Mnemonics and Bacon

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118 臺大文史哲學報 While Aristotle’s system focuses on certainty and can “reliably derive conclusions which were logically consistent with an argument’s premises,” Bacon’s is meant to “investigate the argument’s premises themselves” and advocates direct observation of the natural world in its raw state (Jardine 2000: xii). Accurate, shrewd observation and carefully-conducted experiments are necessary prerequisites to the scientific consideration of any subject: “Directions for the interpretation of nature comprehend in general terms two parts: the first for drawing axioms from experience; the second on deducing or deriving new experiments from axioms” (Bacon 2000: 109). Scientists prior to Bacon, Jardine argues, largely construe observation and experiment as tools to test the validity of a prediction derived from deductive reasoning, yet Bacon anticipates that the process of collecting, classifying, and dissecting the abundant information garnered from the natural world can help conceive a truly revolutionary scientific theory (2000: xv). 43 As mentioned in the previous paragraph, in The New Organon Bacon contends: “Directions for the interpretation of nature comprehend in general terms two parts: the first for drawing axioms from experience; the second on deducing or deriving new experiments from axioms” (109). Moreover, “The former is divided three ways, i.e. into three kinds of service; service to the senses, service to the memory and service to the mind or reason” (109). Bacon continues this argument by elucidating why “drawing axioms from experience” hinges on the use of tables: “A natural and experimental history is so diverse and disconnected that it confounds and confuses the understanding unless it is stopped short, and presented in an appropriate order. So tables must be drawn up and a coordination of instances made, in such a way and with such organisation that the mind may be able to act upon them” (109). That is, whether in rhetorical discourses or in scientific investigations, when faced with a multitude of discrete instances a proper organization such as tabulation or classification is absolutely desirable, and memory can lend its due succor in this process. For example, a scientist trying to interpret nature may first pen down the findings in tables, from which he or she may extract more fundamental principles at a later time (Wallace 156). For Bacon natural memory falls short of being a qualified device for scientific research unless it is supplemented by “artificial memory,” which counts on a sound 43 This by no means indicates that observation and experiment did not exist in pre-Baconian “sciences.” Kuhn, for example, argues that many passages in Aristotle’s writings are not unlike those in Bacon’s in terms of their shared emphasis on close observation (41). He, however, notes that there exist essential differences between experiments practiced by seventeenth-century scientists and those undertaken by ancient and medieval scholars. For more details, see Kuhn, pp. 41-43.
Mnemonics and Bacon grasp of “topics” (Rossi 1968: 214). In this sense, we are entitled to say that here Bacon’s idea is similar to those in the topological mnemonic tradition dating back to Quintilian, and that Bacon’s associating memory with loci is by no means a coincidence. In The New Organon, Bacon explains why “places” can help improve our memory: ‘Places’ may be either places in the literal sense, such as a door, a corner, a window and so on, or familiar and well known persons, or may be anything at all (provided they are put in a certain order), such as animals or herbs; also words, letters, characters, historical persons etc., though some of these are more suitable than others. Such ‘places’ give remarkable assistance to the memory, and lift its natural powers. (142) The gist of this passage is that “places” as a mnemonic device can help us more easily locate the goal we seek for without being drowned in a flood of instances and data. Bacon terms this process “curtailment of the unlimited”: “For when one attempts to recall something or bring it to mind, if he has no prior notion or conception of what he is looking for, he is surely looking, struggling and running about here and there in a seemingly unlimited space” (142). Indeed, different versions of the concept “prenotion” can be found in the works of Ramus, Melanchthon (1497-1560), Rosselli, Romberch, and Gratarolo (Rossi 1968: 214). Despite the pronounced discrepancies in the respective scopes and foci of these works, all these thinkers attach considerable importance to “places” as a means of orientation in the otherwise disconnected and chaotic field. For example, for Melanchthon loci “advise us when material is to be sought or generally as to what should be selected from the great heap available and in what order it should be classified” (qtd. in Rossi 1968: 214). To sum up, Bacon does not explicitly address how to improve contemporary art of memory, and the assistance he expects of mnemonics in the interpretation of nature is for the most part concerned with the classification of things. And it is no coincidence that the concepts frequently mentioned in Bacon’s discussion of mnemonics, such as order and arrangement, are also useful in the classification of things, which, for Bacon, is amongst the most fundamental essentials in his new science. In view of the importance Bacon accords to classification, a brief survey of how Bacon classifies the whole of knowledge in The Advancement of Learning will shed more light on this key concept. The attempt to chart the whole of knowledge, Bacon tells us, is to map out an atlas of knowledge and to serve as a compass to orient explorers of knowledge: “I will now attempt to make a general and faithful learning perambulation of learning, with an inquiry what parts thereof lie fresh and waste, and not improved and converted by the industry of man; to the end that such a 119
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Mnemonics and Bacon

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