The Inverted City London and the Constitution of Homosexuality ...

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- WARD %\Y\\3 Figure v. Ordinance survey map of Holbom in 1914, after the construction of Kingsway (Alan Godfrey Maps). G '
29. best equipped city in the world in respect of convenient, rapid and cheap communication'.8 The new railway and underground network encouraged the development of the suburbs, which grew rapidly as speculative builders bought up enormous tracts of land around the city. There was no masterplan for this suburban growth, but it nevertheless came, Olsen argues, as 'a highly efficient means both of functional and social segregation'.9 Work and home life were increasingly divided, and different professional groups seemed to gravitate to different suburban areas, securing a degree of social homogeneity less evident in the centre: Olsen points out, for example, that Balbam, Sydenham, Highgate, and Richmond developed as the wealthier of the middle-class suburbs, whilst stockbrokers and commercial agents settled in Brixton and Clapham, clerks moved to Dalston, Forest Hill, Walthamstow and Tottenham, and city tradesmen found homes in Stockwell, Camberwell and Kennington)° The design of homes and gardens in these areas allowed family units to remain largely self. contained. This added to the sense that London was encircled by an outer ring representing ordered family life and stable social hierarchies. Access to the more chaotic centre was, meanwhile, regulated and limited by railway timetables.'1 Whilst the fabric and location of London's suburbs integrated imperial and middle-class ideologies into the lives of people who lived there, more dramatic architectural statements of Britain's national and international significance were undergoing construction in the centre of the city. Developments in Westminster, Kensington, and the City began to bring London back into line with its foreign competition, 12 demonstrating imperial power, economic clout, and technological and cultural advance. Proceeds from the Great Exhibition of 1851 helped in the development of a new cultural quarter in Kensington. The Royal Albert Hall was completed in 1871, the Albert Memorial a year later, the romanesque Natural History Museum in 1880, the Imperial Institute in 1893, and the Victoria and Albert Museum in 1909. Together, David Gilbert and Felix Driver note, the buildings signalled 'the supreme confidence and global reach of Victorian science and culture'. 13 Whitehall 8 Karl Baedeker, London and its Environs (London, 1911), p.16. Olsen, op.cit., p.220. 10 JbkL, p.240. See also FLJ.Dyos, 'Speculative Builders and Developers of Victorian London' and 'A Victorian Speculative Builder: Edward Yates', in Exploring the Urban Past. op.cit. 11 Richard Sennett, Flesh and Stone: The Body and the City in Western Civilisation (London, 1994), p.338. i2 Berlin, Rome, Vienna and Washington had all seen large-scale building programmes in the 1860s and 1 870s. See Felix Driver and David GiHt, 'Imperial Metropolis: J.aidscape, Space and Performance in London, 1850-1950' (Unpublished1yal Holloway Department of Geography Research Papers, no.5, 1997), p.5; Olsen, op.cit., pp.5849; Port, op.cit., pp.13-14. 13 Driver and Gilbert, op.cit., p.10.
Page 1 and 2: 1. The Inverted City London and the
Page 3 and 4: 3. Contents List of figures 4 Ackno
Page 5 and 6: 5. Acknowledgements This thesis was
Page 7 and 8: 7. Introduction This thesis examine
Page 9 and 10: 9. was passed partly in response to
Page 11 and 12: 11. 1895, shows the importance of t
Page 16: about dictates the ways in which it
Page 21 and 22: 21. The diary and scrapbooks are si
Page 23 and 24: 23. Chapter 1 The Disorderly City:
Page 25 and 26: ._ - .1 25. Figure ii. Ordinance su
Page 27: -: I .4-ç\ \'r Ll - 27. .- ' c ; -
Page 34 and 35: 34. Sexually and morally East Ender
Page 36 and 37: the Unfit". A year later the Eugeni
Page 38 and 39: 38. between classes. Oxford House i
Page 40 and 41: 40. been converted from a circus an
Page 42 and 43: 42. restaurant in the West End, had
Page 44 and 45: 44. became a continuation of the no
Page 46 and 47: 46. the vision sweeps past you [...
Page 48 and 49: 48. Academy in London'. 113 He coul
Page 50 and 51: 50. private houses with underground
Page 52 and 53: the flawed relations between the se
Page 56 and 57: to cosmopolitan actor in Piccadilly
Page 58 and 59: 58. which seemed to fall between th
Page 60 and 61: cases, and newspapers to the genesi
Page 62 and 63: 62. of city life. If these men coul
Page 64 and 65: 64. urban fashion as a means of art
Page 66 and 67: 66. others carrying offal, vegetabl
Page 68 and 69: 68. around Seven Dials was apparent
Page 70 and 71: 70. between the defendants, was a c
Page 72 and 73: 72. THE LIVES op BOELTON AND PARKI
Page 74 and 75: clearly saw a connection between th
Page 76 and 77: gain substance through a dominant a
Page 78 and 79:
78. women. Their urban identificati
Page 80 and 81:
80. was meticulous in his record-ke
Page 82 and 83:
82. were both named in the Wilde tr
Page 84 and 85:
84. Bachelors living in city centre
Page 86 and 87:
eighteenth century mimicked the aff
Page 88 and 89:
proprietor, and his 'handsome' assi
Page 90 and 91:
90. Chapter 3 The 'Grossly Indecent
Page 92 and 93:
92. were mentioned the territory in
Page 94 and 95:
94. life. 14 Ives referred to the 1
Page 96 and 97:
96. nevertheless indicates a gradua
Page 98 and 99:
98. result it became an increasingl
Page 100 and 101:
100. murders. 35 Newspaper reportin
Page 102 and 103:
102. the Goodchild story of April 1
Page 104 and 105:
104. continue [...] every constable
Page 106 and 107:
106. The places mentioned in the co
Page 108 and 109:
108. The descriptions recall the ho
Page 110 and 111:
110. artist Archibald Wakley, whose
Page 112 and 113:
112. remarked on his effeminacy and
Page 114 and 115:
114. the fact that Deck was on the
Page 116 and 117:
116. This policing was supplemented
Page 118 and 119:
118. comings and goings suspicious.
Page 120 and 121:
120. orchestrated by the 'old boys'
Page 122 and 123:
122. As Cohen suggests, the personi
Page 124 and 125:
124. The event removed only two sex
Page 126 and 127:
126. Chapter 4 The Inverted City: K
Page 128 and 129:
128. Whilst a wide-ranging debate a
Page 130 and 131:
130. founded the Scientific-Humanit
Page 132 and 133:
132. that homosexuals had no instin
Page 134 and 135:
134. in many of Ellis and Kram-Ebin
Page 136 and 137:
136. scene. Whilst other sexual pat
Page 138 and 139:
138. Subsequently he moved to the c
Page 140 and 141:
140. In Kraffi-Ebing's account desi
Page 142 and 143:
142. to be an intrinsic fact about
Page 144 and 145:
144. indicated the deleterious effe
Page 146 and 147:
146. By night the area became inacc
Page 148 and 149:
148. (degenerate) city difficult to
Page 150 and 151:
150. emergence of aestheticism was
Page 152 and 153:
152. curtains', the world outside b
Page 154 and 155:
154. The interest in these places w
Page 156 and 157:
156. debauchery' and further that '
Page 158 and 159:
158. Alongside the Orient, then, Pa
Page 160 and 161:
160. her just as a chiorotic girl w
Page 162 and 163:
162. for decadence or aestheticism.
Page 164 and 165:
164. problem, Gagnier suggests, was
Page 166 and 167:
166. conclusion moreover suggests a
Page 168 and 169:
168. I went out and wandered eastwa
Page 170 and 171:
170. cupboard where he hides Basil'
Page 172 and 173:
172. murdering him. Perhaps more si
Page 174 and 175:
174. Teleny elaborates this potenti
Page 176 and 177:
176. which bodies are, as Neil Bart
Page 178 and 179:
178. varying degrees) on the margin
Page 180 and 181:
180. Within the texts themselves th
Page 182 and 183:
182. who cares for the manhood of l
Page 184 and 185:
184. and fell back upon suburbia [.
Page 186 and 187:
186. embrace of nature on release;
Page 188 and 189:
188. life were sidelined in these i
Page 190 and 191:
190. tendency needed balancing with
Page 192 and 193:
192. though it asserted that the lo
Page 194 and 195:
194. impulses behind this writing m
Page 196 and 197:
196. 2. English homosocial institut
Page 198 and 199:
198. consequently not surprising th
Page 200 and 201:
200. set forth a commercial warrior
Page 202 and 203:
202. out of the urban mêlée and t
Page 204 and 205:
And I stepped out in flesh and bone
Page 206 and 207:
206. notable that several of these
Page 208 and 209:
208. Ives was nevertheless drawn to
Page 210 and 211:
210. forms which Carpenter saw stra
Page 212 and 213:
212. From Nowhere), Carpenter used
Page 214 and 215:
214. This power of comradeship to p
Page 216 and 217:
216. had largely been placed, and i
Page 218 and 219:
218. possibilities of the city had
Page 220 and 221:
220. Ives (for example) saw himself
Page 222 and 223:
222. This homosexual history and ge
Page 224 and 225:
224. Note 1. There are some anomali
Page 226 and 227:
226. ,, voL42. London, 1894. _, voL
Page 228 and 229:
228. 'Other Cases: Horrible Conditi
Page 230 and 231:
230. Beerbohm, Max. '1880'. The Yel
Page 232 and 233:
232. Studies in the Psychology of S
Page 234 and 235:
234. -. 'Sonnet on a Picture by Tuk
Page 236 and 237:
236. Noble, James Ashcroft. The Fic
Page 238 and 239:
238. Stableford, Brian, ed. The Ded
Page 240 and 241:
240. Yokels Preceptor, or More Spre
Page 242 and 243:
242. Bradbury, Malcolm and James Mc
Page 244 and 245:
244. Columina, Beatrix, ed. Sexuali
Page 246 and 247:
246. Figlio, KarL 'Historical Imagi
Page 248 and 249:
248. Hall, Lesley. '"Disinterested
Page 250 and 251:
250. -. 'The Imaginary Discontents
Page 252 and 253:
252. Massey, Doreen. Places and the
Page 254 and 255:
254. Pennybacker, Susan. A Vision f
Page 256 and 257:
256. Ryan, Deborah. Staging the Imp
Page 258 and 259:
258. Summers, Anne. Edwardian Milit
Page 260:
260. Wood, Anthony. Nineteenth Cent
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