
work over Christmas and on other public holidays,”
says Schätti.
The checks are necessary as errors can creep in
through many factors. One source of errors is temperature
fluctuations: ventilation equipment distributes
the relatively high temperatures uniformly

under the mountain specifically for the surveying
operations and the survey concept was designed to
suit these conditions. “When you are underground
you do not know how gravity is behaving in response
to different rock densities – these errors would be
transferred immediately into our measurements.
Therefore we refer back to survey models based
on measurements we have taken on the surface,”
explains Ivo Schätti.
Dam wall monitoring on the surface
While the tunnel boring machines are continuously
eating their way through the base of the Gotthard
massif, other measurements are being taken on
the surface. Some parts of the tunnel pass directly
under three water storage reservoirs, and although
the tunnel lies very far underground, the effects on
the surface should not be underestimated. “A tunnel
affects the normal flows and pressures of ground
water. The pressure loss due to the removal of the
water in the rock could cause the mountain literally to
cave in,” explains Ivo Schätti. A change of pressure like
this could have disastrous consequences for the dam
walls of the three reservoirs at Curnera, Nalps, and
Santa Maria in the Upper Rhine Valley – and the tunnel
driving would have to be stopped immediately.
For this reason BSF Swissphoto AG, the lead surveying
consultant of the ARGE Los349 consortium, is
monitoring the valley walls near the dam walls and
the area in front of them. Measuring points were
fixed directly on the rock or were set on up to 3metre-high
concrete pillars which the team constructed
themselves. No easy task, given that all the
materials had to be flown in by helicopter and the
prisms fixed on to vertical rock faces. Highly precise
Leica TCA2003 total stations, protected against
the weather in small enclosures and controlled using
Leica GeoMoS, measure the movements of the prisms
and transmit the data to monitoring software developed
in-house. “The instruments have been operating
since 2000 and continue to work perfectly,” he
adds on behalf of a satisfied BSF Swissphoto. Spot
level surveys were carried out at particularly critical
areas along the route using a Leica GPS System 500
to determine the settlement of individual points.
The long, hard winters in the Swiss mountains make
the team's job even more difficult: “In places the
snow depths are huge, some points in avalanche
areas are off limits for the whole of the winter, and
often ice forms on the prisms and can remain there
all day. In spite of all this we have been able to reach
90 percent of our points, even in the winter,” concludes
Ivo Schätti.
The Global Magazine of Leica Geosystems | 5

6 | Reporter
The City Walls
of Dubrovnik
by Miljenko Žabcic; Picture: Gerald Loacker
Geographica d.o.o. recently completed a major
project which included scanning and comprehensive
documentation of the almost 2 km long
city walls of Dubrovnik in the very south of Croatia
for the “Society of Friends of Dubrovnik's
Cultural Heritage”, a group of engaged citizens.
The medieval city, nicknamed “the Pearl of the
Adriatic”, is on the UNESCO list of World Heritage
Sites. Purpose of the four year project was
to fully document the current state of the city
walls and fortresses for future improvements
and in order to preserve their current state for
upcoming generations.
The “Society of Friends of Dubrovnik's Cultural
Heritage” (Društvo prijatelja dubrovacke starine)
approached Geographica d.o.o. in 2004, as
Dubrovnik’s city walls hadn't ever been completely
documented before. 3D laser scanning was selected
as the best method. The documentation included
scanning, modeling, and drawing and will be used
for multiple purposes such as everyday maintenance,
legal requirements, interior design for functionality
improvements, cost estimate calculations for various
work, study of the object in terms of its origin, and
building stages.
The town fortifications, ramparts, and towers outside
the walls were built, reinforced, and reconstructed
in the period from the 12th to the second
half of the 17th century. A number of engineers were
involved in these works – well known names such as
Nicifor Ranjina in 1319, Michelozzo di Bartholomeo in
1461–1464, Juraj Dalmatinac or George the Dalmatian
in 1465–1466, Paskoje Milicevic in 1466–1516,
and Antonio Ferramolino in 1538.
The main wall is 1’940 m long (following the ring-corridor),
4–6 m wide on the mainland side and between
1.5 and 5 m wide on the sea side. It is up to 25 m high
in parts. The wall was reinforced by three circular and
14 quadrangular towers, five bastions (bulwarks),
two angular fortifications, and a large fortress called
Sveti Ivan (St. John). Among the towers, the most
monumental is the circular tower of Minceta, on the
north-western corner of the ramparts. The reinforcement,
along the main wall on the mainland side,
includes one larger and nine smaller semicircular bastions,
and the casemate fortress Bokar, the oldest
preserved fortress of its kind in Europe.
Very dense scan data
Since one of the products to be achieved with the
scan data were plane drawings of the current state
of the walls, including drawings of the wall’s struc-

ture, scans had to be very dense. Therefore all the
walls ware scanned with a resolution of under 1 cm,
usually around 5–8 mm, depending of the shape of
the stones. Only the interiors of the fortresses were
scanned with a resolution of 2.5 cm. The scan data is
a very important part of the final product because it
will be used in the future for precise measurements
in the process of preservation.
3D model as simplified representation
A 3D model was created as a simplified representation
of the walls and fortresses but it contained all
main construction elements of the walls. It is used
for general planning in various projects, fast overview
of parts of interest, calculations of quantity and
expenses in preservation works and presentations.
The model was created in two steps. The first step
was edge extraction, done with Leica Cyclone Software
by converting the edges of scan data into lines
and polylines. The second step was the generation
of surfaces from the extracted edges. Surfaces were
generated in a CAD environment to ensure the whole
model is suitable for a wide range of applications
and users.
Plane drawings as documentation
of the current state
Generating the plane drawings was the most
demanding and time-consuming part of the project.
City Walls of Dubrovnik
Total perimeter (including both sides
of the walls): 4’300 m
Total scanned area: 120’000 m²
Scanning time: 240 days (1 scanner, 2 operators)
Products: Leica HDS2500, Leica ScanStation
Total project time: 4 years with two persons
in the field and three persons in the office
According to Croatian laws of preservation of cultural
heritage this documentation has to be prepared for
plot with a scale factor of 1 : 50 and must include
ground views, horizontal, and vertical sections and
facade (elevation) views with stone structure. Every
drawing has to be dimensioned with plane and height
dimensions.
Drawings were created in a CAD environment using
Leica CloudWorks for AutoCAD. These drawings are
very detailed and contain all the segments of the
walls including drawings of every individual stone.
The number of required drawings was not defined at
the project beginning. There have to be enough to
represent every part of the walls and every segment
of its construction. In case of disaster it must be possible
to completely reconstruct the walls according
to this documentation. Such drawings are also used
for detailed planning in preservation and restoration,
studying the walls’ history and phases of building,
everyday preservation works in the field, and various
other tasks.
About the author:
Miljenko Žabcic is a surveying engineer and director
of Geographica d.o.o. in Split, Croatia. Geographica
d.o.o., founded in 1999, employs 12 experts covering
the fields of geodesy, architecture, construction, and
archaeology. The company was the first in Croatia to
start using 3D laser scanning technology in 2003.
The Global Magazine of Leica Geosystems | 7

8 | Reporter
Project Savings
at Deer Park
by Stefana Vella
One of Australia’s leading construction companies,
Leighton Contractors, is realizing the
benefits of using Leica GradeSmart and Leica
DigSmart machine control technology during
construction of Melbourne’s $331 million,
9.3 km Deer Park bypass. Leica Geosystems distributors
CR Kennedy fitted several graders and
excavators with the latest GNSS 3D technology
to deliver higher productivity, machine utilization,
and performance.
The Deer Park bypass is the largest design and construction
contract awarded by VicRoads and features
four lanes and four major interchanges over its 9.3 km
length. Scheduled to open in late 2009, the bypass
will eliminate 20 intersections and is expected to
reduce journeys by up to 15 minutes.
Leighton Construction Manager Ray Wall chose to
equip three graders (two John Deere 872 and a Caterpillar
140H) with Leica GradeSmart 3D technology
and to fit two subcontractor excavators with Leica
DigSmart 3D guidance systems. Calculating the return
on investment was straightforward, Mr. Wall said:
“The grader systems have basically cut out the need
for two or three blokes with stringlines and pegs for
each machine. And with the two excavator systems
we have also been able to cut a man out because we
don’t need a spotter measuring with the excavators.
The systems are cheap to buy when compared to
what you are saving. When you add up nine wages if
you were using surveying crews you are miles ahead
and over a two-year project like this that adds up to
substantial wage costs. You also don’t have to water
or feed them or get them out of the weather.”
Compatibility with surveying equipment
Deer Park bypass senior surveyor, Greg Bennett of
GW Bennett & Associates said Leica Geosystems’
compatibility with surveyor’s equipment was a major
feature. “We load the designs straight from our Leica
LISCAD software already in the format required by
the graders. With the Leica Geosystems’ system we
can also load much more information onto the data
card than any other system available and we can do
it quicker because there are no compatibility problems.
We can load 16 MB of data on one data card,
but we generally break the project into two design

models of about 8 MB each. Compare that to some
other systems that will only take 1 MB total – it is a
massive advantage,” he said.
Ray Wall added: “This gives us great flexibility with
the graders because we can move them anywhere
on the project – with other systems we are limited
until we load new designs if a grader needs to move.”
Set in automatic mode, the Leica GradeSmart 3D system
precisely controls the blade to the design model
loaded, moving it to the required elevation, angle,
and side shift in real time – eliminating operator
guesswork, multipassing, and the need for re-work.
One-man operation
Fitting Leica DigSmart 3D technology to two contractor’s
excavators has also delivered timesavings for
Leighton Contractors. “With excavators you’d generally
have to peg trenches up to three times as they
got closer to the design, now with Leica Geosystems’
technology we start at ground level and go through
in a complete cut – the operator does everything
according to the instructions,” Mr. Wall said. “It is
basically stake-less and with GNSS is accurate to
± 30 mm so when we are pulling up batters it is prob-
ably 20 percent quicker and you don’t have to wait
for anyone to grade check – it becomes a one-man
operation.”
“Wouldn’t do it any other way”
Leica DigSmart monitors the precise position of the
digging bucket with the data appearing via an onboard
monitor in real time allowing the operator to
excavate, trench, or batter confidently. “We can have
the GNSS machine cut slots in batters every 20 m
and then put another excavator in there to work off
those slots,” Mr. Wall said. “The accuracy we achieve
using DigSmart when digging drains and other earthworks
is a lot better than having an operator trying
to measure off pegs. This is the first job where we’ve
had a lot to do with the stake-less systems – I’ve
seen it at EastLink [compare Reporter 57] and was
impressed with it and thought we would give it a go
here. Now I wouldn’t do it any other way.”
About the author:
Stefana Vella is Business Development Consultant and
Marketing Manager for Machine Control at C.R. Kennedy
& Company Pty. Ltd., Leica Geosystems Dealer
in Australia.
The Global Magazine of Leica Geosystems | 9

10 | Reporter
Arabian Canal:
A Miracle in
the Making
by Agnes Zeiner
“Like our CEO, Saeed Ahmed Saeed, one must
be visionary,” insists Dr. Nedal Al-Hanbali, Head
of Corporate Geomatics Information Systems at
Limitless LLC. Visionary is the way to describe
the Arabian Canal, a project on which the surveyor
will work for the next 15 years. In the
Dubai desert, Limitless is building a 75 km long
canal and waterside city where up to two million
people will live and work.
Nedal Al-Hanbali’s life can be defined as dedicated
to establishing and building a new standard and
caliber of Geomatics/GIS in the real estate industry
using state-of-the-art technologies. One of his most
important projects is the Arabian Canal. “At Limitless
we have visionary objectives that do not remain
dreams, but are actually realized. The consequences
are projects as unique and innovative as the Arabian
Canal. This visionary approach is the reason I joined
Limitless,” explains the Geomatics/Surveying expert,
former professor at the Al-Balqa’ University in Jordan
and researcher at the University of Calgary/Canada.
Modern city in the Dubai desert
This fascinating project involves construction of a
75 km long canal, in the shape of a horseshoe, flowing
inland from Palm Jumeirah harbor to the west to
the new Dubai World Central International Airport,
and east to the harbor area again. It will be approximately
150 m wide and 6 m deep.

On its banks will be hills and valleys – a new topography
for Dubai – and a modern, sustainable city.
Supplied with water from the Gulf, Arabian Canal
will have marinas, promenades, beaches, and public
transport on the canal. Construction costs for the
waterway – the most complex civil engineering project
ever undertaken in the Middle East – are estimated
at US$11 billion.
For a project of this magnitude it is crucial to use
resources as economically as possible. “The project
involves moving large amounts of earth each day,
which requires a highly efficient system,” explains
Dr. Nedal. “The basis for the system is a model of
the terrain that is constantly kept up to date with
the aid of a complex interaction between total stations,
GPS/GNSS, HDS scanners, airborne digital sensor
cameras with LIDAR, reference stations, and to
some extent custom software.”
Continuous support
Several Leica Geosystems instruments for static and
dynamic measurements are used in this process. A
high definition scanner, Leica ScanStation 2, provides
point clouds of the terrain, while Leica SmartPoles
are used for the surveying. A dedicated GNSS reference
station network with five stations and Leica
GNSS Spider software provide the necessary RTK
correction data for the entire area. Soon a further
reference station will be added.
Before appointing Leica Geosystems as a supplier, a
number of possible systems were put through their
paces, explains Nedal Al-Hanbali. “We organized
a ‘competition’ between the various providers to
obtain the best possible instruments for our requirements.
Important factors included speed, efficiency,
accuracy, the integration of software and workflows,
and also the customer support and people behind
these products. During this process all companies
offered their equipment for several days of testing in
the Arabian Canal pilot excavation. The regional sales
partner for Leica Geosystems, Geco, was very cooperative,
offering their scanner for three consecutive
tests to explore all possible scanning and processing
possibilities. As a result we could check on-site that
the instruments – and service – met our requirements.
Geco now also provides us with continuous
support during the construction phase.”
Limitless LLC
Global Real Estate Developer
Business unit of Dubai World,
one of Dubai's leading business groups
Set up in July 2005
CEO: Saeed Ahmed Saeed
Vision: “To enhance and enrich lives through the
delivery of distinctive, sustainable developments.”
Geco – General
Enterprises Company
Leica Geosystems’ Partner
in the United Arab Emirates for 32 years
Distribution, training, and service
30 employees
Projects:
Al Garhoud Bridge, Dubai
Reference station network Abu Dhabi
Burj Dubai [see Reporter 56]
Abu Dhabi Airport
The Global Magazine of Leica Geosystems | 11

12 | Reporter
Laser Land Levelling
by Raymond Chia
The economical benefits of perfectly levelled
fields are enormous, especially in India. For
instance, a levelled field results in substantial
watersavings and an increase in yield and product
quality. Rotating lasers have become essential
tools for agricultural applications. They make
faster work of many jobs, while eliminating costly
errors for precise levelling. Once considered “nice
to have,” today they are a competitive “must have”
to get the job done efficiently and precisely.
Uneven soil surface has a major impact on the germination,
stand, and yield of crops due to inhomogeneous
water distribution and soil moisture. Therefore,
land levelling is a precursor to good agronomic,
soil, and crop management practices. Furthermore,
resource conservation technologies perform better
on well-levelled and laid-out fields.
Benefits of land levelling
Effective land levelling optimises water-use, improves
crop establishment, reduces the irrigation time and
the effort required to manage the crop. It reduces
the work in crop establishment and crop management,
and increases the yield and product quality.
Research has shown an increase in rice yield of up to
24 percent due to good field levelling. A large part of
this increase is realized due to improved weed control.
Therefore, with the improved water coverage,
resulting from proper levelling, the weeds can be
reduced by up to 40 percent. In addition, land levelling
frees up land for cultivation, resulting in larger
fields and larger farming areas, which improves the
operational efficiency. Furthermore, levelling reduces
the time needed for planting and transplanting.
It even gives a greater opportunity to use the much
faster, direct seeding process.
Efficiency of water use
The average difference in height between the highest
and lowest portions of rice fields in Asia is 160 mm.
This means that in an unlevelled field an extra 80 mm
to 100 mm of water must be stored in the field to
give complete water coverage. This is nearly an extra
10 percent of the total water requirement to grow
the crop. Land levelling effectively terraces fields,
allowing water in the higher fields to be used in the
lower fields for land preparation, plant establishment,
and irrigation.
Economics of land levelling
The initial cost of land levelling using contractor sand
machinery is high. This cost varies with the volume
of soil to be moved and the soil type. However, using

Principle of Laser Land Levelling
Leica Rugby 100LR
transmits the laser beam
more sophisticated equipment increases the area
that can be levelled each day and several examples
show that the initial costs are paid back within 1 or 2
years due to the improved yield.
Farmers recognize this and therefore devote considerable
attention and resources to levelling their
fields properly. However, traditional methods of levelling
land are not only more cumbersome and timeconsuming,
but more expensive as well. For instance,
rice farmers level their fields very often under ponded
water conditions. Others dry level their fields
and check the level by ponding water. With these
methods a considerable amount of water is wasted.
Laser land levelling
– the cost-effective solution
Laser levelling systems are commonly used in agricultural
applications in Australia, Japan, and the United
States. Increasingly, laser-guided systems are being
used in less developed country as well. The advantages
are obvious:
No waste of water to check the field level
Reduced operating time
Increased productivity
Precisely levelled and smooth soil surface
Before the levelling process can start, the fields must
be to be plowed and a topographic survey undertaken,
in most situations. Depending on the amount
of soil that must be cut, it may be necessary to plow
during and after the levelling operation, as well.
An optimal combination of instruments for laser land
levelling exists with the Leica Rugby 100LR, the Leica
Leica MLS700 Sensor
detects the laser beam
Leica MCP700 Control Panel helps
control the level of the machine
Levelled land Land to be levelled
MLS700 Laser Sensor and the Leica MCP700 Control
Panel. The Leica Rugby 100LR is mounted on a tripod
and placed in a central point of the field. This allows
the laser beam to sweep unobstructed above the
tractor. As the Leica Rugby 100LR has an operating
range of 1’500 m in diameter, several tractors can
work with the “plane of light above the field” coming
from one device. The laser beam of the Leica Rugby
100LR is detected by the Leica MLS700 Laser Sensor,
which is mounted on the mast attached to the drag
bucket. It transmits the signals to the Leica MCP700
Control Panel, which controls the level of the machine
and operates the hydraulic valves. With the hydraulic
valves the levelling bucket can be raised and lowered.
The desired rate at which the bucket has to be raised
and lowered depends on the operating speed. The
faster the ground speed, the faster the bucket will
need to be adjusted.
Once a field has been levelled, plowing techniques
must be changed to keep it level. Farmers are encouraged
to plow from the center of the field out rather
than continuing to use the traditional technique of
plowing from the outside of the field into the centre.
If appropriate plowing techniques are used, re-levelling
the whole field should not be necessary for at
least eight to ten years.
About the author:
Raymond Chia works as regional marketing manager
in Asia Pacific for the Leica Geosystems Precision
Tools Division.
The Global Magazine of Leica Geosystems | 13

14 | Reporter
Refined
Dimensions
by Seth Goucher and Brayden L. Sheive
Today's modern oil refinery is a huge, efficient
industrial facility that takes crude petroleum
pumped from deep within the earth and turns
it into useful products such as gasoline, aviation
fuel, lubricating oil, home heating oil, and
more. Motiva Enterprises LLC, a joint-venture
owned by affiliates of Shell and Saudi Aramco,
is building an epic expansion at its refinery in
Port Arthur, Texas. This project is vital to providing
additional transportation fuels for the
American consumer.
When completed in 2010, the Motiva Port Arthur
Refinery Expansion Project will create a 325’000
barrel-per-day (b/d) capacity expansion at the Port
Arthur refinery, increasing its crude oil throughput
capacity to 600’000 b/d. The expansion will make the
refinery the largest in the U.S., and among the top 10
in the world. The project is equivalent to building a
major new refinery. The last new refinery in the U.S.
was built more than 30 years ago.
To accommodate a project of this magnitude, the construction
plans include offsite fabrication of modular
units. The modules that are being fabricated are pipe
racks and large sections of the process units. These
modular sections of the plant are built to a tight
tolerance, and are designed to fit one another while
matching up correctly with the remaining sections
of the unit that are built onsite. All the modules will
arrive at the Port Arthur dock on barges, to be offloaded
onto a large multiple-wheel transport vehicle
which takes the modules directly to their final positions
within each unit.
Four fabrication contractors located in Maine, South
Carolina, Texas, and Mexico were selected from more
than 120 companies worldwide. Located in Brewer,
Maine, Cianbro Constructors, LLC is fabricating 53
of these geometrically complex modules. Each module
weighs up to 650 tons, with an average size of
40 ft x 50 ft x 120 ft (12 m x 15 m x 36.5 m), and every
module must be constructed to within one-eighth
of an inch (3 mm) tolerance at pipe connections. It's
a complex surveying task that normally is accomplished
by using conventional total stations, tapes
and automatic levels. Today, Cianbro surveyors and
engineers look to the latest high-definition surveying
and reflectorless total station technology for
improved speed, accuracy and reliability.
From paper to oil
Modern refineries are made up of heat exchangers,
reactors, separators, compressors and other oil processing
equipment. These components are linked by
an intricate network of pipes designed to convert

crude oil into a useful petroleum product, efficiently
and with environmental care. A critical phase of this
conversion is called hydrotreating and/or hydrocracking,
the process that removes sulfur and other contaminants
from refinery products.
Cianbro's job is to fabricate Motiva's advanced
hydrotreater and hydrocracker units, along with other
modules for the expansion project. This task creates
approximately 500 local, quality jobs and contributes
significantly to Maine's economy.
As a start, Cianbro converted its 39-acre (150 m²)
Eastern Manufacturing Facility located along the
Penobscot River in Brewer from an idle paper mill
into a state-of-the-art modular fabrication yard.
The jobsite includes a sprawling crushed rock yard,
sidewalk-grade concrete slabs and giant hydraulic
cranes designed to lift the steel beams and columns
that eventually frame each modular section. A 500square-foot
(46.5 m²) module fabrication pad is able
to accommodate up to 20 modules simultaneously.
The administration building encloses 12’000 square
feet (111.5 m²), and a heavy haul road leads to the
barge bulkhead.
Tight tolerances
Each refinery module is a prefabricated, self-standing
steel structure approximately four stories tall.
It is constructed of steel beams that create the
frame upon which pipes, valves, pumps and wiring
are pieced together to form a catalytic-cracker-feed
hydrotreater, and hydrocracker units.
Before the fabrication begins, a team of work package
engineers at Cianbro's Eastern Manufacturing
Facility dissects detailed 3D diagrams of the refinery
units, drawings that are provided by the owner. The
team builds work packages for each module, using
3-D Construct Sim software. The work packages consist
of isometric drawings that detail weld types, pipe
specifications, and 3D spatial data. Once a module's
work package is complete, fabrication begins.
At each module staging pad, construction crews
position transport beams and vertical column base
plates that form the foundation of a unique module.
The horizontal transport beams are positioned four
to five feet above the ground so that the hauling
trailers can slide under the module, lift it and carry it
to the shipping dock upon completion.
Cianbro's field engineers use two Leica TCRA705
reflectorless total stations tied to the Maine state
plane coordinate system to monitor every module
fabrication pad continuously. Once the beams and
columns are in place, engineers are able to verify
that the structural steel tolerances of 3/8 " (9.5 mm)
>>
The Global Magazine of Leica Geosystems | 15

16 | Reporter
on location, 5/8 " (16 mm) per 50 vertical feet (15 m)
plumb and 1/8 " (3.2 mm) on elevation are met.
The two Leica TCRA705 total stations continue to
monitor for settlement and/or column movement
throughout the module construction, since such
movements might cause the structural steel to be out
of tolerance. Engineers check the tolerances every
morning, and prescribe the proper adjustments so as
not to hold up production.
Scanned alternatives
Once a module's beam and plate foundation is in
place, structural crews begin to piece the components
together at the module's lowest level, based
upon the specifications contained in the work package.
Every work package includes pre-defined pipes
and other components.
When a module level is complete, Cianbro surveyors
verify the positional location and accuracy of each
component per the owner's specifications. In previous
situations that required field verifications such
as these, Cianbro relied on conventional tapes, automatic
levels and total stations to gather the necessary
spatial data. It's typically a long and tedious
process which would prove detrimental to the tight
timelines defined by the client for construction of
the refinery's modules.
Instead, Cianbro turned to high definition scanning,
a relatively new technology that allows surveyors to
create highly accurate, measurable 3D digital images
of a structure or scene, quickly and easily. Studies
conducted by Cianbro indicated that scanning a module
would cut the position verification process from
days to just hours, while providing improved accuracy
and data consistency. In early 2008, the manufacturer
purchased its first Leica ScanStation 2 scanner
able to provide full 360 ° x 270 ° field of view from
a single scan and long range accuracy to six millimeters,
with 300-meter maximum range. The Leica
ScanStation 2 fires at 50’000 points per second.
Collecting clouds
As structural crews complete a module level, Cianbro
surveyors set up the HDS ScanStation 2 on a tripod
and begin scanning. A scan typically covers about
one-quarter of a module depending on the module's
size. That process takes about 15 to 30 minutes to
complete and will record some 1.5 million points. The
field engineering crew then moves to the next position
to scan another portion of the module. The full
verification scan takes about two hours as the scanner
is moved four to six times to ensure complete
coverage of the module. The crew uses a traverse
method to collect, constrain, and register a 3D point
cloud of the entire module. The data is then tied
directly to the site's local coordinate system.
Once the 3D scan data is collected, the ScanStation 2
technicians map the information into a single file.
They verify that the collected data is precise and
highly accurate by using Leica Cyclone 6.0 and Leica
Cloudworx 4.0 software. The database created within
the team's laptop in the field is then transferred
to the Dell XPS desktop, which is also equipped with
the proper Cyclone software for the final rendering
and geospatial referencing of the structural steel and
pipe end locations.
This information is then compared to the design values
acquired from the owner's pre-determined theoretical
design. If the engineers find a variance out
of tolerance, they note the pipe end or structural
steel values and relay the information to the Quality
Assurance/Quality Control (QA/QC) team. The appro

priate crew then receives the required re-alignment
procedures from QA/QC.
The laser scan verification is repeated at each module's
construction hold point, typically at the completion
of a defined level. Follow-up scans at the
second, third and fourth levels of a module provide
further verification that variances found during previous
scans have been corrected. The final report is
then placed within the deliverables to the client.
Less risk, speedy support
Typically, the structural crews can erect an averagesize
module in a little over a week. The combination
of high definition scanning and reflectorless total
stations has allowed Cianbro to minimize its field
engineering crew to four team members, who support
more than 450 craftspeople in the construction
of all 53 modules. The scanning technology has also
helped minimize the risk to field engineers on the
busy fabrication site by eliminating the need to climb
modules to gather position data. With the high definition
laser scanner, they can collect all necessary
data from the ground. Not only is the risk eliminated,
but the time to collect the data is only a fraction of
the traditional collection methods that are carried
out by much larger field crews. By reducing the time
needed to collect data, the field engineering crew is
less apt to impact the production yield of the associated
crafts who erect the modules.
By the end of 2009, all 53 modules will be completed
and shipped to Port Arthur.
About the authors:
Seth Goucher is a chief field engineer for Cianbro
Corporation and a third generation Cianbro employee
residing in Maine. He holds a Bachelor of Science
degree with an emphasis in forestry from Unity College.
Goucher is credited with introducing Cianbro to
the spatial data collection capabilities of HDS technology.
Brayden Sheive is a field engineer and HDS
technician with Cianbro Constructors. He recently
graduated from the University of Maine with a Bachelor
of Science in Construction Management Technology
Engineering with minors in Survey Engineering
Technology and Business Administration.
This article is a reprint of “The American Surveyor”,
March 2009.
The Global Magazine of Leica Geosystems | 17

18 | Reporter
“Landcover”
Landcover refers to the physical cover on the Earth’s
surface, be it a simple subdivision of vegetated and
non-vegetated land or all the way down to vegetation
species. Landuse on the other hand is the
human modification of the natural environment and
includes classes such as cultivated land, residential
and industrial.
A new Level
of Precision
by Andrew Tewkesbury and Anthony Denniss
Infoterra, a leader in the provision of geospatial
products and services, originally purchased
a Leica ADS40 Airborne Digital Sensor, like most
other operators, in order to replace a conventional
9 inch film survey camera. However, the
“satellite” sensor qualities of the camera have
meant that Infoterra has been able to exploit
the acquired imagery far more than expected.
On delivery, the Leica ADS40 was put into immediate
operation acquiring data in the UK suitable for
producing a colour RGB ground-orthophoto at 25 cm
resolution. This was no small task because Infoterra,
and its joint-venture partner, was in the process of
flying the whole of England, an area of approximately
130’000 km², to build a seamless orthophoto mosaic.
This is an even more daunting task when you con-
“Habitat”
A habitat is a place or set of natural conditions where
a plant or animal lives such as a hedgerow or heath
land. Landuse and habitat maps are inherently difficult
to generate because they may include several
different landcover types or require a contextual
interpretation. For example, a grassy landcover could
be either a pasture or used for recreation, amongst
other uses.
sider the UK weather, which at best is unpredictable,
even during the so-called summer months. When the
sun does shine the Leica ADS40 certainly proves its
worth by allowing more data to be captured during
each flying day than was possible with the previous
film camera technology.
Once captured, the data was very impressive, not
only in terms of resolution but also in terms of image
consistency and radiometric performance. The CCD
array, capturing multiple datasets, has allowed Infoterra
to expand its standard product portfolio beyond
traditional natural colour imagery. A complete data
stack is now available including colour infra-red (CIR),
digital surface model (DSM), and digital terrain model
(DTM). This data stack offers a wealth of information
such as landcover, feature height, and slope information,
which can help studies as diverse as habitat
analysis and soil erosion estimation.

As the world becomes more ‘spatially aware’ there is
an ever increasing demand to measure and monitor
our environment, be it for climate change, biodiversity,
or urban development. Such activities heighten
the need for value-added products, beyond just
imagery, to quantify key features present in geographic
data. The depth and quality of information
captured using the Leica ADS40 takes us a giant leap
towards providing the required measurements.
Landcover
Landcover information is a crucial first step requirement
as it can be used as a quantitative descriptor of
the landscape, as well as a base to derive other information
such as habitat maps and landuse. Traditionally,
landcover information is extracted in two different
ways: either automatically by classifying the
“color” of a satellite image into its most appropriate
class or manually by interpreting aerial photography
based on color and contextual information.
The satellite method usually gives a spatially coarse
measurement but has the potential to identify quite
specific classes quickly. The aerial photo method can
create highly detailed mapping but is very labour
intensive. Infoterra, using the ADS40 and the latest
image classification technology, has moved towards
a best-of-both-worlds solution using the “color” or
“spectral” descriptor of the 4 channels, the high resolution,
and height information for context.
Object-based image classification is used to semiautomate
this process whereby the imagery is segmented
(separated into meaningful chunks) into
areas of consistent color and texture. Each of these
objects can then be assigned specifics such as color,
texture and height, but also contextual information
such as the difference to surrounding objects.
Combining this technology along with the wide area
coverage and radiometric consistency of the Leica
ADS40 allows Infoterra to tackle large areas and provide
a National product.
The specification of this classification was developed
after reviewing numerous existing schemes both UK
and European in origin (such as LCM2007, NLUD &
CORINE), assessing market needs and iteratively trialling
the classification technology to see what was
possible and robust. A generic, thematic approach
was taken while retaining the high spatial resolution
of the original data. The prime reason this approach
was taken is that it allows a high resolution measure
of the basic landcover make-up, while being suitable
for bespoke thematic upgrades to specific client
requirements. The resultant product from Infoterra
is LandBase.
LandBase provides three Level 1 classes and ten Level
2 classes captured to a MMU (Minimum Mapping
Unit) of 50 m² allowing analysis down to individual
building and tree level. Level 2 classes include: sea
>>
The Global Magazine of Leica Geosystems | 19

20 | Reporter
LandBase Level 2 classification over Derby City
Center utilising LIDAR height information to further
improve classification accuracy.
& estuary, inland water, artificial surface, buildings,
bare ground, herbaceous vegetation, sub-shrubs,
shrubs, tall shrubs/small trees, and trees.
Urban and rural settings
In an urban setting landcover mapping can give useful
insights into the make up of a city, such as sealed
surfaces (surfaces sealed with concrete or paving for
example) and urban density. The vegetation types
identified as part of LandBase are suitable to accurately
define the green space within a city which
can be used for historical tracking, environmental
assessments, and flood modelling. As much of the
Leica ADS40 data stack as possible is included in the
LandBase product to provide height information and
local cover statistics. This information can be used
for volumetric analysis and measures of building/tree
density. Such information is routinely used for telecommunications
network planning but may also be
linked into diverse applications such as air quality
models and human geography.
For urban areas, Infoterra has also enhanced the
LandBase classification by incorporating Lidar height
information, where available. This not only improves
the height precision it also helps to better define
buildings into regular shaped objects.
Classifying rural regions in this way opens up many
new possibilities, for example woodland extent is
captured in such precise detail to include individual
and small groups of trees. Typically, existing wood-
LandBase Level 2 classification over Ladybower
Reservoir, Peak District, UK.
land mapping by photo-interpretation only captures
extents greater than 5’000 m². Identification of
shrubs gives the possibility of hedgerow extraction
and in turn an estimate of a crucial habitat. Seminatural
environments, such as upland heath, have
traditionally been mapped as either heather or grass
dominant parcels, but can now be broken down in
detail to grass, heather and bare earth components,
allowing more precise extent monitoring.
Using LandBase it is possible to fulfil some very
specific classification goals. For example, if a local
authority or council was introducing a household
composting scheme or monitoring the current collection
volumes, then extracting garden area would
be useful information. By using growing routines
within a spatially aware ruleset, garden extents have
been extracted automatically for a 25 km² test site in
Leicestershire. The routine includes grasses, shrubs,
and trees of small extent close to buildings, while
excluding woodland, recreational, and common land.
A step beyond Landcover
By using a similar approach of applying logical rules,
a more detailed 16 class habitat map of the same
study area was generated automatically to include
classes such as reed bed, improved amenity grassland,
and scattered scrub. Such mapping is used by
local authorities for monitoring purposes but this
same approach could be applied to add higher levels
of landcover complexity or for detailed landuse
mapping.

Garden extents extracted automatically using Land-
Base and CIR imagery over Leicestershire, UK.
In capturing a “snapshot in time” LandBase has been
proven to aid change detection when used with historical
data. Semi-automatic mapping has been carried
out over Leicester and Maidstone to identify
areas which have recently been built up; from new
housing estates down to the level of newly tarmaced
driveways. This was made possible by comparing
the latest Leica ADS40 imagery and historical
imagery within LandBase. Areas which have changed
from vegetation to artificial surface or buildings are
automatically highlighted by a classification routine.
Such a method has proven even more effective than
manual interpretation because of the difficulties of
a seemingly easy game of spot-the-difference – we
all know is never as easy as you expect. The image
resolution has allowed the identification of changes
to existing properties, for example building extensions,
as well as new developments to be detected,
and the wide area coverage has added large sample
sizes giving greater statistical validity when doing
cross analysis.
About the Authors:
Andrew Tewkesbury is Technical Development Manager
at Infoterra Ltd. His focus is developing new
image processing techniques and utilizing new satellite
and airborne sensors. Dr Anthony Denniss, COO
for Infoterra Ltd., is responsible for delivering operational
efficiencies across the entire business on a dayto-day
basis. Anthony’s academic background is in
cartography and geological remote sensing.
The Future
The quality and depth of data available from the
Leica ADS40 has significantly helped Infoterra meet
its goal of being able to quantify and monitor the
environment/surroundings in acute detail. Also the
wide area collection of the sensor gives more scope
for consistent data and regular updates. Statistics at a
level not previously available can allow more informed
decision making for a range of areas – urban planning,
environmental management, and flood modelling.
As the above example shows, the real power
of the Leica ADS40 and successive camera’s such as
the Leica ADS80, might be in providing a time series
of consistent imagery, from which detailed change
detection can be undertaken – allowing a new level
of precision for monitoring what is really happening
to our urban and rural landscapes.
If you thought the Leica ADS40 only delivers good
quality imagery, then think again about the wealth of
information that imagery actually contains.
More information:
http://www.infoterra.co.uk/data_landbase.php
The Global Magazine of Leica Geosystems | 21

22 | Reporter
Leica TS30
Pride in
Accuracy
It all started more than 75 years ago with the
Wild T3 precision theodolite that stunned the
surveying community with highly accurate measurements.
Now, four generations later, Leica
Geosystems continues to build on the values
of accuracy and quality. The latest generation
of Champions, the Leica TS30 total station, has
reached the pinnacle of accuracy.
Highly precise and accurate surveying has always
been an important aspect in challenging surveying
and engineering projects all over the world. Beside
the optimum measurement network configuration
and the appropriate operation of the survey equipment
by survey engineers, the survey instruments
are the most important factor in the success of any
challenging project. Leica Geosystems has always
provided engineers with the latest, revolutionary and
most accurate technologies and solutions, achieving
the highest possible accuracies.
The new Leica TS30 total station redefines precise
surveying by offering unmatched accuracy and quality,
delivering impressive performance in individual
disciplines. It perfectly combines angle measurement,
distance measurement, automatic target recognition
and motorization. To achieve maximum acceleration
and speed whilst maintaining optimal accuracy
under the most demanding dynamic conditions, new
direct drives using Piezo technology were developed
for the Leica TS30. Piezo direct drives enable high
speed motorization and acceleration capabilities
with low power consumption. The long service interval
and low maintenance costs ensure maximum productivity.
The Leica TS30 is the result of a long tradition and
constant innovations based on intensive research. It
is in a league of its own, a true companion for surveyors
who take great pride in accuracy.
Technical data Leica TS30
Angle Measurement
Accuracy (horizontal, vertical) 0.5 " (0.15 mgon)
Display resolution 0.01 " (0.01 mgon)
Method Absolute, continuous, quadruple
Distance Measurement
Accuracy to prism 0.6 mm + 1 ppm
Accuracy to natural surfaces 2 mm + 2 ppm
Method System analyzer based on
phase shift measurement
(coaxial, visible red laser)
Motorization
Maximum acceleration 400 gon (360 °) / s²
Maximum speed 200 gon (180 °) / s
Method Direct drives based
on Piezo technology

NRS TruStory – First Prize goes to Latvia
“Background information why, where, and how our
customers apply our products and solutions to the
benefit of their projects is very interesting to us
and to other customers. Therefore we have initiated
the ‘GNSS Networks & Reference Stations TruStory’
(NRS TruStory) program, which offers our customers
the opportunity to provide relevant information on
their project(s) in a compact, efficient, and attractive
way,” says Frank Pache, Product Manager at Leica
Geosystems.
Janis Zvirgzds, Manager at Latvia Geospatial Information
Agency, was the first Leica Geosystems
GNSS Networks & Reference Stations customer to
win a prize for his NRS TruStory. The prize, a Leica
DISTO A2 handheld laser distance meter, was
handed over by Andris Cinis, member of the Board at
GPS Partners, Ltd., Leica Geosystems’ distributor in
Latvia. In his NRS TruStory, Janis Zvirgzds described
the establishment of LatPos, the first GPS base
Leica Geosystems Technologies
achieves Singapore Quality Class Certification
Leica Geosystems Technologies (LGT) Singapore
has been certified with the Singapore Quality Class
award. This award is part of the “Business Excellence”
framework that helps organisations strengthen
their business management capabilities to drive
productivity and performance improvements.
“This certification has clearly demonstrated our commitment
and determination to continuously upgrade
our business management capabilities for continued
business growth. We strongly believe that having
strong management capabilities means we can perform
well, especially during economic downturns”,
says managing director Josef Strasser.
The “Business Excellence” framework is aligned to
international business excellence frameworks. Certified
organisations are provided with opportunities to
learn from the best practices of leading organisations
on the business excellence journey. After meeting
the ISO 9001:2000 and ISO 14001:2004 standards
two years ago, the Singapore Quality Class certification
was a “logical step” for Leica Geosystems
Technologies (LGT) Singapore. “We are very proud
station network in Latvia (http://latpos.lgia.gov.lv).
The NRS TruStories can be read online on our website
at www.leica-geosystems.com/nrs.
If you would like to submit an NRS TruStory, please
contact us via nrs.trustory@leica-geosystems.com.
Detailed information and a template document are
provided with every Leica GNSS Spider installation
media.
of the certification”, says Josef Strasser. “A study
from the National University of Singapore shows that
enterprises certified to the Singapore Quality Class
have consistently outperformed their counterparts
in the industry by an average of 50 percent in terms
of sales growth over a five year period.”
Leica Geosystems Technologies manufactures products
and tools for applications such as surveying,
machine control, heavy and light construction, interior
construction, and agriculture.
Prof Cham Tao Soon, Chairman, Singapore Quality
Awards Governing Council, hands over the SQC
Award to Mr. Josef Strasser.
The Global Magazine of Leica Geosystems | 23

www.leica-geosystems.com
Head Office
Leica Geosystems AG
Heerbrugg, Switzerland
Phone +41 71 727 31 31
Fax +41 71 727 46 74
Australia
CR Kennedy & Company Pty Ltd.
Melbourne
Phone +61 3 9823 1555
Fax +61 3 9827 7216
Austria
Leica Geosystems Austria GmbH
Vienna
Phone +43 1 981 22 0
Fax +43 1 981 22 50
Belgium
Leica Geosystems NV/SA
Diegem
Phone +32 2 2090700
Fax +32 2 2090701
Brazil
Comercial e Importadora WILD Ltda.
São Paulo
Phone +55 11 3142 8866
Fax +55 11 3142 8886
Canada
Leica Geosystems Ltd.
Willowdale
Phone +1 416 497 2460
Fax +1 416 497 8516
China P.R.
Leica Geosystems AG,
Representative Office Beijing
Phone +86 10 8525 1838
Fax +86 10 8525 1836
Denmark
Leica Geosystems A/S
Herlev
Phone +45 44 54 02 02
Fax +45 44 45 02 22
Finland
Leica Nilomark OY
Espoo
Phone +358 9 6153 555
Fax +358 9 5022 398
France
Leica Geosystems Sarl
Le Pecq Cedex
Phone +33 1 30 09 17 00
Fax +33 1 30 09 17 01
Germany
Leica Geosystems GmbH Vertrieb
Munich
Phone + 49 89 14 98 10 0
Fax + 49 89 14 98 10 33
Hungary
Leica Geosystems Hungary Kft.
Budapest
Phone +36 1 814 3420
Fax +36 1 814 3423
India
Elcome Technologies Private Ltd.
Gurgaon (Haryana)
Phone +91 124 4122222
Fax +91 124 4122200
Italy
Leica Geosystems S.p.A.
Cornegliano Laudense
Phone + 39 0371 69731
Fax + 39 0371 697333
Japan
Leica Geosystems K.K.
Tokyo
Phone +81 3 5940 3011
Fax +81 3 5940 3012
Korea (Republic of)
Leica Geosystems Korea
Seoul
Phone +82 2 598 1919
Fax +82 2 598 9686
Mexico
Leica Geosystems S.A. de C.V.
Mexico D.F.
Phone +525 563 5011
Fax +525 611 3243
Netherlands
Leica Geosystems B.V.
Wateringen
Phone +31 88 001 80 00
Fax +31 88 001 80 88
Norway
Leica Geosystems AS
Oslo
Phone +47 22 88 60 80
Fax +47 22 88 60 81
Poland
Leica Geosystems Sp. Z o.o.
Warsaw
Phone +48 22 338 15 00
Fax +48 22 338 15 22
Portugal
Leica Geosystems, Lda.
Sao Domingos de Rana
Phone +351 214 480 930
Fax +351 214 480 931
Russia
Leica Geosystems OOO
Moscow
Phone +7 95 234 5560
Fax +7 95 234 2536
Illustrations, descriptions, and technical data are not binding. All rights reserved. Printed in Switzerland.
Copyright Leica Geosystems AG, Heerbrugg, Switzerland, 2009. 741803en – V.09 – RVA
Leica Geosystems AG
Heinrich-Wild-Strasse
CH-9435 Heerbrugg
Phone +41 71 727 31 31
Fax +41 71 727 46 74
www.leica-geosystems.com
Singapore
Leica Geosystems Techn. Pte. Ltd.
Singapore
Phone +65 6511 6511
Fax +65 6511 6500
South Africa
Hexagon Geosystems Ltd.
Douglasdale
Phone +27 1146 77082
Fax +27 1146 53710
Spain
Leica Geosystems, S.L.
Barcelona
Phone +34 934 949 440
Fax +34 934 949 442
Sweden
Leica Geosystems AB
Sollentuna
Phone +46 8 625 30 00
Fax +46 8 625 30 10
Switzerland
Leica Geosystems AG
Glattbrugg
Phone +41 44 809 3311
Fax +41 44 810 7937
United Kingdom
Leica Geosystems Ltd.
Milton Keynes
Phone +44 1908 256 500
Fax +44 1908 246 259
USA
Leica Geosystems Inc.
Norcross
Phone +1 770 326 9500
Fax +1 770 447 0710