Organic Pepper Production in Korea g pp g pp

Disease Management in Organic Farming
Organic g Pepper pp Production in Korea
-Focus Focus on Disease Control
Chang-Ki Shim*, Min-Jeong Kim, Yong-Ki Kim, and Hyeong-Jin Jee
Organic Agriculture Division,
National Academy y of Agricultural g Science, ,
Rural Development of Administration
E-mail : ckshim@korea.kr

Contents
Introduction
Evaluation of Resistant cultivars
Healthy Seedling of Hot pepper
Soil and Nutrient Management
Rainproof Installation for Control of Anthracnose
Application of Friendly Environmental Materials

Overview of Domestic Organic Market
Worldwide, Organic market rapidly growing about 20% : 160 countries 37.2 million ha
Domestic organic land (30%↑), organic processed foods (23%↑)
Organic food market size : 500 billion won
- Organic agricultural products (46.6%), Organic processed foods (53.4%)
Organic land : 1.0% of the total agricultural area in Korea(‘11)
- low pesticides p 3.7%+ non pesticides p 4.7%+organic g 1.0%
Percentage of processed foods : Import ratio 86.3%
- Domestic materials (13.7%), Imported materials (71.6%), Imported processed foods (14.7%)
(KREI, ’11)

Domestic Organic Pepper Cultivation
Status of organic pepper cultivation
Total organic farming area : Increasing 3 times
- 459 ha (2001)→ 13 13,376 376 ha (2011)
Organic crop production :Increasing3times
- 797,747t(2005) → 2,215,521t(2010)
Organic pepper farming : 0 7ha per farmer
Organic pepper farming : 0.7ha per farmer
- 231ha(2009) → 2,286ha (2011, 3 times↑)

Problems of Organic Farming in Korea
Crop rotation
Live-stock raising Soil management g : Nutrients supply pp y
Cultivation
Standardization
of cultivation
Rely on input
Pests management
Cultural practice
Crop protection
Rotation
(11 (11.9%) 9%)
Diversity
(19%)
Home-made
(16.7%)
Biological
(36%)
Substance
(27%)
Over 46% farmers reported that the pest
management is the major problem

Major diseases on pepper in Korea
The disease list on pepper (‘09, KSPP)
Pathogen Number Target diseases
Fungi 22 Phytophthora, Anthracnose, Powdery mildew
Bacteria 7 Bacterial wilt, Soft rot
Virus 16 CMV, PMMoV, BBWV-2, PVMV, etc,
Total 45 *Above two diseases comprise about 80% yield loss
Yield loss by the disease
Yield loss : 50,000 M/T
V Value l : >$300 $300 million illi
Breeding and cultivation technology is world top class !
Export hot pepper seed : $7 million / year

Protective Disease Management
Genetic diversity
Resistant variety, barrier
Crop rotation, cover crop
Disease escape
Soil health, Natural enemy
Inter-, mix, perimeter cropping
Micro-environmental conditions
Solarization
Heat, water management

1. Resistant cultivar : Phytophthora blight of pepper
Resistant cultivar
Resistant cultivar
Susceptible cultivar
Resistant cultivars with high
yield and good quality are
available since 2004.
Expected disease control
efficacy is over 95%.
At present, about 80% PR cv.
are cultivated in Korea.

Evaluation Strategies of Resistant Cultivars
Evaluation indicator : Cultivation stability (12 items), Horticultural traits (5 items)
Biotic and Abiotic resistance
- Phytophthora blight, Anthracnose, Viral disease, Soft rot, Aphid, Tobacco Budworm,
Calcium definition
Cultivation stability
- Yield Yield, Maturate stage stage, Plant type type, Plant Height Height, Dehiscent Fruit
Horticultural traits
- Moisture content, Dried fruit quality, Fruit taste, Fruit size, Fruit type, Fruit color
Totally 47cutivars were screened in a greenhouse and in fields
Greenhouse (‘06) Field (‘07) Field application (‘08)
Selected 5 cultivars showing various disease resistances

1-1. Phytophthora Resistant (PR) Cultivar
Among 47 cultivars, Selected 5 cultivars showing various disease resistances
Cultivar
Cultivation
Stability
2008 2009
Horticultural
trait
Total
Cultivation
Stability
Horticultural
trait
Total
Total Total
Score Rank
PR Manita 59 28 87 63 27 90 177 1
PR Daecheon 51 33 84 57 34 91 175 2
Chenhatongil 40 36 76 56 36 92 168 3
Sindogbuljanggun 46 29 75 59 33 92 167 5
Shinogdongja 42 35 77 50 31 81 158 9
Over 98% resistance to Phytophthora and moderate to others
Good quality in fruit and high yield

2. Anthracnose pathogens of pepper
Anthracnose disease caused by Colletotrichum species in Korea
Pathogen a oge Host os range a ge Infection ec o ssite e Symptom Sy p o Pathogenicity a oge c y Isolation so a o frequency eque cy
Colletotrichum acutatum Broad Fruit Water-soaking Strong +++
C. cocodes Broad Seedling Damping off Week +
C. dematium Broad Fruit Damping off Week +
C. gloeosporioides Broad Fruit Damping off Week +

2-1. Resistant cultivar : Anthracnose of pepper
Evaluation of anthracnose resistance of pepper breeding line
Breeding line Infection rate (%) Degree Evaluation
GP-12 72.2 ++ Moderate
GP-23 75.0 ++ Moderate
GP-45 100 +++ Susceptible
GP-63 46.7 ++ Moderate
GP-71 66.7 ++ Moderate
GP-104 20.0 + Resistance
GP-106 77.8 +++ Susceptible
Selection of 21 of 209 accessions of anthracnose resistance in pepper germplasm
resistance

3. Healthy seedling : Shoot Cutting Technique
Promotion effect of Shoot cutting on lateral root formation of pepper seedling
Conventional Shoot cutting method
Sowing Root cut off
1 st leaf
Shoot planting
Saturated RH
New lateral root
Shade the light g
Auxin stimulates the formation of
adventitious roots in many species
(Guerrero et al., 1999).
Shoot cuttings to develop
adventitious roots can vary by cultivar
and successful root induction with
exogenous plant growth regulators
may depend, in part, on endogenous
hormone levels
(Tworkoski and Takeda, 2007)

3-1. Promotion effect of shoot cutting on lateral root formation
Promotion effect of Shoot cutting on lateral root formation of pepper
Treatment Root fresh weight(g)
Conventional 25.3e
Control 34.8d
0.2% Fulvic acid 41.1bc
0.1% Fulvic acid 50.4a
0.2% Humic soil 35.9d
0.1% Humic soil 43.1b
Effect of Shoot cutting on yield incresing of pepper
Treatment
Fruit
length(cm)
Fruit
thinckness(cm)
Fruit fresh
weight(g)
Conventional 59.3d 0.9b 28.0d
Control 66.0bc 1.6a 41.3bc
0.2% Fulvic acid 63.3cd 1.7a 38.5bc
0.1% Fulvic acid 68.7bc 1.7a 42.8b
02%H 0.2% Humic i soil il 61 61.7cd d 11.5a 335.3c 3
0.1% Humic soil 80.0a 1.7a 50.3a

4. Soil and Nutrient Management :Green manure
Green manure applied as organic fertilizer and rotation crop
Sowing : at October in 2011, 16 kg/10a →overwinter
Soil incorporation : hole plant incorporated at April in 2012
- Rye grass : 5,445kg/10a (N-3%)
- Hairy vetch : 3,069kg/10a (N-4%)
Rye Hairy vetch Soil incorporation

4-1. Soil and Nutrient Management :Green manure
Green manure applied as organic fertilizer and rotation crop
Fertilizer : Only green manure, no additional supplemental Nitrogen
Growth and Yield Promotion effect on pepper
- Rye grass : 1,710 kg/10a
- Hairy vetch : 3,400kg/10a
Rye grass
Hairy vetch

5. Semi rain-proof : breaking of anthracnose disease
Epidemiological study on anthracnose pathogen
Rainfall Rainfall, Airflow, Airflow Wind speed affects to the scattering distance of the spores
Greenhouse (‘06) Field (‘07) Field application (‘08)

5-1. Semi rain-proof : avoiding rain splash
2009 Model
2012 Model
Effects of blocking rain splash on control
of f pepper anthracnose th by b CC. acutatum t t
Effects of the semi rain rain-proof proof installation
• Control : >98%
• Cheaper than greenhouse
• Yield : 125% • Easy to work
• Income : 150% • Similar to field conditions
• Labor : 50% - Air circulation circulation, light light, etc

Curative Disease Management
Microbes
Biochemicals
Natural enemy
Plant/animal origins
Natural minerals
Cooking oil & yolk mixture
Microbial products
Organic compost
Others

6. Cooking oil and yolk mixture (COY)
Materials
COY COY was was developed developed based based on on Dr. Dr. Ko’s Ko’s paper paper (Ko (Ko et. et. al. al. 2003) 2003)
Amount of egg-yolk and cooking oil for disease control
Cooking oil
Egg-yolk
Protective(0.3%) Curative(0.5%)
20 ι 500 ι 20 ι 500 ι
60ml
1
1.5 ι
15
100ml
1
2.5 ι
15

6-1. Mechanism study on COY
Direct : Destroy mycelial wall, disturb respiration and
lipid metabolisms of insect.
Indirect : Repellent insects, coating plant surface to protect
from germination and infection of pathogens.
Active mycelia
before treatment
Destroyed mycelia
After treatment
COY
Comparison of powdery mildew on treated
lower leaves and non-treated upper leaves
of cucumber with canola COY 0.3%.

6-2. Effect of COY mixture on Insect pest and
Diseases
COY mixture with other supplement
Crops Target pests COY+(supplement)
COY COYM
Pepper
Paprika
Anthracnose
Ca 200ppm: egg shell extract
30.5 68.0
(7 ( fields) ) Bordeaux 500x, , copper, pp , sulfur
Powdery mildew 91.6 96.2 Ca 200ppm, Sulfur ½
Aphid 62.4 94.4 Ca 200ppm, Neem ½
Mite 98.1 99.4 Ca 200ppm, pp , Neem ½

7-1. Control effect of pH adjusted Loess Sulfur mixture
on Powdery mildew of Pepper
Control effect of 0.2% Loess Sulfur mixture
Treatment
Powdery mildew of pepper (%)
7 DAT Control value 14 DAT Control value
Control 45 45.3c 3c - 82 82.4c 4c
-
0.5% COY+Cu 13.1b 71.1 11.2b 86.4
0.2% Lime Sulfur mixture 8.2a 82.2 7.2a 91.3
0.2% Loess Sulfur mixture 1) 4.9a 88.9 5.1a 93.8
1) : pH adjusted with brown rice vinegar (30ml /20L final volume)

7. Effect of pH adjusted Loess Sulfur mixture
on Foliar Diseases
Components of Loess Sulfur mixture
Sulfur NaOH Loess Salt Phyllite y
Egg shell
calciium l ii
Water pH p
Farm 25kg 20kg 0.5kg 1.5kg 0.5kg 0.5kg 100L 12.7
RDA 25kg 15kg 0.5kg 1.5kg 0.5kg 0.5kg 105L 11.7
pH of Loess Sulfur mixture adjusted with brown rice vinegar
pH
Control effect
Phytotoxicity
Powdery mildew(%) Shoot leaf
5.2 55d - -
7.2 75c - -
7.5 75c - -
78 7.8 85b - -
8.5 95a - -
10.9 95a - -
11.0 85b ++ ++

Conclusion
Cornerstones of Plant Protection in Organic Pepper Farming
(Before) )
Prrotective
Ecological
means
Physical
methods
Cultural Biological
practice agents g
Organic
Plant Protection
Crop
rotation
Resistant var.
Health seed
Natural
substances
Commercial
products
Curative
(AAfter)

Organic farming is not far away
Thank you
for for your attention!