Mnemonics and Bacon

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artificial memory, and artificial memory is built on two notions: prenotion and
emblem. Prenotion, according to Bacon, helps orient us toward what we want to
seek in mind and reduce the odds of going astray when faced with a plethora of
information (The Advancement of Learning 399). By contrast, the function of
emblem is to convert things to sensible images so that we can retrieve them more
easily when necessary: “Prenotion dischargeth the indefinite seeking of that we
would remember, and directeth us to seek in a narrow compass; that is, somewhat
that hath congruity with our place of memory (author’s emphasis). Emblem reduceth
conceits intellectual to images sensible, which strike the memory more” (399). This
passage on emblems resonates with those ancient treatises on mnemonics in that the
primacy of visualization stands out in both cases. Cicero, for instance, is explicit in
his stress on the importance of the visual in memory: “The most complete pictures
are formed in our minds of the things that have been conveyed to them and
imprinted on them by the senses, but that the keenest of all our senses is the sense of
sight.” (De Oratore II. xvii; 357). In De Augmentis, Bacon reiterates the importance
of prenotion: “Prenotion is the principal part of artificial memory. For in artificial
memory we have the places digested and prepared beforehand; the images we make
extempore according to the occasion. But then we have a prenotion that the image
must be one which has some conformity with the place; and this reminds the
memory, and in some measures paves the way to the thing we seek” (436-437). That
is why Bacon contends that “order also manifestly assists the memory” (437).
Similarly, Bacon is no less explicit in equating images with emblems:
For what is sensible always strikes the memory stronger, and sooner
impresses itself than the intellectual…. And therefore it is easier to retain
the image of a sportsman hunting the hare, of an apothecary ranging his
boxes, an orator making a speech, a boy repeating verses, or a player
acting his part, than the corresponding notions of invention, disposition,
elocution, memory, action. (437)
It is worthwhile to note that while the preceding quotation is to emphasize the
advantage of visual images (emblems) in mnemonics, Bacon also touches on the five
elements of traditional rhetoric. In De Augmentis, Bacon points out the indissoluble
connection between emblems and “places.” If the main function of emblems is to
reduce “intellectual conceptions to sensible images” (437), the images are supposed
to be closely connected with “places.” In the opening chapter of her The Art of
Memory, Yates gives an excellent overview of the general layout of ancient
mnemonics, which bears close conformity to Bacon’s emphasis on images and
“places.” Yates points out that the initial step is imprinting an array of “places” or
loci on memory, and that as a mnemonic place system a building compares