North American Oil Sands: History of ... - The Air University
North American Oil Sands: History of ... - The Air University
North American Oil Sands: History of ... - The Air University
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Contents<br />
Introduction ......................................................1<br />
World <strong>Oil</strong> <strong>Sands</strong> Reserves and Resources ...............................2<br />
What Are <strong>Oil</strong> <strong>Sands</strong>? ...........................................3<br />
U.S. <strong>Oil</strong> Sand Resources ........................................3<br />
Canadian <strong>Oil</strong> Sand Resources ....................................4<br />
<strong>History</strong> <strong>of</strong> Development.............................................6<br />
Role <strong>of</strong> Industry and Government .................................6<br />
U.S. <strong>Oil</strong> <strong>Sands</strong> ............................................6<br />
Canadian <strong>Oil</strong> <strong>Sands</strong> ........................................7<br />
<strong>Oil</strong> <strong>Sands</strong> Production Process ...................................10<br />
Extraction Process ........................................11<br />
Production Technology ....................................12<br />
Upgrading ..............................................14<br />
Cost <strong>of</strong> Development and Production .........................16<br />
Tax and Royalty on <strong>Oil</strong> <strong>Sands</strong> ...............................18<br />
U.S. Markets ................................................19<br />
Pipelines................................................20<br />
Issues for Congress ...............................................23<br />
Appendix A .....................................................25<br />
Appendix B .....................................................26<br />
Acronyms and Abbreviations........................................27<br />
List <strong>of</strong> Figures<br />
Figure 1. Tar (<strong>Oil</strong>) Sand Deposits <strong>of</strong> the United States ....................4<br />
Figure 2. <strong>Oil</strong> <strong>Sands</strong> Areas in Alberta, Canada ...........................5<br />
Figure 3. Major Mining Process Steps ................................10<br />
Figure 4. In-SITU Recovery ........................................12<br />
Figure 5. Upgrading to SCO ........................................14<br />
Figure 6. <strong>Oil</strong> <strong>Sands</strong> Processing Chain.................................15<br />
Figure 7. Major Canadian and U.S. (Lower 48) Crude <strong>Oil</strong> Pipelines and<br />
Markets ....................................................20<br />
List <strong>of</strong> Tables<br />
Table 1. Canada’s Bitumen Resources .................................5<br />
Table 2. Leading <strong>Oil</strong> <strong>Sands</strong> Producers ................................11<br />
Table 3. Estimated Operating and Supply Cost by Recovery Type ..........17<br />
Table A1. Estimated World <strong>Oil</strong> Resources .............................25<br />
Table B1. Regional Distribution <strong>of</strong> Estimated Technically Recoverable<br />
Heavy <strong>Oil</strong> and Natural Bitumen..................................26