Delbert Gatlin-1.pdf - Department of Animal Science

Update on Protein and Amino Acid Nutrition
Research with Red Drum (Sciaenops
( Sciaenops ocellatus) ocellatus
Delbert M. Gatlin, III
Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences
and Faculty of Nutrition,
Texas A&M University System,
College Station, Texas

Background
• Red drum is a prominent aquaculture
species in the Gulf coast states.
– Stock enhancement
– Food fish

Fishmeal Use in Aquafeeds
• Year 2000 - Approximately 2 million metric tons of fish
meal were used in aquafeeds
• Year 2010 - Approximately 4.3 million metric tons of
fish meal are projected to be used in aquafeeds if
aquaculture continues to grow at current rate
• A greater understanding of amino acid requirements
is needed for ingredient substitution and refinement of
diet formulations
• Underutilized resources such as seafood processing
waste and by-catch need further development

Evaluation of Different Sulfur
Compounds in Diets of
Red Drum
Jonathan Goff and Delbert M. Gatlin, III

Sulfur Amino Acid Nutrition
• Compared to fish meal, sulfur amino acids are
limiting in some feedstuffs such as soybean meal.
• Methionine supplementation may be required when
replacing fish meal.
• Various methionine supplements are available, but
their utilization by different fish species has been
varied.

Methionine hydroxy analogue (MHA) utilization by
fish has been variable but its use in diets of
terrestrial animals may reduce ammonia excretion

Percent (%)
100
75
50
25
0
B
Survival
A A A A
Basal L-met DL-met MHA Met:Lys
Diet
Exp. 1
p-value = 0.0001

Percent of initial wt.
500
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
B
Weight Gain
A A A A
Basal L-met DL-met MHA Met:Lys
Diet
Exp. 1
p-value = 0.0001

g gain/ g feed
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
Feed Efficiency
B
A A A A
Basal L-met DL-met MHA Met:Lys
Diet
Exp. 1
p-value = 0.0030

Protein Efficiency Ratio
g gain/g protein fed
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
B
A A A A
Basal L-met DL-met MHA Met:Lys
Diet
Exp. 1
p-value = 0.0051

Experimental Diets
• Nine diets were formulated to contain:
– 35% crude protein
– 11% lipid
– 3.5 kcal DE/g
• All diets except the basal satisfied the total sulfur
amino acid requirement and were maintained
isonitrogenous with aspartic acid.
• Sulfur compounds were supplemented on an equalsulfur
basis and included:
– L-Met, DL-Met, MHA, ALIMET ® , N-acetyl-Met, and different
ratios of Met:Cys

Diet formulations (% dry wt.)
Ingredient (%
dry weight)
Red drum
muscle
AA premix
Menhanden
oil
Dextrin
Vitamin/Min.
premix
Carboxymeth
yl cellulose
Cellulose
L-Met
L-Cys
Basal
11.8
24.0
10.2
26.7
7.0
2.0
17.2
0
0
L-Met
11.8
24.0
10.2
26.7
7.0
2.0
17.2
0.52
0
40% Cys
11.8
24.0
10.2
26.7
7.0
2.0
17.2
0.24
0.28
45% Cys
11.8
24.0
10.2
26.7
7.0
2.0
17.2
0.18
10.34
50% Cys
11.8
24.0
10.2
26.7
7.0
2.0
17.2
0.13
0.39

Experimental Methods
• Closed, recirculating system containing
brackish water (7 ppt) at 27ºC
• 12 fish stocked into each 110-l aquarium
• Initial fish weight = 14 g
• 7-week duration
• Data subjected to ANOVA
and Tukey’s HSD

Percent of initial wt.
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
A
Basal
Weight Gain
BC C
L-met
DL-met
B B
N-acetyl
Diet
Alimet
BC BC BC BC
MHA
40%Cys
45%Cys
50%Cys
p-value < 0.001

g gain/g fed
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
Feed Efficiency
A
Basal
B B
L-met
DL-met
B B B B B B
N-acetyl
Diet
Alimet
MHA
40%Cys
45%Cys
50%Cys
p-value < 0.001

Protein Efficiency Ratio
g gain/g protein fed
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
A
A
Basal
B B B B B B B B
L-met
DL-met
N-acetyl
Diet
Alimet
MHA
40%Cys
45%Cys
50%Cys
p-value < 0.001

Conclusions
• Various sulfur compounds including MHA
and ALIMET ® were used equally well by
red drum
• Cystine replaced up to 50% methionine
on an equal-sulfur basis
• Effects of MHA and ALIMET ® on
ammonia excretion are being evaluated

Seafood Processing Waste and
By-catch By catch Utilization Project
A collaborative project between Texas A&M
University and the University of Idaho
• Gulf of Mexico
•Alaska
Alaska
Shrimp processing waste
Shrimp by-catch by by-catch catch
Fish processing waste
Fisheries by-catch by by-catch catch

Objectives
• Characterize the nutritional value of
various processing wastes and
fisheries by-catch by by-catch catch
• Subject the products to low-
temperature processing at Bio- Bio Bio-
Oregon in Warrenton, OR

Marine By-products
• Shrimp by-catch meal (SBM) – assorted
fish and crustaceans from Gulf shrimper
• Shrimp waste meal (SWM) – processing
waste from aquacultured shrimp
• Pacific whiting (PW)
• Pacific whiting with solubles (PWS)
• Red salmon head meal (RSHM) –
processing waste from red salmon

Objectives
•Evaluate Evaluate the nutritional value of
developed products in diets of
red drum and rainbow trout
–levels levels of substitution in diets
based on comparative feeding trials
–digestibility digestibility of protein, amino
acids, energy and minerals
(primarily phosphorus)

Feedstuff
Proximate Composition
of Protein Feedstuffs
% dry matter
Dry matter Protein Lipid
Menhaden fish meal (MFM) 90.2 69.1 13.2 19.9
Shrimp by-catch meal (SBM) 98.0 66.1 7.6 23.1
Pacific Whiting without soluble
(PW)
Pacific Whiting with soluble
(PWS)
91.4 79.1 13.6 5.4
96.3 76.8 14.5 6.2
Shrimp waste meal (SWM) 93.3 53.4 1 17.1 22.7
Red salmon head meal
(RSHM)
Ash
96.3 60.1 34.4 6.4
1 This value is overestimated (approx. 5%) due to presence of chitin containing non-protein nitrogen.

Ingred.
Experimental Diets
*All diets formulated at 40% crude protein, 10% lipid, 3.5 kcal DE/g
100%
MFM
(Control)
50%
SBM
100%
SBM
50%
PW
100%
PW
50%
PWS
100%
PWS
25%
RSHM
MFM 57.9 29.0 60.5 29.0 0 29.0 0 43.4 29.0
SBM 0 30.3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
PW 0 0 0 25.3 50.6 0 0 0 0
PWS 0 0 0 0 0 26.0 52.1 0 0
RSHM 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16.6 0
SWM 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 37.4
50%
SWM

Experimental Diets ( cont’d) cont d)
100% 50% 100% 50% 100% 50% 100% 25% 50%
Ingredient
MFM
(control)
SBM SBM PW PW PWS PWS RSHM SWM
Dextrin 15.06 15.06 15.06 15.06 15.06 15.06 15.06 15.06 15.06
Menhaden
Oil 5.16 6.68 8.21 5.53 5.90 5.20 5.24 1.35 2.59
Vitamin
Premix 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00
Mineral
Premix 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00
CMC 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00
CaCO 3 5.52 4.31 3.10 9.93 14.34 9.68 13.84 7.35 2.81
Cellulose 7.34 5.73 4.12 6.22 5.08 6.22 4.79 6.22 4.16

Feeding Trial
•Initial fish weight =3.8 ± 0.3g
•15 fish stocked into each 110-L aquarium
•Closed, recirculating system containing
brackish water (6.0 ppt) at 25 ± 2 ºC
•Each diet fed to fish in three replicate
aquaria at the same fixed rate
•Trial duration = 6 weeks

(%)
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Control 50%SBM 100%
SBM
Survival
50% PW 100% PW 50% PWS 100%
PWS
Diet
50%
SWM
25%
RSHM
P = 0.1176

% of initial wt.
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
a
abc
Control 50%
SBM
Weight Gain
bcd
100%
SBM
bcd
50%
PW
de cd de
100%
PW
50%
PWS
100%
PWS
50%
SWM
25%
RSHM
Diet P = 0.0004
e
ab

g gain / g fed
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
a
ab
Control 50%
SBM
Feed Efficiency
bc bc
100%
SBM
50%
PW
de
100%
PW
Diet
bcd
50%
PWS
bcd
100%
PWS
e
50%
SWM
a
25%
RSHM
P

g gain / g protein fed
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
Protein Efficiency Ratio
a
ab
Control 50%
SBM
bc bc
100%
SBM
50%
PW
de
100%
PW
Diet
bcd
50%
PWS
bcd
100%
PWS
e
50%
SWM
a
25%
RSHM
P

Conclusions
• By-catch from shrimp trawls and red salmon
meal are nutritious feedstuffs for red drum
• More limited substitution of menhaden fish
meal (< 50%) with other by-products will be
required to reduce impaired fish performance
• Utilization of shrimp-processing waste may
be limited by excessive chitin
• Digestibility determinations with the various
products are currently underway

Acknowledgments
• Granvil Treece of Texas Sea Grant –
Co-Principal Investigator
• Zena Wang and Peng Li – graduate
assistants
• Gary Graham of Texas Sea Grant for
assistance in acquiring by-catch from
commercial shrimpers
• Robert Sanchez of Tex-Mex Packers for
acquiring shrimp-processing waste
• Bio-Oregon Inc. for processing the
various products