Coherent and Differential Space-Time Shift Keying - ECS EPrints ...

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMMUNICATIONS, VOL. 58, NO. 11, NOVEMBER 2010 3219
Coherent and Differential Space-Time Shift Keying:
A Dispersion Matrix Approach
Shinya Sugiura, Member, IEEE, Sheng Chen, Fellow, IEEE, and Lajos Hanzo, Fellow, IEEE
Abstract—Motivated by the recent concept of Spatial Modulation
(SM), we propose a novel Space-Time Shift Keying (STSK)
modulation scheme for Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO)
communication systems, where the concept of SM is extended
to include both the space and time dimensions, in order to
provide a general shift-keying framework. More specifically, in
the proposed STSK scheme one out of

3220 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMMUNICATIONS, VOL. 58, NO. 11, NOVEMBER 2010
coherently detected SM/SSK scheme requires Channel State
Information (CSI) at the receiver, although it is a challenging
task to acquire accurate CSI for high-speed vehicles, which
may require a high pilot overhead and imposes a substantial
processing complexity. The resultant CSI estimation error is
expected to erode the achievable performance.
Against this background the novel contributions of this
paper are as follows:
1) Inspired by the SM/SSK scheme, we propose the novel
concept of Space-Time Shift Keying (STSK) modulation,
which constitutes a generalized shift-keying architecture
utilizing both the space as well as time dimensions
and hence includes the SM and SSK schemes
as special cases. More specifically, the STSK scheme
is based on the activation of

SUGIURA et al.: COHERENT AND DIFFERENTIAL SPACE-TIME SHIFT KEYING: A DISPERSION MATRIX APPROACH 3221
TABLE I
EXAMPLE OF STSK MODULATION SCHEME,MAPPING 3BITS PER SPACE-TIME BLOCK, WITH THE AID OF L–PSK CONSTELLATION

3222 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMMUNICATIONS, VOL. 58, NO. 11, NOVEMBER 2010

SUGIURA et al.: COHERENT AND DIFFERENTIAL SPACE-TIME SHIFT KEYING: A DISPERSION MATRIX APPROACH 3223
Source
S/P
Fig. 2. Transmitter structure of our DSTSK scheme.
DSTSK block
D. Computational Complexity
Let us now characterize the computational complexity imposed
by the ML detection of our CSTSK scheme for both
rapid and slow fading, which are given, respectively, by
⎧

3224 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMMUNICATIONS, VOL. 58, NO. 11, NOVEMBER 2010
III. THREE-STAGE CONCATENATED TURBO STSK
SCHEME
Let us invoke the turbo principle [12] to incorporate the
proposed CSTSK and DSTSK schemes of Section II in a
multiple-stage serially concatenated arrangement, for the sake
of achieving a near-capacity performance. Furthermore, the
iterative soft demapping principle is derived for our STSK
scheme. Additionally, the capacity of our CSTSK scheme is
also characterized.
A. System Overview
Fig. 3 shows the schematic of the proposed three-stage
channel- and Unity Rate-Coded (URC) STSK scheme using
iterative detection. Here, the input source bits are channelencoded
by a half-rate Recursive Systematic Convolutional
(RSC) code and are interleaved by a random bit interleaver Π1.
Then, the interleaved bits are further encoded by a recursive
URC encoder [16] 5 , and then the coded bits are interleaved
by the second random interleaver Π2 of Fig. 3. Finally, the
interleaved bits are input to the CSTSK block of Fig. 1 or
DSTSK block of Fig. 2, followed by the transmission of the
space-time block

SUGIURA et al.: COHERENT AND DIFFERENTIAL SPACE-TIME SHIFT KEYING: A DISPERSION MATRIX APPROACH 3225
Source
Outer code Inner code
Channel
encoder
Channel
decoder
Unity-rate
encoder
Unity-rate
decoder
CSTSK
/DSTSK
block
CSTSK
/DSTSK
demapper
Space-time
1
mapper
Fig. 3. Schematic of a three-stage RSC- and URC-coded coherent or differential STSK scheme using iterative detection.
∑

3226 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMMUNICATIONS, VOL. 58, NO. 11, NOVEMBER 2010
exhibits a system structure, which is identical to that of
the SM/SSK scheme employing (

SUGIURA et al.: COHERENT AND DIFFERENTIAL SPACE-TIME SHIFT KEYING: A DISPERSION MATRIX APPROACH 3227
R
E
B
10 0
10 -1
10 -2
10 -3
10 -4
10 -5
10 -6
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
SNR [dB]
BPSK
CSTSK(2,2,2,Q),
bound
upper
Q = 1, 2, 4 and 8
Fig. 5. Achievable BER curves of our CSTSK(2, 2, 2,

3228 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMMUNICATIONS, VOL. 58, NO. 11, NOVEMBER 2010
Fig. 9. Achievable BER curves of our CSTSK(2, 2, 2,

SUGIURA et al.: COHERENT AND DIFFERENTIAL SPACE-TIME SHIFT KEYING: A DISPERSION MATRIX APPROACH 3229
I E
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
= -2.0 dB to 3 dB
SNR
of 0.5 dB)
(step
QPSK
CSTSK(2,2,2,4),
RSC(2,1,2)
200 000 bits
Trajectory,
= -0.5 dB
SNR
0.0
0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
0.2 0.0
Fig. 11. EXIT chart of our QPSK-modulated CSTSK(2, 2, 2, 4) system.The
outer EXIT curve of the half-rate RSC(2, 1, 2) code was also plotted.
b
o
l]
2.0 m
its
/s
y
[
b 1.5
ity
c
1.0 a
C
a
p
3.0
2.5
0.5
0.0
0 5 10 15 20
-5 -10
I A
QPSK, CCMC
CSTSK(2,2,2,4),
QPSK, DCMC
CSTSK(2,2,2,4),
QPSK, maximum achievable rate
CSTSK(2,2,2,4),
(M,)=(2,2), BPSK, DCMC
SM,
SNR [dB]
Fig. 12. Bandwidth efficiency of our CSTSK(2, 2, 2, 4) system employing
QPSK modulation, comparing the CCMC capacity, the DCMC capacity and
the maximum achievable rate. The DCMC capacity of the BPSK-modulated
SM employing (

3230 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMMUNICATIONS, VOL. 58, NO. 11, NOVEMBER 2010
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Shinya Sugiura (M’06) received the B.S. and M.S.
degrees in aeronautics and astronautics from Kyoto
University, Kyoto, Japan, in 2002 and 2004, respectively.
In 2004, he joined Toyota Central Research
and Development Laboratories (CRDL), Inc., Aichi,
Japan. Since 2007 he has been with the School
of Electronics and Computer Science, University
of Southampton, Southampton, UK, on leave from
Toyota CRDL Inc., where he is currently working
towards the Ph.D. degree. His research has covered a
range of areas in communications, including spacetime
modulation and demodulation, turbo coding, cooperative communications,
multiuser detection, automotive antenna design as well as vehicular ad
hoc networking. He has published over 20 research papers in various journals
and conference proceedings. He was awarded IEEE AP-S Japan Chapter
Young Engineer Award in December 2008.
Sheng Chen (M’90-SM’97-F’08) obtained a BEng
degree from the East China Petroleum Institute,
Dongying, China, in 1982, and a PhD degree from
the City University, London, in 1986, both in control
engineering. In 2005, he was awarded DSc
from the University of Southampton, Southampton,
UK. Since 1999 he has been with the School of
Electronics and Computer Science, the University
of Southampton, UK. He previously held research
and academic appointments at the Universities of
Sheffield, Edinburgh and Portsmouth, all in UK.
Professor Chen’s recent research works include adaptive signal processing,
wireless communications, modelling and identification of nonlinear systems,
neural network and machine learning, finite-precision digital controller design,
evolutionary computation methods, and optimization. He has published over
280 research papers. In the database of the world’s most highly cited
researchers in various disciplines, compiled by Institute for Scientific Information
(ISI) of the USA, Prof. Chen is on the list of the highly cited researchers
in the engineering category, see http://www.ISIHighlyCited.com.
Lajos Hanzo (http://www-mobile.ecs.soton.ac.uk)
FREng, FIEEE, FIET, DSc received his degree in
electronics in 1976 and his doctorate in 1983. During
his 34-year career in telecommunications he
has held various research and academic posts in
Hungary, Germany and the UK. Since 1986 he has
been with the School of Electronics and Computer
Science, University of Southampton, UK, where he
holds the chair in telecommunications. He has coauthored
20 John Wiley - IEEE Press books on
mobile radio communications totalling in excess of
10 000 pages, published 880 research papers and book chapters at IEEE
Xplore, acted as TPC Chair of IEEE conferences, presented keynote lectures
and been awarded a number of distinctions. Currently he is directing an
academic research team, working on a range of research projects in the field of
wireless multimedia communications sponsored by industry, the Engineering
and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) UK, the European IST
Programme and the Mobile Virtual Centre of Excellence (VCE), UK. He is an
enthusiastic supporter of industrial and academic liaison and he offers a range
of industrial courses. He is also an IEEE Distinguished Lecturer as well as a
Governor of both the IEEE ComSoc and the VTS. He is the Editor-in-Chief
of the IEEE Press and a Chaired Prof. also at Tsinghua University, Beijing.
For further information on research in progress and associated publications
please refer to http://www-mobile.ecs.soton.ac.uk