Untitled

princeton university
library chronicle
volume lviii 1996‒1997

princeton university
library chronicle
volume lviii · number 1 · autumn 1996
contents
page
Princeton University Archives: Notes for a History 9
by Ben Primer
Finding Calasio: Princeton’s Library Catalogs, 1760–1966 32
by James Weinheimer
The Tramp and the Policy Doctor: The Social 57
Sciences at Princeton
by Daniel T. Rodgers
Library Notes 91
Things Are Better Now, by Frederic Rosengarten, Jr.
Federal Government Information at Princeton,
by Sally Wilt Burkman
New and Notable 106
Cover Note 189

illustrations
Moses Taylor Pyne, Class of 1877
page
8
The “New Refectory” and the Bulletin Elm 12
Edward Mooney’s portrait of James Carnahan,
Class of 1800
15
Winthrop Morgan Phelps, Class of 1916 27
Title page of Calasio’s Concordantiae sacrorum
bibliorum hebraicorum
33
Detail of a page from Calasio’s Concordantiae . . . 35
The Calasio entry in the 1760 Catalogue . . . 38
“Catalogue of the Library . . . ” in 1821 42
Page from Jesse Edwards’ 1843 “Catalogue . . . ” 45
Catalog cards for Calasio’s Concordantiae . . . 49
Professor Walter A. Wyckoff 59
Professor Edwin Walter Kemmerer 63
DeWitt Clinton Poole 75
A Woodrow Wilson School conference 76
Médéric-Louis-Élie Moreau de Saint-Méry 93
The Class of 1945 manhole cover 107
Eadweard Muybridge, “Indian Scouts on Picket Duty.” 121
B. F. Butler, Map of the Burnt District, San-Francisco 138
Samuel Johnson’s copy of The New-Years-Gift . . . 147
Alison Frantz with John Foster Dulles, Class of 1908 153

A volvelle from the Edmund Kershaw Commonplace Book 156
Psalm 147 from Psalterium cum canticis et hymnis . . . 161
Political cartoon from Darly’s Political and Satirical History . . . 165
Page from Pascal Collasse’s Thétis et Pélée . . .
Title page, Gerard Meerman’s Plan du traité des origines
172
typographiques 176
Machine to measure humidity, from Simon Foucher’s
Traité des hygromètres . . .
183
An emblem from R. B.’s Choice Emblems . . . 186

contributors to this issue
ben primer is Princeton University Archivist and Curator of Public
Policy Papers, Princeton University Library. He holds a Ph.D. in
history from the Johns Hopkins University, and is the author of
Protestants and American Business Methods (1979) and American Civil Liberties
Union Archives: The Roger Baldwin Years, 1917–1950 (1996).
daniel t. rodgers has taught American cultural and intellectual
history at Princeton since 1980. He is the author of The Work Ethic
in Industrial America, 1850–1920 (1978), which was awarded the Frederick
Jackson Turner Prize of the Organization of American Historians;
Contested Truths: Keywords in American Politics Since Independence (1987);
and a forthcoming book, The Transatlantic Connection in American Social
Politics, 1870–1920. He has been a Fulbright lecturer, a Fellow
of the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences, and
a recipient of a National Endowment for the Humanities fellowship.
He was chair of Princeton’s History Department from 1988
to 1995.
james weinheimer is Slavic-Germanic Cataloger, Princeton University
Library. He holds an M.L.S. from the University of Texas
at Austin, and is a member of the American Library Association
and the American Association for the Advancement of Slavic Studies.
He is the author of “The Slavic Cataloging Manual,” published on
the Internet, and will be the curator of an upcoming exhibition of
the E. B. Cook Chess Collection in Firestone Library.

Moses Taylor Pyne, Class of 1877, who together with J. Bayard Henry, Class of 1876,
donated a collection of manuscripts and books that became part of the Princeton University
Archives. Undergraduate Alumni Records, Princeton University Archives.
8
Photo: John Blazejewski

Princeton University Archives
Notes for a History
by ben primer
As Princeton University celebrates the 250th anniversary of its founding in
1746, the collections of documents and memorabilia that comprise the raw
materials of its history have suddenly become the focus of attention not only by
members of the faculty, staff, and student body but also by outside researchers
interested in the history of education and educational institutions in the United
States. In this article, Princeton University Archivist Ben Primer reminds us
that the establishment of the Archives is a very recent phenomenon, and tells
the story of the halting early efforts to preserve the heritage of one of the nation’s
premier institutions of higher learning.
On 4 April 1991, the University’s vice-president and secretary,
Thomas H. Wright, Jr., convened the first of many meetings
to begin planning for Princeton’s 250th anniversary celebration. It
was immediately clear that heavy use of the University Archives
would be in the offing. For the author, who had been University
Archivist for just over a year, the blueprint for the celebration was
a frightening proposition for which the Archives seemed ill-prepared.
In the intervening years, the vision of the organizing committee,
and the subsequent designs of the 250th Committee and its
executive director, Dorothy Bedford, expanded dramatically beyond
anything imagined at the outset. At least ten books on the
history of the University are either published or under way. The
most complex project is Princeton University: The First 250 Years, by
Donald Oberdorfer, Class of 1952, which relies heavily on photographs
from the Archives selected by John T. Miller, Class of 1970.
J. Jefferson Looney prepared two books, a history of the American
Whig-Cliosophic Society and the nineteenth-century “guide” to
Princeton, College As It Is, which he edited. William K. Selden,
9

Class of 1934, wrote a history of the eating clubs, and the
Princetoniana Committee of the Alumni Council prepared a volume
of excerpts from oral history interviews of prominent alumni;
both of them relied on archival photographs. Five more books —
Luminaries: Princeton Faculty Remembered; essays from the lecture series
focused on Princeton’s history in the twentieth century, Princeton:
From College to University; a revised version of A Princeton Companion;
an updated history of the Graduate School; and a book on “quotable
Princeton” — are still to come.
As if that were not enough, the Archives has also helped with
preparation of a birthday calendar and supported the work of “The
Evolution of a Campus,” an interactive computer graphics project
designed to provide a visual history of the evolution of the buildings
on campus. Four oral history projects have involved the Archives in
various ways, ranging from training and research to transcription and
preservation of the completed interviews. Professor Richard Challener
interviewed senior administrators about the history of the campus
since the 1930s. The Princetoniana Committee, the Class of 1945,
and the support staff of the University have also been active in
collecting information about various aspects of the University’s past.
Still to come is the Archives’ own exhibition on the history of the
University, “Out of Tensions, Progress: Princeton as University,”
which will open at Firestone Library on 13 October 1996.
The Archives also provided research, archival film, video and
audio tape, and historic photographs for two major media projects.
Andrew Greenspan’s video essay, Defining Moments in Princeton’s First
250 Years, focused on students in President Harold Shapiro’s freshman
seminar on the history of higher education who used the Archives
in order to write papers about the nature of post-secondary
education at Princeton. This video helped to launch the University’s
capital campaign, “With One Accord: The Anniversary Campaign
for Princeton,” in 1995. Forthcoming will be Gerardo Puglia’s feature
film entitled Princeton: Image of a University, which will premiere
at the Charter Weekend celebration in October 1996.
+
The success of the 250th celebration is a tribute to a diverse group
of custodians of the University’s past, all of whom helped to build
10

the rich historical record that the Archives is able to make available
today. For the first 213 years of its existence, Princeton University
(earlier the College of New Jersey) functioned without an
official archives or a paid archivist. The survival of the historical
record is testament to a combination of good fortune and wise care
of the documents by administrators who were often uncertain of
their mission and without adequate means to fulfill it. Two fires in
Nassau Hall, in 1802 and 1855, could have destroyed everything,
but virtually all of the vital early records of the University survive,
including the charter from Governor Jonathan Belcher, a complete
set of trustees’ minutes, minutes of faculty meetings beginning
in 1787, the treasurer’s ledgers beginning in 1769, and the files
of most presidents of the University from the time of John Maclean
(1854–1868) to the present. 1 Alumni have also been helpful in expanding
the resources available to scholars interested in Princeton’s
history. Moses Taylor Pyne, Class of 1877, and J. Bayard Henry,
Class of 1876, collected archival materials or papers with a Princeton
association (especially autographs of prominent alumni and professors),
and as a result the Archives possesses a substantial collection
of eighteenth- and nineteenth-century financial records of the
treasurer, the steward (who handled the refectory and room accounts),
the inspector (charged with maintenance of buildings and
grounds), and the librarian.
While most of the early records of student organizations such as
the American Whig Society and the Cliosophic Society perished in
the Nassau Hall fire of 1802, thereafter records are more complete.
Clio records start in 1789, Whig in 1802, the Nassau Hall Bible
Society in 1813, and the Philadelphian Society in 1855. Full runs of
student publications are available for all the important student periodicals.
Similarly, the early organizational efforts of alumni, beginning
with the Alumni Association of Nassau Hall in 1826, are
well documented. Architectural drawings exist for a surprising number
of buildings, some of them no longer in existence, and correspondence
with architects, planners and landscape architects provides
a rich source of information about the campus.
1 Records exist for all the most recent presidents, although those of James McCosh, Woodrow
Wilson, and John Grier Hibben are spotty. In Wilson’s case, of course, the Papers of Woodrow
Wilson, ed. Arthur S. Link, 69 vols. (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1966–1994), recovered
much of the record not found in the Archives.
11

Maps and iconography of the campus abound, both in the Archives
and the Visual Materials Division of Rare Books and Special
Collections. Photographs of the campus and its faculty and
students date back to 1850, when the senior class posed for daguerreotypes.
Even earlier, many students and faculty arranged for
engravings that were bound into books. The earliest motion-picture
film in the Archives is of President John Grier Hibben’s inauguration
in 1912, attended by President William Howard Taft. Since
that time the record of P-rades, athletic contests, graduations, lectures,
and undergraduate activities recorded in various audiovisual
media has grown exponentially. The Archives also houses a variety
of ephemera ranging from nineteenth-century canes to
Bicenquinquagenary Water (BCQ H 2 O) especially bottled for the
250th anniversary of the University.
If there is any major area that is poorly documented it is athletics.
The gymnasium fire in 1945 destroyed much of that record,
including the substantial library and archives collected by Joseph
E. Raycroft. Fortunately, much of the written record is available
The “New Refectory” (1834–1866) and the Bulletin Elm, from a student album of 1861.
Historical Photographs Collection, Princeton University Archives.
12
Photo: John Blazejewski

in newspaper and yearbook accounts and in the archives of other
colleges. A substantial number of photographs, scrapbooks, and
films related to athletics which were in other University offices or
private hands have subsequently also found their way to the Archives.
+
Although the Archives were only recently created, interest in
Princeton history and the records of the University and its graduates
has long been apparent. The earliest history of the college,
Samuel Blair’s An Account of the College of New Jersey, 2 which appeared
just eighteen years after its formation, was supplemented by a number
of lengthy histories written in the period following the Civil War.
Much of the nineteenth-century interest focused on biography (indeed
hagiography) of graduates; the book by Samuel Davies
Alexander, Class of 1838, Princeton College During the Eighteenth Century,
is typical. 3 In 1857, 1858, and 1859, George Musgrave Giger,
Class of 1841, the librarian and a professor of classics, mailed out
questionnaires to alumni of the classes from 1801 to 1859; they were
collected as Giger’s Memoirs, 1748-1860, an eight-volume biographical
resource. The University regularly issued the Catalogus
Collegii Næo-Cæsariensis, a list of graduates written in Latin from 1786
until 1886, and thereafter in English.
Earle E. Coleman, University Archivist from 1971 to 1990, has
argued that the rise of the Department of Rare Books and Special
Collections, including many materials which eventually found their
way into the Archives, dates back to the 1890s when the college
decided to exhibit a number of rare books and manuscripts at the
World’s Columbian Exposition in Chicago. 4 Books written by faculty
and alumni authors became the nucleus for what soon was
known as the Princetoniana (or P) Collection, which sought to acquire
every biography, book, or offprint written by or about alumni,
faculty, trustees, and persons associated with the college. 5 In this
2 Woodbridge, New Jersey: Printed for the Trustees by James Parker, 1764.
3 New York: Anson D. F. Randolph & Co., 1872.
4 “The Department of Rare Books and Special Collections at Princeton,” Princeton University
Library Chronicle 32, no. 1 (Autumn 1970), p. 35.
5 By 1950 the faculty concluded that the P Collection had become “too large and unwieldy”;
thereafter the Library halted additions to the collection except for historical works
13

same period the library accessioned the Pyne-Henry collection of
eighteenth- and nineteenth-century documents. All early manuscripts
acquired by the Department received Pyne-Henry (PH) numbers
until 13 May 1909, when Librarian Ernest Cushing Richardson
halted the practice at PH 2082. Almost all of these early manuscripts
had direct Princeton associations; for the most part, they
were autograph letters of graduates, staff, and trustees, many written
to Pyne himself. The most important of these early documents
were the treasurer’s records kept by Jonathan Sargent, whose tenure
ran from 1750 to 1777. Autographs of Benjamin Rush, both
Aaron Burrs, John Witherspoon, and John Maclean were frequently
among the items acquired by the library with funds provided by
Pyne and Henry.
Even though the Pyne-Henry designation ended in 1909, the library
continued to record the accession of manuscript materials
item by item until 1940 when, presumably, the new librarian, Julian
P. Boyd, halted this hopeless practice. The most significant gift to
the Archives from this period appears to have been from “the Misses
Maclean” 6 on 25 September 1914; they donated thousands of items
relating to the history of Princeton during the presidencies of James
Carnahan, Class of 1800, (1823–1854), 7 and John Maclean, Jr., Class
of 1816, (1854–1868). Other sizable gifts came from the Rev. Samuel
Miller, an early trustee, thanks to the “Misses Miller” in 1913;
from J. M. Hart, Class of 1860, in 1918; from Professor Henry
and imprints issued as a function of the University’s operations. Minutes of the Faculty
Committee on the Library, Librarian’s Records, Princeton University Archives (hereafter
pua), 24 April 1950, p. 1.
6 John Maclean’s unmarried nieces, Caroline Fitch, Louisa Bainbridge, and Mary Agnes,
donated most of the papers in 1914 at the behest of Varnum Lansing Collins, who discovered
that some had been in the hands of Professor Henry Clay Cameron. Other Maclean
papers were later given by Agnes in 1933 and by her executor, Henry E. Hale, Class of
1892, in 1935. Agnes rejected pleas from Collins to help with two historical projects in the
1930s because “the college in religion has changed from orthodox to liberal.” Agnes told
Collins, “Uncle used to pray that the college may be more noted for its piety than for its
learning,” M. Agnes Maclean to V. Lansing Collins, 14 January 1929 and 22 January 1929
in Historical Subject File, President John Maclean box, pua.
7 Carnahan’s term as president was Princeton’s longest, and John Maclean, Jr., served on
the faculty throughout these years and as vice-president under Carnahan beginning in
1829. Thus the Maclean Papers document both presidencies beginning about 1820. Record
series for the Alumni Association of Nassau Hall, lists of candidates for degrees, the Cliosophic
Society, college finances, college lands, faculty reports, inspector’s reports, librarian’s reports,
the Nassau Hall Education Society, president’s reports, the rebuilding of Nassau Hall
in 1855, refectory accounts, student finances, trustee minutes, and Maclean’s voluminous
general correspondence are quite complete, some series beginning as early as 1800.
14

Edward Mooney’s portrait of James Carnahan (1775–1859), Class of 1800, President of
Princeton from 1823 to 1854. Photograph in Historical Subjects File, Princeton
University Archives.
15
Photo: John Blazejewski

Clay Cameron, Class of 1847, beginning about 1918; from Andrew
Fleming West, Class of 1877, beginning in 1927; from William
Berryman Scott, Class of 1877, in 1935; from Varnum Lansing Collins,
Class of 1892, following his death in 1936; and from David McGee,
Class of 1897, in 1939. 8
+
The chief architects of what became the Princeton University Archives
were the men who served as secretary of the University, an
office established by the trustees in 1901. To date only five individuals
have served as secretary 9 ; their principal duty has been to
serve the office of the president as the official responsible for the
actions of the corporation, its trustees and executive committee.
The secretary has custody of the corporate seal and serves as the
agent upon whom process against the corporation is served. Over
the years the secretary has handled the routine work of the Trustees’
Committee on Honorary Degrees, managed alumni affairs, selected
academic representatives to other institutions, directed the
public lecture program, administered the award of academic prizes,
served as protocol officer when distinguished visitors came to campus,
overseen student and financial aid, supervised the public information
office, governed the departmental advisory councils,
prepared and distributed all catalogs comprising the official register
of the University, printed the Weekly Bulletin, and housed the
Archives of the University. With good reason, Alexander Leitch
described the secretary’s job as “the department of everything else.”
The existence of the modern Archives is in no small measure the
work of Varnum Lansing Collins, Class of 1892. Collins began his
career in the library, serving as reference librarian from 1895 to
1906. In 1906 Secretary Charles W. McAlpin named Collins to the
post of editor of the General Catalogue/Biographical Catalogue. 10
8 The manuscript accession book indicates that Robert Garrett, Class of 1897, brought
McGee to the library with a trove of James McCosh papers. For all of these accessions see
the first three volumes of the manuscript accession books, Rare Books and Special Collections,
Firestone Library.
9 Charles Williston McAlpin (1901–1917), Varnum Lansing Collins (1917–1936), Alexander
Leitch (1936–1966), Jeremiah S. Finch (1966–1974), and Thomas H. Wright (1974–present)
have held this office.
10 That same year Collins also became preceptor, and later Assistant Professor and Professor
of Modern Languages (French).
16

Collins’ immediate task was to provide a record for every graduate
of Princeton. In short order he sent surveys to every living graduate
or relative of a graduate who could be located. Collins and his
staff consulted standard reference sources and local historical societies
for information on these alumni. The resulting files on alumni,
on non-graduates, and on possible, doubtful, and fraudulent “alumni”
have been gold mines for researchers ever since. Another file on
Princeton families has been used by genealogists and other researchers.
In 1917 Collins succeeded McAlpin as secretary and apparently
began what is now known as the Historical Subject File, an
enormous cache of Princeton history, lore, and trivia which is a
vital resource for the myriad of questions directed to the Archives’
staff. Collins maintained files for graduate student alumni, faculty,
research and administrative staff, and recipients of honorary degrees
from the University.
Collins did more than collect and organize the historical record,
however. Beginning in 1908 he published a series of books on
Princeton history. Some, like the General Catalogue, 1746-1906, Princeton
and the World War, and Early Princeton Printing, served as reference
books. 11 Others, such as Princeton and what eventually came to be
known as Princeton, Past and Present, were histories and guidebooks
to the campus and the town. 12 Finally, Collins’ two-volume biography
of John Witherspoon remains in many ways the standard life
of the most important eighteenth-century Princeton president. 13
Collins’ successor, Alexander Leitch, Class of 1924, had served
as the University’s first director of public information under Collins
in 1928, and then as assistant to Presidents John Grier Hibben and
Harold W. Dodds, as well as to Acting President Edward D. Duffield
between the two. After becoming secretary in 1936, Leitch utilized
a “Princetoniana Fund” to purchase manuscript materials for the
11 General Catalogue, 1746-1906 (Princeton: Printed by the University, 1908); Princeton and the
World War (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1932); Early Princeton Printing (Princeton:
Princeton University Press, 1911).
12 Princeton (New York: Oxford University Press, 1914); Princeton, Past and Present (Princeton:
Princeton University Press, 1931, and reissued several times since). This book was originally
called Guide to Princeton: The Town, the University (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1st
ed., 1919, 2nd ed., 1920). Collins also wrote “The Report of the Special Committee of Three
on Entrance Requirements and the Maintenance of Standards” (5 June 1911), which moved
the University in the direction of standardized examinations and selective admissions, and
“The Preceptorial Method of Instruction,” the first guidebook for Princeton’s new pedagogical
approach (“Report of the Committee of Eight,” 17 February 1913).
13 President Witherspoon (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1925).
17

library. 14 After he retired in 1966, he began work on what may be
the most valuable resource in the Archives: A Princeton Companion, 15
Leitch’s encyclopedia of Princeton, which has provided background
information on Princeton history for two decades and is now searchable
on the Internet.
A list of the functions and duties of the secretary’s office for the
1940s includes “maintenance of deceased alumni files,” “yearbooks,
Heralds, Reunion Books, Class Publications,” “handling of genealogical
inquiries,” “maintenance of the historical file and answer
inquiries,” “maintain faculty information files — official records of
promotion dates, salaries, newsclips,” all of which would represent
standard reference work for an archive. The secretary maintained
physical custody of the charter, the minute books of the trustees
and faculty, and papers relating to those minutes. 16
The secretary’s office also sought to clip and file information on
staff and alumni. It maintained an elaborate set of policies and
procedures on clippings. News of family members (marriages, births,
visits from grandchildren, deaths) were pasted in thousands of folders,
unfortunately with the “highly recommended” rubber cement which
yellowed and deteriorated the paper and then hardened so that
articles fell off the pages. Clippings for subjects were also placed in
appropriate files. In 1945 Leitch’s staff advised that they were one
year behind in clipping. Leitch replied, “This is most important!”
then authorized hiring two “girls” to catch up on the work. That
same year Leitch called on staff to “reorganize and re-index the
Historical File.” 17
Falling behind on clipping revealed increasing problems with the
work of the office, and Leitch also faced a growing crisis of space
in Nassau Hall. Lists for files and indexes indicate they were stored
in at least five different rooms on the third floor of the east wing of
Nassau Hall, where the secretary was headquartered. The trustee
minutes, some faculty minutes, grade books, and deeds of gift were
also stored in a safe in Leitch’s office. The registrar’s office maintained
most of the grade books, matriculation records, and en-
14 See file on “Princetoniana Fund, E-1365,” for 1937 and 1938, Boxes 33, 37, Secretary’s
Records, pua.
15 Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1978.
16 “Functions and Duties,” n.d., Box 48, Secretary’s Records, pua.
17 “Work of the Secretary’s Office — 1940s” file in Box 43, Secretary’s Records, pua.
18

trance and grade cards. A separate recorder’s office maintained
application forms, correspondence from undergraduates, and copies
of the scholarship cards (copied from the registrar’s cards) that
found their way to the secretary’s office after the student graduated.
Finally, the office oversaw the old financial records of the
University, which were locked in the basement of Stanhope Hall.
By 1949 the secretary’s office maintained records for 27,000 living
alumni and 9,000 deceased alumni that filled forty-five filing
cabinets. In a memorandum dated 6 January 1949, the secretary of
the Alumni Council, Donald W. Griffin, Class of 1923, announced
the creation of a Bureau of Alumni Records in the former Pyne
Library (renamed at that point the Pyne Administration Building).
The files of all living alumni were to be transferred, and eventually
two-thirds of the files left the secretary’s office.
The final problem facing the secretary’s office in these years was
that of a policy on access to these records. Throughout the 1940s
the office sought to codify and narrow access. Staff were authorized
to show or lend folders to administrative officers and their
secretaries and to government officials (Federal Bureau of Investigation,
State Department, and Office of War Information investigators,
for instance). Further, the policy stated, “Never, in any case,
let a newspaperman handle or look at a folder! Do not loan sketches,
pictures, original manuscripts and letters or old pamphlets, which
could never be replaced, to anyone except the University Library.”
Anything borrowed was to be signed for. Nevertheless, certain individuals
received special access, among them Donald Egbert,
Wheaton Lane, and Thomas J. Wertenbaker, who were at work
on books, and several other individuals “known” to the secretary’s
office. Evidently the office had no policy for opening older files for
historical research and little understanding of the archival principle
of maintaining physical custody of the records themselves. 18
+
One of those especially authorized by the secretary’s office to utilize
and borrow its records was Henry L. Savage, Class of 1915. 19
18 “Work of the Secretary’s Office — 1940s” file, Box 43, Secretary’s Records, pua.
19 See memorandum dated 11 December 1946 in “Work of the Secretary’s Office — 1940s”
file, Box 43, Secretary’s Records, pua.
19

Savage held the title of “Archivist in the University Library,” 20 and
his presence in large measure explains why the library was unable
to respond to the growing records crisis in the secretary’s office. A
Phi Beta Kappa graduate who won the Old English Prize, Savage
served as a lieutenant in the Seventh Division of the American
Expeditionary Force during the First World War and then obtained
a Yale Ph.D. in 1924. He joined the Princeton English faculty in
1922 as an instructor, advancing to assistant professor in 1926 and
to associate professor in 1931. By 1944, Savage was under considerable
pressure to abandon his teaching career and “accept the position”
then being offered him in the library. His colleagues in the
English Department argued that the position would allow “appropriate
leisure” for scholarly research (he was especially interested
in the heraldic imagery in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight) and yet
offer a career that would “make excellent use of his abilities and
attainments.” By developing library collections, Savage would contribute
to medieval studies. 21 Shortly thereafter President Harold
W. Dodds confirmed the new half-time library position, adding
that “your duties in the Library may grow and that if they do a
larger percentage of your time may be devoted to them and a smaller
percentage to teaching.” Dodds thought that Savage might promote
the library through book collecting and alumni development,
and he sweetened the offer with a promise of a $500 entertainment
allowance. 22
Why Librarian Julian P. Boyd agreed to this proposition is unclear,
since Savage’s new role certainly had not been defined by
Boyd, who was not asked to determine his proposed duties until
some months after his appointment. Boyd suggested that Savage
might be “a learned and amiable promoter of good will among the
friends of the library,” 23 but he did not foresee that Savage would
play any real role in the establishment of a University Archives,
despite his title.
Savage was unhappy with the arrangement, updating his dossier
20 Savage’s title is also sometimes given as “Archivist of the University Library,” perhaps
an attempt to narrow the scope of his work. See, for instance, the 1955 biographical sketch
provided by the Office of Public Information in his faculty file, Faculty Records, pua.
21 Henry L. Savage faculty file, Faculty Records, pua.
22 Dodds to Savage, 4 April 1944, Savage faculty file, Faculty Records, pua.
23 Julian P. Boyd to F. S. Osborne, 25 May 1944, Savage faculty file, Faculty Records,
pua.
20

in the Bureau of Appointments with this bitter note: “As you see, I
am become an archivist. I did not ask to be one, but was given no
opportunity to state my preference, which was to continue teaching
and research in the field of Middle English here or elsewhere.”
Under Boyd, Savage acknowledged routine gifts to the library,
handled relatively minor collection development projects, and performed
other ceremonial tasks, including a period as secretary of
the Friends of the Library (1944–1951). He maintained an office
adjacent to the Princetoniana Room (where the Taylor Collection
is now located) after the Firestone Library opened, and mounted
exhibitions there for alumni.
Although Boyd was clearly interested in establishing the Archives
as a separate office within the library, 24 he apparently believed that
Savage was not up to the task. Boyd regularly acted to rein in
Savage’s development efforts and reduce his contacts outside the
library. In a memorandum dated 6 October 1950, he diplomatically
rejected Savage’s proposal to form a real archives by acquiring
departmental records. Savage had no better luck with Acting
Librarian Maurice Kelley, or with Librarian William S. Dix, who
was not at all persuaded by Savage’s eloquent annual report for
1952–1953, the only one he ever wrote. 25 As for contributions to
the bibliography on Princeton’s history, Savage edited Nassau Hall,
1756–1956. 26
+
Apparently Henry Savage was not the archivist that Boyd may have
wanted, but he did address the issue of what an archives ought to
be in his single annual report, written just after Dix’s arrival.
Savage quoted Ernst Posner, the leading archival theoretician and
founder of the Modern Archives Institute at American University
in 1945, who observed that many institutions had designated someone
in the history department or library to be an archivist, but provided
“no definition of authority” or “necessary facilities or funds.”
24 On Boyd’s interest in an institutional Archives, see his memorandum to Harold W.
Dodds, 18 April 1944.
25 See “Archives” and “Staff Correspondence — Henry Savage” folders, Librarian’s Records,
1944–1961, pua.
26 Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1956.
21

Savage rightly concluded that at Princeton the “archives are more
in posse than in esse.” 27
In March 1955, Librarian William S. Dix engaged M. Halsey
Thomas, the Keeper of Columbiana since 1928 and a resident of
Princeton, to prepare a report on the archival situation at Princeton.
Thomas set to work, but was soon diverted by other writing assignments,
delaying his final report until 7 October 1957. The Thomas
report provided a thorough survey on the location and physical
condition of archival records in the library (including the
Princetoniana Room, the Manuscripts Division, the Theatre Collection,
and stack areas), in the secretary’s office, in the Bureau of
Alumni Records, and at the Princeton Alumni Weekly. Thomas urged
the library to end circulation of the P Collection and treat it as a
valuable archival resource, to provide rack storage for its paintings,
to remove photographs from frames, and to eliminate non-
Princeton items (Beethoven, Thoreau!).
The Thomas report indicates that sometime after World War II,
the Manuscripts Division had accessioned early trustee minutes,
grade books, Whig-Clio records, files of certain Princeton classes,
and various non-current files of administrative offices. He urged
that certain items in the P Collection — class photo albums, autograph
albums and scrapbooks — be shifted to the Manuscripts Division,
and that it begin a program of collecting undergraduate
diaries and lecture notes. He noted that a file of Princeton subjects
begun by Varnum Lansing Collins (presumably during his library
service) paralleled the files maintained in the secretary’s office. Thomas
called for a wider range of clippings by the secretary’s office, to
include the New York Herald-Tribune, the Newark Evening News, one of
the Philadelphia papers, and all three Princeton papers. He also
commented on the poor grade of paper used for the clippings and
the use of scotch tape and rubber cement: “In 50 years this file will
be a mass of flaky paper crumbling at the touch, interspersed with
sticky globs.” 28 Thomas recommended rag paper and library paste
for the future.
In his 1957 annual report, Librarian Dix proposed the establishment
of the Princeton University Archives, either under his ad-
27 “Annual Report,” 1952–1953, p. 1. Annual Report file, pua.
28 Since 1990 the Archives has expended hours of time photocopying these clippings files
onto acid-free paper in order to preserve them.
22

ministration or as an independent entity. The retirement of President
Harold W. Dodds that year may have emboldened Dix, and
at a meeting on 24 October 1957 the Trustees’ Committee on the
Library urged Dix to go forward with planning. Six days later Dix
approached Dodds’ successor, Robert F. Goheen, Class of 1940,
with a plan to establish a committee chaired by Dix that would
include historian Wesley Frank Craven, treasurer Ricardo Mestres,
secretary Alexander Leitch, and archivist Henry L. Savage. Soon
thereafter Goheen acted, adding Frank E. Taplin and Julian Boyd
to the group and dropping Mestres. 29 The reaction in Secretary
Leitch’s office was telling; Margaretta R. Cowenhoven, to whom
much of the work fell, wrote on the memorandum from Goheen,
“At last!” 30
Two fortuitous letters probably pushed this process along. First,
Theodore Shipton, custodian of the Harvard University Archives,
sent Julian Boyd a copy of a letter he had written to Gelston Hardy,
Class of 1923, which noted the need for a Princeton version of
Sibley’s Harvard Graduates. Shipton offered to meet with Goheen,
saying, “It is, I think, a waste of time unless the President is properly
conditioned ahead of time and is in a favorable mood.” Boyd
wrote Hardy to second the idea, and there seems little doubt that a
dream of a biographical dictionary sparked the interest of the historians
serving on the committee. 31
About the same time, President Goheen received a letter from
Schaefer Williams who was engaged in a study of the development
of Latin paleography in the United States. Williams noted that at
Harvard, Yale, Columbia, and Johns Hopkins he had encountered
no difficulty with this task, but “at Princeton, where one finds a
sumptuously appointed library for Princetoniana, the apparatus is
29 Dix memorandum dated 29 October 1957 and Goheen memorandum, 6 November
1957, in “Archives” folder in 1960–1961 Librarian’s Records, pua.
30 “Archives” folder, Box 48, Secretary’s Records, pua. Henry Savage’s reaction may
have differed. Leitch wrote on the same memo, “Ask Bill Dix some time about Henry Savage
memo to Meg Cowenhoven of Dec 16/57.” This memorandum was not located among
the Secretary’s records.
31 Copies of the Shipton and Boyd letters are in the “Archives” folder, 1960–1961 Librarian’s
Records, pua. Boyd doubted a direct approach would work: “NjP has far too many of my
impulsive letters already. I once kept a diary while Firestone was being planned and built,
but wisely destroyed it. Usually I’m not so prudent and leave too many traces around.”
Leitch pencilled on his copy of the Goheen memo of 6 November 1957, “Cf. Frank Craven’s
suggestion last June re: first-class history person working on alumni biographies,” Box 48,
Secretary’s Records, pua.
23

lacking. I was sent to the Secretary’s Office in Nassau — but the
run is incomplete. In the library proper, all was in a locked vault
and had to be trucked to the Princetoniana Room (and there is a
page shortage).” 32
By 19 December 1957, Dix had prepared a draft document on
the nature of the proposed archives. He defined its primary mission
as the collection of institutional records, to exclude personal
papers of faculty and “even manuscripts and printed material about
Princeton University,” a paragraph that Leitch marked with a large
question mark. 33 Dix also proposed to establish the authority of the
Archives by act of the trustees, basing his text upon the act of the
Harvard Corporation. The formulation was simple: archives of official
activities are University property; such property cannot be destroyed
without approval of the secretary, the librarian and the relevant
departmental official; offices were to determine the active life span
of their records; and archival material when no longer needed would
be transferred to the University Archives. The Trustees’ Committee
on the Library had determined that administratively the Archives
ought to fall under the librarian. Dix himself seemed to hold
out for an independent archives, a fiction he maintained throughout
the rest of his tenure as librarian. Dix called for an archivist
“qualified by formal training and experience in modern techniques
of records management and archival control at the equivalent rank
of Associate Professor.” Dix added that an adequate staff of undetermined
nature and size would be needed and that the Archives
“should not be established unless staff adequate to perform the
assigned functions well is assured.” Finally, Dix proposed that a
convenient closed stack area in Firestone be found with a reading
room for four researchers, a processing area, and an office for the
archivist. 34
Subsequent refinement of this document by the committee added
to the authority of the Archives a provision that “the Archivist, in
32 Williams to Goheen, 29 December 1957, “Archives” folder, 1960–1961 Librarian’s Records,
pua. Goheen replied, noting the recently appointed committee and commenting, “We are
well aware of our shortcomings in certain directions, and I can only say that we are taking
steps to remedy these as quickly as staff and budgetary considerations will permit.” Goheen
to Williams, 13 January 1958.
33 I believe this paragraph was designed to address the role that Savage would continue to
play until his retirement in 1961.
34 Dix memorandum dated 19 December 1957, “Archives” folder, Box 48, Secretary’s
Records, pua.
24

consultation with the relevant administrative officer, shall determine
the conditions of access to each file.” Presumably at the urging
of Craven and Boyd, the proposal stipulated that the qualifications
for the job ought to include “biographical and historical research
and editing” to which the archivist might turn once all files had
been organized. The final proposal called for a single assistant who
would be “a college graduate with stenographic skills.” The proposed
annual budget for archivist, assistant, and supplies totalled
$10,700.
Dix forwarded this proposal to President Goheen on 8 April 1958,
and in a cover letter Dix revealed he had a candidate in mind for
the job: M. Halsey Thomas, the Keeper of Columbiana who “has
shown great interest in the proposed position.” 35 On 5 May 1958
Dix wrote on his copy of the proposal that he had discussed this
with Goheen, who was unable to finance it for the forthcoming
fiscal year. “No doubt about his interest,” Dix added. 36
During the intervening year Dix arranged for space, the former
International Relations Room on A-floor adjacent to the Jefferson
Papers and around the corner from Rare Books and Special Collections’
stack areas. To provide stack space most of the P Collection
was sent to the annex at Forrestal, freeing 630 feet of shelving.
By June of 1959 Dix had received notice of funding for the 1959–
1960 year and immediately offered the position to Halsey Thomas.
Dix clearly indicated that the Archives would focus solely on official
records, but that material about Princeton would remain the
responsibility of Henry Savage and the Department of Rare Books
and Special Collections. Savage’s title was also to be changed to
Curator of Princetoniana. 37 Thomas commenced work on 1 October
1959, and shortly thereafter the trustees established the Princeton
University Archives as an authorized agency of the corporation.
The president’s office issued a memorandum regarding the existence
and functions of the new Archives, and almost immediately
records poured in from the registrar, annual giving, library de-
35 Dix reported that Frank Craven and other historians seconded this proposal, but added,
“Henry Savage has also expressed great interest in the position, but since he is due for
retirement in two years and because of other factors, I should be unwilling to recommend
him for the post.” Dix to Goheen, 8 April 1958 in “Archives” folder, 1960–1961 Librarian’s
Records, pua.
36 Proposal dated 7 April 1958, “Archives” folder, 1960–1961 Librarian’s files, pua.
37 Apparently Savage must have preferred the title Keeper of Princetoniana, since that is
what ultimately appeared in the University Register.
25

partments, the chapel, and the secretary’s office. The Department
of Rare Books and Special Collections also transferred a large quantity
of material to the Archives. In the early 1960s records of the
president’s office, the Graduate School, and various academic departments
were added, as well as a set of all books published by
the Princeton University Press. In 1962 Thomas informed Dix that
“the Archives stack is filled up, and I am in desperate need of
room.” With records of President Dodds on the way, Dix arranged
for a 1964 enlargement of the stacks, which provided for future
growth and the final transfer of all P Collection books (other than
the books written by or about persons associated with the University)
from the open stacks. As records continued to arrive, the Archives
engaged in a triage approach, retaining the most vital records
in Firestone, discarding duplicates and inappropriate materials, and
sending the rest to the Forrestal annex. Student unrest during the
late 1960s concerned Thomas, who persuaded Dix to install steel
partitions to protect the records from a potential arsonist or saboteur.
When Halsey Thomas retired on 30 June 1969, he had succeeded
in vastly enlarging the holdings of the Archives from the few early
minute books to a facility filled with a variety of records. The Archives
continued to maintain and build the alumni and subject
files once handled by the secretary’s office, but minimal staffing
allowed little to be done to improve records management on campus
or to process and rehouse University records. No finding aids
were created and at best the growing backlog moved to the Forrestal
annex, where at least it was out of sight.
Halsey Thomas’ replacement, Francis James Dallett, served from
1 June 1969 until 30 November 1970, when he departed for the
archives at the University of Pennsylvania. Dallett actually had no
real background in archives, having spent most of his career in
libraries and museums. Fortunately, his proposal to place all the
manuscripts in the Archives in order by the AM accession numbers
assigned to them did not come to fruition. His one major
contribution was to meet with Lawrence Stone about a proposal
for writing and publishing a biographical dictionary, a project that
began in earnest in 1972 under the auspices of the Shelby Cullom
Davis Center for Historical Studies. Dallett also developed plans
to consolidate records that by 1970 were stored in five different
areas of Firestone, began the first statistical records for the Ar-
26

Photograph of Winthrop Morgan Phelps, Class of 1916, in his room at 3A Hamilton.
From the Collection of Glass Plate Negatives, Princeton University Archives.
chives, and called for a trained assistant archivist for “calendaring
and indexing.” Dallett also used student workers effectively during
his tenure, and he oversaw the transfer of material from the old
Princetoniana Room on the main floor in Firestone in order to
make way for the Taylor Library.
On 1 June 1971, Dix named Earle E. Coleman as third University
Archivist. Coleman had earlier served as curator of rare books
and history bibliographer, and at the time of his appointment had
only recently been selected as Assistant University Librarian for
Rare Books and Special Collections, a position he continued to fill
until a successor was named. During Coleman’s first year of service
he reinstituted a program to film vital materials such as the
Daily Princetonian, the Princeton Alumni Weekly, and the minutes of
the trustees and faculty. 38 Unfortunately, his tenure was interrupted
by a leave of absence for two years from 1972 to 1974. 39 During
38 Coleman reports that the trustee and faculty minutes were first filmed during World
War II as a security measure. Letter to author, 16 June 1996.
39 Coleman worked on the eight-volume Bibliography of American Literature during these
years. He had earlier (1950–1955) been assistant to Jacob Blanck, who directed this project.
27
Photo: John Blazejewski

those years the work of the Archives fell to acting archivist Edith
James, 40 a very effective administrator with experience with modern
records at the National Archives. James called for additional
space and staff to address the growing body of unprocessed materials
at Firestone and in the annex. She also obtained a reading
room for the Archives with the refurbishment of the Brooks Emeny,
Class of 1924, Room on A-floor, and mounted a number of exhibitions
to publicize the Archives. James routinized accessioning, processed
one hundred series of new records, filed stray materials,
cleaned up the annex storage area, inventoried all records, and
wrote an operations manual. Nonetheless, even James did not adopt
the standard manuscript register as a finding aid for researchers;
nor did she address the records management issues or acquire proper
folders or boxes for the housing of records.
Earle Coleman returned from his leave in 1975 to report that
James’s work to improve the facilities and to create a list and card
file of holdings had improved knowledge of the universe of records
in the Archives. Coleman immediately set to work on a host of
processing projects in preparation for the move to the new Seeley
G. Mudd Manuscript Library, soon to be built on Olden Street.
Coleman also took charge of the logistics of cataloging all dissertations
and theses, which would thereafter be housed in the new
facility. The move to the Mudd building added significantly to
Coleman’s responsibilities because all aspects of building maintenance
now fell to him. Annual reports thereafter are filled with
problems relating to roof leaks, air-handler failures, elevator outages,
and security glitches. The added space at Mudd quickly led
departments all over campus to forward records. Coleman also
began in 1977 the very useful card file of all names of faculty and
administrators found in the catalogues, and in 1979 the subject
files for grounds and buildings. The Archives supported four major
research projects during the Coleman era: Alexander Leitch’s
A Princeton Companion, the five-volume biographical directory called
simply The Princetonians, Gerald Breese’s Princeton University Land,
1752-1984, and Willard Thorp, Minor Myers, Jr., and Jeremiah
Stanton Finch, The Princeton Graduate School: A History. 41 Research
use more than doubled after the Mudd Library opened, much of
40 During her time of service Edith James used the name Edith James Blendon.
41 Princeton: Princeton University, 1978.
28

that due to the availability of theses, dissertations, and P Collection
books.
Coleman’s processing activities focused on weeding and organizing
subject files and records from such frequently used departments
as the library, the Graduate School, the Woodrow Wilson School,
and controllers’ files relating to grounds and buildings. He also
took considerable interest in the photographic collections of the
University, most notably glass-plate negatives, which were rehoused.
The quantity of material accessioned annually continued to grow
during the Coleman years as well. Yearly accessions of fewer than
one hundred feet were soon replaced by annual accretions of as
many as 450 feet. By 1983 the library added compact shelving in
the basement, thanks in part to funds given in order to designate
the archivist’s office as the Judge Harold R. Medina Room. Between
1976 and 1981, Frederic E. Fox, Class of 1939, aided Coleman
as official Keeper of Princetoniana. Fox funneled materials collected
by alumni in Coleman’s direction, and pointed researchers
toward the Mudd Library. After Fox’s death, the Alumni Council
formed a Princetoniana Committee to aid Coleman and future archivists
with the disposition of old Princeton memorabilia.
Coleman voiced the perpetual archival concern about space, even
in the capacious new Mudd Library building. In his 1987 annual
report he wrote, “Archives space is no more limitless than space
elsewhere on the campus, and with the changing of the guard at
the top, I foresee a large influx from Nassau Hall in the not very
distant future.” 42 Coleman retired on 31 March 1990, and was succeeded
by the author, who had arrived at Princeton only three
months earlier as Curator of Public Policy Papers. The two units
were combined in order to achieve economies of scale, and this
represents the most important change for the Archives since 1990.
In 1991, the archivist prepared a strategic plan for the Archives
which emphasized the need for a revised records policy, an increased
focus on records management, and the necessity for addi-
42 “Annual Report to the University Librarian by the University Archivist,” August 1987,
p. 2, in Annual Report file, pua. Coleman’s wonderfully laconic annual reports are invaluable
as sources of information about the Archives. This particular comment came after his
reflections on the rescue of the Jean Labatut Papers from the Labatut home during a particularly
brutal summer. Coleman’s droll wit is at its best in his description of the Labatut
crisis and his role in it. See Labatut Papers collection record file, Manuscripts Division,
Department of Rare Books and Special Collections, Princeton University Library.
29

tional staffing. The librarian enlarged the permanent staff of the
Mudd Library by the addition of two new positions in 1993 and
also provided for hiring student help for a modest number of hours
per month. With a third professional on board, a division of activities
between reference and technical services was possible, and the
professional staff developed a three-year plan for the facility with
the aid of all staff at the Mudd Library. In 1996 the staff of the
facility is double that of six years ago.
To improve reader services, the Mudd Library obtained a new
registration desk in 1994 that provided a more welcoming appearance
than the old boxy, fortress-like desk. New lockers allowed researchers
to secure their belongings while studying at the library.
New microfilm cabinets and a microfilm reader-printer enabled
those materials to become self-service. The facility is now open for
research use five days and one evening a week. In 1992 the library
automated its registration and circulation records in order to provide
better information about researchers and in turn to allow better
decisions to be made with regard to processing priorities. Members
of the staff also wrote an operations manual to train those working
at the front desk and to provide ready reference for frequentlyasked
questions.
The Archives has also sought to make its holdings known to a
broader public. Placing an author/title index to senior theses on
the campus web has called attention to them and increased use.
Exhibitions at both Mudd and Firestone Libraries have made the
general public aware of Princeton’s role in events ranging from the
World’s Columbian Exposition in Chicago and the formation of
the modern Olympics in the 1890s to Princeton in caricature and
the Cleveland Tower carillon in this century. Articles in campus
and local print media have focused on the Archives, and as a result,
donors have given many valuable archival materials in recent
years. The Archives now stays open on Alumni Day and during
Reunions in order to allow alumni to use the records available at
the Mudd Library. From February to June each year the Mudd
Library exhibition area features records relating to five of the classes
returning for Reunions. The Archives has also tried to promote
use of the records by reviewing the list of course offerings in order
to identify professors whose students might benefit from a knowledge
of the holdings of the Archives.
30

Because no finding aids existed for archival records in 1990, staff
have especially focused efforts on improved access to material. Staff
used computers to index heavily-used record series (senior theses,
alumni files, Princeton Alumni Weekly memorials, dissertations, early
trustee minutes, and historical subject files) and to write finding
aids for processed records collections. The archivists hired an army
of students to process records, and purchased appropriate acidfree
materials to house them. In order to assure a high-quality
finished product, the professional staff developed a processing manual
to be used by everyone working on the arrangement and description
of archival and manuscript materials.
The Archives also conducted an inventory of the whole corpus of
archival records which is now available to researchers. Machinereadable
cataloging for large numbers of uncataloged books and
serials and for the newly-processed archival collections provides
international access to information about the holdings of the Archives.
Five special processing projects financed by external funding
have directed resources to organizing University records related
to World War II, glass-plate negatives, the records of the American
Whig and Cliosophic Societies, the records of the Graduate
School, and the University’s collection of historical photographs.
The archivist focused attention on the infrastructure of the Seeley
G. Mudd Manuscript Library as well. The library had no computers
in 1990; today there are more than a dozen. Walls came down
in the summer of 1993 to double the size of the processing area on
the first floor, and an equally large satellite processing area in the
basement became available once the Warner Brothers archives departed
the building. In the last three years the monitoring controls
for the security, environmental, and Halon fire suppression systems
in the building have all been replaced. New carpeting last
year, a fresh coat of paint, and replacement of fogged double-glazed
windows have returned the facility to a condition akin to when it
opened twenty years ago.
The celebration of the University’s 250th anniversary finds the Archives
in the midst of the many activities that have brought the institution
new attention and support. Use of the Archives is at a record
high as celebratory events occur almost weekly. And all of this is possible
because the custodians of the University’s past have built and
watched over the historical record that we can make available today.
31

Finding Calasio
Princeton’s Library Catalogs, 1760–1966
by james weinheimer
he object of library service is to connect a reader, surely
“Tand promptly, with the book that he wants to use. Every
thing in cataloging, which is not necessary for this purpose, is luxury.” 1
With these words, Ernest C. Richardson, one of Princeton’s most
illustrious librarians, described the purpose of a library catalog,
and to many people such a description would appear to be a simple
statement of obvious fact. How could anyone possibly disagree with
it? Yet, buried inside this statement is the cornerstone of the debate,
still raging today, which centers on the practice of cataloging.
When examining the first sentence a deconstructionist would
immediately focus on the pronoun he, but a cataloguer would find
another word much more interesting: the, “the book” and not “a book.”
Richardson’s choice of “the” betrays an attitude toward the purpose
and structure of a library catalog that is shared by many others
today. For him, readers should consult the catalog only after
deciding on “the books” they want to use. Thus, the catalog should
not be a tool for exploring the intellectual contents of a collection,
but rather a simple pointing device which directs readers to those
items already known to them.
The decision to create a catalog that allows users to discover
books that would otherwise go unnoticed, or to give preference to
a vastly simpler pointing device, is a question with many consequences.
Whatever the decision, it is important to realize that these
consequences will be felt not only by the immediate library community,
but also by their successors in the distant future. During
its long history, different decisions have led to varying practices at
1 Ernest C. Richardson, “The Curse of Bibliographical Cataloging,” a paper read before
the American Library Institute at New Haven, 23 June 1931 (New Haven: [s.n.], 1931), p. 1.
32

Title page of Mario di Calasio, Concordantiae sacrorum bibliorum hebraicorum (London,
1747). Rare Books Division, Rare Books and Special Collections, Princeton
University Library.
33
Photo: John Blazejewski

Princeton’s library, and their traces can still be seen in the catalog
of today.
What does a cataloger do, and why? How does a catalog differ
from a mere listing of books? What are the goals of a catalog, and
how are they achieved? How has all of this changed over time? As
Princeton looks toward the future in this 250th year of its existence,
it seems interesting to glance back into the history of Princeton’s
library catalog, one of the oldest in America. This article will describe
the history of cataloging practice at Princeton while it documents
the travels of one of its earliest acquisitions, Mario di Calasio’s
Concordantiae sacrorum bibliorum hebraicorum (Concordance of the Sacred
Hebrew Bible).
+
Calasio’s massive four-volume work was donated to the small library
of the fledgling College of New Jersey in 1760 by Garrat
Noel, a New York city bookseller. Published in London in 1747–
1749, it was a revised edition of a work that had long been recognized
as an essential tool of Old Testament scholarship, an important
part of the college’s curriculum in the eighteenth century. Calasio,
who died in 1620, was one of a group of Renaissance scholars and
clergymen for whom it was extremely important to understand exactly
what sacred scripture meant. Each word, therefore, had to be
studied in context and its usage in different passages compared.
Calasio’s concordance records every place in the Hebrew Bible
where a given word appears, and presents its translations into the
Greek of the Septuagint and the Latin of the Vulgate — and even
notes its relationship to other languages such as Arabic. As part of
his attempt to approximate as closely as possible the original text,
Calasio went so far as to have his book read from back to front, as
Hebrew books do. Thus the title page of the first volume is found
not behind the front cover, but on what we would expect to be the
last page of the volume. Princeton’s copy, the first major biblical
concordance to come to the College of New Jersey, shows signs of
having been used by a great many careful and respectful scholars
over the centuries: the covers have come apart from frequent
openings, but there are few smudges or tears and no notes in the
margins.
34

Detail of a page from Mario di Calasio, Concordantiae sacrorum bibliorum
hebraicorum (London, 1747). Rare Books Division, Rare Books and Special
Collections, Princeton University Library.
35
Photo: John Blazejewski

Clearly, this edition of the Concordantiae was intended to be a fine
example of the printer’s art. Title pages of all four volumes are
adorned with vignettes engraved by Claude Dubosc, a French engraver
who went to England about 1717, 2 and the complex text is
set in clear and beautiful typefaces. Calasio’s work has been moved
from the open stacks to Princeton’s collections of rare books; according
to rlin (Research Libraries Information Network), the national
online catalog of books and manuscripts, only thirteen other
copies can be found in the United States.
+
There are two main purposes of a modern library catalog, each
equally important. The first, and most visible to the public, is to
allow users to find items in various ways. After centuries of trial
and error, the most useful ways have been found to be by author,
title, and subjects associated with the work. Just as important for
librarians is the catalog as inventory. Among other things, librarians
who are considering buying a book or serial need to know if it
is already in the collection somewhere, how many copies there are,
and where they are located. They also need to know whether there
is a complete run of a magazine and what formats it is in (physical
volumes, microfilm, computer files, etc.). All this may seem to be a
relatively simple task, but in practice it can become extremely complex:
magazines change their names constantly, for example; people
write books under pseudonyms, new editions of older works appear
with new titles, and books are translated. Some books have
several titles on their title page, and deciding which is the genuine
title of the book may be confusing. Adding an issue of a magazine
may seem to be an easy thing to do, but it can be excruciatingly
difficult: the publisher may skip an issue, or have difficulty with
Roman numerals. Magazines can also run behind their scheduled
publications dates — the Summer 1989 issue may not be printed until
1993. Other essential information can be just as difficult to describe.
2 Bryan’s Dictionary of Painters and Engravers. New edition revised and enlarged under the
supervision of George C. Williamson, Litt.D., 5 vols. (London: G. Bell & Sons Ltd., 1926),
vol. 2, p. 92. Dubosc had originally been contracted by N. Dorigny to work on engravings of
the cartoons of Raphael’s paintings, but the two men quarrelled, and Dubosc then set up his
own shop. Bryan’s Dictionary says of Dubosc that “His manner is coarse and heavy, and his
drawing incorrect.”
36

The method used by librarians to deal with this great variety in
publishing practice is consistency: similar elements are treated in the
same way. For users of the catalog, consistency means that from all
the myriad possibilities for spellings of names, variations in titles,
and different subjects, one form is chosen, which is then called the
“authorized form.” Once the form is constructed it will be the only
one authorized for use in the catalog. The catalogers will use this
form in all subsequent records, and any variations will be linked to
it by references. Thus, if a reader knows the name of the great
Russian writer as Dostojewskij, or Dosztojevszkij, or even Tu-ssut’o-yeh-fu-ssu-chi,
although they will not find any records giving
titles or call numbers, they will find a reference from these alternate
forms of the writer’s name to the authorized form: Dostoyevsky,
Fyodor, 1821–1881. Similarly, Calasio’s name will be standardized:
not “Calasius,” not “F. M. Calasio,” but “Calasio, Mario di, d.
1620.”
The construction of these forms is very complex, and is determined
by highly detailed rules; in their effort to achieve greater
consistency, catalogers write down their decisions, expecting that
these notes will help them solve similar problems in the future.
The books of cataloging rules and decisions occupy several long
shelves, and are now also available via computer. Since there can
be only a single authorized form for a name, title, or subject, users
may find that they need to do a little extra work to identify the
items they want to read, but once the authorized form is known,
users will discover that the cataloger has done the difficult task of
bringing together all the other similar works. Building a complete
bibliography on any topic has been made much easier.
+
Calasio’s Concordantiae was first catalogued for the College of New
Jersey in January 1760. A few months earlier, in November 1759,
the trustees had assigned the task of producing a catalog of the
library’s collection to Samuel Davies, the third president and first
librarian of the institution. 3 The college’s collection was still relatively
3 Trustees minutes, 26 September 1759, Princeton University Archives, Rare Books and
Special Collections, Princeton University Library. On Samuel Davies, see G. W. Pilcher,
37

Facsimile page showing the Calasio entry in A Catalogue of Books in the Library of the
College of New Jersey, January 29, 1760. “Published by Order of the Trustees at
Woodbridge, New Jersey, by James Parker, 1760,” and reprinted by the
Friends of the Princeton University Library in 1949. Princeton University Library.
38
Photo: John Blazejewski

small, much smaller than those of Harvard and Yale. 4 President
Davies and the trustees certainly knew this, and they made clear
that the primary purpose of the Princeton catalog was not to be a
finding tool as we know it today. It was to be a symbol of the
solvency of the new college: only well-established institutions such
as Harvard and Yale had printed catalogs. Furthermore, the catalog
would reveal the deficiencies of the collection, serving as a guide
for future donations. 5
President Davies’ description of the Concordantiae is quite different
from what we would expect today. He managed to describe the
entire work in no more than three words, one abbreviation, and
one number:
Calasio’s Concordantia Hebraica 4 vol.
Davies is not concerned even with copying the entire title; he is
content to give a general idea of the book’s contents in the fewest
possible words. The author’s name is given as a simple surname in
the genitive case. This was accepted practice at the time, and was
also typical of the list that accompanied Governor Belcher’s gift of
his library in 1755. To compose his catalog, Davies used Belcher’s
list whenever possible, and added forenames only to distinguish
authors who had the same surname. But we have no idea, from
Davies’ catalog, where and when this edition of Calasio’s book was
published, though Davies occasionally and randomly added this
information to his listing of other books.
How could the concordance be found in Davies’ list? The arrangement
of items in the catalog was determined primarily by the
size of the book itself, and secondarily by a semi-alphabetical order.
The importance of size is explained by the arrangement of the
books on the shelves, where folios and quartos were separated from
the octavos and duodecimos. To assign numbers, Davies took the
first book from the first shelf and labelled it “Book no. 1.” The
next book was 2, and so on to a total of 1,281. But unlike other
Samuel Davies, Apostle of Dissent in Colonial Virginia (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press,
1971).
4 By the middle of the eighteenth century, Harvard’s library had 5,000 volumes, Yale’s
2,500. Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science (New York: M. Dekker, 1968–1993).
5 Preface, A Catalogue of Books in the Library of the College of New Jersey (Woodbridge, New
Jersey: James Parker, 1760), p. iv.
39

volumes that appear in the catalog, Calasio’s set has no book number;
it was received at the last minute, just as the catalog was about
to be printed. In any case, by far the best way to find a book was
to ask a professor or the librarian for help.
In Davies’ catalog the only way to locate a book is by searching
for the author’s name — a concept that later developed into what
is called today the main entry. Calasio’s book was listed only under
his name, but when Davies encountered a book with no known
personal author, he would write down a title and alphabetize it in
the list. The same principle applies today, but the catalogs that
followed Davies’ did not use this method; it would take more than
a hundred years for the principle to be applied again in Princeton
catalogs.
+
Between 1760 and 1802, the records show that several catalogs existed,
6 but none of them survives. Nassau Hall, where the library
was located, 7 was burned twice, once during the Revolution and
again in 1802, and on both occasions most of the books in the
library were destroyed. (The Calasio survived; according to a later
librarian, Frederick Vinton, it had been borrowed by Professor
Smith.) A simple, unalphabetized catalog dated 1802 has no book
numbers and it resembles an inventory more than a finding aid.
The next genuine catalog was produced in 1810, the Catalogue of
Books, NJ College Library. 8 It was compiled by John Bergen, librarian
from 1810 to 1812. 9 By now, the library and Calasio’s Concordantiae
had moved to Stanhope Hall, where they remained until 1860. In
the new catalog, Bergen’s bibliographic description of the book
changed very little from Davies’ record. Bergen has changed the
author’s name to the nominative case, a form familiar today, but
the title remains abbreviated in the same way as before. The num-
6 Three catalogs are mentioned. See American Library Association Visit, June 29, 1916 (Princeton:
The University Library, 1916), p. 32.
7 William Dix, The Princeton University Library in the Eighteenth Century (Princeton: Princeton
University Library, 1978), pp. 54–55.
8 See the manuscript “Catalog of Books, N.J. College Library,” 1810, in the Princeton
University Archives (hereafter pua).
9 John Bergen, Class of 1808, died in 1872. He was a tutor as well as the librarian from
1810 to 1812. See General Catalogue of Princeton University, 1746–1906 (Princeton: Published by
the University, 1908).
40

er of volumes is handled more efficiently by devoting a separate
column to it. The size of the book is not nearly as important as it
was in Davies’ catalog, where it determined filing arrangement,
but here it is shown as “ditto” because the book before it also
happened to be a folio. Bergen’s arrangement, like Davies’, is semialphabetical,
with books listed under the letter A, for example,
brought together, but with no internal alphabetization. “Place,”
the number written on the book, has changed to a shelf number.
The sense of these numbers is lost, but each book in this catalog
had a letter (from A to K) followed by a number (1 to 11). The
letters are probably designations for bookcases. The numbers 1 to
5 were used for folios and quartos, and thus probably were those
shelves closest to the floor; the higher shelves (6 to 11) were taken
up by octavos and duodecimos.
One other point about this catalog bears mentioning, and it became
much more troubling with the passage of time. The original
records in the 1810 catalog, copied in elegant handwriting into a
bound book, showed only those items that were in the library when
the catalog was compiled. It proved very difficult to record new
books; they had to be added by writing them in at the end of each
alphabetical sequence.
In 1812, John Bergen was replaced by Philip Lindsley, professor
of ancient languages and the first regular member of the faculty to
serve as librarian. As a later librarian wrote, Professor Lindsley
discharged his duties “con amore.” 10 He took his job very seriously,
and had many ideas about the catalog. Beginning with his
earliest librarian’s reports to the trustees, he complained bitterly
about his predecessor and the poor state of the catalog. He put his
efforts into improving it, and although he never wrote down his
thoughts in a systematic fashion, we can see his ideas made manifest
in the manuscript catalog he compiled in 1821, 11 which immediately
looks more modern to our eyes. The basic arrangement of
the catalog is modern: it is fully alphabetized by authors’ names,
except for occasional lapses. Like Bergen’s catalog, it uses five columns
in which the author’s surname, the title, the number of volumes,
their size and place are recorded. But Lindsley has introduced
three innovations: he has transcribed the title completely, included
10 Frederick Vinton, The Princeton Book (Boston: Houghton, Osgood & Co., 1879), p. 254.
11 Manuscript catalog prepared during the librarianship of Philip Lindsley, 1821, pua.
41

Cover of the manuscript “Catalogue of the Library of the College of New Jersey,”
prepared during the librarianship of Philip Lindsley in 1821. Librarians’ Records,
Princeton University Archives.
the full form of the author’s name, and added the place and date
of publication. By taking such pains, he revealed his conviction
that this information was indispensable to a scholar.
For the first time, too, in Lindsley’s catalog we find cross-references;
for example, under the heading for Homer is “See Cowper,”
doubtless for Cowper’s translation. Lindsley also added notes about
special books: under an edition of Aeschylus’ Works, he remarks
“A superior edition.” Evidently Lindsley had strong opinions as to
the proper form for authors’ names. True to his classical roots,
when he came to the Concordantiae, he changed the author’s name
from Calasio to Calasius. Where he could find no single author, he
listed the book in separate sections after the Zs. There is a section
entitled “Reviews, Pamphlets, Memoirs, Transactions of Learned
Societies, &c, &c, &c,” which contained items such as annual registers,
serials, catalogs, and manuscripts. After this section comes
“Miscellaneous and Anonymous.” Neither of these sections is alphabetized.
Professor Lindsley introduced yet another important innovation.
He was the first to classify the collection and thus allow students
and faculty to find a book by its subject. The system of classification
itself has been lost, but Lindsley described it briefly: “Thus one
42
Photo: John Blazejewski

department is Theological, another Philosophical, and a third Classical,
a fourth, Profane, and a 5th, Ecclesiastical History, and in a
like manner with others, such as legal, mathematical, miscellaneous,
etc.” He goes on to explain what it was like to use the collection
before it was classified:
The time consumed in this business [i.e. classifying the
collection] will probably not surprise those who are aware
of the perfect chaos which the library formerly presented,
when volumes of all subjects in all languages were jumbled
together without regard to one mark of resemblance —
except perhaps some slight attention to external appearance
— to a similarity of size and binding, and when it
is also recollected that the books of the new purchase
had lain a year and half in boxes and were completely
enveloped in dust and moths. 12
Lindsley bitterly resented the time spent classifying the collection,
however, and demanded $65 for thirty-nine and one-half days that
“the librarian occasionally devoted to this tedious and irksome employment.”
13
Important though it was, Lindsley’s classification shared the problem
common to all classifications of the day: it was based on the physical
arrangement of books on shelves. “Z.1” meant alcove Z, shelf 1.
Such a system fails when the shelves become full. When the books
move, the shelf numbers must change, and the numbers on the
books must be completely redone. Nevertheless, the catalog of 1821
was far more useful to the students and faculty of the College of
New Jersey than its predecessors had been, and Professor Lindsley’s
bibliographical principles guided the development of Princeton’s
catalogs for the next sixty-two years.
Scarcely two decades later, however, a new catalog was needed.
Since new acquisitions could be added only at the end of the handwritten
volume, the 1821 catalog was quickly becoming unmanageable.
The 1843 catalog, also in manuscript, 14 was compiled during
the librarianship of John Maclean, who served as president of the
12 Librarians’ Reports and Other Library Documents, 1813–1927, Box 1 (1815), pua.
13 Librarians Reports and Other Library Documents, 1813–1927, Box 1 (1815), pua.
14 Manuscript catalogue prepared by Assistant Librarian Jesse Edwards in 1843, pua.
43

college from 1854 to 1868. 15 Like Lindsley, he had mentioned the
need for a new catalog in his earliest reports, beginning in 1824. 16
He also mentioned the possibility of publishing it, but nothing came
of the suggestion. Then, in 1843, Maclean reported that Jesse
Edwards, Class of 1839, had completed a new catalog of the collection,
17 one which retained Lindsley’s arrangement primarily by author,
while all works that lacked a personal author were placed in
a separate section at the end. In Edwards’ catalog, the record of
Calasio’s Concordantiae is unchanged, as is the shelf number, but the
rest of the catalog changed markedly over a period of only seventeen
years. It has many cross-references — more than Lindsley’s
catalog. More important, the catalog was unable to keep pace with
the library’s growth. Edwards’ original entries are written clearly
and spaced evenly, but later acquisitions overwhelmed his work. In
an effort to retain the alphabetical arrangement, later librarians
wrote their records between the lines of the manuscript, but this
apparently worked for only a short time. New pages, necessarily
out of alphabetical order, were bound in at the end of each alphabetical
sequence. Even this would not be enough. At the end of the
catalog are more pages with records of later acquisitions bound in.
Finally, in an envelope tucked inside the binding are extra pages
listing still more new books, completely unalphabetized. Obviously,
this catalog was useless for finding books on the shelves of the library.
In 1860, when the library returned from Stanhope to Nassau
Hall, the librarian of the day, Musgrave Giger, 18 reclassified the
collection. The number of Calasio’s Concordantiae was changed to
AD-1, reflecting its position on a new set of shelves. In 1866, when
the new librarian, Henry Clay Cameron, 19 decided to prepare a
new catalog, he hired the Reverend Ed Harris to compile it. Much
work was done, and the collection was apparently reclassified yet
15 There is no biography of John Maclean, Jr. His years as vice-president and campus
disciplinarian are chronicled by James Buchanan Henry and Christian Henry Scharff in
College As It Is (Princeton: Princeton University Libraries, 1996).
16 Librarians’ Reports and Other Library Documents, 1813–1927, Box 1 (1826–1827), pua.
17 Ibid.; Jesse Edwards was a member of the Class of 1839.
18 George Musgrave Giger (1790–1865), Class of 1841, was librarian from 1849 until 1865.
He was also professor of Greek and Latin. Appleton’s Cyclopedia of American Biography, 1888,
vol. 2, p. 643.
19 Henry Clay Cameron, Class of 1847, was professor of Greek and librarian from 1865 to
1873. Vinton, The Princeton Book, pp. 148–149.
44

A page from the “Catalogue prepared by Assistant Librarian Jesse Edwards” in 1843,
showing additions to the collection and the changes in shelf numbers of books that
were moved from Stanhope Hall to Nassau Hall. Librarians’ Records,
Princeton University Archives.
again, but none of the numbers given to the books has survived.
Cameron and Harris quarrelled over the classification, but it all
came to naught when Harris became ill. The catalog was never
completed. Apparently, however, the librarian had been counting
on having a new catalog available, for he added no new records to
Edwards’ manuscript catalog. Instead, new acquisitions were entered
on a separate list arranged only by date of donation with the
name of the donor. The list, of course, was useless as a catalog.
By the end of the third quarter of the century, the problem of
the dysfunctional catalog had become a serious matter. In 1872 a
new problem arose. The 10,000-volume Trendlenburg collection
was purchased, increasing the college library by one-third. 20 The
new collection would overflow the library’s cramped quarters in
Nassau Hall, prompting the college to build a new, independent
20 Adolph Trendlenburg was a metaphysical philosopher of Berlin; Princeton acquired his
10,000-volume collection in 1873. Vinton, The Princeton Book, p. 255.
45
Photo: John Blazejewski

library. The magnificent Chancellor Green Library was built in
1873 to house the fast-growing collection, which was now in
serious need of reorganization according to the latest scientific
principles.
+
In 1873, the College of New Jersey hired Frederick Vinton as its
first full-time librarian. Vinton had helped compile the catalogs at
the Bates Library in Boston and the Library of Congress. His first
day at Princeton found him supervising the move from Nassau
Hall to Chancellor Green. He was already considering his catalog
and his reclassification of the Princeton collection. 21
Vinton’s first and most important innovation finally solved the
intractable problem created by new acquisitions: he introduced the
first card catalog at Princeton. Located in the center of the Chancellor
Green Library, it was available to everyone on a unique
round librarian’s desk. As had been the case with previous catalogs,
the main entry was the author’s name, but it also allowed
users to find books by subject. Vinton believed firmly in the value
of subject listings, a policy that would be disputed by later librarians
and remains a highly charged issue today. For the first time in
Princeton’s history, a user could search for books by subject without
the need to browse the shelves. To find Calasio’s Concordantiae,
for example, a student could look under B for Bible, find the subheading
“Concordances,” and run down the alphabetical listing by
author to “Calasio.” It was still impossible to find Calasio’s book
by its title.
Unfortunately, Vinton’s catalog cards have not survived, but in
1884 he published his subject catalog in book form. In his preface,
he states that the word “catalog” was inadequate to describe his
achievement. He had, instead, created an index to the collection, in
which he included all parts of books down to ten pages in length.
As Vinton explained in his preface,
It was meant that a student, sitting in his room, with this
21 Librarians’ Reports and Other Library Documents, 1813–1927, Box 1 (1873), pua. For
information about Vinton, see Dictionary of American Library Biography (Littleton, Colorado:
Libraries Unlimited, 1978).
46

catalogue before him, may be able to determine what
books to borrow, almost as if he were in the alcove where
they stand. The wearisome, and often ineffectual search
has been made for him; and the time it took may now be
regarded as added to the length of student-life at
Princeton. 22
The subject catalog was indeed a monumental undertaking which
demanded a great deal of time and effort.
Vinton’s catalog record for Calasio’s Concordantiae followed the
most popular cataloging rules of the time, those compiled by Charles
Cutter. Calasio’s name has returned to the form found on his book;
it is no longer latinized as “Calasius.” The full title follows, and the
editor’s name is included. The place and complete dates of publication
and the number of volumes and their size are given. The
number below the record is the shelf number, indicating where it
could be found as long as it remained in Chancellor Green Library.
Vinton died in 1889, before he could print another catalog, this
time with books listed by author. At the time of his death, he was
convinced that the catalog he had created would never have to be
redone. Little did he know that his successor as Princeton’s librarian
would be Ernest Cushing Richardson.
+
Before coming to Princeton in 1890, Ernest Richardson had been
the first full-time librarian at the Hartford Theological Seminary
and was already recognized as one of the leading bibliographers in
the country. 23 During his years at Princeton, he would become the
leading expert on classification.
When he arrived, Richardson was faced with the worst of all
problems, other than fire, that could face a librarian then as well
as now: no space. It was a tiresome replay of the several earlier
occasions when the library was almost full. The only solution was
22 Frederick Vinton, Subject Catalogue of the Library of the College of New Jersey at Princeton
(Princeton, 1884), Preface.
23 Lewis C. Branscomb, Ernest Cushing Richardson, Research Librarian, Scholar (Metuchen,
New Jersey: Scarecrow Press, 1993), p. 11.
47

to expand the building, and the Pyne Hall addition to Chancellor
Green was built for the 150th anniversary of the founding of the
college. As soon as it was completed, all the volumes would have to
be moved, and this would disrupt the shelf numbers, resulting in
the need to reclassify the entire collection. As it turned out, this
was an opportunity in disguise, for Richardson, like many other
librarians of the time, wanted to develop his own classification system.
He soon began work on what would become the Richardson
Classification System, used only at Princeton. But the basic problem
of classification had been solved a few years earlier by Melvil
Dewey at Amherst College, who had invented “relative classification,”
a system whereby a book’s number made sense only in relation to
the other books in the collection; the number on a book’s spine no
longer referred to a fixed location on a shelf. 24 Books arranged in
this manner could be moved anywhere in sections, and the order
would remain intact. It is this principle of classification which we
take for granted today.
Richardson did not place much value on the catalog, and he set
out to create his version of it with the least possible expenditure of
labor and money. He declared that fully 98 percent of all book
enquiries were answered by reference to the author’s name. Titles
were too nebulous to be of any use, he believed, and subject analysis
was also useless since catalogers could never have the expertise
necessary to assign a subject heading to a book. All notes, extra
authors, and additional information were superfluous luxuries that
could easily be eliminated. 25
The result was a catalog with author cards predominating, and
very few cards for subjects or additional authors. If students were
interested in a subject, they had to browse the shelves, read a bibliography,
or consult a professor. Richardson’s philosophy appears
in extreme form in the card-catalog record for Calasio’s Concordantiae,
which was in use at Princeton until 1995. To create the Calasio
24 On Dewey and his “decimal” system of book classification, see Fremont Rider, Melvil
Dewey (Chicago: American Library Association, 1944). See also Encyclopedia of Library and
Information Science, vol. 7, pp. 128–160.
25 See Richardson, “The Curse of Bibliographical Cataloging,” p. 2. See also his “The
Use of Printed Cards in Cataloging: Princeton University Library Practice, 1890 to 1920”
(Washington, D.C.: American Library Association Committee on Bibliography, August 1933),
which is bound in with his “Some Aspects of Cooperative Cataloging” (New York: The H.
W. Wilson Co., 1934).
48

Handwritten catalog card for Calasio’s Concordantiae sacrorum bibliorum hebraicorum,
and a card made from the pasted-on entry from Vinton’s printed catalog.
Princeton University Library.
49
Photo: John Blazejewski

ecord and those of other books in the collection, Richardson directed
his catalogers to cut Vinton’s record out of the 1884 catalog
and paste it onto a card; he would have used Vinton’s cards, but
they were too big to fit into the newly standardized card drawers. 26
The catalogers would then do some slight editing and add the
classification number. The recataloging was performed as quickly
as possible. For example, in 1900, no fewer than 130,222 volumes
were reclassified, which meant determining the number and writing
that number on both the cards and the books. This averaged
out to about 65 records per hour. At such a rate, many mistakes
were inevitable, and a major one can be found in the record of the
Concordantiae: Calasio’s name has been edited to read “Calasio, (F.
Mario de),” as if his first name began with the letter F. But the
“F.” stands for frater (brother), and should be ignored in the heading
even though it appears on the title page of the book.
Richardson’s true interest in the catalog lay elsewhere. He was a
great believer in library cooperation, and he strove to let other
libraries both at Princeton and at other institutions know what was
in the University’s collection. Later, this effort would gain Richardson
the eternal gratitude of librarians everywhere when he became the
driving force behind the creation of the National Union Catalog. But
this was only part of Richardson’s dream.
In the early twentieth century, the only alternative to the card
catalog was still the catalog in book form. The problems of book
catalogs were well known at Princeton, and Richardson did not
intend to become entrapped by them. Instead, he utilized advances
in printing technology to create a new form of book catalog that
united his philosophy of cataloging with his desire for cooperation
among libraries. He acquired a linotype machine with which he
could print anything he wanted cheaply and easily, and made an
unbreakable rule for catalogers: the entire catalog record had to fit
onto a single line of type, with about eighty letters. The beauty of
the linotype method lay in its flexibility. Once done, the linotype
bar could be used to print lists of new acquisitions or of separate
parts of the collection, which could be alphabetized by main entry
26 Cards were standardized through American Library Association decisions. The Library
of Congress accepted these cards in 1899, although Princeton had done so in 1890. See
Richardson, “The Use of Printed Cards,” p. 3.
50
50

(that is, by the author’s name) or arranged by classification number.
A classified catalog using the linotype method was printed in
1920. 27
This is Richardson’s remarkable “lino-type” record for Calasio’s
book:
Calasio, F. M. de. Concordantiae Sacrorum Bibliorum
Hebraicorum. Londini, 1747–49. 4v. ......5121.233 28
The cataloging information was thus transferred from the card,
except for the size of the set and the editor’s name. Obviously,
however, the rule of eighty letters allowed only for abbreviated
information: main entry, the first few words of the title, place and
date of publication, basic holdings information, and the classification
number. There was no room for subjects, explanatory notes, or
additional authors’ names — all in accord with Richardson’s philosophy
of cataloging, in which only the author’s name was of real
importance.
In spite of the apparent attractions of the linotype method of
producing a printed catalog, there were serious disadvantages and
the idea was eventually scrapped. The bars of type tended to deteriorate
more quickly than anticipated. Rearranging the bars for
specialized lists or for author or classified catalogs proved to be
very difficult and labor-intensive. Most important, the faculty had
serious reservations about the limited information in the catalog
record, and they requested additional entries. 29 Richardson refused
to change, and for this and other reasons, he was replaced by James
Gerrould of the University of Chicago. 30 Gerrould wanted more
information in catalog records. He also reinstated the policy of
cards for subjects and additional authors entries, and, finally, adopted
the Library of Congress’ system of classification. When, in 1921, an
author catalog using the linotype method appeared, linotype cataloging
ceased.
27 Princeton University Library, Classed List (Princeton: The University Library, 1920).
28 Princeton University Library, Alphabetic Finding List, 5 vols. (Princeton: The University Library,
1921), vol. 1, p. 485.
29 Faculty minutes, 1929–1930, pp. 265–270, pua.
30 For biographic information on Gerrould, see Dictionary of American Library Biography, pp.
192–194.
51
51

+
After 1921 and the end of the linotype catalog, the record for Calasio’s
Concordantiae did not change for many years; many of the records
for books that had long been in the collection were not updated.
But the cataloging of new materials underwent tremendous changes.
New technology brought new forms of catalog records: mimeograph
machines simplified the task of making cards for subjects
and additional authors; photography was used to reproduce the
Library of Congress’ “Cataloging-in-Publication” records that appeared
in books; and the massive National Union Catalog was printed,
which allowed for more shared cataloging. 31 Computers and networks
brought even more changes.
The philosophy of cataloging also evolved. Catalog records would
include more or less information, depending on the inclination of
the university librarian. Concern over the growth of the card catalog
would provoke different reactions; there were periods of time
when very few cards for subjects and additional authors were made,
and there were other times when catalogers were ordered to remove
thousands of subject cards from the catalog. At other times,
they were encouraged to increase the number of subject cards in
the catalog.
As collections grew and technology allowed for more cooperative
projects, the cataloging rules expanded and became more standardized.
The cataloging rules used at Princeton have taken many
forms. They range from the oldest rules published in books, filled
with hand-written revisions, to boxes of index cards, to the shelves
of books containing the rules and procedures we follow today. In
1994 Princeton began to computerize this information and made it
available to other libraries over the Internet.
Cataloging rules also changed. The authorized forms for Library
of Congress subject headings has grown from a single modest volume
to the huge four-volume set now in use. For names, there is
the computerized file available over networks (rlin, oclc, etc.) in
use by most American and many foreign libraries. Princeton is a
31 The National Union Catalog contains photographic reproductions of the cards collected
from libraries around the country and held at the Library of Congress. With the rise of
computerized networks, the supplements became superfluous. When it ceased publication in
1982, it comprised hundreds of massive volumes.
52

major contributor to this file, ranking behind only the Library of
Congress.
All of these changes produced debate and dissent among professional
librarians, but for the last two decades librarians and the
general public have been concerned about what is arguably the
most far-reaching change to occur in librarianship since Vinton
introduced the card catalog at Princeton: the advent of electronic
catalogs. 32 There are many advantages to computerization of the
catalog, among them one having to do with conservation. The problem
of the deterioration of books is familiar to everyone who is
interested in libraries, but just as serious is the deterioration of
catalog cards. If a critical corner of a card disintegrates, there is
little chance of finding the book it describes among the eleven million
books in Princeton’s modern library. Princeton ceased adding
cards to the 5,107 wooden drawers of the old catalog in 1980; instead,
all new acquisitions were catalogued on computer. The effect
was to split the catalog into two sections, both of which had to be
consulted in order to search the collection completely. To correct
this, other libraries have embarked upon vast, expensive retrospective
conversion projects in which the information on the cards is physically
input into a computer. The task is very time consuming, not
least when the information on the cards is converted. Under older
rules, that information may have been correct, but under today’s
rules it must be changed. Sometimes this calls for re-examining
the book and completly recataloging it. At Princeton, however, a
less expensive solution was found: in 1992–1993, a project to digitize
an image of each catalog card was completed at a fraction of
the cost of a full conversion. It and the post-1980 catalog are available
on the Internet. As with any experiment, this one has had its
successes and failures, but it is too soon to make a final judgment.
+
In 1995, I decided to recatalog Calasio’s Concordantiae according to
the latest rules. I began by searching rlin, the national database
housed at Stanford University, and found that the New York Public
Library had already created a catalog record for the book. This
32 For the case against on-line catalogs, see Nicholson Baker, “Discards,” The New Yorker,
4 April 1994.
53

ecord served as a basis for my own. Although many libraries accept
such records without any revision, as a cataloger my job is to
describe this book in the same way as other similar books have
been described in Princeton’s collection — the rule of consistency.
What follows is the latest catalog record for Calasio’s book, without
the computer coding:
author: Calasio, Mario di, d. 1620
title: Concordantiae Sacrorum Bibliorum Hebraicorum :
in quibus Chaldicae, etiam Librorum Esdae, &
Danielis suo loco inseruntur : diende post thematum
seu radicum omnium derivata & usus latius deducta
: ac linguae Chaldaicae, Syriacae & Arabicae,
vocabulorumque rabbinicorum cum Hebraicis
convenientiam : Latin ad verbum versio adjungitur,
ad quam Vulgate, & Septuaginta editionum
differentia, fideliter expenditur ... / auctore Mario
De Calasio ... ; .
publication: Londini : Typis J. Ilive : Apud J. Hodges ... , 1747–49.
description: 4 v. : ill. ; 44 cm. (fol.)
notes: Each title page has vignette engraved by Claude
Dubosc.
Tom 4 includes indexes.
Princeton’s copy has dedication to the College of
New Jersey, signed by Garrat Noel.
subjects: Bible. O. T.--Concordances, Hebrew.
Bible. O. T.--Concordances, Latin--Vulgate
Bible. O. T.--Concordances--Early works to 1800.
author(s): Romaine, William, 1714–1795.
Noel, Garrat.
other titles: Concordiantiae Hebraica.
Bible. O. T. Hebrew. 1747.
Bible. O. T. Latin. Vulgate. 1747.
location: Rare Books (Ex) (Non-Circulating)
call number: Oversize BS1121.C34 1747f
library has: t. 1–t. 4
To create the new catalog record, I first found the author’s name
in another part of rlin and used the form of the name I found
54

there. 33 I also found the editor’s name and included a reference for
him. The punctuation, which looks a little strange to the unpracticed
eye, follows the latest cataloging rules. I transcribed a great
deal more of the title than anyone before me because I felt it contained
important information found nowhere else in the record.
Now, for the first time since the library acquired the Concordantiae
in January 1760, it can be found by searching for its title in the
catalog. Also, during the process of cataloging Calasio’s work, I
noticed a binder’s title and discovered that it was the source for
President Davies’ short title in the first catalog of 1760.
For the publication information, I note the place and dates, as in
the previous records, but I add the names of the printers (important
for historians of the printed book). In the physical description,
I retain the information that the work was printed in 4 volumes,
but I include the size of the volumes and make note of the illustrations.
My notes present a comprehensive picture of the work: I
mention that there are indexes and a few interesting engravings,
and include a note just for Princeton users concerning Garrat Noel’s
inscription — and I even created an entry for him. My subjects
are also more complex and display different ways of approaching
the information in Calasio’s book. For the first time since the catalog
of 1884, it can be found in the catalog by looking for its subject.
Finally, I changed the classification number, which used to be
the only way of finding this book by subject (it was shelved with
others of its kind), and gave it a Library of Congress classification
number — the seventh number that Calasio’s book has borne at
Princeton. The “f” at the end tells the user that this is a folio and
is therefore shelved apart from the smaller books.
In previous catalogs, Calasio’s Concordantiae could be found in
three ways at most: in the earliest catalogs, by author; after 1815,
by classification number; and for a few years during the last century,
by subject. Today, it can be found in eleven different ways:
two authors, four titles, donor, three subjects, and classification
number. With the computerized record, it can also be found by
keyword (such as “Vulgate”). Moreover, Calasio’s book can be found
in these ways not only by researchers at Princeton, but by anyone
33 Calasio’s name was constructed on the basis of reference sources. In this case, the form
is the one found in The Dictionary of Catholic Biography (Garden City, New York: Doubleday,
1961).
55

in the world who has access to the Internet. I hope that searchers
can find my record of Calasio’s book easily and that it can, in
Vinton’s words, “add [. . .] to the length of student life” not only
at Princeton, but in the rest of the world.
Princeton’s copy of Calasio’s Concordantiae has survived revolution
and fire and more than two centuries of use, and its catalog
record has endured significant change. The different records of
Calasio’s book illustrate each stage of the ongoing debate over the
amount and type of information that should be entered into the
catalog record. Before cards and computers, items were recataloged
because adding to a book catalog eventually made it impractical to
use. When books had shelf numbers, books were recataloged because
the shelves became full and the shelf numbers had to change.
Today, with the elasticity of relative classification and computers,
the records that catalogers create should last much longer, but I do
not delude myself that my records will last forever. New and unforeseen
changes will come which will demand further changes in
the catalog. I did my best to create a catalog record for Calasio’s
book that would benefit not only today’s users, but could help others
in the distant future. Professor Lindsley’s record lasted sixtytwo
years; Frederick Vinton’s (with editions) lasted for more than a
hundred. I hope my record will do as well. Beyond Calasio, the
debate continues. Is the record I created substantially better and
more useful than the one created by Richardson? Or is all the
extra information in my record “luxury” and “not necessary?”
When I think of the tens of thousands of books we catalog at
Princeton every year, and today’s maxim of “more, better, faster,
cheaper,” I can think of nothing better than to quote Frederick
Vinton, who asked for additional time to create his catalog in 1884:
The more slowly such a work is produced, the more perfect
it is of its kind. Once done, it will never need to be
done again, so far as these books are concerned. They
will remain here for generations, some of them for centuries,
and your patience and your munificence will be
thankfully remembered. 34
34 Librarians Reports and Other Library Documents, 1813–1927, Box 1 (1882), pua.
56

The Tramp and the Policy Doctor
The Social Sciences at Princeton
by daniel t. rodgers 1
Style can be a treacherously imprecise concept. When social scientists
put their hand to history, they tend to focus on less elusive
matters. Progressive and linear narratives dominate the field:
stories of disciplinary advance that run from less to more, from
good to better, with maps of cumulatively growing knowledge and
lists of the most important landfalls. The historical and heuristic
value of these framings should not be doubted. Yet when it comes
to understanding the everyday intellectual culture of any particular
place of learning, the onward-and-upward trope fails to satisfy
some particularly insistent curiosities. Truth’s mountain has always
been crowded with local scaling parties; within its maze of cols
and cul-de-sacs, why was it that some saw their openings in one
way and some another? One comes back, by necessity, not simply
on progress but on choice, on distinctive institutional mores and
locally sustained mental customs.
Not least is this true of Princeton. For to the extent that Princeton
has served in the past century as more than a happenstantial location
for its social science faculty — more than merely a setting in
which teachers and scholars set up shop, taught their students, sallied
forth to the professional meetings, and sent out their intellectual
work to their peers — it was because that setting exerted a
local counterforce to the external pull of professional, disciplinary
1 This essay began life as a lecture in the series celebrating the 250th anniversary of
Princeton’s founding. It will be published in the forthcoming book Princeton: From College to
University, edited by Anthony T. Grafton and John M. Murrin, which will include all of the
lectures in the series. For the services of the Princeton University Archives staff and for the
criticisms and suggestions of Jeremy Adelman, Marvin Bressler, Anthony Broh, Charles
Gillispie, Anthony Grafton, Paul Kramer, John Murrin, Richard Quandt, Donald Stokes,
and Henry Yu I am very grateful. None of them, of course, would tell the story of the social
sciences at Princeton precisely as I have told it here.
57

dynamics; because it cultivated a distinctive sense of what counted
as a scholarly question and how one ought to go about finding out
what might be interesting to know about; because it cultivated, in
short, a local intellectual style. What was Princeton’s, and how did
it evolve?
This is our quarry. But since style is a wary beast, rarely captured
by frontal approaches, be forewarned that we are going to
set out in its pursuit in a somewhat roundabout manner, with the
stories of two early Princeton social scientists who bracketed some
particularly crucial choices in the formation of a local style in the
social sciences: the tramp of my title and the policy doctor.
+
The tramp first. If you have ever huddled in a rain under the arches
of East Pyne, waiting to make a dash for it in the direction of
Nassau Hall, you may have noticed the plaque that stands in the
westernmost arch. “Walter Wyckoff,” it reads: “A Christian scholar,
a lover of mankind, an adventurous traveler, who wrote out of his
own experience, taught for thirteen years in Princeton University
with his heart in his message and died in peace and welldoing.” It
would take an extraordinary act of discernment to decode from
that text that Walter Wyckoff was Princeton’s first sociologist. First
and last, in fact, when that plaque in his honor was erected in
1923; for not until 1944 was Princeton to hazard appointing another
one.
“An adventurous traveler” the inscription writers called Wyckoff,
this scholar in a field of studiously avoided name, and there was a
margin of truth to the phrase. As a person and as a scholar, Wyckoff’s
career was punctuated by a single formative adventure. In 1891,
dissatisfied with the slim purchase on “vital knowledge” which a
Princeton undergraduate education and a year at the Princeton
Theological Seminary had given him, he set out on an eighteenmonth
tramp to see if he could work his way across the breadth of
the United States as a common laborer and, if he could, what might
be learned from it. “An experiment in reality,” Wyckoff himself
called it — which is clue enough that travel was not really the
heart of the matter, that the continent he essayed to explore was
the continent of labor, class relations, and poverty which lay (as he
58

Walter A. Wyckoff, Professor of Sociology. Faculty Photographs,
Princeton University Archives.
59
Photo: John Blazejewski

put it) just beyond the ken of his “slender, book-learned lore.” 2 In
an era when students hung nicknames around their professors with
a certain proprietary and patronizing air, however, Wyckoff was
known to Princeton undergraduates as “Weary Willie the tramp.”
So the “tramp” we shall call him.
In 1923, the year Wyckoff’s plaque was erected, another young
Princeton faculty member set off on a career-making journey, this
one with an ample letter of credit in his pocket and a staff of private
and public economic experts in his entourage. Edwin Kemmerer
was his name, a member of the economics faculty with a certain
experience in currency problems. Fresh from graduate work at Cornell
in 1903, he had been dispatched as the government’s young field
expert to oversee conversion of the new United States imperial
spoils in the Philippines from a Mexican silver currency standard
to the United States gold standard. Now, twenty years later, his
client was a new government in Colombia. Eager for American
foreign investments, it had approached the State Department for
advice, and the State Department had recommended Princeton’s
Kemmerer. The Kemmerer mission spent six months in Colombia
drawing up a blueprint of ways the country might set its house in
more attractive order, through an American-style central banking
system, tighter fiscal and budgetary procedures, and a gold-standard
currency coupled with the U.S. dollar. 3
Liking the results, United States investment banks quadrupled
their loans to Colombia over the next three years, and countries
across the world scrambled for Kemmerer’s assistance. Between
1925 and 1934, he undertook nine more missions of a similar sort,
dispensing variations on his Colombia prescription to regimes in
Chile, Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia, South Africa, Poland, Turkey, and
China. Princeton’s most famous social scientist of his day, away
from Princeton during the boom years of the 1920s as often as he
was in a Princeton classroom, he was an economic physician with
the world as his client. The “money doctor,” the newspapers called
him. Broadening it a bit, let’s call him the policy doctor.
2 Walter A. Wyckoff, The Workers: An Experiment in Reality. The East (New York: Charles
Scribner’s Sons, 1897), p. vii.
3 Paul W. Drake, The Money Doctor in the Andes: The Kemmerer Missions, 1923–1933 (Durham:
Duke University Press, 1989); Bruce R. Dalgaard, “Monetary Reform, 1923–30: A Prelude
to Colombia’s Economic Development,” Journal of Economic History 40 (1980): 98–104; Donald
L. Kemmerer, “Princeton’s ‘Money Doctor’: Professor E. W. Kemmerer and the Gold Standard,”
Princeton University Library Chronicle 55, no. 1 (1993): 8–42.
60

They were types, these two, Wyckoff and Kemmerer, the “tramp”
and the “policy doctor,” ideal types in a social science faculty that
even in its narrowest days was never monolithic. But as types they
are worth dwelling on, for between their contrasting journeys, their
radically different notions of where the continent of society was to
be found and, more fundamentally still, how knowledge about it
should be acquired, lay a set of choices critically important to the
way the social sciences would develop at Princeton.
Both the tramp and the policy doctor thought of themselves as
students of society. Both insisted on the importance of objective
knowledge. When Wyckoff temporarily jumped ship from his own
class and culture in the summer of 1891, he claimed he had no
theories to test, “no conscious preconceptions to maintain.” “As
sincerely as I could, I wished my mind to be a tabula rasa to new
facts, and sensitive to the impressions of actual experience.” 4
Kemmerer also claimed to have set every initial prejudice aside in
his missions to the debtor nations of the world. The key advantage
of the foreign economic adviser, he told the American Economic
Association in his presidential address in 1926, was that the outsider
“can view the problems with absolute objectivity. He is disinterested.
. . . He goes abroad free and without commitments and
without local prejudices.” 5
They were both unreal expectations, and understandably enough
neither fulfilled them. In Wyckoff’s case it is hard to miss the unspoken
loneliness of his first four months on the road. He had
work mates everywhere — whether loading rubble by the bleeding
handful at a West Point construction site, or hauling tannery bark
out of a Pennsylvania forest — but nothing one might begin to call
friendship, not the least (it seems clear) because the language of a
college education and the habits of a missionary’s son went with
him as an inescapable, insulating cultural blubber. To the end, he
never set foot in a saloon, despite the cheap meals and fellowship
it promised. In the winter of 1891–1892, huddled on a Chicago
street corner as the snow beat down on him and his new-found
partner in urban homelessness, cold and weak with hunger, one of
the neighborhood prostitutes, in a gesture reflecting the camaraderie
4 Wyckoff, The Workers: East, p. ix.
5 Edwin W. Kemmerer, “Economic Advisory Work for Governments,” American Economic
Review 17 (1927): 2.
61

of outcasts, offered him a dime; but it was beyond Wyckoff’s moral
ability to accept it.
As for Kemmerer, if ever a traveler packed his bags full of commitments
and connections surely it was Princeton’s money doctor.
His Colombian assignment was brokered by the U.S. State Department;
later assignments were brokered through the leading New
York City commercial banks, one of which, in exchange for information
which might be useful to its international enterprises, soon
had Kemmerer on a regular, annual retainer. Kemmerer’s intellectual
convictions were unswerving: ceaseless vigilance against
monetary inflation, careful national budgeting, a smoothly functioning
central banking system maintained for the short run by a
small, expertly trained American staff, and always, and above all,
the gold standard. These were the ingredients, as he told the American
Economic Association, of “scientific economics” and “sound economic
doctrine.” 6
For all the heavy intellectual and cultural baggage both men inevitably
carried, however, they worked extremely hard at their inquiries.
A typical Kemmerer mission entailed a staff of five or six
experts, a summer’s intensive work, exhaustive interviewing, and
sometimes dangerous travel; in China, the Kemmerer mission stayed
almost a year. Wyckoff, too, worked not only with his hands but
his head. He haunted the Socialists’ weekly meetings in Chicago.
He thought hard about the economic organization and psychology
of labor, struggling to figure out how motivations he took for granted
might be instilled in work which took no real skill, was granted
little respect, and held no real security.
Draw the parallel between these two careers as one may, however,
in one central respect they were radically different. And that
was in their understanding of how knowledge of society was to be
acquired, how one was to grasp that virtually invisible entity —
“society,” people were calling it by the eighteenth century — which
stood apart from individual persons, shaping lives and actions in
patterns beyond any individual’s choosing and, indeed, beyond the
ken of everyday consciousness. Wyckoff’s answer entailed an act of
self-displacement, a kind of triangulation endeavor by which the
very act of getting up close to a distant social experience brought
6 Kemmerer, “Economic Advisory Work,” p. 5.
62

Edwin Walter Kemmerer, Professor of Economics. Portrait by Orren Jack Turner.
Faculty Photographs, Princeton University Archives.
63
Photo: John Blazejewski

into focus structures and relationships unseen before. It wounded
him at first that farmers’ daughters should shudder at his ragged
clothes and the ragged character they imputed to them. But he
learned to prize the knowledge in that wounding. One Chicago
night, seeking the floors of the police station as a shelter from the
cold, he was stopped by two well-dressed men, social investigators
of some sort; with note pad in hand, they queried each waiting
man in turn about his background. It was a moment of extraordinary
existential tension, and it went to Wyckoff’s head. He mumbled
a sentence in German, and another in French; he spouted a line of
Virgil; he let loose with a Hebrew extract from Genesis. He put his
whole Princeton education on the line in this manic, cockeyed fashion,
as if to see if they would perceive him for what he was. They took
his clothes, his whiskers, and his piece of Genesis and put him
down for an immigrant Jewish bum. As for Wyckoff, what he got
out of this temporary displacement from his middle-class, missionary,
book-educated self was the ability to see what he had never
seen before, a whole structure of class and cultural relations bearing
down on him from above. 7
“Experience,” he called it. “Experience-near,” Clifford Geertz
has termed it somewhat more precisely in a wise and elegant essay
entitled “From the Native’s Point of View.” 8 The quest for experience-near
is the ethnographic impulse, the attempt to get “inside”
another social actor’s experiential frame so as to see, as it were,
with deeper, double vision. Experience-near may lie across the world
or at one’s doorstep; either way, it is very hard to get to and never
quite what one anticipates. Reports from experience-near undertake
to describe, to place, to understand, or to explain, but not in
the placeless, timeless language we associate with explanation in
the natural sciences.
Edwin Kemmerer, as far as I know, never courted confusion with
anyone else. Neither did he court the unexpected. A well-trained
social scientist was capable of working out the rules of fiscal soundness
in advance. Though he worked hard and interviewed widely,
the policy recommendations he left behind were everywhere the
7 Walter A. Wyckoff, The Workers: An Experiment in Reality. The West (New York: Charles
Scribner’s Sons, 1898), p. 90.
8 Clifford Geertz, Local Knowledge: Further Essays in Interpretive Anthropology (New York: Basic
Books, 1983), chapter 3.
64

same. “Hardly a word in his reports varied from Poland to Bolivia,”
the historian of his South American missions writes. “In
purely technical terms, he could have delivered most of his laws by
mail.” 9
Kemmerer’s objectivity, in short, was produced by a relationship
between subject and knower almost the reverse of the one Wyckoff
attempted. It entailed getting not inside an unknown event but
outside it; not seeing “from the native’s point of view,” where a
“very strange” melange of economic “fallacies,” Kemmerer warned,
was to be found, but from an external, Archimedean point of “fundamental
principles” beholden to no place, or time, or class, or
culture. 10 Wyckoff’s quest was experience up close and personal.
Kemmerer worked, as it were, with a telescope. He was the champion
of “experience-far.”
An exaggerated polarity, this prying apart of near and far, perhaps,
but not without tangible connection to the practice of everyday
social science. The rhetoric of experience-near runs toward
description and unmasking, the rhetoric of experience-far toward
the formulation of generalizable rule. The categories of experiencenear
tend toward disaggregation and contingency; those of experience-far
tend toward conceptual order and control. With the
categories of experience-near, one cannot but be restless in one’s
Princeton study, aware of how small its window is on the world.
With the categories of experience-far, the world rolls itself up to
one’s doorstep. Without leaving home one can imagine oneself its
philosopher king.
Had I myself been offered the choice between these two expeditions,
it is only fair to say that it is Wyckoff’s I would have joined.
But I raise the contrast not to pit their quests for knowledge in an
easy contest against each other. Wyckoff was acutely aware that
truly to shed the skin of one’s social identity, to dive into society’s
realities bare and unmediated, was an impossible task. At the height
of his self-doubts he wondered: “How could I, who at any moment
could change my status, if I chose, enter really into the life and
feelings of the destitute poor, who are bound to their lot by the
hardest facts of stern reality?” His experiment in “reality,” he feared,
“was all futile and inadequate and absurd.” 11 Wyckoff never quite
9 10 Drake, Money Doctor, p. 80. Kemmerer, “Economic Advisory Work,” pp. 5, 1, 9.
11 Wyckoff, The Workers: West, p. 83.
65

caught the idea of hypothesis formation, or the world of middlerange
theories with which he might have wrestled his experience
into clearer social patterns. As a lecturer in sociology, he taught
Karl Marx and the utopian socialists to Princeton undergraduates;
he examined them on the origins of the wage relationship, the materialist
conception of history, and theories of social revolution. 12
But his students, who adored him, remembered the miles he walked
much more vividly than the conclusions he reached, and on the
social sciences beyond Princeton he made no impact whatever.
If Wyckoff was too close to see what he felt, Kemmerer was too
far away to see what he did not already know. That the world he
mentally divided between “sound” and “unsound” economic reasoning
would find its way into the history books as a terrain of
intensely competing, historically contingent interests — peasant
proprietors struggling for leverage against staple-crop exporters,
London bankers pressed to the wall by their more aggressive New
York rivals, legislatures enacting what the locals called “laws for
exports” as long as they hoped the heavens might rain foreign investments
on them, and repealing them when they didn’t — all
this he never let himself see. 13 Unlike Wyckoff, Kemmerer’s practical
impact was tremendous; his name and authority moved legislative
mountains. But when the Crash came at the end of the 1920s,
Kemmerer, stating and restating the gold-standard case to governments
no longer listening, found it impossible to accept that the
structure of sound economic doctrine, its placeless abstractions bolted
together with so much internal logic, might be negated by changed
experience. 14
“Near” and “far” are not categories of better or worse; they carry
no necessary political valence. The development of the social sciences
is intricately linked to them both. There have been moments
when the ethnographic, experiential impulse has had the upper
hand. Extraordinary moments of discovery these form, when the
variety of human experience and human folkways multiplies at an
astonishing pace, when the thin and abstract reigning generaliza-
12 Examination in Sociology, February 1901, Examination Papers: Economics and Sociology,
Princeton University Archives (hereafter pua).
13 Drake, Money Doctor; Emily S. Rosenberg, “Foundations of United States International
Financial Power: Gold Standard Diplomacy, 1900–1905,” Business History Review 59 (1985):
169–202.
14 Edwin W. Kemmerer, Kemmerer on Money (Philadelphia: John C. Winston, 1934).
66

tions about human nature dissolve into teeming, contested, contingent
ways of being human. And there have been moments of the
opposite sort, when the social sciences have regrouped themselves
at a distance again and the broad, intellectually exhilarating principles
of social nature seem clear once more.
In a rough and general way, one can say that the modern social
sciences began in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries
with categories of experience-far. The pioneers were the grand
system builders, the Solons of sociological law: Marx, Auguste Comte,
Herbert Spencer, the British economists, and the philosophical historians.
At the end of the nineteenth century, however, just as
Princeton was taking up instruction in the social sciences, there set
in an equally dramatic reversal. Out into the world of day-to-day
experience-near the social scientists tumbled. Anthropologists quit,
for a moment, arranging the peoples of the world in ascending
order, and went out to try to figure out how in fact they lived and
thought and framed the ways of their culture; sociologists fanned
out over the cities, like explorers in a land never truly seen before,
to map out the differential uses of urban space and family functions,
the unspoken rules of racial discrimination and social status,
to poll and sample and observe. Between these two impulses the
social sciences have oscillated in creative tension ever since.
But at Princeton that essential tension in the social sciences was
for a very long time abridged and truncated. Almost uniquely among
the universities which were to rise to prominence in the twentieth
century, Princeton contrived to miss the revolution which brought
the social sciences out into the world of experience-near. Loved as
they might be by undergraduates, Princeton’s Wyckoffs cut a paltry
institutional part vis-a-vis its Kemmerers. Its social science faculty
was all policy doctors and hardly any tramps. The dialectic
between near and far ran lopsidedly at Princeton, on the leg of
experience-far alone.
In recent years that pattern has changed as the University has
opened itself more fully to the intellectual currents around it. Near
and far are both to be found in the contemporary social sciences at
Princeton, vigorously pursued, though not commonly on speaking
terms with each other. But from Wyckoff’s college of the 1890s
virtually to the doorstep of our own time, sometimes in step with
surrounding intellectual fashions, often in resistance to them, it
67

was different. Experience at remove was where Princeton’s social
science faculty preferred to find it, experience at an analytical distance,
experience from a fulcral point so far that one could imagine
setting there the tiller of the globe and steering from it. Princeton
was a village university which invested a startling amount of its
imagination in correcting and arranging the world. That contradiction
framed its distinctive, local style in the social sciences.
+
That the social sciences should have successfully taken root at
Princeton at all was, one must say, something of a near thing. In a
nineteenth-century college committed to the faculty-psychology notion
that each of the traditional studies — languages, mathematics, and
the natural sciences — had an essential place in exercising the capacities
of the mind, there was precious little interest in the social
sciences, even in the most prestigious and literary of them: history.
The first faculty member with a specific interest in history was not
appointed to the College of New Jersey faculty until 1883, much
later than elsewhere. He carried the social sciences on his shoulders
alone until 1890, when Woodrow Wilson was brought in to
teach politics, economics, and jurisprudence — the two of them
now comprising the entire social science faculty.
At Johns Hopkins, where Wilson had earned his graduate degree,
the intellectual movement in economics, politics, and history
had been, by contrast, intense and wide-ranging since the early
1880s. Nodes of vigorous social science work could also be found at
Columbia and the University of Pennsylvania by the 1890s. 15 But
at Princeton, beyond a sophomore course in “general history” and
a junior year, dry-as-dust, textbook-based course in economics, a
turn-of-the-century undergraduate could sail into the capstone senior
course on ethics without encountering the concept of “society”
at all. 16
Even Wilson’s appointment had triggered misgivings. Some of
15 Mary O. Furner, Advocacy and Objectivity: A Crisis in the Professionalization of American Social
Science, 1865–1905 (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1975); R. Gordon Hoxie et al.,
A History of the Faculty of Political Science, Columbia University (New York: Columbia University
Press, 1955); Stephen A. Sass, The Pragmatic Imagination: A History of the Wharton School, 1881–
1981 (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1982).
16 Princeton University Catalogue, 1900–1901, pp. 50–51.
68

the faculty had taken a look at Wilson’s The State, a dutiful and, on
the whole, uninspired synthesis of comparative government, and
they had complained to President Francis L. Patton that there was
an awful more in it on Roman law than on the regenerative influences
of Christianity, and so brief a mention of the supernatural origins
of the state as to leave a reader in some doubts as to Wilson’s view
of Divine Providence. Patton did not agree with the criticism of
the book, he wrote Wilson in his letter of appointment, but he felt
it important to remind Wilson that the trustees expected the “high
topics pertaining to your chair . . . to be dealt with under theistic
and Christian presuppositions,” and that no faculty member should
expect the concept of academic freedom to forgive that obligation.
17
Notwithstanding the whiff of heresy which clung to them, the
social sciences expanded significantly in the early twentieth-century
at Princeton. There were thirty-odd teachers of economics,
history, and politics in the Princeton of 1920. But absorbed in popular
undergraduate teaching and spread too thinly over too many subjects,
few of them cast their intellectual light much beyond the
campus itself. Frank Fetter was an exception, a player of some
note in the elaboration of marginal utility economics. So was Fetter’s
protégé, Edwin Kemmerer. So was Edward Corwin, who ran the
Politics Department of the 1920s with as firm a hand as Fetter ran
Economics. Collectively, however, the scholarly efforts of the
Princeton faculty left a strikingly meager trace on the emerging
social sciences.
Most of what was taught in Princeton social science courses in
the first third of the century was historical and institutional. Thus
students in the Department of Economics and Social Institutions
studied money and banking systems, tariffs and taxation, transportation
economics, labor economics, and accounting. In Politics, law
and jurisprudence dominated; in History, despite Thomas Jefferson
Wertenbaker’s interests in social history, the nation state. The faculty
wove the stuff of society into post-office size packages, divided
it up, defined it, and arranged it. How were mountains classified
according to their formation? students in History 101 were asked
in their examination in the fall of 1925. Who was James Bryce?
17 The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, ed. Arthur Link (Princeton: Princeton University Press,
1966–1994), vol. 6, pp. 526–527.
69

What was ethics? In brief, one presumes. The comprehensive examination
in Politics in 1928 played this sort of game with particular
intensity. Students were granted four hours for forty questions:
What was senatorial courtesy? What was an executive budget? Where
was sovereignty located in the United States? Where was sovereignty
located in Canada? What was Thomas Hobbes’ definition
of justice? What was Aristotle’s concept of the purpose of the state?
What were the elements of a contract? What was “liberalism?” 18
It represented no mean pedagogic effort to package the life of
society into so many digestible portions, reduce them so succinctly
to their verbal essences, sow them into students’ notebooks, and
reap them back. But what one misses in the Princeton of the 1910s,
1920s, and 1930s was the restless curiosity, the impatience with
verbal constructions and definition begging, which was busting out
everywhere around it. Experience was its talisman: experience-near,
in the terms we have been using.
At Chicago, Robert Park, William I. Thomas, and Ernest Burgess
were remaking sociology from the ground up, turning their
back on the big, verbal construction of Victorian social science
and pressing the noses of their students into corners of Chicago
social life unknown to the formal social sciences: delinquent girls
and hobo men, taxi-dance halls and street-corner gangs, immigrant
and African-American family life, the worklife of women store clerks
and Chinese laundrymen. There were African-Americans and Asian-
Americans among their students, valued for the added worlds of
experience they brought to bear. Park’s call for “first-hand observation”
set the tone: “Go and sit in the lounges of the luxury hotels
and on the doorsteps of the flop-houses; sit on the Gold Coast
settees and on the slum shakedowns, sit in the Orchestra Hall and
in the Star and Garter Burlesk [sic]. In short, gentlemen, go get the
seat of your pants dirty in real research.” 19
At Columbia, Franz Boas was remaking anthropology in much
18 Examination Papers: History, and Examination Papers: Jurisprudence and Politics,
pua.
19 Edward Shils, “Ernest W. Burgess” and “Robert E. Park” in Remembering the University of
Chicago: Teachers, Scientists, and Scholars, ed. Edward Shils (Chicago: University of Chicago
Press, 1991); Steven J. Diner, A City and Its Universities: Public Policy in Chicago, 1892–1919
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1980); Henry Shuen Yu, “Thinking About
Orientals: Modernity, Social Science, and Asians in Twentieth-Century America” (Ph.D.
diss., Princeton University, 1995). Park is quoted in Jennifer Platt, “The Chicago School and
Firsthand Data,” History of the Human Sciences 7 (1994): 61.
70

the same way; from that moment on, field work would be
anthropology’s training ground, immersion in the “near” its rite of
passage. In history, Charles Beard was grubbing away back of the
verbal formulations of the Constitution into the economic and human
passions of its framers. In politics, Charles Merriam was urging
the importance of a political science rooted in everyday political
behavior — voting, influence, and power — on which Merriam
got a close-up, ringside seat as a member of the Chicago board of
aldermen. At the University of Wisconsin, John Commons, who
was not above scaling a fence in Chicago’s Packingtown during
the meat packers’ strike of 1904 to see for himself if the rumors of
company-sponsored prize fights among the strike breakers were
true — was deep in pioneering labor studies. 20 The “revolt against
formalism,” as Morton White once termed the phenomenon, ran
through the social sciences like a tidal bore. 21 But Princeton barely
felt it. It had no sociology department, no anthropology department,
and, it must be said, no very strong interest in any of this.
For the study of “irregular things,” for the “queer,” the “abnormal,”
the criminal, and the “sociological,” Woodrow Wilson pledged
in 1902, Princeton’s curriculum had no room. “We are after the
regular thing. We have a zest for the regular thing,” he urged an
appreciative Commercial Club audience: for experience normalized,
rule-bound, and at a remove. 22
Corwin was a partial exception. Trained as a historian, he never
could see the Constitution the way a formally trained and formalistic
lawyer was supposed to see it, as a complicated structure of
general, time-independent principles. Corwin’s Constitution, as he
mapped it out in a brilliant series of historical commentaries between
1906 and 1940, was the product of profound historical contingency,
many of whose core doctrines had changed radically over
time. With the crowbar of history, Corwin unsettled a bundle of
them: the due-process clause, judicial review, even property itself.
He gave his Princeton students not only the classic cases to study
20 Richard Hofstadter, The Progressive Historians: Turner, Beard, and Parrington (New York:
Alfred A. Knopf, 1968); George W. Stocking, ed., The Shaping of American Anthropology, 1883–
1911: A Franz Boas Reader (New York: Basic Books, 1974); Gabriel Almond, “Charles E. Merriam”
in Shils, ed., Remembering the University of Chicago; John R. Commons, Myself (Madison: University
of Wisconsin Press, 1964).
21 Morton White, Social Thought in America: The Revolt against Formalism (New York: Viking,
1949).
22 The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, vol. 14, pp. 240–241.
71

ut cases before the Supreme Court at that very moment. He got
his readers, who were many, closer to the living, shifting, actual
Constitution than any other scholar of his day. 23 Frank Fetter, in a
less intense key, was an exception as well. For years and with deep
ethical conviction he taught the Economics Department’s course
on social economics, taking students on field trips to local prisons,
asylums, schools, and slums. “The Travelling Gut,” students called
it. 24
But these were departures from the mold. On the whole Princeton
drew its moat up against the era’s most important trends in the
social sciences. Citation sweepstakes are a suspect indicator, but it
would be foolish to ignore their implications. Dorothy Ross’s recent
book, The Origins of American Social Science, covering the period
1865 through 1929 with immense and closely-packed learning, is a
good representative. In her index the University of Chicago receives
44 citations, Columbia 30, Harvard 21, Johns Hopkins 18;
Princeton is mentioned once. 25
Now Princeton was a college in a village; its setting was not Baltimore,
or New York, or Chicago, or Boston. The point cannot be
set aside, but it has been used too often to explain too much. Small
as it was, Princeton was hardly remote — far less so, geographically,
than Ithaca, New York, for example, or Leland Stanford’s
horse farm at Palo Alto. One of the nation’s major industrial centers
was barely ten miles south of the college. The town itself had
flourishing immigrant and African-American populations. The great
social laboratory of New York City was no farther away than the
banks to which Kemmerer regularly commuted.
Princeton’s remoteness was a remoteness not of geography but of
the mind, sustained by exceptional determination that the world
should keep its distance from Princeton’s doorstep. When Edwin
Slosson, a shrewd and experienced observer of American educa-
23 Edward S. Corwin, The Doctrine of Judicial Review (Princeton: Princeton University Press,
1914); The Twilight of the Supreme Court: A History of Our Constitutional Theory (New Haven: Yale
University Press, 1934); Court Over Constitution (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1938);
The President: Office and Powers. History and Analysis of Practice and Opinion (New York: New York
University Press, 1940).
24 Alexander Leitch, A Princeton Companion (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1978), p.
176.
25 Dorothy Ross, The Origins of American Social Science (Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press, 1991). In the same vein: Karl W. Deutsch et al., eds., Advances in the Social Sciences,
1900–1980: What, Who, Where, How? (Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America, 1986).
72

tion, visited Princeton in 1908, the new preceptorial idea interested
him, but Princeton’s cloistered mentality bowled him over.
At every one of Princeton’s counterparts, he reported, some loophole
had been opened to women students. At Yale they could study
art and music; at Penn they could study education and biology and
the full range of summer offerings. Princeton alone instructed no
women in any capacity whatever. Nor any African Americans.
Nowhere else were there as few foreign students, or the barriers
against Jewish students higher. 26 A college working this hard to
keep the world at bay was not likely to have much energy left to
study it up close. Princeton’s village sensibilities were not something
given. It was an attribute the faculty worked hard to maintain.
Experience-near was unsettling. What is remarkable, by contrast,
in this small, socially cloistered college, with its unfulfilled pretensions
toward university status, was the extent to which, even then,
the counter-attractions of experience-far could be felt. Wilson, with
his national political ambitions, was part of the mold, of course.
“What I ‘go in for,’” he wrote early in his career, “is the life, not
the texts of constitutions, the practice not the laws of administration.”
But even in the first and most realist of his books he could
not resist the policy doctor’s prerogative of explaining how much
more effectively Congress would run if only were it made over on
the lines of the British parliament. 27 Corwin, too, yearned not only
for understanding of his malleable, contested Constitution but, in
a handbook sold to law students everywhere, authority over its
meaning. He held all the cards in his classrooms and hectored
students, as he hectored members of the U.S. Senate in his disastrously
mishandled testimony on behalf of Franklin Roosevelt’s “court
packing” bill in 1937 — lobbying all too nakedly, most observers
thought, for a seat on the court himself. 28
26 Edwin E. Slosson, Great American Universities (New York: Macmillan, 1910), chapter 3;
Marcia Graham Synnott, The Half-Opened Door: Discrimination and Admissions at Harvard, Yale,
and Princeton, 1900–1970 (Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood, 1979). In contrast: Werner Sollors
et al., eds., Blacks at Harvard: A Documentary History of African-American Experience at Harvard and
Radcliffe (New York: New York University Press, 1993).
27 Albert Somit and Joseph Tanenhaus, The Development of American Political Science: From
Burgess to Behavioralism (Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1967), p. 32; Woodrow Wilson, Congressional
Government: A Study in American Politics (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1885).
28 Edward S. Corwin, The Constitution and What It Means Today (Princeton: Princeton University
Press, 1920); Gerald Garvey, “Scholar in Politics: Edward S. Corwin and the 1937
Court-Packing Battle,” Princeton University Library Chronicle 31, no. 1 (1969): 1–11.
73

That these were not isolated ambitions was made clear in 1917,
when the Princeton history and politics faculty collaborated to produce
a book outlining the American interest in the war in Europe. Like
other, similar volumes of the day, it makes now for embarrassing
reading. Corwin wrote with some restraint about the relative culpability
of Germany and Britain in their violations of the law of
the sea. But the others were inspired to extraordinary heights of
geopolitical analysis and prescription: elaborate balance-of-power
formulas, nightmare scenarios of German challenges to American
interests in China and Latin America, and profound concern that
their own Woodrow Wilson would settle for peace without smashing,
overwhelming victory. 29 Experience-far was as exhilarating as
experience-near was disconcerting. One soaked it up in village
Princeton through the institution’s pores.
The capstone of these ambitions came in 1930 with the formation
of the new School of Public and International Affairs. The
man who supplied its crystallizing idea was an outsider to Princeton
— neither an alumnus nor a college professor but a career diplomat,
then posted in Berlin. Personally he was something of a misfit
among the faculty when he arrived as the school’s first director in
1930, possessed of riding boots but no Ph.D. degree, his school
resented by those with more traditional ideas for the University’s
money. But outsider that he was, Dewitt Clinton Poole caught the
latent presumptions in the social science faculties at Princeton with
particular accuracy. The school’s mission was not to train for this
or that profession, though it was assumed that bankers, lawyers,
and perhaps statesmen, too, would come of the endeavor. It was to
lengthen the analytical telescope, to inculcate in Princeton students
a cosmopolitan grasp of affairs, a sense of the scale and scope of
the emerging 1920s interdependency, an ability, as Poole put it,
“instinctively [to] picture the globe as a whole.” 30
Poole also supplied, virtually single-handedly it would appear,
the most important single pedagogical innovation of the School of
29 John Grier Hibben et al., The World Peril: America’s Interest in the War, by Members of the
Faculty of Princeton University (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1917).
30 DeWitt Clinton Poole, attachment to a letter from Norman Armour to John Grier
Hibben, 28 October 1929, Papers of the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International
Affairs, pua; William K. Selden, Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs,
Princeton University: Conception and Early Development, 1930–1943 (Princeton: Woodrow Wilson
School of Public and International Affairs, 1984).
74

DeWitt Clinton Poole, first Director of the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and
International Affairs. Faculty Photographs, Princeton University Archives.
75
Photo: John Blazejewski

A Woodrow Wilson School Conference. Historical Photos Collection,
Princeton University Archives.
Public and International Affairs: the so-called conference method.
The conference was not a Wilsonian preceptorial. There was to be
no intimate talk of life and truth between tutor and tutees. Participants
in a conference were not even to be themselves. They were
to take on the topical issues of the day, rather, by acting out someone
else’s point of view. The school’s first conference was devoted
to the question of the colonial status of the Philippines, a live political
issue in 1930. As if they were arranged in a hearing before
the Senate Committee on Insular Affairs, some of the students were
to take the part of senators, others the part of administration spokesmen.
Still others were assigned to work up the arguments of the
heavily invested American sugar and tobacco producers, or the
Pacific coast longshoremen’s union. Finally some were to reproduce
the points of view of the leading Filipino elements: the Filipino
nationalists, the Christian Filipinos opposed to independence,
and the Moros distrustful of both. To help get students into their
assigned roles, Poole arranged for them to talk with men of the
world: consuls and ambassadors, senators, labor union leaders, and
captains of industry. 31
31 DeWitt Clinton Poole, “Conference on Public and International Affairs, Subject No. 1:
The Relations of the United States and the Philippine Islands” (1930) and DeWitt Clinton
Poole to Malcolm P. Aldrich, 31 March 1931, Papers of the Woodrow Wilson School, pua.
76
Photo: John Blazejewski

The conference’s ultimate task was to prescribe — to vault, for a
moment, into the driver’s seat of the world and set its problems
straight — but not before at least some of its student participants
had been forced to try on views and arguments remote to their
experience. Between the new school’s major and minor impulses,
between far and near, between analytical and experiential modes
of knowledge, the early conferences maintained, in short, a delicate,
uneven balance.
One must not make too much of the school’s addition to the
Princeton social sciences. Prior to World War II, the School of
Public and International Affairs was a purely undergraduate program,
a pedagogical experiment, primarily, rather than a node of
faculty research. In the collaborative structures of social science
research reshaping scholarship elsewhere, Princeton, with its intense
undergraduate preoccupations, its tiny graduate school, and
its inter-departmental rivalries was, as yet, barely engaged. Elsewhere
interdisciplinary social science flourished in the 1930s. At
the University of Chicago in the 1930s with its new Social Science
Research building, at Columbia, at the University of North Carolina
with its regional studies and folkways projects, or at Harvard,
the lodestone now for the best and most adventurous graduate students
in history and a coming force at the intersection of social
psychology and cultural anthropology, a field it would make its
own with the establishment of the Department of Social Relations
in the mid 1940s, the contrasting style could not be missed. Even
Yale was busting out of its past, with its new Institute of Human
Relations and the legal realists on its law faculty, busy exposing
the law as the sort of complex, ritualized system of human behavior
anthropologists had once scoured the Pacific to find. The action
in the social sciences was not hard to find. But despite Fetter,
Corwin, or Poole, the action was not at Princeton.
+
The local style in the social sciences did not change dramatically
in the middle years of the century, but the world around Princeton
did. In the crises of the Depression, war, and Cold War, the long
analytical view — the sense of social rule and human regularity
incorporated in experience-far, together with the confidence in world
77

management they afforded — rebounded in urgency. Of policy
doctors there seemed a newly urgent need. This time Princeton’s
social sciences, out of step so long, were eager for it.
The watershed in this regard was not the 1930s Depression. A
handful of Princeton social scientists did join the professors’ march
on Washington during the boom years of the New Deal. Hadley
Cantril, who, coming to Princeton in 1935, had been deeply taken
by the work in public opinion measurement George Gallup was
undertaking next door, quite independent of the University, was
polling for F.D.R. by the early 1940s, trying to help Roosevelt navigate
his way through the shifting tides of opinion on the war in Europe.
32 J. Douglas Brown, who had come to Princeton in the late
1920s as part of John D. Rockefeller, Jr.’s project of establishing a
university-based clearing house for modern methods of personnel
management, corporate old-age pension policies among them, was
tapped for a key role in the development of the Social Security
Act. 33 Roosevelt gave Corwin his thankless part and then tapped
Harvard’s Felix Frankfurter for the post Corwin so deeply wanted.
But on the whole the Princeton social science faculty was too conservative
politically for a key part in the New Deal, and, anyway, it
lacked the essential recruiting ground of a law school. 34
A second transforming event of the 1930s, the great wave of scholars
fleeing from Germany, Italy, and Austria, lapped close to the
Princeton social sciences but it, too, did not fundamentally touch
them. The ethnic cleansing of the Austrian universities did deposit
two seminal social scientists at or near Princeton. One was Oskar
Morgenstern, one of several young neo-classical Austrian economists
on whom the Rockefeller Foundation had for some time had
its eye. Washing up, rather by chance, in Princeton after the Nazis
overran Austria, Morgenstern soon made the acquaintance of the
brightest star in the mathematics faculty, John von Neumann, who
had himself fled Germany just before the Nazi ascendancy. Writ-
32 Hadley Cantril, Gauging Public Opinion (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1944);
Hadley Cantril, The Human Dimension: Experiences in Policy Research (New Brunswick: Rutgers
University Press, 1967).
33 J. Douglas Brown, An American Philosophy of Social Security: Evolution and Issues (Princeton:
Princeton University Press, 1972); J. Douglas Brown: A Record of Service (privately printed copy
in the Princeton University Library, 1951).
34 Cf. J. G. Smith, Facing the Facts: An Economic Diagnosis (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons,
1932), a cooperative endeavor of the Princeton economics faculty to explain and prescribe
for the Depression.
78

ing in English but talking in German, they worked out their Theory
of Games and Economic Behavior in a burst of intense creativity in
Princeton in 1941–1942. No other intellectual collaboration in the
social sciences at Princeton quite matches it, or the giant shadow it
was eventually to cast across the disciplines which were to incorporate
game theory into their analytical repertoire. But as far as the
intellectual ingredients which went into the collaboration were concerned,
the event might just as well have taken place in Vienna as
in the lifeboat which then was Princeton. Graduate students in mathematics
quickly saw the challenges of game theory; so did its military
promoters. But Morgenstern’s Economics colleagues did not
see the worth in it until decades later when game theory came
back through other economics departments to Princeton. 35
The second refugee genius who came tantalizingly close to
Princeton’s orbit in those years was Paul Lazarsfeld. He was not,
in the 1930s, the giant figure in sociology he was to become. He
was, rather, another young, displaced Austrian, far less well connected
than Morgenstern. In Vienna he had carved out a modest
niche as director of a small contract research organization, specializing
in studies of youth and work careers. When in 1935, after a
fellowship stint in the U.S., he decided it prudent not to return to
Austria, he scrambled for similar work. Columbia’s Robert Lynd
found him a job in Newark analyzing data the National Youth
Administration didn’t know what to do with. A year later, when
the Rockefeller Foundation awarded a project grant to study the
social effects of radio to Princeton’s Hadley Cantril and a young
nbc researcher, Frank Stanton, they signed Lazarsfeld on as project
director.
Lazarsfeld mapped out an extraordinary research agenda — a
nine-volume series which bristled with omnivorous interests, in radio
music, news announcers, motivation, and in the multitude of
different ways listeners fit radio into their lives. He commissioned
Theodor Adorno to write the music study, and Adorno remembered
much later his first encounter with the Princeton Radio Project,
quartered in an abandoned Newark brewery and electric with
35 Oskar Morgenstern, “The Collaboration between Oskar Morgenstern and John von
Neumann on the Theory of Games,” Journal of Economic Literature 14 (1976): 805–816; E. Roy
Weintraub, ed. Toward a History of Game Theory, Annual Supplement to vol. 24 of the History of
Political Economy (Durham: Duke University Press, 1992), especially Martin Shubik, “Game
Theory at Princeton: A Personal Reminiscence.”
79

Lazarsfeld’s curiosity. But Lazarsfeld, who tried Lynd’s gentle temper
frequently, was much too prickly and (it went without overt
saying) much too conspicuously Jewish for Princeton. He and Cantril
fought over credit for the project’s Invasion from Mars study, over
intellectual styles and project direction, and soon gave it up as a
bad match. By 1938 the Princeton Radio Project, which had never
actually set roots down on the Princeton campus, had moved from
Newark to Manhattan. A year later Columbia appointed Lazarsfeld
to its faculty, where together with Lynd and Robert Merton he
helped build, with imaginative survey techniques and eclectic intellectual
energy, the most important sociology department of its
day. 36
Had events at the new Institute for Advanced Study turned out
differently, the energy the Institute’s heady mix of refugee and native-born
scholars gave to Princeton mathematics and physics might
have redounded to its social sciences as well. The Institute’s founding
eminence, Abraham Flexner, had his eye from the first on a school
of economics and politics, staffed with a small core of men smart
enough, as he saw it, to help the world think its way out of the
political and economic disasters which had begun to overtake the
1930s. But his choices were neither highly distinguished nor capable
in the least of cooperating with each other; even before its
first appointees arrived, Flexner’s School of Social Science was falling
apart. His successor merged the surviving pieces with the Institute’s
art historical faculty into a new School of Historical Studies. But
with its intellectual strengths at the humanities end of history’s
spectrum — in art history, archaeology, and classicism — this was
not a group positioned to nudge the University’s social science faculty
into bigger, faster intellectual waters. 37
The key event for the Princeton social sciences was not, then, the
economic collapse of 1930s America, nor the political collapse
of 1930s Europe and the refugee intellectuals who spilled out from
36 Paul F. Lazarsfeld, “An Episode in the History of Social Research: A Memoir,” and T.
W. Adorno, “Scientific Experiences of a European Scholar in America,” both in Bernard
Bailyn and Donald Fleming, eds., The Intellectual Migration: Europe and America, 1930–1960
(Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1969); Paul F. Lazarsfeld, “Tentative Outline for
Publication,” Princeton Radio Project file, Princeton University Archives; Ann K. Pasannella,
The Mind Traveller: A Guide to Paul L. Lazarsfeld’s Communication Research Papers (New York: The
Freedom Forum Media Studies Center, Columbia University, 1994).
37 Beatrice M. Stern, “A History of the Institute for Advanced Study, 1930–1950,” bound
typescript in Firestone Library, Princeton University, ca. 1964.
80

it; it was World War II and the Cold War which followed. These
were the years in which the world suddenly rolled itself up to the
United States’ doorsteps. The war and postwar social order seemed
more than ever before in critical need of diagnosis and treatment,
for doctors with a globally portable sense of social-historical factors
and forces, and considerable confidence in prescribing for them.
To seek out the cutting edge of the social sciences in the Star and
Garter Burlesk now had an air of triviality. In the crises of the
mid-century, to put it crudely, the market fell out of experiencenear.
The money was on experience-far, and Princeton’s pent-up
social science ambitions matched their new opportunity.
The most visible consequence of the geopolitical crises of the
1940s and 1950s was the rapid internationalization of the social
science agenda at Princeton. Virtually overnight, courses and faculty
interests widened out to encompass new corners of the world.
The Princeton historians, like their counterparts elsewhere, signed
on in a big way to the wartime work of the Office of Strategic
Services and, more discreetly, to the cia which succeeded it. The
History Department soon boasted a clutch of young, luminous historians
of diplomacy, revolution, and international history, R. R.
Palmer and Gordon Craig among them. History and Politics together
sprouted courses in parts of the globe untaught to Princeton
students before. The Department of Oriental Languages and Literatures,
with its roots in biblical texts and exegesis, suddenly became
relevant to modern geopolitics, adding modern Arabic to its
teaching and, by 1951, a Near Eastern area studies program with a
social science bent. The Office of Population Research, a Rockefellerinitiated
donation to the University, where Frank Notestein was
one of the first to sense a postwar world demographic boom of
potentially catastrophic proportions, was soon deep in population
studies in Asia and South America. By the end of the 1940s it had
successfully smuggled a small group of sociologists interested in
international population questions onto the margins of the University
faculty, the first since Wyckoff’s death in 1908. 38
In the Economics Department, Douglas Brown’s Industrial Relations
Section set aside its Rockefeller-given mission — its reference
service for corporate personnel departments and its annual
38 “Frank W. Notestein” and “Kingsley Davis,” International Encyclopedia of Social Research:
Biographical Supplement (New York: Macmillan, 1979).
81

teaching conferences for corporate personnel managers — and turned
to manpower studies at sites across the globe. 39 Even the Economics
Department proper now had international ambitions, with a
new introductory course, “The Modern Capitalist Economy,” focused
on the “comparative study of contemporary economic systems,
especially the clash between capitalism and authoritarian
systems.” 40 The college in a village was swelling out intellectually
to swallow the world.
A critically important accelerator of this outward flight of the
imagination came in 1951, when Yale put its Institute of International
Affairs on the auction block and Princeton bid on it. The
largest package deal in the history of the social sciences at Princeton,
the Center of International Studies (as it was renamed) came to
Princeton full of resources and ambitions: eight faculty members
and research associates, well-established ties to both foundation
and military funding, a big, ongoing project on the appeals of Communism,
and budding interests in strategic studies and models of
internal war. It brought with it a going journal, World Politics, one
of only two major social science journals ever to be housed at
Princeton. Herman Kahn wrote his On Thermonuclear War under
the Center’s auspices in the late 1950s. Its research faculty and
associates from that decade included both a future assistant secretary
of state and a future president of the American Political Science
Association. 41
The postwar triumph of experience-far was visible not only in
the scope of the social sciences but in agenda, intellectual framework,
and style. A particularly sensitive barometer in this regard
was the School of Public and International Affairs. In 1961 it would
transform itself into a full-fledged professional school for the training
of policy doctors in both international and domestic affairs.
Within its undergraduate conferences, however, the new signs of
39 The Industrial Relations Section of Princeton University, 1922–1985 (Princeton: Industrial Relations
Section, c. 1986).
40 Princeton University Catalogue: Undergraduate Issue, 1950–1951, p. 188.
41 Klaus Knorr, “Center of International Studies,” April 1961, “Instruction and Research
in Foreign and International Affairs at Princeton University: A Ten-Year Plan for Development,
Tentative Draft,” 1 August 1961, both in the Center of International Studies file, pua;
Leigh Buchanan Bienen, “The Center of International Studies,” Princeton Alumni Weekly, 10
March 1970. The other social science journal to be published at Princeton, Public Opinion
Quarterly, was founded as a School of Public and International Affairs venture in 1937; it
relocated to Columbia University in 1968.
82

the times could already be discerned by the mid-1940s. Conferences
renamed themselves “commissions.” They no longer culminated
in a great multivocal hearing of disparate points of view;
their upshot now was a set of policy “recommendations.” The students
were still playing roles. Sometimes they were instructed to
file their memos so as to catch the ear of an ambitious new program
director with a record to make or, conversely, a lame-duck
president with historical reputation on his mind. Knowledge expectations
were higher than before. But the role the students were
all playing now was the role of policy expert. Thus the “Battle
against Communism” conference in 1951–1952 divided itself up into
separate task forces focused on the key European arenas of struggle.
But no one was now asked to play the part of a Communist cadre,
nor even that of a nationalist partisan, trying to decide whether to
jump on the Americans’ or the Russians’ side of the new, yawning
world fissure. 42 The tension between experience-near and experience-far
dissolved. In the new-style conferences, everyone was a
data analyst, an option weigher, a policy doctor.
At Harvard, at Columbia, at Ann Arbor, or at Berkeley the same
pattern could be found, different only in local details. The social
sciences were much bigger affairs after 1945 than before; private
and public funders called the tune more often, and they expected
tangible, big-scale, practical effects. In this game, Princeton was
only a middling-size player. Harvard, Columbia, and Berkeley with
their bustling Russian Studies centers and Ford Foundation millions,
Stanford with its Hoover Institution, and Chicago with its
expertise in Middle-Eastern politics were all much bigger contenders.
43 There were policy doctors everywhere; Harvard Square would
have caved in under the weight of Cambridge’s, had they all tried
to cross the street together.
A niche player amidst these stronger competitors, Princeton’s
social scientists needed a specialty. Not on this or that region of
the world did they build it but on an ambitious social-historical
interweaving of them all. Around the axis of modernization studies,
42 Woodrow Wilson School Conferences folder, pua.
43 Robert McCaughey, International Studies and Academic Enterprise: A Chapter in the Enclosure of
American Learning (New York: Columbia University Press, 1984); Robert L. Geiger, Research
and Relevant Knowledge: American Research Universities since World War II (New York: Oxford
University Press, 1993).
83

as it was soon known, there emerged a set of global, integrative
connections in the Princeton social sciences to supplant the old
institutionalism of the first half of the century. Modernization theory
meant a lot of different things in its heyday in the 1950s and 1960s,
from simple notions of convergence on Western technological and
social norms to a view of world history in which the main tide
from traditional to modern societies flowed through a sharp, sequenced
set of rapids, through which the social scientists’ foreknowledge
might, perhaps, make navigation easier. Princeton’s
versions of modernization theory tended toward the more complex
end of the spectrum. But complex or simple, the remarkable
phenomenon was how deeply infected all the social science departments
were, for a moment, with modernization theory’s universalistic
language and assumptions.
The Center of International Studies was the most prolific player
of the game. It was full of modernization projects, from Gabriel
Almond’s studies in third-world political development, to Cyril Black’s
Dynamics of Modernization work, to Richard Falk’s massive early world
legal order projects; but the Center was not alone. 44 At the Industrial
Relations Section, Frederick Harbison, cofounder of the Industrialism
and Industrial Man project, was deep in the application of
modernization schemas to comparative labor-management issues. 45
The Economics Department proper began to fill out a faculty in
developmental economics, which soon included one of the world’s
giants in the field, W. Arthur Lewis. Born into a West Indian,
Afro-Caribbean family, a London-schooled expert on the economies
of Africa and the African diaspora, Lewis was the kind of
scholar against whom the Princeton gates had been so long and so
well guarded. 46
Even History came aboard the modernization idea. Lawrence
44 Gabriel A. Almond, “The Development of Political Development,” in his A Discipline
Divided: Schools and Sects in Political Science (Newbury Park, California: Sage Publications, 1990);
Gabriel A. Almond and James S. Coleman, eds., The Politics of Developing Areas (Princeton:
Princeton University Press, 1960); C. E. Black, The Dynamics of Modernization: A Study in Comparative
History (New York: Harper and Row, 1966); C. E. Black et al., The Modernization of
Japan and Russia (New York: Free Press, 1975); Richard A. Falk and Saul H. Mendlovitz, The
Strategy of World Order (New York: World Law Fund, 1966).
45 John T. Dunlop et al., Industrialism and Industrial Man Reconsidered (Princeton: Princeton
University Press, 1975); Frederick Harbison and Charles A. Myers, Management in the Industrial
World: An International Analysis (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1959).
46 Mark Gersovitz, ed., Selected Economic Writings of W. Arthur Lewis (New York: New York
University Press, 1983).
84

Stone, new to Princeton in 1963, recast the course in Tudor-Stuart
England as “The First Road to Modernization.” Stone brought
with him social science ambitions of a scope Princeton historians
had never seen before, a head full of social theories, an agenda for
something he called “prosopography,” and trunks full of countable
data to match it. The History Department soon struck up an alliance
with the most social-science oriented of the European historical
faculties, the Paris group around the Annales Économies, Sociétés,
Civilisations; by 1968, the department had its own research center,
burrowing aggressively into the new terrain of social history. 47 When
out of the Office of Population Research faculty a sociology department
was finally organized, at very long last, in 1960, its initial
leading note was modernization studies. 48
Modernization was never the whole game in the social sciences
at Princeton in the twenty-five years after the war, but it set the
pace. Institutionally it gave Princeton a purchase unknown before
in the development of the social sciences. It matched the historical
bent which, from its earlier years, had been sustained in Princeton’s
social science departments. And no analytical telescope could have
been longer. Having missed the phase of experience-near, the social
sciences swung with exuberance to the big, universally portable
categories of modernization theory. It fit the ambitions of
experience-far, experience global and aggregate, experience readable
at a broad analytical distance, with a measure of confidence
that has never again seemed quite so close at hand. It fit, in short,
the local intellectual culture, the long and active limb of the onelegged
social science style which lay waiting for it.
+
Nothing lasts forever. Dependent as it was on a particularly dramatic,
global juncture of postwar political and economic forces,
the axis of modernization theory could hardly have been indefinitely
sustained. By the late 1970s, with the era of seemingly automatic,
47 Lawrence Stone in The Life of Learning, ed. Douglas Greenberg and Stanley N. Katz
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1994); Lawrence Stone, “Prosopography,” in Historical
Studies Today, ed. Felix Gilbert and Stephen R. Graubard (New York: Norton, 1972).
48 Marion Levy, Modernization: The Structure of Societies (Princeton: Princeton University
Press, 1966); Wilbert E. Moore, Industrialization and Labor: Social Aspects of Economic Development
(Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1951).
85

world-wide economic growth at an apparent end, with the democratic
world order many had hoped would come of it receding from view,
with traditionalist political movements on the rise all over the globe,
the attempt to organize the history of the world around a common,
modernizing teleology was bound to falter. By the 1980s, the
sense of common project in the social sciences, the shared, interdisciplinary
vocabulary which had emerged around the axis of modernization
theory was visibly falling apart.
Princeton itself changed dramatically in this period as well. The
social science faculty was much larger now and much more diverse.
Its members came less often through internal apprenticeships
begun as local graduate students. The scenes on which they
played their scholarly parts were as much national and international
as local. The college in a village was now a university in the
world; its walls no longer sustained so strong a set of distinctly
local customs as before. When the modernization synthesis in the
social sciences began to falter, then, there was to be no recoalescing
in a common, local style. When in step with movements of ideas
around it, a new, mathematicized form of experience-far and a
new, anthropologized form of experience-near swept into a more
cosmopolitan Princeton, the effect, this time, was to divide the social
sciences down their departmental seams into rival intellectual
kingdoms.
Reconstitution of the categories of experience-far was the earlier
event. As the modernization stock in which Princeton’s social scientists
were so heavily invested began to decline, the Economics
Department began unloading early. The department’s introductory
course in comparative economics systems was already gone by
1960. The historical and philosophical interests of the department’s
most famous intellectual-in-residence, Jacob Viner, could be tolerated,
even respected, but the rest of the department was rapidly
cutting its institutionalist and historicist ties in favor of mathematics.
That was where the action was in economics departments elsewhere,
and by the late 1970s mathematical economics was booming,
too, at Princeton. Modeling and hypothesis testing were imported
from the natural sciences. Theory was in; even game theory was
invited back. As for undergraduates, their introduction now consisted
of a portable kit of “basic tools” — econometric methods,
macroeconomics, and microeconomic theory — none of them bur-
86

dened by very much time or context or culture, which they could
now take most anywhere. 49
As economics went mathematical, however, in other parts of the
social sciences the disintegration of the postwar intellectual project
took a very different form. The “interpretive turn,” it was soon
being called: a newly growing suspicion of the always-and-everywhere
neutrality of analytical categories, doubts about the treasured
idea of the truly transparent observer, doubts about the appropriateness
of the “science” term itself in the social science label. 50
Among the key events in this development was the academy’s
rediscovery of the fissures of gender and race running through the
postwar intellectual construction of “modern man.” Another spilled
out from the work of Thomas Kuhn in the intellectual dynamics of
scientific revolutions. Little noticed by his social science colleagues
during his decade and a half at Princeton, Kuhn’s notion of paradigm-shifts
was swept back in, round-about and after-the-fact, by
outsiders who heralded it as one of the most widely influential historical
contributions of the century. 51 Still closer at hand was the
work of the anthropologist Clifford Geertz, the first faculty appointee
in an effort to revive Flexner’s dream of a School of Social
Science at the Institute for Advanced Study. Geertz had worked at
the cutting edge of modernization theory himself once, but as the
School cohered in the early 1970s, amidst rancorous and misguided
internal controversy, its axis was cultural studies: “experience-near,”
a “floundering through mere happenings and then concocting accounts
of how they hang together,” as Geertz himself has recently
put it, in which the line between fact and interpretation is not
given by experience itself but only willed into its always precarious
being by the social scientist’s aspirations toward “solider grounding
and sounder thought.” 52
49 Richard A. Lester, “Princeton and Economics: Retrospect and Prospect,” Princeton Alumni
Weekly, 17 November 1964; Princeton University, Undergraduate Announcement, 1971–1972, p.
114.
50 Paul Rabinow and William M. Sullivan, eds., Interpretive Social Science: A Second Look
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987).
51 Thomas S. Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions Chicago: University of Chicago
Press, 1962); John Horgan, “Reluctant Revolutionary,” Scientific American 264 (May 1991):
40–49.
52 Landon Y. Jones, “Bad Days on Mount Olympus,” Atlantic Monthly 223 (February 1974):
37 ff.; Clifford Geertz, After the Fact: Two Countries, Four Decades, One Anthropologist (Cambridge:
Harvard University Press, 1995), p. 3.
87

If one wanted to put a date on so slippery and amorphous an
event as the moment when, from these and other sources, experience-near
finally arrived in the social sciences at Princeton, one
could do worse than use Lawrence Stone’s famous essay of 1979,
“The Revival of Narrative,” in which Stone took critical stock of
the claims of big, quantitative social science history (some of them
his own) and pronounced them overdrawn. “More and more of
the ‘new’ historians,” he wrote, “are trying to discover what was
going on inside people’s heads, . . . what it was like to live in the
past,” questions to which the “structural, collective, and statistical”
methods of social scientistic history now seemed less an aid
than an impediment. Before the decade was out, his own department
would become world famous for precisely that kind of history.
53 Where historians of war and statecraft once dominated the
lecture halls with their telescopic lenses, their successor department
reverberates with forgotten notions of the body, stories of
forbidden bestsellers, bizarre prophets, everyday psychological life,
or marginal women — in short, with the booming, buzzing, multitudinous,
unknown country of experience-near.
Between the mathematical and the interpretive turns, the other
social sciences departments made their choices. Partly because physical
anthropology was expensive and archeological anthropology prohibitively
so, anthropology at Princeton had been cultural anthropology
from its formal beginnings in the mid-1960s. Princeton
sociology, after some considerable turmoil during the student revolution-that-might-have-been,
rebuilt itself successfully around cultural
sociology, with vigorous extensions into religious studies, history,
and economic sociology. Psychology, whose primary allegiance at
Princeton, even in Cantril’s day, had always been to laboratory
study rather than social psychology, now moved still more fully
into the natural sciences camp. In the redivided continent of the
social sciences at Princeton, anthropology, sociology, and history
form the triple entente of experience-near.
In the Woodrow Wilson School, on the other hand, the historians
who had shared the school’s governance with the political scientists,
gradually disappeared from its inner circles — eased out
53 Lawrence Stone, “The Revival of Narrative: Reflections on a New Old History,” Past
and Present 85 (1979): 13; Mark Silk, “The Hot History Department,” New York Times Magazine,
19 April 1987.
88

or, perhaps, easing themselves out. Economists eagerly took up the
slack, carrying their macro-/microeconomic tool kit with them into
the required public policy curriculum. The result has by no means
stilled debate in the Woodrow Wilson School conferences; but it is
shaped now, more than ever before, in a distinctive language-atremove.
54 As for Politics, in the big-power rivalry around it, it struggles
to find neutral ground broad enough to hold its empiricists, its
vigorous cohort of moral philosophers, and its world area studies
specialists together. Like political science departments elsewhere,
it plays a part akin to Poland’s on the world historical scene: a
partitioned and repartitioned disciplinary nation, in quiet internal
war over which of the forces in the institutionally and intellectually
divided kingdom of the social sciences best to ally with.
+
Division is not in itself so bad a thing. Nor, still more, argument.
There is nothing timeless about the idea of the social sciences. A
term of administrative convenience, the notion of an integrated
field called the social sciences may have outlived its utility. The
cascade of disaggregations which transformed the two-man social
science faculty of 1890 into the schools and departments of the
present may be destined to proceed further, perhaps to recombine
in new groupings — though local custom and inertia tell against
the latter possibility. The marriage of history, economics, and politics
effected at the turn of the twentieth century may be ripe for breaking
up.
But intellectually the experience of the tramp and the abstractions
of the policy doctor need each other. The view through the
telescope and the immediate encounter mislead in isolation; they
fill in each other’s intellectual weaknesses. In the dialectic between
near and far, generality and particularity depend on each other.
The commonness of humankind and the staggeringly irrepressible
variety of human mores cannot simply be shuffled off on rival academic
specialists. The project of mapping the half-seen content of
54 Gregory J. Phillips, “From Propaganda to Memoranda: Episodes in the History of a
School of Public and International Affairs, 1930–1993,” Princeton University Senior Thesis
(History), 1993.
89

society needs exploring parties of both sorts, in constant argument
with each other.
The marriage that is the social sciences has a good deal more
potential life in it. But that a college so long incurious about its
surroundings, so eager for a stepladder from which to survey the
world and set it straight, whose social scientists missed one intellectual
revolution, swung aboard another, and now divide over a
third, whether they can put near and far on speaking terms, into
the creative tension they demand: that much would be rash to
predict.
90

t i
Library Notes
5 8
things are better now
In addition to faculty, staff, and students, alumni use the General Collections
of the Princeton University Library for projects of many kinds. Frederic
Rosengarten, Jr., Class of 1938, an expert on the flora of the Caribbean
region, 1 found a book written by an exiled Frenchman born in Martinique
that, surprisingly, contains an eighteenth-century description of Princeton, town
and gown, which he presents here together with background material about its
author.
In early May 1794, the French lawyer, judge, and historian Médéric-
Louis-Élie Moreau de Saint-Méry passed through Princeton in a
stagecoach en route from Philadelphia to New York. Subsequently,
he wrote a book entitled Voyage aux États-Unis de l’Amérique, 1793–
1798. In it he gave a critical portrayal of the College of New Jersey
at Princeton, finding fault with the curriculum, the dirty, neglected
courtyard near Nassau Hall, and the indolent student body “where
sport and licentious habits are said to absorb the pupils more than
study.” The book was translated by Kenneth and Anna M. Roberts
and published by Doubleday & Company, Inc., in 1947 under
the title Moreau de St. Méry’s American Journey, 1793–1798. The following
excerpt provides an early eyewitness description of Princeton
and the surrounding countryside in 1794. 2
1 Mr. Rosengarten, a member of the Council of the Friends of the Princeton University
Library, was a resident for many years in Guatemala, where he produced spices, essential
oils, and nuts. He is the author of The Book of Spices (1969), Freebooters Must Die! (1976), The
Book of Edible Nuts (1984), and Wilson Popenoe (1991).
2 Excerpted from Moreau de St. Méry’s American Journey, 1793–1798, trans. Kenneth Roberts
and Anna M. Roberts. Preface by Kenneth Roberts. Introduction by Stewart L. Mims (New
York: Doubleday & Co., Inc., 1947), pp. 102–106. Reprinted with the permission of the
publisher.
91

+
Trenton is a pleasant place. The most important houses are along
the road, which give the town an appearance of length. It has given
asylum to many unfortunate colonists, whom one finds everywhere
in Bristol, Burlington and Lamberton. These communities have
charming country houses.
There are many inns for travelers, and each one strives to stand
well with the stagecoach drivers, in order to obtain their patronage
in case overnight stops should be necessary, or daylight halts.
One leaves Trenton for Princeton by a road that passes through
a country devoted to the cultivation of wheat and flax.
Halfway between Trenton and Princeton, on the left of the road,
is Maidenhead, consisting of several houses and a church. The horses
are watered here.
After Maidenhead and before reaching Princeton, one finds himself
at a place where the view takes in on the right a stretch of some
ten to twelve leagues. In it are woods, farms, valleys, hill slopes,
and in the far distance low mountains, but high enough to form a
pleasant crown for the whole scene.
From this place where the eye is so gladdened, one descends to
the bottom of a vale where there is a stream called Stony Brook.
There is a bridge over it; and on its parapet, facing toward the
Delaware, the traveler reads:
Stony Brook
1792
40 miles from Philadelphia
56 miles from New York
In the vicinity of the bridge, on the opposite slope, are several
tanneries. Two miles more, in which space there was once a camp
of General Rochambeau, and one reaches Princeton, having traveled
twelve miles, fifteen leagues, from Trenton in two hours and a
quarter.
Princeton has the same characteristics as the places already mentioned
since our departure from Philadelphia, namely, it consists
almost entirely of houses that border the road. There might be
about eighty, and for the most part they are of brick.
92

Médéric-Louis-Élie Moreau de Saint-Méry (1750–1819), from an aquatint by Edme
Quénedey. Courtesy of the American Philosophical Society.
93

In this town is a Presbyterian church and a college. The latter
demands that we pause to speak of it, as we did to visit it.
This stone edifice, which is one hundred and seventy French feet
long and about forty wide, has three floors, if one wishes to count
the ground floor as the first floor. This ground floor is nevertheless
seven to eight feet above the ground-line, which leaves space for
cellars. At the top of all is an attic, which causes the Americans to
say that the building has four floors.
The central part of the façade protrudes. There are ten windows
on each side of it, and below the pediment there are six other
windows on the façade. All in all, this building has an impressive
appearance for America. Before it is a huge front yard set off from
the street by a brick wall, and at intervals along the wall are pilasters
supporting wooden urns painted gray. This front yard is untidy,
covered with the droppings of animals who come there to
graze. In its center is an old iron cannon, a four-pounder, without
a carriage. This cannon, the dilapidated condition of the encircling
wall, the number of decorative urns that have fallen to the
ground, everything bears the imprint of negligence, and one reaches
the building grieved that the pupils have such an unpleasant example
before their eyes.
One enters the college, which is called Nassau Hall, by three
equal-sized doors, one being in the middle of the façade and the
two others on the sides. One walks up wooden stairs without banisters.
Each of the two floors is divided into dormitories separated by a
corridor which extends the length of the building. There are fortytwo
rooms designed to accommodate three scholars each. On the
floor below there is a chapel, a refectory, a library of about two
thousand volumes, and the justly celebrated planetarium build by
Dr. David Rittenhouse, at the moment president of the Philosophical
Society of Philadelphia. He was born in Pennsylvania.
On the first floor, facing the central entrance door but at the
back, is a huge hall furnished with benches, as is any other classroom.
Entering, one sees on the right a painting about eight feet
high of General Washington on foot. He holds his sword in his
right hand in an attitude of command; and his left hand, resting on
his hip, holds his hat. Behind him and in the left background is
General Mercer lying down but leaning on his left elbow. Behind
94

the general to the right of the picture are his two aides-de-camp,
and in the distance one sees the battle of Princeton.
While the painting of this picture may not be without merit, three
things are open to criticism. The first is that General Washington
should hold his hat in his hand and strike a formal pose at a moment
when he is actually in command of a battle. The second is
that General Mercer, who died of the wound he received in this
battle of Princeton in the month of January, 1777, has no appearance
of suffering. The third is that such an ambiguous attitude has
been given to the two aides-de-camp that they seem to have no
interest in the dying general.
Behind the college there is an extremely large courtyard. It is
dirty and uncultivated, and everything in it is evidence of neglect.
Although one hundred and twenty scholars can be lodged in this
house, as a rule there are only about eighty, mostly from Virginia
and the two Carolinas.
It would be indeed pleasant to be able to speak highly of the
curriculum of this institution; but when one has not been brought
up in the American way, praise is difficult. Any system that, due to
the heedlessness of its masters, fails to impose any restraints on its
youths, and indulges them in the customary indolence of Americans,
cannot but produce vicious results. These effects are visible
at Princeton College, where sport and licentious habits are said to
absorb the pupils more than study.
The college fee is one hundred dollars a year (five hundred and
fifty francs). Laundry is a gourde a month.
[On Saturday, March 6, 1802, at one in the afternoon, a fire
broke out in the steeple of the college. A violent wind destroyed it
completely in six hours. The three thousand volumes in the library
were burned. The directors made an appeal to the generosity of
the public to rebuild the college. The new term was fixed for May
3, 1803. The scholars were lodged in Princeton and the fee from
May 3 to the end of September was set at one hundred dollars.] *
Princeton enjoys a reputation for healthfulness which it merits,
and the college records verify this; for only an infinitesimal number
of pupils (five or six) have been lost since its foundation. This
may be the reason why so many San Domingo colonists have come
to Princeton.
* Moreau interpolated this passage after returning to France.
95

There are many inns in Princeton, in particular the Washington
Tavern, where General Rochambeau lodged on his march from
Rhode Island to Virginia. It is run at present by David Hamilton.
. . .
Leaving Princeton, which is eighteen leagues northeast of Philadelphia
and twenty-two leagues southwest of New York, one continues
for some time along the plateau on which it is situated, when
one notices that the land declines as it had risen from Stony Brook
to Princeton. During this entire interval one notices gracious sites,
and fresh and cultivated vales.
At the foot of the descent is Millstone Creek, whose waters turn
a sawmill and whose small dam makes a sort of cascade. This spot
is quite picturesque.
+
Moreau de Saint-Méry goes on to describe the journey through
the neighboring towns of Kingston, known for “an extremely deep
well” said to have cost seven hundred dollars, and Six Mile Run,
where he encountered an inn, “run by Isaac Shiver” that had “beds
with truly white sheets, which is the rarest of all things in every
American tavern.” But, he laments, “It is a pity that the rats of the
town hold court in this house, and rob travelers of the rest of which
they usually are greatly in need.”
Moreau de Saint-Méry was born at Fort Royal in Martinique in
1750. 3 His ancestors had emigrated from France in the seventeenth
century. Following an early education in Martinique, at the age of
nineteen he was sent by his family to Paris where, after three years
of study, he obtained his bachelor’s degree in law. Returning to
the French West Indies, he practiced law and became a successful
judge in Cap François, French St. Domingo (now Haiti). As an
author and historian, he wrote a six-volume treatise on the laws of
the French colonies in the West Indies — a collection which was
destined to become famous.
Returning to Paris, between 1784 and 1790 Moreau was an active
member of the Musée de Paris and was chosen its president in
1787. At the same time, he became an ardent activist in the French
3 This summary of Moreau’s life is drawn from Stewart L. Mims’ Introduction to Kenneth
and Anna Roberts’ translation of Moreau’s Voyage aux États-Unis.
96

Revolution. In July 1789, as a representative from the district of
St. Eustache, he was elected president of the 407 électeurs assembled
in Paris. Following the fall of the Bastille, as leader of the provisional
government, he ruled Paris for three turbulent days, from
July 13 to July 15, 1789. The provisional government gave way to
the more permanent governing body called the Commune, of which
Moreau was elected vice-president.
A champion of reform but an impassioned opponent of lawlessness,
Moreau resigned from the Commune in October 1789. In so
doing, he incurred the wrath of the most radical elements of the
Revolution, including Robespierre. When the latter rose to power
during the Reign of Terror, Moreau was declared an enemy of the
Revolution and was forced to flee from Paris and hide in Normandy.
In November 1793 an order was issued for his arrest; he narrowly
escaped from the guillotine, as he sailed on a vessel from Le Havre
bound for New York with his wife and two children.
As a refugee, Moreau lived in Philadelphia from 1794 to 1798.
He became a partner in a bookstore and printing press, but the
business did not prosper. The bookstore, however, became a rendezvous
for many distinguished French émigrés, including Talleyrand.
On one occasion, another French émigré, Count de Moré, visited
the shop in Philadelphia. Moreau, according to the Mémoires du
comte de Moré, informed the count: “I, who speak to you now, such
as I am, was once king of Paris for three days and today I am
forced to earn my bread by selling ink and pens and paper at Philadelphia.”
During these four years in exile, Moreau flourished as an author,
publishing several important works, including his best known contribution
to the history of the West Indies, Description topographique,
physique, civile, politique et historique de la partie française de l’isle Saint-
Domingue. He also wrote a book on the dances of slaves in the West
Indies, a textbook about the arts and sciences, and the penetrating
account of his American journey quoted above.
His exile at an end, Moreau returned to France in 1798. He became
historiographer at the Ministry of the Marine in Paris. In
1801 he was entrusted with the protection of French interests in
Northern Italy and went to Parma as ambassador to the court of
Duke Ferdinand. Napoleon disapproved of Moreau’s leniency in
official matters, so he recalled him and dismissed him in 1806.
97

For several years, Moreau lived in poverty while he worked diligently
on French colonial history, preparing many manuscripts which
form part of the important collectanea known as Collection Moreau
de Saint-Méry. After several years, he was granted a small pension,
thanks to the influence of Josephine, to whom he was related. He
died in January 1819 at the age of sixty-nine.
— frederic rosengarten, jr.
federal government information at princeton
Ride down the Colorado River on the first voyage with John Wesley
Powell. Uncover fascinating details about the buildings in which
the Founding Fathers signed the Declaration of Independence. Find
the full text of Senator Bill Bradley’s speech the day after it was
given on the floor of the Senate. Locate an obscure Supreme Court
case, or compile a forty-year time series of consumer price indices.
Study a scientific report on leukemia, or find the patent on the best
mousetrap: This is a very small sample of the kind of information
and data that can be found in the United States Government
Documents collections in the Princeton University Library. Government
information underlies much of what we read, study, analyze,
and write about today: business and economic statistics, especially
census data and economic time series, education and health policies,
court decisions, reports on the economy, guides to national
parks, and congressional hearings on almost any topic imaginable.
Since 1884, Princeton has participated in the Government Printing
Office’s Depository Library Program, although government
documents were received prior to that time. Last year we received
14,478 paper documents, 23,512 microfiche, 393 cd-roms, and 22
diskettes. The intent of the original legislation establishing the Depository
Library system was to develop and maintain an informed
electorate by providing free, timely, and convenient access to government
information, thereby enforcing the citizen’s right to be
informed about the activities of the federal government. Under
this program we are one of nearly 1,400 Depository Libraries in
the country.
As a selective Depository Library, we choose about 50 percent of
the government’s publications to add to our collections, depending
on our classroom and curricular needs. In return we make these
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documents freely available to the public. Government documents
are used to assist not only faculty, students, and staff of the Princeton
University community, but also the local citizen in search of small
business development funding, the lawyer tracing current legislation,
high school students looking for information on the Challenger
disaster, or the entrepreneur after import/export data. We
work with librarians at the Princeton Public Library, providing
them with selective government publications to enhance their collections
and to increase public access to government information.
Until 1979, all U.S. government publications were bound, cataloged,
and classified, and became part of the general library collections
either in Firestone Library or one of the special libraries. The
Geology Library receives all maps from the U.S. Geological Survey,
for example, as well as most of their other publications. The
Engineering Library includes thousands of nasa and noaa technical
reports and many publications from the Department of Energy,
all as part of the Depository Program. In 1979, with the
development of new indexing tools, the decision was made to stop
cataloging U.S. documents. A separate Documents Division was
created, and existed independently until it became part of the Social
Science Reference Center (ssrc) in 1982.
Receiving the “Serial Set” is one of the great advantages of having
been a Depository Library for many years. This treasury of
government information from the beginning of the country was
once considered the “official publication documenting the activities
of the U. S. government.” 4 Since 1817 the Serial Set has contained
Congressional journals, Congressional reports on public and
private legislation, reports from commissioned investigations, extended
series of survey, research, and statistical publications from
executive agencies, and selected annual or special reports of nongovernmental
agencies such as the Red Cross. Early parts of the
set included annual messages of the president, accounts of exploration
and survey expeditions, Indian affairs, scientific research and
foreign relations, opinions of the attorney general, U.S. Geological
Survey and Labor Bureau publications, and agricultural and scientific
reports. For the nineteenth century, the Serial Set reflects the
country’s territorial expansion and fundamental changes resulting
4 “What is the United States Serial Set?” by Suanne deLong, in Journal of Government
Information 23, no. 2 (1996), pp. 123–135.
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from the industrial revolution. The documents themselves constitute
a record of the development of the arts of printing, engraving,
photography, composition, and cartography. In recent years, the
Serial Set has diminished its scope considerably by eliminating printing
duplication; it now consists mainly of reports and documents
from the Senate and House of Representatives.
The deteriorating condition of the Serial Set volumes in many
libraries, including Princeton, is of major concern: volumes from
the last half of the nineteenth century were bound in sheepskin
which is now disintegrating, leaving volumes literally in pieces. Thus
volumes of the Serial Set up to the mid-1860s are stored in the
Annex Library for preservation and security; plans are underway
for modest conservation and Annex storage for the rest of the nineteenth-century
volumes. For everyday use, a commercially produced
microfiche collection of the Serial Set has been purchased for
Firestone Library.
Since the nineteenth century, the volume of government documents
has increased markedly. As a result, and as new technology
permits, distribution of government information has been rapidly
changing to electronic formats. In 1993 Congress passed Public
Law 103-40, known as gpo Access legislation, which mandated the
true beginning the electronic transition. There were several provisions
of that law: the gpo (Government Printing Office) was to
provide electronic access to basic publications such as the Congressional
Record, the Federal Register, and other legislative publications;
to maintain an electronic directory of federal electronic information;
and to operate an electronic storage facility. In June 1994,
gpo, after much hard work, launched its database, also called gpo
Access, with eight databases, and began to provide electronic access
to current, daily issues of the Congressional Record and Federal
Register from January 1994. Equally important cumulative indexes
for the Congressional Record became available for the years following
1992. (For budget reasons, paper cumulative indices to the Congressional
Record had not been produced since 1983; it had been necessary
to search through 26 bi-weekly issues for each year to locate
the needed pages.)
Because of the slow but steady switch to electronic formats, the
1990 Census of Population and Housing was very different from earlier
censuses. Firestone Library has a very good collection of decennial
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census publications since the first census in 1790, all of it on paper,
as well as a purchased set of census publications on microfilm.
These are the volumes which present aggregate figures on total
population with many social and economic details, for many geographic
areas, and are not to be confused with the census schedules,
which enable one to trace ancestry. But in 1990, a large portion
of the information gathered for that census was made available in
cd-rom format. We received more than 250 cd-roms containing
detailed information.
Census publications are not the only electronic resources we have
been receiving through the Depository Program. Inquiries from
local businesses are often referred from the Census Bureau to Depository
Libraries to use the National Trade Data Bank (ntdb).
This cd-rom provides access to more than 100,000 publications on
only two disks in the subject areas of market research reports, import/export
data and country-specific information, international
economic information, and an “electronic rolodex” of foreign importers
of U.S. products. This is an ideal resource for identifying
potential export markets and business opportunities abroad. The
Serial Set, too, is threatened by Congressional cuts which would
eliminate distribution of the Serial Set in paper to selective Depository
Libraries, like Princeton. We would receive either microfiche
or a cd-rom version.
Since 1992 we have received more than 1,000 cd-roms from the
U.S. government! Some duplicate existing publications on paper,
such as Education Statistics, County Business Patterns, Statistical Abstract,
and federal tax forms. Others are not available on paper, or combine
previously separate publications such as the ntdb, Current Population
Survey, U.S. Foreign Affairs, and statistics from the National
Criminal Justice Reference Service. The advantages of cd-roms
include speed of identification and retrieval of data and the ability
to print or “download” and reformat the information, using word
processing software, into the desired report. But these cd-roms come
with many different kinds of software, and sometimes none at all.
In order to offer appropriate service to our University patrons, as
well as Depository visitors, we must decipher and learn how each
type of software works, then teach it to librarians and staff.
Using gpo Access, you can see the actual format of the publication
— today’s Congressional Record or Federal Register. You can easily
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search for specific subjects, for a quote from your local representative,
for a particular page or bill number, and take a copy away
with you. After only two years of operation, gpo Access now has
fifty-eight databases.
Another part of the gpo Access legislation required the gpo to
prepare a report on the feasibility of the electronic transition. The
preliminary transition plan, published in December 1995, called
for a 2½-year transition to almost total electronic dissemination,
except for a core list of about twenty-two titles. 5 Following much
debate in the Depository community and the library world at large,
the final report has just been released: Study to Identify Measures Necessary
for a Successful Transition to a More Electronic Federal Depository
Program. The transition will take place over a five- to seven-year
period. “Tangible government information products,” including cdroms,
diskettes, paper or microfiche, will continue to be distributed
to Depository Libraries; gpo will coordinate a system of
continuous permanent public access to government electronic information;
and gpo will catalog and index electronic government
information products available over the Internet.
Thus, after years of using the traditional paper and microfiche
publications, we are already well into the electronic transition. Agencies
and federal departments are finding how easy and cost-effective
it is — for them — to make government information available free
on the Internet. The 1997 edition of How to Access the Federal Government
on the Internet has descriptions of more than 400 federal Internet
sites, 150 new to this edition. Some of those new sites include gao
Daybook, a daily listing of reports and testimony released by the
General Accounting Office, the investigative arm of Congress; Interactive
Weather Information Network (iwin) with everything from
detailed local forecasts to current weather conditions in hundreds
of cities around the world; and campaign finance data for congressional
and presidential candidates provided by the Federal Election
Commission. These sites join well-known “gateway” sites which
open the door to huge quantities of government information. Among
these gateways are FedWorld (provides access to more than 100
federal bulletin boards, not otherwise available on the Internet, as
5 The Congressional Record, the Serial Set, Code of Federal Regulation, U.S. Reports, Economic
Report of the President, and the Statistical Abstract were among the titles to be continued on
paper.
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well as access to dozens of federal Internet sites, arranged by subject);
lc Marvel (organized by the Library of Congress, it includes
access to its own files, databases, and collections, as well as links to
hundreds of Internet sites around the world); University of Michigan
servers (a wonderful source of federal government information,
including thousands of files downloaded from the Economic
Bulletin Board of the Department of Commerce, much census data,
and a list of Congressional e-mail addresses that is more current
than those published by Congress itself).
Not all government information on the Internet is free, however;
stat-usa, for example, is the Commerce Department’s fee-based
Internet service. World News Connection is replacing Foreign Broadcast
Information Service (fbis), which has been a very popular source
of current events information and translations of newspapers and
radio broadcasts from eight geographic areas. The Census Bureau,
following its announced plan to expand electronic dissemination of
its data on population, housing, income and poverty, manufacturing
and business by using the Internet as its primary source for
data release, has announced its new subscription plan, CenStats,
with three levels of service and different prices for each level. As a
Depository Library, we will have access to one password for each
of these services. If we want to make these more broadly available
on campus, we would be charged accordingly. In other words, we
would be paying for information which we had received free in
earlier years.
The full impact on Depository Libraries, including Princeton,
has yet to be felt, although it is clear that we will be on the receiving
end of a huge shift in operational costs. We will surely need
more work stations of the highest level, more sophisticated printers,
and much greater technical support to keep this equipment
functioning properly. By no means least, higher levels of training
for librarians, staff, and the students and faculty will be essential to
make use of all the government information becoming available in
electronic format. Traditionally we chose broad categories of information
to be added to the collection. In the future, we will have
to track very carefully the movement of known publications to the
Internet, and link their electronic existence to the records we have
always kept. gpo, as it shifts from a distribution center for publications
to a clearinghouse for identifying and locating information,
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will assist Depository Libraries in this task through the development
of their Pathways Services. Pathway Indexer provides keyword
indexing for selected federal Internet sites. You can browse
an electronic titles list, including new weekly additions, with direct
links to the site. You can search gils records, designed to describe
information available from Cabinet-level and major independent
federal agencies.
The production of many valued publications is being privatized,
and they are no longer available through the Depository Program,
although gpo works very hard, along with the Depository Library
community, to identify these publications, and to try to include
them in the Depository distribution system. Business Statistics of the
United States and Handbook of Labor Statistics are prime examples of
government information lost to the Depository Program.
Other publications are being made available on the Internet, but
not through the Depository Program. Again, we will have to purchase
copies of publications formerly printed by gpo and distributed
free of charge, or download, print, and bind our own copies
— a costly and time-consuming process. It will take years to understand
the full impact of this change in the means of acquiring
documents such as the recently released Physical Activity and Health,
a Report of the Surgeon General.
In order to assist everyone who needs to use government information,
we have developed a Depository Documents Homepage.
At http://www.princeton.edu/~sburkman/us.html you will find the
“Princeton University Library U.S. Documents Page.” Here you
can look at Comprehensive Government Sites such as Fedworld,
stat-usa, Thomas, and Business Advisor. You can consult Major
Databases and Reference Works such as Statistical Abstract and Current
Industrial Reports, or look for government information by subject
or agency. Best of all, you can track publications as they go
from paper to electronic by checking the Migrating Electronic Documents
section. This site is continuously under construction, and
frequently updated.
Government information has been an important component of
Princeton University Library collections for many years and will
continue to be an essential element. We will need to rely on the
traditional librarians’ skills of identifying and organizing information
to make sense of the swiftly changing environment. A sen-
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tence from the Library Journal provides an appropriate summary of
the challenges facing librarians in general, as well as Depository
librarians in particular, when they deal with the electronic transition:
“While describing the superhighway as providing easy access,
quick response, informality, accessibility and independence, the librarians
also recognized it as chaotic and disorganized, a pathway
where it is difficult to sort quality information from the glut available
or to trust the authority of what is found.” 6
The challenge for documents librarians is to continue to match
patrons with appropriate information, regardless of where that information
is located in the vast amount of material produced by
the federal government.
— sally wilt burkman
Documents Librarian
6 Library Journal, June 1996, p. 33, reports on a meeting of librarians at an American
Library Association conference dealing with libraries and the information highway.
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t i
New and Notable
5 8
princeton university archives
The following represent significant additions to the Princeton University Archives
during the academic year 1995–1996.
autograph book. An autograph book belonging to Thomas Maston,
Class of 1864. Gift of Jeanne Barkley.
autograph book. An autograph book belonging to R. H. Van Pelt,
Class of 1862. Gift of Virginia E. Richardson, widow of Joseph
Richardson, Class of 1935.
class of 1860. A photograph album owned by Eben J.D. Cross,
Class of 1860, with mounted albumen prints of campus scenes and
of faculty members and students, the latter signed by the individuals
portrayed. Gift of Mrs. Herbert R. Preston, Jr., whose husband
was a member of the Class of 1930.
class of 1861. A large photograph album that belonged to David
Frazer, Class of 1861. Gift of Kenneth Underwood, Class of 1950.
class of 1889. Five black-and-white photographs: two of the dormitory
room occupied by George Grenville Merrill, Class of 1889;
one of William L. Merrill with a group of men, possibly members
of Whig-Clio; one of the Class of 1889 as seniors and one taken at
the class’ tenth reunion in 1899. Gift of Margery Lewis, daughter
of George Grenville Merrill.
class of 1893. Fifty-two photographs of members of the class of
1893, a photograph of a dormitory room, one of a class Reunion
dinner, and one of a Reunion group on the steps of Nassau Hall.
Gift of George H. Boynton, Class of 1935.
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class of 1912. A metal beer mug with a glass bottom, with the
names of class members written into it; it belonged to E. M. Barnhart,
Class of 1912. Gift of Kenneth Barnhart II, Class of 1945.
class of 1935. Silver trophy bowl engraved with the names of those
who had travelled the longest distance to attend major reunions.
Gift of Robert A. Winters, Class of 1935.
class of 1945. A manhole cover, forged in 1995, inscribed “Princeton
University” around the perimeter, and “Class of 1945” in the center.
Orange letters on black background. The cover is identical in
all other ways to those found on campus. Gift of J. B. Smith, Class
of 1945.
The Class of 1945 manhole cover, exhibited on Alumni Day, February 1996.
Undergraduate Class Records, Princeton University Archives.
107
Photo: Robert P. Matthews

committee on the structure of the university. Files, ca. 1967–1972,
belonging to Professor Stanley Kelley, chair of the committee charged
with examining University policy relating to finance, research, organization
and administration, internal and external relations, instruction,
personnel, admissions, physical planning, libraries, and
athletics. The collection also contains materials relating to Kelley’s
work on a committee that focused on the University’s relationship
to the Institute for Defense Analysis.
eating clubs. Cassette tapes and transcriptions of interviews of
present and past members of the “Two Dickinson Road Vegetarian
Co-op.” The interviews were conducted by Peter Rowinsky for
an anthropology course. Gift of Peter Rowinsky, Class of 1997.
faculty. A copy of Doula Mouriki, et al., eds., Byzantine East, Latin
West: Art-Historical Studies in Honor of Kurt Weitzmann. [Princeton]:
Department of Art and Archaeology, 1995. Gift of Christopher F.
Moss, A.M. 1978.
memorabilia. Material assembled by John Dater, Class of 1921,
and his son Thomas E. Dater, Class of 1951, including football
programs and issues of Princeton Athletic News, student handbooks
from 1914 to 1918; volumes of lecture notes, Reunion books, examinations,
paperbound books on the 1950 and 1951 football seasons,
negatives and photographs of Reunions, an unbound scrapbook
assembled by Thomas E. Dater, and a group photograph of the
Class of 1951. Gift of Thomas E. Dater, Class of 1951.
memorabilia. Material assembled by Frank Leslie, Class of 1915,
including 14 black-and-white photographs, 6 Triangle Club programs,
a 1914 Sophomore Reception program, 1915 Commencement
and Class Day programs, Banjo and Mandolin Club programs,
concert programs, letters, twentieth Reunion programs, and various
badges, ribbons, and medals. Gift of Anne Leslie McCarthy.
photographs. Five carte-de-visite photographs, 39 small albumen
photographic prints, and 36 medium albumen prints, ca. 1865–1870,
depicting campus and town scenes. Gift of Mrs. Herbert R. Preston,
Jr., whose husband was a member of the Class of 1930.
princeton club of philadelphia. A stained-glass window from the
door of the club, with a tiger and the word “Princeton,” set in a
108

wooden shadow-box with a light; a folder of information about the
window, and a history of the Princeton Club of Philadelphia. The
window has been placed in the Helm Building in the room used
for alumni telethons. Bequest of David M. Jones, Class of 1956.
princeton club of st. louis. Records documenting the activities
of the Princeton Club of St. Louis, 1972–1992. Gift of Jamieson
Spencer, Class of 1966, on behalf of the Princeton Club of St. Louis.
princetoniana collection. Twelve books, chiefly published in the
nineteenth century, relating to the history of the University, including
works on Jonathan Edwards, David Brainerd, Benjamin
Rush, Class of 1760, and Theodorus Frelinghuysen. Gift of John
R. Helm, Class of 1952.
princetoniana collection. Eleven books pertaining to Princeton
University and published between 1877 and 1955, including the eighteenth
edition of Carmina Princetoniana, The Life of Archibald Alexander
by James Alexander, and History of Princeton by John Maclean; a
1926 football banner, a football cartoon, and various yearbooks
and Reunions books. Gift of Mrs. Herbert R. Preston, Jr., whose
husband was a member of the Class of 1930.
student notes. Nineteen notebooks of lecture notes taken in various
classes by Walter S. Davison, Class of 1906. Gift of W. Phillips
Davison, Class of 1939.
student notes. Two notebooks: Notes taken by Charles R. Webster,
Class of 1840, during Joseph Henry’s course in natural philosophy,
1839–1840; and notes taken by Henry Whitely Elmer, Class of 1866,
in Joshua H. McIlvaine’s course in elocution, rhetoric, and social
science, 1865–1866. Purchase.
student scrapbook. An unbound scrapbook kept from 1877 to 1880
by an unknown student, probably Harry Madison Cutts, Class of
1880. Gift of H. Whitwell Wales, Jr., Class of 1957.
student scrapbook. A scrapbook that belonged to Henry Willson
Bridges, Class of 1893. Gift of George H. Boynton, Class of 1935.
student scrapbook. A scrapbook kept by George Ostrom Forbes,
Class of 1897. Purchase.
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theatre intime. Eleven files of black-and-white photographs and
articles about plays, and eleven oversize posters publicizing plays
produced by Theatre Intime, 1947–1950. The plays are: The Flies,
Richard II, How He Lied to Her Husband, No Exit, The Imaginary Invalid,
The Beautiful People, The School for Scandal, Boy Meets Girl, The Cenci,
and King Lear. There is also one file of miscellaneous Theatre Intime
material. Gift of Thomas Cochran Buell, Class of 1949.
theatre intime. Ten blueprints of the stage set for The Tempest,
produced in 1936–1937; nineteen programs, and two posters. Gift
of Nathan F. Jones, Class of 1938.
theatre intime. Two cartons containing various Theatre Intime
items, including photographs, articles, flyers, and production scripts.
Transfer from Theatre Intime.
world war ii oral history project. Thirty-six cassette tapes and
transcripts of interviews conducted by current Princeton students
during Reunions, 1995. Gift of the Class of 1945.
110
— ben primer
Princeton University Archivist
the morris l. parrish collection of victorian novelists
During the academic year 1995–1996 the following books, manuscripts, and
drawings were acquired for the Morris L. Parrish Collection of Victorian
Novelists. Unless otherwise noted, all were purchased on the Friends of the
Library Fund.
de la ramée, louise (1839–1908). An undated letter from “Ouida”
to the artist William Powell Frith, thanking him for tickets to an
exhibition and inviting him and the painter Alfred Elmore to call
on her at the Langham Hotel in London.
dickens, charles (1812–1870). Seventeen translations. Into German:
Amerika (Leipzig: J. J. Weber, 1843); Bleakhaus (Leipzig: J. J. Weber,
1852–1853); Denkwürdigkeiten Joseph Grimaldi’s (Leipzig: J. J. Weber,
1844); Dombey und Sohn (Leipzig: Carl. B. Lorck, 1847–1848); Grosse
Erwartungen (Leipzig: J. J. Weber, 1862); Harte Zeiten (Leipzig: J. J.
Weber, 1854); Italienische Reisebilder (Leipzig: Carl B. Lorck, 1846);
Der Kamph des Lebens (Leipzig: Carl B. Lorck, 1847); Lebensgeschichte

und Erfahrungen David Copperfield’s des Jüngern (Leipzig: Carl B. Lorck,
1849–1850); Londoner Skizzen (Leipzig: Carl B. Lorck, 1845); Oliver
Twist (Leipzig: J. J. Weber, 1844); Die Sylvester-Glocken (Leipzig: Carl
B. Lorck, 1847), bound with Der Verwünschte (Leipzig: Carl B. Lorck,
1849); and Der Weihnachtsabend (Leipzig: J. J. Weber, 1854), bound
with Das Heimchen auf dem Heerde (Leipzig: J. J. Weber, 1864). Also
Syrsan vid Spiseln (Stockholm: C. A. Bagger, [1847]), the first Swedish
edition of The Cricket on the Hearth; and Juleeventyr (Kjøbenhavn:
F. H. Eibes, 1853), a translation of Christmas Stories into Danish.
dickens, charles. Sketches, by Boz and The Life and Adventures of Nicholas
Nickleby, both published in Paris by Baudry’s European Library in
1839.
harrison, mary st. leger kingsley (1852–1931). Two letters from
Charles Kingsley’s daughter, who wrote under the pseudonym of
“Lucas Malet”: to an unidentified correspondent, 5 March 1902,
and to a Mrs. Stirling, 3 November 1920.
hughes, thomas (1822–1896). Three letters, all to unidentified correspondents:
undated, accepting an offer of hospitality during a
congress in Newcastle; Good Friday, no year, on arrangements for
meeting at “The Grove,” Clapham, on Easter Sunday; and 4 December
1858, on obtaining haws from grandsons of “Alfreds Thorn”;
and a letter to Hughes from the illustrator Richard Doyle (1824–1883),
17 November, no year, concerning a manuscript sent by Hughes to
Doyle.
kingsley, charles (1819–1875). Four letters to various correspondents,
including an undated letter to Thomas Hughes on Kingsley’s
hopes to obtain an ecclesiastical post, perhaps a Deanery, in London.
He was to accept in 1873 the appointment as Canon of
Westminster.
kingsley, charles. Autograph manuscript of his sermon on Simon
Magus, the sorcerer, the text taken from Acts 8:18–19, first delivered
in 1862.
kingsley, frances eliza grenfell (1814–1891). A seven-page letter
from Mrs. Charles Kingsley to the publisher Henry S. King, 18
November 1876, concerning Charles Kingsley: His Letters and Memories
of His Life, edited by her and published by King in 1877.
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kingsley, frances eliza grenfell. Undated letter from Mrs. Charles
Kingsley to an unidentified correspondent; with incomplete letters
of William Harrison Ainsworth, Dinah Maria Mulock Craik, and
Charles Reade. Gift of David J. Holmes.
lever, charles james (1806–1872). Lord Kilgobbin. New York: Harper
& Brothers, 1872. In deep blue sand cloth, a variant of the other
copy in the collection.
lytton, edward george earle lytton bulwer-lytton, baron
(1803–1873). Four letters to various correspondents.
millais, sir john everett (1829–1896). Letter to Mrs. Thomas
Hughes, 18 April, no year (but watermarked 1862), regretting that
he is unable to take advantage of her kind invitation to come to
Brighton.
reade, charles (1814–1884). Four letters in French to Émile Zola,
June–August [1879], concerning Drink, Reade’s adaptation of the
play L’Assomoir, which was based upon Zola’s novel of the same
name.
thackeray, william makepeace (1811–1863). Vanity Fair. London:
Bradbury and Evans, 1849. Twenty parts in 19. An unusual issue,
with no monthly designations on front wrappers and with no inserted
advertisements.
trollope family papers. More than 260 letters from Thomas
Adolphus Trollope and his second wife, Frances Eleanor Ternan
Trollope, to his daughter Beatrice, known as “Bice,” (1853–1881).
Some eighty letters from Mr. and Mrs. Trollope to Bice’s husband,
Charles Stuart-Wortley (later Lord Stuart of Wortley) and
to his mother. Nine letters from Anthony Trollope, three to Bice,
the others to her husband (4) and to his mother (2). Seventeen
letters from other members of the Trollope family to Stuart-Wortley,
including seven from Rose Trollope, Anthony Trollope’s widow.
Several letters and watercolors by Bice herself, as well as a few
other letters written to her, including one from George Eliot and
one from John Ruskin. Photographs of Bice and other members of
the Trollope and Stuart-Wortley families, as well as an album of
photographs of the Villino Trollope in Florence. Letters from Mrs.
Thomas Adolphus Trollope’s sister, Ellen Ternan Robinson, to
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Stuart-Wortley and his second wife (a daughter of John E. Millais).
Various papers relating to Bice’s mother, Theodosia Garrow Trollope,
including drawings and watercolors by her. The autograph manuscript
of “Preface to the second edition of Paris and the Parisians,”
by the Mrs. Trollope, dated London, 16 May 1836. The papers
were purchased from the estate of Robert A. Cecil, great-grandson
of Thomas Adolphus Trollope. The Parrish Collection had earlier
acquired from other sources related family papers.
trollope, anthony (1815–1882). Correspondence and other material
relating to the Anthony Trollope collection formed by Garrett
L. Reilly, Class of 1899, and his mother. The autograph manuscript
of Trollope’s North America, now at Princeton, was for many
years in the Reilly collection. Gift of David J. Holmes.
trollope, anthony. North America. New York: Harper & Brothers,
1862. In reddish brown horizontal cord cloth, a variant of the other
copy in the collection.
trollope, anthony. A statuette of the novelist by the American
sculptor Gertrude Fass. Gift of Alexander D. Wainwright, Class of
1939.
trollope, frances eleanor ternan (1835–1913). Two letters from
the second Mrs. Thomas Adolphus Trollope: an undated letter,
written in Rome, to Laetitia, acepting an invitation to hear her
music; and a long friendly letter to the novelist Eliza Lynn Linton,
23 October 1890.
trollope, thomas adolphus (1810–1892). Letter to the publishers
Ticknor & Fields, written from Austria, 27 July 1860, asking them
to forward to her a letter from him to Kate Field.
yonge, charlotte mary (1823–1901). Two letters: to Mr. Coleridge,
12 March 1853, regretting that the state of her health makes it
impossible for her to profit by the intended kindness of Sir John
Coleridge; to her cousin Arthur Yonge, 27 December 1897, expressing
her opinion of a book written by his daughter; and a cabinet
photograph of Miss Yonge.
113
— alexander d. wainwright
Curator, Morris L. Parrish
Collection of Victorian Novelists

the numismatic collections
Through gift or purchase, 139 coins and more than sixty volumes
were acquired between 1 January 1995 and 30 June 1996. Sixty-five
coin purchases added to our Greek and Roman holdings. Most
deserving of mention are a rare fifth-century silver fraction from
Cypriote Salamis (SNG Cop 39); an electrum hekte of fourth-century
Phocaea in Asia Minor, not rare but Princeton’s only example
of this beautiful series (SNG Cop 1028); a third-stater of Trbbenimi,
our first example of the Lycian dynastic issues inscribed in local
non-Greek script (SNG Cop 29); three tetradrachms in a fine middle
Hellenistic style from the related Asia Minor mints of Magnesia,
Kyme, and Myrina (Jones 12, Oakley 79a, Sacks 29); a rare
tetradrachm of Demetrius II minted at Berytus in 145/4 b.c.
(Houghton 709var.); two late Hellenistic hemidrachms of Carian
Myndos, with the apparently unpublished magistrate-names Peithias
and Kallikles (cf. BMC 9); a rare and historically interesting halfshekel
issued in Sicily by Carthage ca. 210 b.c., near the end of the
Second Punic War (Burnett, SNR 1983, 133); a silver unit of the
Celtic Iceni ascribed by some to Boudica/Boadicea, a.d. 61 (Van
Arsdell 794). Ten coin purchases augmented our small medieval
and Islamic collections.
An anonymous donor again offered twelve pieces as his annual
Reunions gift. Nine were Roman, including a rare Tyrian bronze
of the emperor Volusian, a.d. 251 (Rouvier, JIAN 1904, 2481), and
a small medal of Constantius II, our first Roman medallion, with
the appropriate design of “Tres Monetae” (Gnecchi II, 11). The
rest were Canadian issues. Dr. Gerald H. Rosen, Class of 1955,
Ph.D. 1959, and Mrs. Sarah P. Rosen donated forty-nine coins
from fifteen countries, all filling gaps in our collection of modern
world coinage. Notable additions to the modern medal collection
came from Alexander D. Wainwright, Class of 1939: five silver,
bronze, and white-metal medals relating to Queen Victoria, all by
important English engravers, and five World War II military decorations.
Our growing collection of numismatic reference works, kept together
with the coins, received its most considerable increments to
date. Carl Breuer, Class of 1929, contributed a number of major
illustrated sale catalogues. Dr. Pierre Bastien gave sixty scholarly
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volumes by various authors, all handsomely bound and inscribed
by the authors to the donor. Outstanding for its importance and
rarity is Georges Le Rider’s Numismatique de la Crète ancienne (Paris:
Paul Geuthner, 1966).
— brooks levy
Curator of Numismatics
the princeton collections of western americana
The following books, manuscripts, photographs, and prints were added to the
Princeton Collections of Western Americana during the academic year 1995–
1996. Unless otherwise specified, all were purchased on the J. Monroe Thorington,
Class of 1915, Fund.
cattle trade
cowboy with gun and chaps. N.p., ca. 1890. Photographic postcard.
cowboys. Three photographs: “Cowboy camp with wagon and tents,”
“Cowboys in interior with fireplace,” and “Cowboys with horses
in front of a barn.” N.p., ca. 1899. Kodak circular prints.
garnett. Three photographs: “Soapy Williams on Firefly, Colo.
Springs Rodeo,” “Bull-dogging a steer from an Auto, Pike’s Peak
Rodeo,” and “Bull-dogging — Pike’s Peak Rodeo.” Colorado Springs,
Colorado, ca. 1920. Silver prints.
gurnsey, benjamin h. (ca. 1844–1881?). “Cattle ‘Round-Up in Colorado.”
Colorado Springs, ca. 1880. Albumen print on stereographic
card.
lesch, rudolph. “Solon Borglum’s Monument to ‘Bucky’ O’Neill.”
Prescott, Arizona, ca. 1920. Silver print.
lummis, charles fletcher (1859–1928). Two photographs: a cowboy
camp and a branding scene. New Mexico, ca. 1888. Albumen
prints on cabinet cards.
overby. “Hauling Beets on J. T. Ames Ranch, Bridger, Mont.”
Bridger, Montana, ca. 1900. Albumen photograph. Gift of Mrs.
Louisa Jensen.
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hispanic communities
“b. a.” Two photographs: “Gallery of the Old San Miguel Church,
Santa Fe, N. Mex.” and “Rear of the Old San Miguel Church,
Santa Fe, N. Mex.” Santa Fe, New Mexico, ca. 1880. Albumen
prints on stereographic cards.
bachelors hall of mexican men. N.p., ca. 1890. Albumen print.
briquet, a. Two Mexican photographs: “Rancho, Rumbo de Irizaba/
Ranch Surrounds of Orizaba” and “Posada en Tierra Caliente,
Rumbo de Orizaba/Inn in the Hot Country, Surroundings of
Orizaba.” Mexico, ca. 1880. Albumen prints.
brown, w. henry. Four photographs: “Santa Fe and Vicinity: Bird’s
Eye View North from College,” “Santa Fe and Vicinity: Bird’s
Eye View East from College,” “Santa Fe and Vicinity: Bird’s Eye
View from College, Northwest,” and “Santa Fe and Vicinity: Cathedral
de San Francisco.” Santa Fe, New Mexico, ca. 1880. Albumen
prints on stereographic cards.
chase, d. b. (1800–1892). Four photographs: “Palace of the Spanish
Viceroy, now Residence of the Governor, the only Palace in
the United States — from the West,” “Church of Our Lady of the
Rosary, and Indian School,” “Typical Street Scene, Down San
Francisco St.,” and “Mexican Dwellings of Adobe.” Santa Fe, New
Mexico, ca. 1880. Albumen prints on cabinet cards.
“Gallery of the Old San Miguel Church, Santa Fe, N. Mex.” Santa
Fe, New Mexico, ca. 1880. Albumen prints on stereographic card.
gurnsey, benjamin h. (ca. 1844–1881?), “The Soldiers’ Monument,
Santa Fe, New Mexico.” Santa Fe, New Mexico, ca. 1880. Albumen
prints on stereographic card.
Interesting Items About the Old Church. Santa Fe, New Mexico, ca. 1915.
Gift of Thomas Lange.
jackson, william henry (1843–1942). Five photographs: “Cathedral
and Plaza Albuquerque, N. M.,” “Church of San Miguel Santa
Fe,” “Church of Sta. Guadaloupe, Santa Fe,” “A Mexican Home
(Ranchita),” and “Mexican Cart and Plow.” Albumen prints on
cabinet cards.
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“The Plaza Sept 26th 81.” Santa Fe, New Mexico, 1881. Albumen
prints on stereographic card.
robinson, w. w., The Old Spanish & Mexican Ranchos of Orange County.
Los Angeles, California, 1957.
tabor photo. “Mission El Carmel, Established 1770, Monterey,
Cal.” Monterey, California, n.d. Albumen print.
indigenous peoples
alaska. Contemporary imprints of tribal organizations, including
Minutes of 59th General Assembly Central Council of Tlingit and Haida
Indian Tribes of Alaska, April 20–23. 1994, The Alaska Native’s Guide to
Anchorage, and CCTHITA 1995 Organization Profile Update: A Review of
1994 Programs and Services to Tribal Members in Southeast Alaska. Gift of
Patrick Anderson, Class of 1975.
american indian hunting and warfare. Eleven artist’s depictions
of scenes of Indian-White warfare and Indian hunting, produced
as entertainment for children. Color slides in glass mounts. N.p.,
ca. 1900.
anderson, john alvin (1869–1948). “Brule Sioux Chief.” Rosebud
Reservation, South Dakota, ca. 1895. Albumen print.
arizona indians. Photograph of Indians (Mohaves?). N.p., ca. 1880.
Albumen prints on stereographic card.
“b. a.” “Old Indian House, Santa Fe, N. Mex. adjacent to the old
San Miguel church seen by Coronado in 1540.” Santa Fe, ca. 1880.
Albumen prints on stereographic card.
barry, david f. (1854–1934). “3 Graces” [Three Plains Indian
Women]. West Superior, Wisconsin, ca. 1890. Albumen print.
bourquin, e. “Ketowquak and Menoquat, Kickapoo Indians.”
Horton, Kansas, ca. 1909. Photographic postcard.
brown, w. cal., & co. “Pah-co-tse Dance at Laguna.” Laguna Pueblo,
New Mexico, ca. 1885. Albumen print.
buehman, henry (1851–1912). Ten photographs: “Apache man in
vest and headband,” “Pima Women with Burden Baskets” (Pima?),
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“Woman with Basket on Her Head” (Maricopa?), “Man” (Pima?),
“Woman with Brush House,” “An Indian Man in European Dress”
(Mohave?), “Man with Painted Face” (Papago?), “Girl with Pot on
Her Head” (Mohave?), “Women with Facial Paint,” “Main Altar
in San Xavier Mission” (Tucson, Arizona). Tucson, ca. 1880. Albumen
prints on cabinet cards.
burge, j. c. “Chihuahua Apache Chief.” Kingston, New Mexico,
ca. 1885. Albumen print.
card, virginia. Additions to her archive on American Indian affairs,
including the essays “Bear, My Friend,” “Maize y Hamone,” “Mountain
Oysters,” and “Lizard Cakes,” with an action-bear made by
Virginia Card similar to ones used in story-telling sessions by American
Indian families in the Southwest. Gift of Virginia Card.
chase, d. b. (1800–1892). Four photographs: “Navajo Boy Warrior,”
“Taos Pueblo,” “Signor Pesa and Daughter. He was Chief
of Scouts Who Captured Geronimo,” and “Governor’s Residence
in Ancient Pueblo of Tesuque.” Santa Fe, New Mexico, ca. 1886.
Albumen prints.
“Cheyenne Frontier Days.” Cheyenne, Wyoming, 1937, 1939. Programs.
“Chief Bacon Rine.” Pawhuska, Oklahoma, ca. 1943. Photographic
postcard.
coe, george f., & son. Photograph of Indian woman with children.
Hood River, Oregon, ca. 1910. Silver print.
coonley. Photograph of Pueblo clowns dancing in enclosure for
tourists, N.p., ca. 1880. Albumen print.
de groff, edward. Three photographs: “Native Alaskan Wedding”
(Sitka, ca. 1900); “Two Alaskan Girls” (Sitka, ca. 1890); and “Native
Alaskan Man with cap in hand” (Sitka, ca. 1890). Albumen
prints on cabinet cards.
floyd, g. w. Photograph: “Rosie Garnier, Cheyenne Mission
1882–83.” Minneapolis, Minnesota, 1882. Albumen print on cabinet
card.
frasher’s fotos. Two photographs: “Santa Clara Pueblo Indian
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Home,” and “Old Church.” Isleta Indian Pueblo, New Mexico,
before 1937. Photographic postcards.
gurnsey, benjamin h. (ca. 1844–1881?). Two prints (with varying
notations) of the same image of Los Pueblos de Taos. Taos, New
Mexico, 1878. Albumen prints on cabinet cards.
haskell institute. Scrapbook of the Haskell Institute, a boarding
school for Indian students created in 1884 by the U.S. Indian Bureau.
Lawrence, Kansas, 1936.
hillers, john k. (1843–1925). Five photographs: “The Old Gamblers,
Nuaguntits, a tribe . . . living at the Ve-Gas, or Meadows, in
Southwestern Nevada,” “The Hunter, Wai Nuints . . . a tribe living
on the Rio Virgins, a tributary of the Colorado, in Southern
Utah,” “The Seed Gatherers, Kai-Vav-Its, a tribe of the Paiutes,
living on the Kai-bab Plateau near the Grand Cañon of the Colorado,
in northern Arizona,” “Boy and Girl Wikntats, Living in the
Uinta Valley, on the Western Slope of the Wasatch Mountains in
Utah,” and “Pile of Little Indians, Kaivavits, a tribe of the Paiutes,
Kaibab Plateau, Arizona,” N.p., ca. 1872. Albumen prints on stereographic
cards.
holliger, dr. charles d. Photographic album of a trip taken by
the doctor from Stockton, California, to see the Hopi Snake Dance,
the Hopi Villages, August, 1923. Newspaper clippings, laid in, give
an account of the journey from 18 to 19 August. The “Snake Dance”
photographs are postcard images created before the 1915 ban on
photographing the ceremonies.
howe, randolph m. Photograph: “Bright Star.” N.p., ca. 1890. Albumen
print on cabinet card.
huffman, laton alton (1854–1931). Ten photographs: “Sits Down
Spotted, Crow Warrior,” “Spotted Elk, Head Warrior, Minneconjoux
Sioux, 1878,” “High Bear, Ogalala Sioux,” “Pretty Eyes, Cheyenne
Maid,” “Sioux Mother and Daughters,” “Four Sioux Women,”
“Pretty Nose, Cheyenne, Fort Keogh, 1878,” “Spotted Fawn and
Pretty Nose, Cheyenne,” “Spotted Bear, Hankapapa Sioux,” “He
Noo Ke (Youngest Girl), Moorhead,” and “Fort Keogh, Minnesota.”
N.p., 1870s and 1880s. Silver prints.
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indian actors association. Screenland’s First Americans. Hollywood,
California, ca. 1940.
“Indian with concho and scarf.” N.p., ca. 1880. Albumen prints on
stereographic card.
“Indians in Tacoma, Washington, 1889.” Albumen print.
ingersol, t. w., Two photographs: “Chief Black Hawk” and “Squaw
Papoose.” N.p., 1898. Color images on stereographic cards.
jackson, william henry (1843–1942). Three photographs: Two images
of Los Pueblos de Taos, and one of a Plains Indian Man. Denver,
Colorado, ca. 1880. Albumen prints on cabinet cards.
james, george wharton (1858–1923). “Preparing the Warp for
Weaving a Moki [Hopi] Dress.” Oraibe, the Hopi Villages, Arizona,
1898. Albumen print.
keystone view company. Six photographs: “Seminole Indians whose
Forefathers Inhabited the Everglades — Miami, Fla.,” “Siwash Indians
at Dinner in Tepee on the Banks of Fraser River, British
Columbia, Canada,” “Mounted Sioux Indians in ‘Full Feather’ Leaving
Camp,” “A Group in the Exhibition of Ethnology, New National
Museum, Washington, D.C.,” “Pocahantas Pleading for the
Life of John Smith, enacted by the Survivors of the Pamunkey Indian
Tribe at the Jamestown Exposition,” and “Ute Indian and
Family, Colorado.” N.p., 1900. Silver prints on stereographic cards.
kickapoo indian medicine company. Indian Omens. Clintonville,
Connecticut, n.d.
logan, s. h. Photograph of “Good Bird, Mandan, 20 Years Old,
Son of ‘Sun of the Star,’ Taken Oct 1890.” Fargo, North Dakota,
1890. Albumen print on cabinet card.
lummis, charles fletcher (1859–1928). Twelve photographs, eleven
of them taken in Isleta Pueblo, New Mexico, ca. 1888; and a view
of a foot-race in Taos Pueblo. Albumen prints on cabinet cards.
medicine. Photograph: “Dr. L. Webster Fox, Eye Surgeon, Operating
on American Indians in the Southwest.” N.p., 1928. Silver
print.
120
120

Eadweard Muybridge (1830–1904), “Warm Springs Indian Scouts on Picket Duty.”
Warm Springs, California, 1873. Albumen prints on stereographic card. The Princeton
Collections of Western Americana, Visual Materials Division, Rare Books and Special
Collections, Princeton University Library.
miller. Photograph: “Dan Horse Chief, Pawnee and Anna Smith
Ottawa, Jan. 1, 1892.” Arkansas City, Kansas, 1892. Albumen print
on cabinet card.
muybridge, eadweard (1830–1904). Photograph: “Warm Springs
Indian Scouts on Picket Duty.” Warm Springs, California, 1873.
Albumen prints on stereographic card.
Navajo Tribal Fair, Window Rock, Arizona, September 10-11-12-13, 1959,
Souvenir Program and Information Handbook. N.p., 1959.
nispa’a tribal council. Nispa’a: People of the Nass River. Vancouver,
British Columbia, 1993. Gift of the Nispa’a Tribal Council through
Professor Lincoln Hollister.
northwestern photographic company. Photograph: “Two Strike
and Crow Dogs Camp, Pine Ridge Agency, S.D. Dec 18th. 1890.”
Pine Ridge, South Dakota, 1890. Albumen print on cabinet card.
Okodakiciye-Wakan Odowan Oa Okna Ahiyayapi Kta Ho Kin: Hymnal with
Tunes and Chants according to the use of the Protestant Episcopal Church in
the Missions Among the Dakotas of the Missionary District of South Dakota.
Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 1893.
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121
Photo: John Blazejewski

“Old Chief Can’t Laugh.” N.p., ca. 1898. Color prints on stereographic
card.
o’sullivan, timothy h. (1840–1882). “Mojave Indians Caught Napping.”
N.p., 1871. Albumen prints on stereographic card.
penn, robert. Three etchings: “Red Road,” “Butterfly” and “Singer,”
by the Brule-Sioux/Omaha artist.
philips, h. c. Photograph: “Nine American Indian Boys in Military
Uniform.” Carlyle, Pennsylvania, ca. 1880. Albumen print on
cabinet card.
“Taos Community House,” Taos, New Mexico, ca. 1880. Albumen
print on cabinet card.
thayer publishing company. Two photographs: “Taos Indians on
Horseback,” ca. 1907, and “The Rising Generation, Pueblo de Taos,”
Taos, New Mexico, ca. 1920.
thompson, s. j. “Indian Ceremonies, Blackfeet.” New Westminster,
British Columbia, ca. 1900. Collodion print toned with gold and
platinum.
trager. Two photographs: “Gathering of Indians in front of the
Wyoming Lumber Co.,” and “Teepee encampment with Plains Indians.”
Wyoming?, ca. 1880. Albumen prints on cabinet cards.
underwood and underwood. Four photographs: “On the White
Man’s Trail — Looking for Foot Prints,” “After the Chase — The
Unlucky Captive,” “South to Picturesque Village of Walpi, First
Mesa, Hopi Indian Reservation, Arizona,” and “A Tale of Prowee
— Picturesque Life of the Indian Brave.” N.p., 1900. Silver prints
on stereographic cards.
union view company. “Aztec Houses at Moqui Pueblos, Four Stories
High.” The Hopi Villages, Arizona, ca. 1880. Albumen prints
on stereographic card.
“Ute Indian Dancing, Bayfield, July 4, 1910.” Photographic postcard.
wittick, george ben (1845–1903). Photograph: “Apache Indians,
Mother and Children after the Children have had two years’ School-
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ing.” Gallup, New Mexico, ca. 1885. Albumen print on cabinet
card.
wittick, george ben. Four photographs of Hopi: “View at Hualpi,
Moqui Indian Village, Arizona, Awaiting the Dancers,” “Hualpi,
Moqui Indian Village, Arizona,” “Hualpi, Moqui Indian Village,
Arizona,” and “Awaiting the Dancers.” The Hopi Villages, Arizona,
ca. 1880. Albumen prints.
wittick, george ben. Photograph: “Pau-vi, Polly, with [Quechan]
chin and cheek decorations and hair stripes.” Needles, California?,
ca. 1880. Albumen print.
woodall, c. y. “‘Seminales’: two men.” Kissimmee City, Florida,
ca. 1900. Albumen print on cabinet card.
woodward, c. w. “Distant View of Moqui, Height 1,800 Above
Valley.” Hano, the Hopi Villages, Arizona, ca. 1880. Albumen prints
on stereographic card.
wyman, leland c. Navajo Indian Painting: Symbolism, Artistry, and Psychology.
Boston, 1959.
the maya and their domain
gougaud carrera, antonio. Del conocimiento del indio guatemalteco.
Guatemala, 1945.
healy, giles grenville. Eighteen photographic prints and fourteen
negatives of images by Giles Healy, the discoverer of the Maya
murals at Bonampak. The images depict the murals, the Lacandon
Maya and the site of Palenque, all in Chiapas, Mexico, ca. 1940.
Silver prints.
paddock, ana livingston, Onamuch y la luna, un mito de la creación/
Namuh and the Moon, a Creation Myth. Antigua, Guatemala, 1994.
One of twenty-five signed and numbered copies produced by Libros
San Cristóbal, with illustrations by the author.
Pop-Wuj, poema mito-historico Ki-Che, edited by Adrian I. Chavez.
Quetzaltenango, Guatemala, 1981. Gift of Edwin Shook.
“Toad’s Back.” A Maya Huipil from Magdalenas, Chiapas, Mexico,
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1992. A “manuscript” woven huipil, recording the story of creation.
With interpretative text by Walter F. Morris, Jr. Purchased
on funds from the bequest of Thomas Baird, Class of 1945.
“Vista de el Cabildo de la Antigua Guatemala.” Antigua, Guatemala,
ca. 1890. Carte de viste albumen print.
“Vista de el Palacio Nacional de la Antigua Guatemala.” Antigua,
Guatemala, ca. 1890. Carte de visite albumen print.
territorial governments and other western institutions
barnard, t. n., publisher. Three photographs: “The S Bridge, Coeurd’Alene
Cut Off,” “Hydraulic Mining and Coeur-d’Alene City, Lake
and Wharf, Wardner” and “Coeur-d’Alene, Idaho.” Coeur-d’Alene,
Idaho, ca. 1880. Albumen prints on cabinet cards.
bowen & ewing. Photograph: “C. D. Blodget’s Logging Camp.”
Anacortes, Washington, ca. 1890. Silver print.
“Dad Trout . . . working on building, 7th & Davis St., Helena,
Mont.” Helena, Montana, ca. 1880. Albumen print on cabinet card.
dean, frank e. Photograph: “Engine Room, Gunnison Water Works.”
Gunnison, Colorado, ca. 1880. Albumen print.
fairfield, ula king. Pioneer Lawyer, A Story of the Western Slope of
Colorado. Denver, Colorado, 1946.
fort custer. Photographic album containing fifty-six snapshots.
Fort Custer, Montana, ca. 1890.
gurnsey, benjamin h. (ca. 1844–1881?). Three photographs: “Silver
Mining in Colorado. The Greyhound Lode . . . Cheyenne Mountain,”
“Herd of Sheep in Colo.,” and “Colorado Sheep Farm.”
Colorado Springs, Colorado, ca. 1880. Albumen prints on stereographic
cards.
hinman. Photograph: “The Enterprise Building, Silver City, New
Mexico.” Silver City, ca. 1900. Albumen print.
lumber industry. Photographs of the Shelton Lumbering Camp,
Marysville, California, 1905. Nine albumen prints.
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“Photographic Gallery and J. W. Squire & Co. Building.” Council
Bluffs, Iowa, ca. 1885. Albumen photograph.
pollen, f. m., & co. Photograph: “Ute Iron Springs, Manitou, Colo.
C.M.RY.” N.p., ca. 1880. Albumen print on cabinet card.
The Smoki People, Prescott, Arizona, Ceremonials and Snake Dance. Prescott,
Arizona, ca. 1937.
stanford university. Three photographs: “Museum,” “Cactus
Gardens and Stanford’s Tomb,” and “North Arch and Zoological
Laboratory.” Stanford University, ca. 1900. Albumen prints.
silver mining. “View of Silver City, New Mexico.” Silver City, ca.
1880. Albumen print.
wahely, george d. Photograph: “G. W. Claytons Store Denver
Colorado.” Denver, ca. 1863. Albumen print.
“Wheat Harvest.” N.p., ca. 1880. Albumen print.
travel and transportation
“Bath House and Pool.” Glenwood Springs, Colorado, ca. 1880.
Albumen print on cabinet card.
bell, william. Two photographs: The mouth of Kanab Creek,
and the northern wall of the Grand Canyon of the Colorado, near
the foot of To-ro-weap valley. Utah and Arizona, 1872. Albumen
prints on stereographic cards.
chase, j. e. View of Manitou Springs, Colorado, ca. 1890. Albumen
print.
hiestand, j. g. Two photographs: Manitou, Colorado and Half
Way House Pike’s Peak Trail, and Cog Road, Manitou Springs,
Colorado, ca. 1880. Albumen prints on cabinet cards.
hook, w. e. Two photographs: Cliff House, Manitou Springs, Colorado,
and Pike’s Peak from Colorado Springs, ca. 1880. Albumen
prints on cabinet cards.
huntington beach, california. An album, 1912–1916, of 158 snapshots
of the Holly Sugar Company, Santa Monica races, Glenn
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Martin Aircraft, Huntington Beach scenes, surfboard riding, Laguna
Beach, Pomona Valley Hospital, Pomona, Alhambra and Santa
Barbara, California.
kilburn brothers. “Telegraph Hill, San Francisco, Cal.” San Francisco,
California, ca. 1880. Albumen prints on stereographic card.
martin, alex. Two photographs: “Georgetown, Colorado,” and
“The railroad loop at Georgetown, Colorado.” Georgetown, Colorado,
ca. 1880. Albumen prints on cabinet cards.
mellen, photographer. “Snow Sheds D.& S.P.R.R.” near Gunnison,
Colorado, ca. 1880. Albumen prints on stereographic card.
“Occidental Hotel, San Francisco, Cal.” San Francisco, ca. 1875.
Albumen prints on stereographic card.
o’sullivan, timothy (1840–1882). Two photographs: “View across
Black Cañon, the grand walls in perspective,” 1871, and “Circle
Wall, Cañon de Chelle,” 1873. Colorado and Arizona. Albumen
prints on stereographic cards.
price, andrew. “Witche’s Caldron and Devil’s Pulpit,” Geyser
Springs, Sonoma County, California, ca. 1880. Albumen prints on
stereographic card.
shipler, j. w. “Ferryboat at St. Clair, Montana,” ca. 1880. Albumen
prints on stereographic card.
stegner, wallace (1909–1993). Wilderness Letter. Salt Lake City, Utah,
1995. One of 75 copies of the Red Butte Press edition, with etchings
by V. Douglas Snow.
stiffler. Settlement with Long’s Peak in the background. Colorado,
ca. 1880. Albumen print on cabinet card.
thurlow, j. “Leadville and Vicinity . . . from California Gulch.”
N.p., ca. 1880. Albumen prints on stereographic card.
w. h. f. “A Park of Live Oaks in the San Fernando Valley.” California,
ca. 1890. Albumen print on cabinet card.
watkins, carleton eugene (1828–1916). Four photographs: Two
captioned “Palace Hotel, S.F., Interior View,” “Palace Hotel, S.F.,”
and “Chinese Restaurant, Dupont, near Sacramento, S.F.” San
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Francisco, California, ca. 1875. Albumen prints on stereographic
cards.
utah and the mormons
adams bros. Two photographs: “Paul’s Mother, 3 years 6 months,”
and “E. Saville” in the uniform of the Nauvoo Legion. Ogden,
Utah, ca. 1880. Albumen prints on cabinet cards.
carter, charles william (1832–1918). Seven photographs: “Assembly
Hall, Salt Lake City, with Marble Stones for the Temple,” “Boat
and Dock on the Great Salt Lake,” “President Brigham Young,”
“Brigham Young’s Grave,” “Interior of Tabernacle,” “One of the
Twelve Apostles, Wilford Woodruff,” and “Petersons Bridge, Weber.”
Salt Lake City, Utah, ca. 1880s. Albumen prints on stereographic
cards.
“Central Part of City.” Salt Lake City, Utah, ca. 1870. Albumen
prints on stereographic card.
de armond, david a. Case of Brigham H. Roberts, of Utah. Speech of
Hon. David A. De Armond, of Missouri. In the House of Representatives,
Thursday, January 25, 1900. Washington, D.C., 1900.
dunn, ballard s. How to Solve the Mormon Problem. New York City,
1877.
jackson, william henry (1843–1942). Photograph: “Salt Lake City.”
Salt Lake City, Utah, ca. 1880. Albumen prints on stereographic
card.
johnson, c. e. Photograph: “Brigham Young and His Wives.” Salt
Lake City, 1901. Albumen print on cabinet card.
juab. The Gospel Concerning Church and State. Salt Lake City, Utah,
1897.
lemoreaux, andrew l., james h. hart, louis bretrand, and william
taylor. An Epistle to the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
in France, and the Channel Islands, from the Presidency of the French Mission.
St. Heliers, Jersey, 1854.
Memorial and Protest in the Matter of the Admission of Brigham H. Roberts,
127

who claims to be a member-elect from the State of Utah, to the House of
Representatives. . . . Washington, D.C., 1900.
musser, a. milton. “Race Suicide” Infanticide, Proclicide, Leprocide vs.
Children. Salt Lake City, Utah, n.d.
newcomb. Photograph: “Tessie Glendenning.” Salt Lake City, Utah,
ca. 1890. Albumen print on cabinet card.
noble, f. a. The Mormon Iniquity. A Discourse. . . . Chicago, 1884.
powers, o. w. Judge O. W. Powers, Candidate for United States Senator.
A Brief Sketch of His Life. . . . Salt Lake City, Utah, 1896.
reilly, j. j. Photograph: “Tabernacle.” Salt Lake City, Utah, ca.
1875. Albumen prints on stereographic card.
reilly, j. j. and j. p. spooner. Photograph: “Salt Lake City, Utah,”
ca. 1870.
savage, charles roscoe (ca. 1832–1909). Twelve photographs:
“Garfield Landing, Great Salt Lake,” “Gardo House Salt Lake,”
“Grave of Brigham Young,” “Lion and Bee-Hive Houses,” “Eagle
Gate and Bee Hive House,” “Eagle Gates Salt Lake,” “Mormon
Tabernacle,” “Tabernacle and Foundation of the Mormon Temple,”
“Mormon Temple,” “Assembly Hall,” “Interior, Assembly Hall,”
and “Cathedral Rock, Little Zion Valley, Southern Utah.” Salt
Lake City, ca. 1870s and 1880s. Albumen prints, some on stereographic
cards.
stubbs, john. The Civilization of the Ninteenth Century. A Social and Political
Satire. Salt Lake City, Utah, 1897.
Why the Salt Lake Congregational Church Dismissed Its Late Pastor, The
Rev. F. T. Lee. Salt Lake City, Utah, 1884.
the graphic arts collection
128
— alfred l. bush
Curator, The Princeton
Collections of Western Americana
This is my first account of recent acquisitions. I am pleased to
report significant additions to the holdings of the Graphic Arts

Collection during the past year, obtained both by gift and purchase.
Some of these gifts arrived without any advance notice, which
makes them even more exciting and makes us even more grateful
for these acts of surprising generosity. Purchases, too, have strengthened
our resources in typography, illustration, and other arts of
the book, though I have kept most of our acquisitions funds in
reserve while learning about the collection and deciding where to
concentrate our efforts in the future. We have been waiting for an
appropriate opportunity for a major purchase, an opportunity to
build on strength and build momentum for the scholarly use of the
collection by signaling our commitment to research in areas where
we can make a special contribution. Quite possibly that opportunity
may now be at hand. More work needs to be done on the
financial side, but we hope to complete these arrangements soon
and to announce a promising new venture in twentieth-century
book illustration.
This collecting strategy calls for fiscal restraint, but we have not
neglected other pursuits that have occupied Graphic Arts for many
years. Here too we are building on strength by selecting the most
important publications in our field while they are still in print or
when they appear in the antiquarian book trade at prices within
our means. A summary account of these purchases is included in
the list below.
european graphic arts
bennett, arnold (1867-1931). Elsie and the Child. London: Cassell,
1929. Illustrated with drawings by E. McKnight Kauffer printed in
color at the Curwen Press by the pochoir stencil-printing process.
Graphic Arts Fund.
doesburg, theo van (1883–1931). Grundbegriffe der neuen gestaltenden
Kunst. München: Albert Langen Verlag, 1925 (Bauhausbücher, 6).
An influential treatise on modern art and a prime example of Bauhaus
typography, designed by Laszlo Moholy-Nagy. Graphic Arts
Fund.
Le home moderne: 20 pages d’album en couleur. Paris: Librairie Ch. Massin,
1926. A portfolio of art deco interior designs, printed in color by
pochoir. Graphic Arts Fund.
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homer. Odysseia [in Greek]. Oxford: Printed at the University Press,
1909. Printed in the monumental “Otter” Greek types designed by
the incunabulist Robert Proctor after the Greek font cut around 1514
for the Complutensian Polyglot Bible. This is probably one of the
most luxurious examples of Greek printing in this century, noteworthy
not just for its magisterial type but also for its illustrious paper, designed
especially for the Kelmscott Press by William Morris and used here
by special permission of Morris’s executor Sydney Cockerell. From
the library of Alison Frantz, gift of John M. Camp II, Ph.D. 1977.
la fayette, madame de (marie-madeleine pioche de la vergne)
(1634–1693). La Princesse de Cleves. Paris: Librairie des Amateurs, A.
Ferroud, 1925. With pochoir illustrations by Serge de Solomko and
in a full blue morocco binding by Marian Holden, with the binder’s
maquette laid in. Graphic Arts Fund.
nodier, charles (1780-1844). La légende de Soeur Beatrix. Paris: Librairie
A. Rouquette, 1903. With pochoir illustrations by Henri Caruchet
in art deco borders, with an extra suite of the color illustrations
and designs bound in. Graphic Arts Fund.
ovidius naso, publius. The Amores of P. Ovidius Naso. Waltham Saint
Lawrence: The Golden Cockerel Press, 1932. Translated by E. Powys
Mathers and illustrated with copper engravings by J. E. Laboureur.
From the library of Alison Frantz, gift of John M. Camp II, Ph.D.
1977.
rothbaar, joseph anton von, ritter zu sternheim. Sammlung
verschiedener Vorschriften. München: [Published by the author?], 1809.
We have not been able to locate another copy of this impressive
collection of calligraphic scripts, adorned with pen flourishes, allegorical
vignettes, and an emblematic frontispiece, which seems to
depict the written word as a milestone on the way to the Temple
of Wisdom. The first of several fascicles published or intended to
be published by a member of the Bavarian finance department,
where he practiced a number of different hands suitable either for
business or for pleasure. Indeed, in his opinion, the great variety
of German scripts lent a special lustre to the German language,
though he believed that the newly fashionable Fraktur styles did
not measure up to the sturdy old Gothic hands — which had been
admired even by English writing masters. Graphic Arts Fund.
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schmeisser, jörg. Three color etchings: “Homage to Greece” (1993),
“Return to China” (1993), and “Self-Portrait” (1987). Gift of the
artist and Eric Denker in memory of Franz Geierhaas.
schranz, joseph. Vue générale du Bosphore. Constantinople: Schranz
et Percheron, ca. 1855. A lithographic panorama of the Bosphorus,
one of several panoramas printed in Paris for the tourist trade in
Constantinople. Gift of Robert A. McCabe, Class of 1956, and Mrs.
McCabe.
seguy, e. a. Samarkande: 20 compositions en couleurs dans le style oriental.
Paris: Massin, ca. 1920? A portfolio of oriental designs with floral
patterns, butterflies, peacocks, lanterns, fountains, intertwining vines,
and other decorative motifs printed in sumptuous color by pochoir
and highlighted in gold and silver. Beginning around the turn of
the century, Seguy published a series of portfolios with plates printed
by pochoir for the use of artists designing fabrics, carpets, and
wallpaper. Graphic Arts Fund.
theocritus. Theocritos: The Complete Poems. London: The Fanfrolico
Press [1929?]. Translated by Jack Lindsay and illustrated with wood
engravings by Lionel Ellis. From the library of Alison Frantz, gift
of John M. Camp II, Ph.D. 1977.
wakeman, geoffrey. Victorian Colour Printing. Loughborough [England]:
The Plough Press, 1981. One of 150 copies containing tippedin
specimens of color printing techniques. Graphic Arts Fund.
whittington press. A complete run of the leading contemporary
graphic arts journal, Matrix, vols. 1–15 (1981–1995), along with other
publications of the Whittington Press, founded by John Randle in
1971. Matrix is an indispensable resource for the study of British
typography and illustration and is superbly illustrated itself with
tipped-in wood engravings, lithographs, and specimen pages. In
addition to Matrix, the Press publishes about five books a year,
including several important scholarly monographs on private presses,
such as David Butcher’s history and bibliography of the Stanbrook
Abbey Press (1992) and Michael Taylor’s history and bibliography
of Saint Dominic’s Press (1995). These too are now part of the
Graphic Arts Collection as well as other Whittington publications.
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woolnough, charles w. A Pretty Mysterious Art: A Lecture by C. W.
Woolnough to the Royal Society of Arts. Huddersfield [England]: Fleece
Press, 1996. One of three hundred copies, with an introduction by
Barry McKay and marbled samples by Ann Muir, recreating the
marbling techniques demonstrated by Woolnough in the course of
his lecture. In marbling circles, Woolnough is known for having
been the first to spill the secrets of the craft with the publication of
his Art of Marbling in 1853. Graphic Arts Fund.
american graphic arts
eichenberg, fritz (1901–1990). A collection of proof wood engravings
and lithographs from the artist’s estate, comprising nearly 150
prints in ten portfolios. Eichenberg regularly retained proofs of his
book illustrations to preserve a record of his artwork printed in
ideal conditions, realizing that a book-printing firm could never
match the quality of workmanship achieved in a printmaking studio.
Most of these prints have been taken from the original blocks,
on superior paper, and in editions as small as fifty copies. This
collection spans Eichenberg’s entire career, beginning with lithographs
for a German edition of Gulliver’s Travels in 1922 and culminating
with wood-engravings for the Limited Editions Club in the
1980s, when he was more than eighty years old. Not for the faint of
heart are the books he illustrated in his old age with macabre relish
and excruciating skill, probing the darker side of the human
experience with implacable interpretations of Grimmelshausen’s Adventures
of Simplicissimus (1981), Dostoyevsky’s House of the Dead (1982),
and Bernanos’ Diary of a Country Priest (1986). Gift of the Fritz
Eichenberg Trust in honor of Dale Roylance.
ephemera. Examples of decoupage; a lithographic stone used for
printing billheads; and uncut sheets of lithographic repeat images.
Gift of W. Allen Scheuch II, Class of 1976.
ephemera. A collection of nineteenth-century American printed
ephemera, including trade cards, trade catalogues, labels, billheads,
travel brochures, stereographs, banquet menus, and calendars. Among
the many delights in this cornucopia of graphic Americana are
chromolithographed advertisements for Ayer’s Cherry Pectoral,
Read’s Grand Duchess Cologne, Thorn’s Superior Cracker Dust,
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and Thurber’s La Favorita Peas. Gift of Paul M. Ingersoll, Class of
1950.
gerry, vance. Patterned Papers: Examples for Printers, Binders & Book
Arts Workers. Pasadena: Weather Bird Press, 1996. One of 30 copies,
with 43 original specimens reproduced by lithography, pochoir,
letterpress printing, and electrostatic methods. Graphic Arts Fund.
international print society. Two portfolios of original etchings
by Alfred Pohl, ten color etchings by Wolff Buchholz, and other
work by artists associated with Franz Geierhaas’s International Print
Society. Gift of two anonymous donors in memory of Franz
Geierhaas.
maclachlan, patricia. What You Know First. New York: HarperCollins
Publishers, 1995. Illustrated with engravings by Barry Moser, who
was Humanities Council Short-Term Fellow at Princeton in November,
1995. In workshop sessions sponsored by the Graphic Arts
Collection and the Visual Arts Program, Moser explained some of
his design principles, engraving techniques, and technical innovations,
such as the use here of Resingrave, a synthetic substitute for
boxwood blocks, now difficult to find in printable condition. Graphic
Arts Fund.
melville, herman (1819–1891). Moby Dick; or, The Whale. San Francisco:
Arion Press, 1979. Illustrated by Barry Moser. One of 265
copies. Although published not too long ago, this is already recognized
as a classic of American book illustration, ranking with the
Rockwell Kent Moby Dick, a less opulent publication, burdened —
some would say — with a more dramatic interpretation of Melville’s
text. In the Winter 1996 issue of the Princeton University Library Chronicle,
Barry Moser relates how he produced the wood engravings for the
Arion Press edition and how he handled even more ambitious projects
at the Pennyroyal Press, such as the Pennyroyal Alice and the Pennyroyal
Frankenstein. This acquisition not only fills a gap in Graphic
Arts, where Moser’s later work is well represented, but also bridges
a gap between our store of contemporary illustrated books and our
trove of nineteenth-century imprints in the Sinclair Hamilton Collection,
one of the richest repositories of early American wood engraving.
Graphic Arts Fund.
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middleton, bernard c. Recollections: My Life in Bookbinding. Newtown,
Pennsylvania: Bird & Bull Press, 1995. Autobiography of a leading
expert in the restoration of leather bookbindings, a fine binder
himself, and a noted authority on the history of his craft. One of
two hundred copies. Graphic Arts Fund.
pictorial journalism. More than seven thousand wood engravings,
woodcuts, and process cuts in nineteenth-century British and
American periodicals such as The Illustrated London News, The Graphic,
and Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper. This formidable archive is
completely indexed under thirty major topics, including warfare,
sports, architecture, agriculture, science, shipwrecks, disasters, royalty,
romance, railways, and other preoccupations of the popular press
during the Victorian era. Gift of Gerald J. Levy and Anne C. Levy.
robinson, alan james, ed. H.P.M.: Harold Patrick McGrath.
Easthampton: Cheloniidae Press, 1991. A tribute to this contemporary
master of letterpress printing, responsible for the impeccable
presswork in books of the Gehenna Press, Pennyroyal Press, and
Cheloniidae Press. Includes four wood engravings by Leonard Baskin,
six wood engravings by Barry Moser, and one wood engraving by
Fritz Eichenberg, along with commendatory essays by friends and
colleagues. Graphic Arts Fund.
witte, michael. Caricatures of John Ashbery, W. S. Merwin,
Adrienne Rich, Mark Strand, and other American poets, the original
artwork for illustrations published in Dinitia Smith’s “The Poet
Kings and the Versifying Rabble,” The New York Times Magazine, 19
February 1995. Gift of Michael C. Witte, Class of 1966.
ziegler, henry (1889– ). Portrait of Joseph Pennell by one of Pennell’s
pupils, drypoint, ca. 1920. Graphic Arts Fund.
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— john bidwell
Curator, Graphic Arts Collection
twentieth-century public policy papers
During the academic year 1995–1996 the Seeley G. Mudd Manuscript Library
received the following manuscripts which augment or supplement existing
papers or established collections, or which represent new collections.

american civil liberties union. Additions to the archives: 35 cartons
comprising the records of the Mountain States Regional Office
(Denver), 1954–1994, and including records of the Steering Committee,
the Indian Rights Committee, memoranda, clippings, publications,
briefs, and press releases.
association on american indian affairs. Records left by Hildegarde
Forbes, a former member of the board of the Association. Gift of
the estate of Hildegarde Forbes.
decker, clinton a. Correspondence of the Secretary to the Inter-
Allied Technical Board documenting events during and immediately
after the Russian Revolution, 1917–1922. Decker’s letters to
his fiancée, Gertrude O’Brien, have been published in Charles J.
Decker, ed., Mission to Russia, An American Journal: Letters by Clinton
J. Decker (1917–1919) (New York: Charles J. Decker, 1994). The collection
also includes photographs, paper money, newspapers, a passport,
and other souvenirs. Gift of Charles J. Decker.
dulles, allen w., Class of 1914. Fourteen previously classified items
relating to Dulles’ service on the Warren Commission investigating
the assassination of President John F. Kennedy. These items
were removed from the Dulles Papers by the cia following his death.
Transfer from the National Archives.
keeley, james h., jr. Papers, 1895–1975, including those documenting
Keeley’s career in the Foreign Service from 1920 through the early
1960s, when he saw service in Greece, Lebanon, Italy, Belgium,
and Canada. Keeley also served as American minister to Syria,
1948–1950. Gift of Mrs. Darlene Y. Keeley, widow of Hugh M.
Keeley, Class of 1946, Edmund L. Keeley, Class of 1948, and Robert
V. Keeley, Class of 1951 and *71.
kennan, george f., Class of 1925. Two family letters: one dated 5
November 1912, from Kennan to his father; and a long letter from
Kennan to his sister Jeanette Hotchkiss, dated Prague, 7 December
1940. Gift of George F. Kennan.
medina, harold r., Class of 1909. A copy of his Liberal Arts and the
Professions: Two Lectures. [Georgia?: s.n., 1957?]. Gift of John R. Helm,
Class of 1952.
stevenson, adlai e., Class of 1922. Additions to the Stevenson Pa-
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pers, including four scrapbooks containing news clippings from the
1952 presidential campaign; correspondence with his sons Borden
Stevenson (1948–1952) and Adlai E. Stevenson III (1949–1954), daughter-in-law
Nancy Stevenson (1954–1955), wife Ellen Borden Stevenson
(1945–1965); also with Alicia Patterson, publisher and editor of Newsday
(1948–1962), and Sidney Yates; photographs, ca. 1900–1965; and
correspondence concerning the funeral arrangements for Stevenson
in 1965. Gift of Adlai E. Stevenson III.
wilson, woodrow. Three letters to William Spencer, Class of 1870:
2 May 1904, defending the character of Dean Henry Burchard
Fine; 4 August 1910, declining an invitation to speak to the Connecticut
Chamber of Commerce due to the gubernatorial campaign;
and 10 November 1912, acknowledging congratulations on
election as president, written during his post-election Bermuda vacation.
Gift of William Spencer, Class of 1945.
the collection of historic maps
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136
— ben primer
Curator, Public Policy Papers
Princeton’s Collection of Historic Maps has been augmented during the academic
years 1994–1995 and 1995–1996 by the following gifts and purchases.
a. l. bancroft and company. Bancroft’s Official Guide Map of City and
County of San Francisco. San Francisco, California, 1884. Robert Backus,
Class of 1939, Fund.
a. l. bancroft and company. Bancroft’s Offical Guide Map of City and
County of San Francisco, Compiled from Official Maps in Surveys Office.
San Francisco, California, 1888. Robert Backus, Class of 1939, Fund.
bowen, emanuel (ca. 1720–1767). An Accurate Map of South America
Drawn from the best Authorities. London, 1754. Robert Backus, Class
of 1939, Fund.
bowen, emanuel. A New and Accurate Map of Paraguay, Rio de la Plata,
Tucumania Guaria &c. Laid down from the Latest Improvements, and Regulated
by Astronomical Observation. N.p., n.d. Robert Backus, Class of
1939, Fund.

itton & rey. Map of the New Republic. San Francisco, California,
c. 1853. Depicts parts of California and New Mexico and much of
northwestern Mexico. Robert Backus, Class of 1939, Fund.
britton & rey. Map of San Francisco, Compiled from Latest Surveys &
Containing All Late Extensions & Divisions of Wards. San Francisco, c.
1852. Robert Backus, Class of 1939, Fund.
daniel burgess & co. Map No. 10/ United States. New York City,
1853. Robert Backus, Class of 1939, Fund.
butler, b. f. Map of the Burnt District, San-Francisco. Night of May 3d,
1851. San Francisco, 1851. Robert Backus, Class of 1939, Fund.
colton & co. Colton’s Turkey in Europe. New York City, c. 1850.
Robert Backus, Class of 1939, Fund.
colton, g. w. & c. b., & co. Maps Showing the Route and Land Grant of
the Missouri Kansas & Texas Railway and Its Principal Connecting Lines.
Washington, D. C., 1871. Robert Backus, Class of 1939, Fund.
colton, joseph hutchins (1800–1893). Colton’s Palestine. New York
City, 1855. Robert Backus, Class of 1939, Fund.
colton, joseph hutchins. Colton’s Persia, Arabia, &c. New York City,
1855. Robert Backus, Class of 1939, Fund.
colton, joseph hutchins. Colton’s Turkey in Asia and the Caucasian
Provinces of Russia. New York City, 1855. Robert Backus, Class of
1939, Fund.
ensign, bridgman & fanning. Map of the United States, Canada, Mexico
and the West Indies with Central America, Showing all the Routes to California
with a Table of Distances. New York City, 1854. Robert Backus,
Class of 1939, Fund.
homann heirs, publishers and engravers (1730–1813). Delineatio aureae
Sterilitatis Herciniensis i.e. Herciniae metalliferae accurata Chorographia
omnes simul fodinas & loca nativa minerarum, quae ibi effodiuntur addita
nomenclatura, distincte exhibens. Edita curis Homannianorum Heredum.
Nuremberg, Germany, eighteenth century. Gift of Gerald L. Levy.
homann heirs, publishers and engravers. Prospecte des Hartzwalds
nebst accurater Vorstellung der auf selbigem gebräuchlichen Berg-Werks—
137
137

B. F. Butler, Map of the Burnt District, San-Francisco. Night of May 3d, 1851.
San Francisco, 1851. The Collection of Historic Maps, Visual Materials Division,
Rare Books and Special Collections, Princeton University Library.
138
Photo: John Blazejewski

Machinen Ertz- und Praege Arbeiten, als ein Anhang zur Geographischen
Charte des Hartswalds heraus gegeben von Homaenischen Erben. Nuremberg,
Germany, eighteenth century. Gift of Gerald L. Levy.
homann, johann baptist (1663–1724). Accurate Vorstellung der Orientalisch-
Kayserlichen Haupt- und Residenz-Stadt Constantinopel . . . von Iohann
Baptist Homann . . . Geographo in Nürnberg. Nuremberg, Germany, c.
1720. Purchased on a subvention donated by Robert A. McCabe,
Class of 1956.
joanne, adolphe laurent (1823–1881). France par Adolphe Joanne, Seine.
N.p., ca. 1870. Robert Backus, Class of 1939, Fund.
Maps of the New and Popular St. Louis and Texas Short Line! St. Louis,
ca. 1878. Includes “A Geographically Correct County Map of States
Traversed by the St. Louis, Iron Mountain and Southern Railway”
and “Map of the St. Louis Iron Mountain and Southern Railway.”
Robert Backus, Class of 1939, Fund.
The Picayune’s Map of New Orleans. N.p., n.d. Robert Backus, Class
of 1939, Fund.
rand, mcnally and company. Rand, McNally & Co.’s Official Map of
the Indian and Oklahoma Territories. All towns, villages, streams, railways,
forts, and ranches are accurately located, and the different Nations are designated
. . . and the dates of Treaties made with Indian Nations are clearly
printed on the Map. Military Reservations are shown, and Indian Reservations
accurately bounded . . . Chicago, 1892. Robert Backus, Class of
1939, Fund.
rand, mcnally and company. Rand, McNally & Co.’s Indexed County
and Township Pocket Map and Shippers’ Guide of New Mexico. Chicago,
1908. Robert Backus, Class of 1939, Fund.
syria /ladikiya. Cairo, Egypt, 1915. “Compiled from Admiralty Charts
. . . Hartmann’s Karte . . . Map of the American Archaeological
Expedition of 1890–1900, Preliminary Map by Robert Garrett . . .
D.H.P. Railway Map,” etc. Bearing the annotation: “probably used
by Gen. Allenby.” E. M. Butler from the Robert Garrett Papers.
vincent. Map of the State of California. Compiled from the Most Recent
Surveys and Explorations, Containing All the Latest Discoveries and Newest
Towns. N.p., 1860. Robert Backus, Class of 1939, Fund.
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warren, gouvenor kemble (1830–1882). Explorations & Surveys War
Dept . . . Military Map of Nebraska and Dakota by Lieut G. K. Warren . . .
from explorations made by him in 1855, 6 . . . and in 1857. Washington
D. C., 1859. Robert Backus, Class of 1939, Fund.
The World, with The North Pole shewing the Countries from the Lat: 50 to
90. N.p., 1758. Robert Backus, Class of 1939, Fund.
— alfred l. bush
Curator, The Collection of Historic Maps
the marquand library of art and archaeology
The 1995–1996 fiscal year has brought many new and notable items to Marquand
Library of Art and Archaeology. Several stand out because of their quality and
importance within the collection.
facsimiles
Facsimile reproductions of rare materials allow students and scholars
to work with items which might otherwise be inaccessible because
they are in foreign libraries or are too fragile to use. The
facsimiles produced today are of exceedingly high quality and expensive.
The press runs are low, which makes them rare and treasured
items in themselves. Marquand Library purchased the following
facsimiles:
Canticum canticorum Societatis in honorem Marées pictoris conditae opus
tricesimum quartum. Berolini: “Ganymedes,” 1922. Selections from
the Song of Solomon rendered in hand-colored woodblocks.
catholic church. Stundenbuch für Rouen: Barb. lat. 487: entstanden um
1500. Stuttgart: Belser, 1994. A full-color facsimile of a sixteenthcentury
book of hours, currently in the Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana.
The volume is accompanied by an extensive commentary. Princeton’s
copy is number 362 of an edition limited to 1,280 numbered
copies.
orthodox eastern church. Lektionar von St. Petersburg: vollständige
Faksimile-Ausgabe des Codex gr. 21, gr. 21a: aus dem Besitz der Russischen
Nationalbibliothek in St. Petersburg. Graz, Austria: Akademische Druck-
140

u. Verlagsanstalt, 1994. A full-color facsimile of an illuminated tenthcentury
lectionary. The original manuscript was executed in
Trebizond and is today in the Saltykova-Shchedrina Public Library
in St. Petersburg. This is one of only 750 copies.
piero, della francesca (1416?–1492). Libellus de quinque corporibus
regularibus. Firenze: Giunti, 1995. Piero della Francesca wrote the
Libellus, the first treatise on geometry of the Renaissance, which is
now in the Vatican Library (Vaticano Urbinate Latino 632 codex).
The treatise was compiled by an unknown author, but accompanied
by drawings, corrections, and additions by Piero, and was
dedicated to Guidobaldo da Montefeltro, Duke of Urbino. This
work was known from the beginning of the sixteenth century when
it was published in Italian by fra Luca Pacioli as part of his own
work, Divina Proporzione. The plagiarism was denounced by Giorgio
Vasari and has been the object of heated dispute ever since. This
new publication compares Piero’s text and some sections of the
Divina Proporzione.
Vollstandige Faksimile-Ausgabe im Originalformat des Berthold-Sakramentar:
Ms. M.710 der Pierpont Morgan Library in New York. Graz, Austria:
Akademische Druck-u. Verlagsanstalt, 1995. Between 1200 and 1232,
Abbot Berthold of the Weingarten Cloister commissioned the scribes
and illuminators to create the Berthold-Sakramentar. The illuminator
is known only as the Berthold Master. The original manuscript
is held at the Pierpont Morgan Library in New York City.
catalogues raisonnés
The catalogue raisonné is an integral part of an art history collection.
It is an exhaustive consideration of the work of an artist in
one or more media. Such a work will gather together all of the
oeuvre of an artist, placing it in chronological order. It will illustrate
the works and provide a discussion of their importance within
the artistic development of their creator. Frequently the history of
each work is detailed, including citations of published criticism,
exhibitions history, and provenance. Such works are invaluable tools
for both student and scholar.
beren-corinth, charlotte (1880–1967). Lovis Corinth, die Gemalde:
Werkverseichnis. Munchen: F. Bruckmann, 1992.
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omberg, ruth. Canaletto’s Etchings: Revised and Enlarged Edition of
the Catalogue Raisonné. San Francisco: Alan Wofsey Fine Arts, 1993.
burri, alberto. Burri, contributi al catalogo sistematico. Città di Castello:
Fondazione Palazzo Albizzini, 1990.
caffin madaule, liliane. Catalogue raisonné des oeuvres de María Blanchard,
le plus grand peintre femme Espagnole du XXème siècle, le plus grand peintre
femme cubiste, peut-être le peintre femme le plus representatif de son siècle.
London: Liliane Caffin Madule, 1992–1994.
carr, gerald l. Frederic Edwin Church: Catalogue Raisonné of Works of
Art of Olana State Historic Site. Cambridge, England, and New York:
Cambridge University Press, 1993–1994.
francis, sam (1923– ). The Monotypes of Sam Francis. Stuttgart: Daco-
Verlag, 1994.
johns, jasper (1930– ). The Prints of Jasper Johns, 1960–1993. A Catalogue
Raisonné. West Islip, New York: Universal Limited Art Editions,
1994.
levin, gail (1948– ). Edward Hopper, A Catalogue Raisonné. New York:
Whitney Museum of American Art and W. W. Norton, 1995.
melotti, fausto. Melotti: Catalogo generale. Milano: Electa, 1994.
poussin, nicolas (1594?–1665). Nicolas Poussin, 1594–1665: Catalogue
raisonné des dessins, ed. Pierre Rosenberg and Louis-Antoine Prat.
Milano: Leonardo, 1994.
schmit, robert. Eugene Boudin, 1824–1898: Supplement, vol. 2. Paris:
Schmit, 1984– .
temple, nigel h.l. George Repton’s Pavilion Notebook: A Catalogue Raisonné.
Aldershot, Hants, England: Scolar Press; Brookfield, Vermont:
Ashgate Publishing Co., 1993.
varo, remedios. Remedios Varo: Catálogo razonado. Mexico, D.F.:
Ediciones Era, 1994.
weelen, guy. Vieira da Silva. Geneve: Skira, 1993–1994.
microforms
Microformatted materials have been an important part of library
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collections for many years. Although not a popular medium for
scholars to work with, microfilm and microfiche afford us access to
materials that might otherwise be prohibitively expensive to acquire
or impossible to house because of their sheer volume.
museum of modern art, new york. The Museum of Modern Art Artists
File. Alexandria, Virginia: Chadwyck-Healey, 1986. The Artist Files
from the library of the Museum of Modern Art is a unique collection
of more than 200,000 separate items: clippings, gallery invitations,
press releases, reviews, and various other memorabilia,
representing more than 20,000 artists. The Artist Files are arranged
alphabetically by artist name, and chronologically within each file.
new york public library. The Print File. Alexandria, Virginia:
Chadwyck-Healey, 1989–1990. Aquatint, engraving, etching, and
linocut are just a few of the printing processes represented in the
The Print File. The file contains clippings and ephemera on more
than 16,000 printmakers, illustrators, and photographers. It also
contains thousands of print reproductions covering Western
printmaking from the fifteenth century to the present and Japanese
printmaking from the tenth to the twentieth century. Particular
strengths are in American historical prints and nineteenth- and twentieth-century
American prints.
miscellaneous
arisi, ferdinando. Arte e storia nel Collegio Alberoni di Piacenza. Piacenza:
Industria Cementi Giovanni Rossi, 1990.
Atlante dei siti archaeologici della Toscana. Firenze: Giunta regione
Toscana; Roma: “L’Erma” di Bretschneider, 1992.
Author Index of Byzantine Studies. Zug, Switzerland: idc; New York:
Distributed in the U.S. by Clearwater Publishing Co., 1986– .
ballarin, alessandro. Dosso Dossi: La pittura a Ferrara negli anni del
Ducato di Alfonso I. Padova: Bertoncello Artigrafiche, 1994–1995.
Il Battistero di San Giovanni a Firenze — The Baptistry of San Giovanni,
Florence. Modena: F. C. Panini, 1994.
bordottoni, fabio (1820–1901). Firenze perduta: L’immagine di Firenze nei
120 dipinti di Fabio Bordottoni (1820–1901). Milano: F. M. Ricci, 1982.
143

andt, bill. Londres de nuit: Soixante-quatre photographies. Paris: Arts
et Métiers Graphiques; New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1938.
catholic church. Oeuvre de Jehan Foucquet. Heures de maistre Estienne
Chevalier: Texte restitué par m. l’abbé Delannay. Paris: L. Curmer,
1866–1867.
cooper-hewitt museum. Catalog of the Cooper-Hewitt Museum Design
Library of the Smithsonian Institution Libraries. Boston: G. K. Hall, 1993.
evans, walker (1903–1975). Message from the Interior. New York: The
Eakins Press, 1966.
Henry Moore Bibliography. Hertfordshire, England: Henry Moore Foundation,
1992– .
jaffe, michael. The Devonshire Collection of Italian Drawings. London:
Phaidon Press, 1994.
lartigue, jacques-henri (1894– ). Boyhood Photos of J.-H. Lartigue:
The Family Album of a Gilded Age. [Lausanne?]: A. Guichard, [1966].
meulen, marjon van der. Rubens, Copies after the Antique. London:
H. Miller, 1994–1995.
Michelangelo: Selected Scholarship in English. Hamden, Connecticut:
Garland, 1995– .
monod, luc. Manuel de l’amateur de livres illustres modernes: 1875–1975.
Neuchâtel: Ides & Calendes, 1992.
paulin, edmond. Thermes de Diocletien. Paris: Firmin-Didot et Cie.,
1890.
penn, irving. Moments Preserved: Eight Essays in Photographs and Words.
New York: Simon and Schuster, 1960.
pesenti, franco renzo. La pittura in Liguria: Artisti del primo seicento.
Genoa: Cassa di risparmio di Genova e Imperia: Stringa, 1986.
quenioux, gaston. Les arts décoratifs modernes (France). Paris: Larousse,
1925.
Roma, disegno e immagine della città eterna. Le piante di Roma dal II secolo
d. Cr. ai giorni nostri. Roma: Edizioni de Luca, 1994.
144

A Survey of Persian Art from Prehistoric Times to the Present. Ashiya, Japan:
sopa, A Survey of Persian Art; New York: Maxwell Aley Literary
Associates, 1981– .
wilkins, william (1778–1839). Artheniensia; or, Remarks on Topography
and Buildings of Athens. London: J. Murray, 1816.
the robert h. taylor collection
145
— denise gavio weinheimer
Assistant Librarian, Marquand
Library of Art & Archaeology
The following books and manuscripts were added to the Taylor Collection in
the academic year 1995–1996. All were purchased on the Robert H. Taylor
Fund, an endowment for the conservation and expansion of the collection.
manuscripts
chesterfield, philip dormer stanhope, earl of (1694–1773). Letter
to the Swiss historian, Charles Guillaume Loÿs de Bochat, concerning
the education of Chesterfield’s natural son Philip, whom
Bochat was tutoring. London, 29 September 1747. First line: “La
lettre dont vous m’avez honoré, m’a causé presqu’autant d’embarras
que de plaisir.”
de quincey, thomas (1785–1859). Three letters and one note to his
daughter Florence, written in the mistaken belief that she had declined
a proposal of marriage from Colonel Richard Baird Smith.
One letter has half the second leaf cut away, apparently by De
Quincey himself. Edinburgh, 15–18 June 1855. “The word deliver I
misread into decline. . . . Under the false bias given to my thoughts
by this one word decline, everything else vanished.”
printed books
bage, robert (1728–1801). Mount Henneth, a Novel in a Series of Letters.
Two Volumes. The Second Edition. London, 1788.
brathwait, richard (1588?–1673). Whimzies, or, A New Caste of Characters.
London, 1631. Ex-library copy: Henry E. Huntington

Library and Art Gallery. Bookplates of Edward Vernon Utterson
and Henry Huth.
chatterton, thomas (1752–1770). Poems Supposed to Have Been Written
at Bristol by Thomas Rowley and Others in the Fifteenth Century. The
Third Edition. To Which is Added an Appendix Containing Some Observations
upon the Language of These Poems, Tending to Prove That They Were
Written, Not by Any Ancient Author, but Entirely by Thomas Chatterton.
London, 1778. Bound with the following title.
chatterton, thomas. Miscellanies in Prose and Verse. By Thomas Chatterton,
the Supposed Author of the Poems Published under the Names of Rowley,
Canning, &c. London, 1778. Bound with the preceding title.
day, john (1574–1640?). Humour Out of Breath. A Comedie Diuers Times
Latelie Acted by the Children of the Kings Reuells. Written by Iohn Day.
London, 1608.
fox, charles (1749–1809), ed. and tr. A Series of Poems, Containing the
Plaints, Consolations, and Delights of Achmed Ardebeili, a Persian Exile.
With Notes Historical and Explanatory. By Charles Fox. London, 1797.
Subscribers include Robert Southey.
godwin, william (1756–1836). Italian Letters, or, The History of the Count
de St. Julian. In Two Volumes. London, 1784. First edition of Godwin’s
second novel. This copy in Irish calf, with all edges dyed green.
goodman, christopher (1520?–1603). How Superior Powers Oght to be
Obeyd of Their Subiects, and Wherin They May Lawfully by Gods Worde be
Disobeyed and Resisted. Wherin Also is Declared the Cause of All This Present
Miserie in England, and the Onely Way to Remedy the Same. By Christopher
Goodman. Geneva, 1558. Printed in roman letter. Commendatory
poem at the end, written by William Kethe.
harness, william (1790–1869). Welcome & Farewell, a Tragedy. With
the Author’s Kind Regards. London, 1837. Robert Southey’s copy.
huntingdon, selina hastings, countess of (1707–1791). A Select Collection
of Hymns, to be Universally Sung in All the Countess of Huntingdon’s
Chapels. Collected by Her Ladyship. London, 1780.
johnson, samuel (1709–1784), former owner. The New-Years-Gift, Complete:
In Six Parts. Composed of Meditations and Prayers for Every Day in
146

Frontispiece and title page of The New-Years-Gift, Complete: In Six Parts . . . , a book once
owned by Samuel Johnson. London, 1709. The Robert H. Taylor Collection,
Rare Books and Special Collections, Princeton University Library
the Week: With Devotions for the Sacrament, Lent, and Other Occasions.
London, 1709. Unannotated. Inscribed at front: “This Book belonged
to Dr: Samuel Johnson. James Boswell.”
king, charles (fl. 1721). A Letter to the Right Honourable Charles Earl of
Hallifax, &c. London, 1714. At the end is printed a letter to the
Earl of Halifax by Richard Steele.
radcliffe, ann ward (1764–1823). The Castles of Athlin and Dunbayne.
A Highland Story. The Second Edition. London, 1793.
richardson, samuel (1689–1761). Historia da virtuosa e infeliz Clara
Harlowe. Escrita em inglez pelo célebre Richardson, e traduzida em francez
por Mr. le Tourneur, e do francez em portuguez pelo traductor do “Viajante
universal.” Lisbon, 1804–1818. A Portuguese translation of Clarissa,
complete in fifteen volumes.
147
Photo: John Blazejewski

ichardson, samuel. Istoria di Miss Clarissa Harlove. Lettere inglesi di
Richardson. Per la prima volta recate in italiano. Venice, 1783–1789. An
Italian translation of Clarissa, incomplete in five volumes; no more
published.
richardson, samuel. Nuove lettere inglesi, ovvero, Storia del Cavalier
Grandisson. Venice, 1784–1789. An Italian translation of The History
of Sir Charles Grandison, incomplete in four volumes; no more published.
sterne, laurence (1713–1768). The Case of Elijah and the Widow of
Zerephath, Consider’d: A Charity-Sermon Preach’d on Good-Friday, April
17, 1747, in the Parish Church of St. Michael-le-Belfrey, before the Right
Honourable the Lord-Mayor, Aldermen, Sheriffs and Commoners of the City
of York, at the Annual Collection for the Support of Two Charity-Schools. By
Laurence Sterne, M.A., Prebendary of York. York, 1747. Sterne’s first
book.
tickell, thomas (1686–1740). On Her Majesty’s Re-building the Lodgings
of the Black Prince, and Henry V, at Queens-College Oxford. By Mr.
Tickell. London, 1733. A poem.
twyne, john (1501?–1581). Ioannis Twini Bolingdunensis, Angli, De rebus
Albionicis, Britannicis atque Anglicis, commentariorum libri duo. Ad Thomam
Twinum filium. London, 1590. Marginal manuscript corrections by
Twyne’s son Thomas (1543–1613), the addressee and editor of this
work; title page inscribed, apparently by Thomas Twyne’s son Brian
(1579?–1644): “Briani Tuini liber ex dono patris.”
148
— mark r. farrell
Curator, Robert H. Taylor Collection
the william seymour theatre collection
The following materials were added to the William Seymour Theatre Collection
during the academic year 1995–1996.
delarue, allison, Class of 1928. A collection of prints, posters,
photographs, printed books, porcelains, and other objets, relating to
the ballet and its history. Gift of Allison Delarue, Class of 1928.
logan, joshua (1908–1988), Class of 1931. Photographs, scripts, play-

ills, musical scores, and awards belonging to the producer and
director, 1940s–1980s. Gift of the Library of Congress.
lynn, richard neville. A collection of letters to the author and
dramatist Neville Lynn and his wife, the Scottish soprano Ghita
Corri, written by various persons in the theatrical and literary milieu
of Great Britain, 1881–1923. Gift of Mark Samuels Lasner.
parker, louis napoleon (1852–1944). Thirty-one letters, 1894–1900,
from Parker to Neville Lynn, the author and dramatist. Gift of
Mark Samuels Lasner.
schechner, richard. Correspondence, galley proofs, announcements,
and subscription information relating to the journal TDR, 1988–1994.
Gift of Richard Schechner.
schechner, richard. Manuscripts, production notes, photographs,
and correspondence relating to the production of six issues of the
journal TDR, 1989–1991. Gift of Richard Schechner.
theatre intime. Ten blueprints of the stage set for the 1936–1937
production of The Tempest; nineteen programs for various Theatre
Intime productions, including Volpone; two posters. Gift of Nathan
Jones, Class of 1938.
manuscripts
149
— mary ann jensen
Curator, The William Seymour
Theatre Collection
Significant accessions by the Manuscripts Division from 1 July 1995 to 30
June 1996 include the following:
american literature and publishing
blackmur, r. p. (1904–1965). Additional papers, 1940–1965. Gift of
W. Philips Davison.
charles scribner’s sons. Additional archives including letters by
J. M. Barrie, Winston Churchill, Leon Trotsky, and members of
the Scribner family; files concerning new printings of books by F.

Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway, Edith Wharton, and other
authors, 1985–1992. Gift of Charles Scribner III, Class of 1973.
cozzens, james gould (1903–1978). Letter, 1968. Gift of Bruce C.
Willsie, Class of 1986.
d. van nostrand. Additional archives including minutes of board
meetings, business records, and selected catalogs of publications,
1888–1969. Gift of Edward M. Crane, Jr., Class of 1945.
eastman, max (1883–1969). Letter concerning Albert Einstein, 1938.
Gift of Ruth Mauersberger Whitman.
george braziller, inc. Archives, ca. 1960–1995. Chiefly author
files of this New York City-based publisher of art history and modern
literature. Authors include Beryl Bainbridge, Erich Kahler,
Millard Meiss, Ned Rorem, Meyer Schapiro, Nathalie Sarraute,
Vincent Scully, Charles Simic, and Rudolf Wittkower. Gift of George
Braziller.
gordon, caroline (1895–1981). Seven letters to Amelia Wood Silver,
1969–1978. Theodore F. Sanxay Fund.
harold ober associates. Additional author files, 1988–1991. Gift
of Harold Ober Associates, Inc.
holden, raymond (1894–1972). Additional papers. Gift of Barbara
Holden Yeomans.
holmes, theodore (1928–1971), Class of 1951. Papers, 1950–1971.
Includes manuscripts of published and unpublished works, especially
poetry, as well as correspondence with publishers and family.
Holmes was a student of R. P. Blackmur. Gift of Barbara Holmes.
richter, conrad (1890–1968). Additional papers. Includes his correspondence
with Alfred A. Knopf, 1952–1967. Gift of Harvena
Richter.
sedgwick, catherine maria (1789–1867). Letter to publisher George
Palmer Putnam, 1854. Theodore F. Sanxay Fund.
sedgwick, theodore (1811–1859). Three letters, including one about
his aunt Catherine Maria Sedgwick. Theodore F. Sanxay Fund.
tate, allen (1899–1979). Three letters to Amelia Wood Silver,
150

1973–1975, and one to Caroline Gordon Wood Fallon, 1975. Theodore
F. Sanxay Fund.
english literature and publishing
blanco white, joseph (1775–1841). Three poems by the Anglo-Spanish
author, with the author’s autograph notes, 1825–1826. Theodore
F. Sanxay Fund.
bryce, james lord (1838–1922). A series of 29 letters to John Lane,
publisher of Bodley Head, chiefly concerning the British poet William
Watson, 1901–1916. Theodore F. Sanxay Fund.
cecil, robert arthur (1921–1994). Selected papers, 1946–1994. Includes
correspondence with art historian Roger Parkman Hinks
(1903–1963) and with various people concerning Thomas Adolphus
Trollope (1810–1892) and the Trollope family. Gift of Caroline M.
Oldridge.
forman, h. buxton (1842–1917). Correspondence with John Sampson
and notes concerning “Genesis: The Seven Days of the Created
World” (attributed to William Blake), 1913. Gift of Mark Samuels
Lasner.
mackail, john william (1859–1945). Letter of 1902 to an unnamed
publisher on behalf of his mother-in-law Mrs. Edward M. Burne-
Jones. Theodore F. Sanxay Fund.
mortimer, raymond (1895–1980). A series of 77 letters and postcards
to Edward Sackville-West (1901–1965), 1925–1963. Theodore
F. Sanxay Fund.
percy, louisa (1802–1883). Letter to Miss Talbott concerning the
status of women, ca. 1850. Theodore F. Sanxay Fund.
philpotts, eden (1862–1960). Three letters from Philpotts, 1909–1949.
Theodore F. Sanxay Fund.
rossetti, william michael (1829–1919). Two letters concerning
Christina and Dante Gabriel Rossetti, 1889; letter to Miss Everson,
1902; a file of correspondence in 1906 concerning republication of
an early version of Dante Gabriel Rossetti’s poem “Sister Helen.”
Theodore F. Sanxay Fund.
151

sala, george augustus (1828–1895). Letter to Richard Edgecumbe,
n.d. Theodore F. Sanxay Fund.
tinsley, william (1831–1902). Includes 58 letters to his London publishing
firm from Charles Dickens, Jr., Charles Kent, George Augustus
Sala, and other authors. Theodore F. Sanxay Fund.
trench, herbert (1865–1923). Letters to English composer Joseph
Holbrooke, 1907–1913. Theodore F. Sanxay Fund.
hellenic studies
cicellis, kay. Papers, 1953–1991. Includes manuscripts of No Name
in the Street (1953), Ten Seconds from Now (1957), and The Way to Colonos
(1960); and selected correspondence with Michael Cacoyannis, Kimon
Friar, Arghyris Kounadis, and Angelos Stauros Vlachos. Born Kaié
Tsitselé, this Greek author and translator has been published in
English by Charles Scribner’s Sons and Grove Press. Theodore F.
Sanxay Fund and Program in Hellenic Studies.
frantz, alison (1903–1995). Additional papers, 1925–1950. Includes
extensive photographic files as well as notebooks and drawings chiefly
concerning Byzantine architecture. Gift of the estate of Alison Frantz.
istria, dora d’, countess (1828–1888). Autograph manuscript of
“La venitienne: Souvenirs de la cour de l’Empereur Ferdinand II:
une fête à Livourne, Jan 24, 1861.” Published in Greek and Italian
translations in 1865. The author was a Greek woman, born Elena
Ghika. Theodore F. Sanxay Fund and Hellenic Studies Fund.
vitti, mario. Papers, 1948–1992. Includes 130 letters and cards,
1950–1992, from the Greek poet and Nobel laureate Odysseas Elytes
(1911–1996); letters from other Greek authors, including Nikos
Kazantzakis, Ioannes Michael Panagiotopoulos, and George Seferis,
as well as letters from Salvatore Quasimodo, Giuseppe Ungaretti,
and other authors, ca. 1948–1992; copies of three published works
by Elytes, extensively annotated by the author: Prosanatolismoi, Helios
ho protos, and Asma heroiko kai penthimo gia ton chameno anthypolochago
tes alvanias (Athens: Ikaros, 1971–1973); and manuscripts by Alexandros
Kotzias and other Greek authors. Vitti is an authority on Modern
Greek literature and is its preeminent translator into Italian. Theodore
F. Sanxay Fund and Program in Hellenic Studies.
152
152

Alison Frantz with Secretary of State John Foster Dulles, Class of 1908, in Athens,
27 May 1953. Political photographs, Alison Frantz Papers, Manuscripts Division,
Rare Books and Special Collections, Princeton University Library.
Gift of the Estate of Alison Frantz.
153
Photo: John Blazejewski

history
dodd, amzi (1823–1913). Letter by a member of the Class of 1841.
Gift of Alexander D. Wainwright, Class of 1939.
holden, miriam y. (1893–1977). Additional papers, including correspondence
with Mary Beard and others. Theodore F. Sanxay Fund.
kinney, thomas t. (1821–1900), Class of 1841. Letters received by
Kinney from his parents William Burnet Kinney (1799–1880) and
Mary Chandler Kinney. Gift of Alexander D. Wainwright, Class
of 1939.
schwarzschild, martin. Additional papers. Gift of Professor Martin
Schwarzschild, Eugene Higgins Professor of Astronomy, Emeritus.
islamic manuscripts
Arabic and Persian manuscripts added to Third Series, nos. 325–330:
Near Eastern Studies Fund; nos. 331–332: Gift of Bruce C. Willsie,
Class of 1986; no. 333: Gift of Professor Charles P. Issawi.
latin american literature
corbo borda, juan gustavo. Additional papers, 1987–1996. Theodore
F. Sanxay Fund and Latin American Studies Fund.
díaz quiñones, arcadio. Manuscript versions of “Cintio Vitier, La
memoria integrador,” 1979–1980. Gift of Arcadio Díaz Quiñones.
donoso, josé, Class of 1951. Additional papers, 1962–1996. Theodore
F. Sanxay Fund and Latin American Studies Fund.
fraga-peña collection. Additional materials, including correspondence
of the sisters Angelica, Silvina, and Victoria Ocampo,
1920s–1970s; and the manuscript of an essay “Patagonia” by Roger
Caillois, 1942. Theodore F. Sanxay Fund and Latin American Studies
Fund.
fuentes, carlos. Papers, 1944–1993. Includes manuscripts, drafts,
and proofs of most of the published works over five decades by the
celebrated Mexican author and diplomat Carlos Fuentes, beginning
with the early novels and novellas La region mas transparente
154

(1958), Aura (1962), and La muerte de Artemio Cruz (1962). There are
more than 50 linear feet of literary, political, journalistic, personal,
business, and diplomatic correspondence, including many letters
from Luis Buñuel, Octavio Paz, José Donoso, Guillermo Cabrera
Infante, Gabriel García Márquez, Julio Cortázar, José Emilio
Pacheco, Mario Vargas Llosa, and others. Some materials are restricted.
Acquired at the same time are the diplomatic papers of
his father Rafael Fuentes Boettiger (1928–1971), who served as Mexican
ambassador to Italy, Panama, Portugal, and the Netherlands.
luchting, wolfgang a. Correspondence, 1960–1994. Chiefly with
Julio Ramón Ribeyro, Mario Vargas Llosa, Ernesto Sábato, Gustavo
Alvarez Gardeazábal, Abelardo Oquendo, Manuel Puig, and other
contemporary Latin American authors, as well as with literary agents,
critics, and publishers. Luchting is a prominent translator of Latin
American literature into German and has a special interest in Peruvian
authors. Some materials restricted. Theodore F. Sanxay Fund.
hasson, liliane. Correspondence of Reinaldo Arenas (1943–1990)
with his French translator. Theodore F. Sanxay Fund and Latin
American Studies Fund.
malinow, inés. Collection. Includes letters to this Argentine author
and journalist from Julio Cortázar, Manuel Mujica Láinez,
and Victoria Ocampo; a note by Ramon Gómez de la Serna; and
a poem and sketch by Alejandra Pizarnik. Theodore F. Sanxay
Fund and Latin American Studies Fund.
slater, ann tashi, Class of 1984. Collection of unpublished contemporary
science fiction and other prose works by Cuban authors.
Gift of Ann Tashi Slater.
vargas llosa, mario. Additional papers. Latin American Studies
Fund.
medieval and early modern manuscripts
columberio, johannes de. Notarial register kept in the French town
of Busta, 1411–1425. Theodore F. Sanxay Fund.
great britain. “Abstract from the Public Records &c. of Charters,
Acts of Parliament, Treatise, &c. concerning (1) the Stuartry
155

A volvelle (f. 49) from the Edmund Kershaw Commonplace Book. Lancashire, England,
1670s. Manuscripts Division, Rare Books and Special Collections, Princeton University
Library. Theodore F. Sanxay Fund.
156
Photo: John Blazejewski

& Principality of Scotland. (2) the Principality of Wales and Earldom
of Chester. (3) the appenage of the Eldest Son of the King of
France. (5) the Appenages to the Younger Sons of France.” The
public documents transcribed in the manuscript date from 1343 to
1749. The manuscript was in the duchy of Argyle, Scotland, in
1759. Theodore F. Sanxay Fund.
kershaw, edmund (d. 1689). Commonplace book in various hands
kept in the 1670s, finally kept by Edmund Kershaw, a landowner
from High Town House, Lancashire. Includes extracts from classical,
medieval, and early modern medical treatises; alchemical and
household recipes; astrological tables with two volvelles; English
legal documents and forms pertaining to the counties of Lancaster,
Leister, and Nottingham, 1574–1679. Of special interest are extracts
and brief texts concerning fertility, pregnancy, childbirth, and other
women’s medical subjects. Theodore F. Sanxay Fund.
vangene, joannes. Four volumes of notes taken by Joannes Vangene
on lectures on philosophy given by Père Laquillse in 1744–1745,
probably at the Jesuit College of Sainte-Marthe in the French city
of Poitiers; illustrated with an incomplete set of engraved plates
published in Paris by Jean Français Cars in 1710.
rare books
157
— don c. skemer
Curator of Manuscripts
During the period from July 1994 to February 1996, more than 1,000 new
titles were added to the Library’s general Rare Book Collections and related
special collections. These new acquistions include individual titles and collections
whose size ranged from a few books to more than 300 volumes.
important collections
american field service. In December 1994, the American Field
Service transferred to Princeton University its Napoleonic collection.
afs received the collection in 1961 as a memorial and by 1963
had installed it in their Memorial Lounge in the old afs headquarters.
A plaque identifying the gift read as follows:

This bookcase and the books herein are presented to the
American Field Service in proud and happy remembrance
of Harold Vincent Aupperle, Section 10 A.F.S., Armée
Française en Orient, died Yugoslavia 1919, and John
Wilder Parkhurst, India-Burma Section 12 A.F.S., British
Fourteenth Army, died Calcutta, India, July 3, 1945,
by Harry Warner Frantz, friend and comrade of Harold
Aupperle and Richard and Katharine Parkhurst, father
and mother of John Parkhurst. November 11, 1961.
The bookplate for the collection preserves the memorial information.
The collection consists of more than 300 books about Napoleon
Bonaparte and his times. Gift of the American Field Service.
donaueschingen library. In the fall of 1994, the Library purchased
a number of incunabula from the Court Library at Donaueschingen.
The books were sold by Sotheby’s of London by order of His Serene
Highness Prince Joachim zu Fürstenberg. Princeton purchased
the following lots:
38. pseudo-augustinus. De fide ad Petrum diaconum. Cologne,
1473.
85. caracciolo, roberto (1425–1495). Sermones
quadragesimales de peccatis. Venice, 1488. This lot is particularly
noteworthy. It is not a large, grand, serious book.
It is a rather worn-looking object, but it is a great rarity
because of the lowly commonness of its binding. In fact,
it is an extraordinary survival in the history of bookbinding.
According to Nicholas Pickwoad, an authority
on the history of binding, the whole history of books can
be summed up as the story of ever larger numbers of
books being placed in more hands at ever cheaper prices.
With the invention of the printing press, the printed sheets
carrying a text could be quickly replicated. But bookbinders
lagged behind the printers. The flood of new
books overtook their meticulous and expensive methods.
To stay competitive, binders sought to reduce costs and
increase production. Pickwoad continues: “. . . there were
essentially two ways of reducing the cost of a binding
158

and increasing production: either use cheaper materials
(or use them in smaller quantities) or reduce the amount
of work involved in making a book, either by speeding
up the individual processes or by omitting them altogether.
One method reduces the cost of materials, the
other increases output, and either could be used individually
or in combination.
“One labor-saving method was long-stitch, meaning
sewing the folded sheets with long, looping passes of thread,
resulting in anchoring the sheets together with as few
stitches as possible. It was fast and cheap and widely
used in Europe for such ephemeral books as almanacs.
The Dutch sewed almanacs with longstitch as late as the
nineteenth century. Another competitive shortcut was to
anchor the sewing to a paper cover rather than skin.
Here the Italians excelled as demonstrated by Michele
Cloonan’s study (...)
“Books in these cheap forms sold, but have not survived
in large numbers. On the one hand, their materials
and workmanship worked against them. On the other,
contemporary owners regularly upgraded cheap bindings
with something more sturdy: printed sheets sewn on cords,
which in turn were laced into boards, which in turn were
covered with skin. Then, in the nineteenth century, books
printed earlier [like this one] became totemic and as such
were given bindings of gilded lettering over expensive
morrocco.”
Pickwoad says of the Princeton copy of Caracciolus,
“The basic binding — the longstitch within a wrapper
of thick cover-paper or cartonnage is undoubtedly Italian.”
When it left Italy many centuries ago it traveled
north to Germany. The Franciscans of Villigen stamped
its upper cover with their characteristic initials: L C V
(the “L” standing for some form of “liber”; the “C” standing
for some form of “conventus”; the “V” standing for
some form of “Villingen”). But they also did something
else. There, Pickwoad continues “. . . I suspect the tawed
skin put over that [paper cover] is a German addition,
perhaps put on for the Franciscans of Villigen to make
159

the interim binding a little more permanent at minimal
cost.”
And so this now-reinforced, simple, inexpensive binding
served for many decades. During the late eigthteenth
and early nineteenth centuries, when a number of local
religious houses were secularized, this Franciscan book,
along with several dozen other incunables, passed from
the convent to the Donaueschingen library. There it remained
until sold in 1994.
Princeton will preserve this relic of the fast, cheap, and
simple, chiefly because it is just that. We have many incunables
bound to the nineteenth century taste of gilt
and morrocco. We have several in contemporary sturdy
bindings of oak, pigskin, and metal bosses. Until now,
we had none so amazing in its ordinariness.
170. jacobus de clusa (1381?–1465). Sermones Dominicales.
Blaubeuren, Germany, ca. 1475–1476. With Henricus de
Gorichem, De superstitiosis quibusdam casibus; De celebratione
festorum. And with Saint John Chrysostom (d. 407), Homilia
de cruce et latrone. Blaubeuren, ca. 1477.
175. jacobus de voragine (ca. 1229–1298). Sermones de sanctis.
Ulm, 1484.
208. martinus polonus. Margarita decreti seu tabula Martiniana.
Strasbourg, 1489. With Johannes Nivicellensis, Concordantiae
Bibliae et canonum. Basel, 1489.
311. thomas aquinas, saint (1225?–1274). Opuscula. Venice,
1490.
All of the books from Donaueschingen were purchased on the David
A. Reed Fund.
pogue collection. The Samuel F. Pogue collection of 106 rare
Lyonnaise music and music-related imprints, mostly from the early
sixteenth century. Bequest of Samuel F. Pogue, Class of 1941.
tillson collection. The Diana Rexford Tillson collection of books,
sheet music, and other materials relating to the instruction of children
in music. Gift of Lloyd E. Cotsen, Class of 1950.
160
160

Psalm 147, f. 90v., from Psalterium cum canticis et hymnis . . . , Lyon, 1517. Rare Books
Division, Rare Books and Special Collections, Princeton University Library.
Bequest of Samuel F. Pogue, Class of 1941.
161
Photo: John Blazejewski

american literature and history
bend, joseph grove john (ca. 1762–1812). A Discourse Delivered in
Christ-Church, Baltimore, on Sunday, the Twenty-fifth of March, 1798: On
Occasion of the Death of Mr. Charles Henry Wilmans, Who Perished by
Shipwreck in Chesapeake Bay, on Wednesday, the Twenty-first of February,
One Thousand Seven Hundred and Ninety-eight. By Joseph G. J. Bend, A.M.,
One of the Ministers of St. Paul’s Parish, Baltimore County, Maryland.
Baltimore, 1798. Gift of Jane Knudsen.
bible. A New Hieroglyphical Bible for the Amusement & Instruction of Children:
Being a Selection of the Most Useful Lessons and Most Interesting Narratives
(Scripturally Arranged) from Genesis to the Revelations . . . To the Whole Is
Added a Sketch of the Life of Our Blessed Saviour, the Holy Apostles &c.
Recommended by the Revd. Rowland Hill, M.A. New York, 1796. Gift of
Jane Knudsen.
fletcher, john (1729–1785). An Appeal to Matter of Fact and Common
Sense; or, A Rational Demonstration of Man’s Corrupt and Lost Estate. New
York, 1813. Gift of Jane Knudsen.
green, anna katharine (1846–1935). The Leavenworth Case: A Lawyer’s
Story. New York, 1893. Gift of Alexander D. Wainwright, Class of
1939.
headley, elroy. Patriotic Essays. Newark, New Jersey, 1916. Presentation
copy to Jennie Harrison with inscription by the author.
Gift of Jane Knudsen.
irving, ellen (1832–1854). Ellen Irving, the Female Victimizer, Who Cruelly
Murdered Sixteen Persons in Cool Blood for Revenge on Her First Love,
William Shannon, Who Had Betrayed Her. Baltimore, 1856. English &
American Literature Fund.
longfellow, henry wadsworth (1807–1882). The Spanish Student:
A Play in Three Acts. Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1844. Gift of Alexander
D. Wainwright, Class of 1939.
pound, ezra (1885–1972). Ciung iung: L’asse che non vacilla: Secondo dei
libri confuciani. Versione italiana di Ezra Pound. Venice, 1945. English
& American Literature Fund.
siljeström, p. a. (per adam), (1815–1892). The Educational Institutions
162

of the United States: Their Character and Organization. Translated from the
Swedish of P. A. Siljeström, M.A., by Frederica Rowan. London, 1853.
Translation of Resa i Förenta Staterna. David A. Reed Fund.
twain, mark, pseud. (1835–1910). The Stolen White Elephant, Etc. A
New Edition. London, 1884. Gift of Alexander D. Wainwright, Class
of 1939.
wescott, glenway (1901– ). Like a Lover. Villefranche-sur-Mer, France.
Presentation copy to William and Janet Mills. Gift of William and
Janet Mills in memory of Donald Mackie, Class of 1944.
whitman, walt (1819–1892). From the “West Jersey Press,” May 24,
1876: Walt Whitman, the True Reminiscence of His Writings. New Jersey?
1876. BAL 21609. David A. Reed Fund.
whitman, walt. Preface. New Jersey? 1890. This slip precedes first
publication in Good-Bye My Fancy in 1891 as “Preface to a Volume.”
BAL 21579. David A. Reed Fund.
youngs, james. A History of the Most Interesting Events in the Rise and
Progress of Methodism in Europe and America. Second Edition, with Additions
and Alterations. New Haven, 1831. Gift of Jane Knudsen.
british literature and history
albert, prince consort of victoria, queen of great britain
(1819–1861). The Principal Speeches and Addresses of His Royal Highness
the Prince Consort: With an Introduction, Giving Some Outlines of His Character.
London, 1862. Gift of Alexander D. Wainwright, Class of 1939.
An Authentic, Candid, and Circumstantial Narrative of the Astonishing Transactions
at Stockwell, in the County of Surry [sic]. London, 1772. David A.
Reed Fund.
behn, aphra (1640–1689). All the Histories and Novels Written by the
Late Ingenious Mrs. Behn, Intire in One Volume. The Sixth Edition, Corrected.
London, 1718. Christian A. Zabriskie Fund.
bible. The New Testament with the Lessons Taken Out of the Old Law,
Read in Churches According to the Use of Sarum. London? 1730? David
A. Reed Fund.
163

ingfield, william. The Voyages, Shipwreck, Travels, Distresses, Strange
)(Adventures, and Miraculous Preservation of William Bingfield, Esq., Who,
with Two Others, Was Cast Away on a Desolated Island. London, 1799.
David A. Reed Fund.
camden, william (1551–1623). Britannia, siue, Florentissimorum regnorum,
Angliæ, Scotiæ, Hiberniæ, et insularum adiacentium ex intima antiquitate
chorographica descriptio. London, 1586. Lathrop C. Harper Fund.
churton, ralph (1754–1831). The Life of Alexander Nowell, Dean of St.
Paul’s. Chiefly Compiled from Registers, Letters, and Other Authentic Evidences
by Ralph Churton, M.A. Oxford, 1809. Gift of Jane Knudsen.
The City-Secret, or, Corruption at All Ends of the Town: Containing a Succcinct
[sic] History of an 100,000 £. Jobb, &c.: Being an Examination of the
Conduct of Several Comptrollers of the City of London in Relation to the
City’s Estate, Call’d Conduit-Mead, Now New Bond-Street, &c. London,
1744. English & American Literature Fund.
cleland, john (1709–1789). Les quatre romans, d’un jour, d’une nuit,
d’un matin et d’un soir; ou, Les surprises de l’amour. Traduit de l’anglais par
le traducteur du Moine. Avec 4 jolies fig. Paris, 1798. Translation of The
Surprises of Love. English & American Literature Fund.
darly, matthew. A Political and Satirical History of the Years 1756 and
1757 in a Series of Seventy-five Humorous and Entertaining Prints. London,
1758? Lathrop C. Harper Fund.
darly, matthew. A Political and Satirical History of the Years 1756,
1757, 1758, 1759, 1760, 1761, and 1762, in a Series of One Hundred and
Twelve Humourous and Entertaining Prints. The Fourth Edition. London,
1763? English & American Literature Fund.
darly, matthew. A Political and Satirical History Displaying the Unhappy
Influence of Scotch Prevalency, in the Years 1761, 1762, and 1763,
Being a Regular Series of Ninety-six Humourous, Transparent, and Entertaining
Prints. London, 1764? Lathrop C. Harper Fund.
dawe, carlton (1865–1935). The Confessions of a Currency Girl. London,
1894. Lathrop C. Harper Fund.
The Dublin Magazine, for the Year 1763. Dublin, 1763. Christian A.
Zabriskie Fund.
164

A political cartoon from Matthew Darly, A Political and Satirical History of the Years 1756,
1757, 1758, 1759, 1760, 1761, and 1762 in a Series of Seventy-five Humorous and Entertaining Prints.
London, 1758? Rare Books Division, Rare Books and Special Collections, Princeton
University Library. Lathrop C. Harper Fund.
Eight Engravings of the Ruins Occasioned by the Great Fires in Edinburgh on
the 15th, 16th, & 17th Novr 1824: Published for the Benefit of the Sufferers.
Edinburgh, 1824? Lathrop C. Harper Fund.
Every Man Entertained, or, Select Histories: Giving an Account of Persons
Who Have Been Most Eminently Distinguish’d by Their Virtues or Vices,
Their Perfections or Defects, Either of Body or Mind. London, 1756. Reissue
of A View of Human Nature (London, 1750). English & American
Literature Fund.
Guy’s Porridge Pot, with the Dun Cow Roasted Whole: An Epic Poem in
Twenty-five Books. London, 1809. Lathrop C. Harper Fund.
higden, ranulf (d. 1364). An Original Leaf from the Polycronicon Printed
by William Caxton at Westminster in the Year 1482. The Life and Works of
William Caxton, with a Historical Reminder of Fifteenth Century England,
by Benjamin P. Kurtz; with a Note on the Polycronicon by Oscar Lewis & an
Appreciation of William Caxton by Edwin Grabhorn. San Francisco, 1938.
Gift of George Elsey, Class of 1939.
165
Photo: John Blazejewski

The Humourist. London, 1763. Lathrop C. Harper Fund.
j. b. (john bulwer), (fl. 1648–1654). Anthropometamorphosis: Man
Transform’d, or, The Artificial Changeling. London, 1650. Lathrop C.
Harper Fund.
jackson, william (fl. 1795). The New and Complete Newgate Calendar;
or, Malefactor’s Universal Register: Containing New and Authentic Accounts
of All the Lives, Adventures, Exploits, and Last Dying-Speeches, Confessions
(as Well as Letters to Their Relatives Never Before Published) of the Most
Notorious Criminals and Violators of the Laws of Their Country (of Both
Sexes and All Denominations) Who Have Suffered Death and Other Exemplary
Punishments . . . A New Edition, with Great Additions; Illustrated
with Near an Hundred Elegant Copper Plates. London, between 1806
and 1810. Christian A. Zabriskie Fund.
janssen, stephen theodore, sir (d. 1777). This Sheet Contains Three
Tables, from 1749 to 1771 Both Inclusive, Being 23 Years: 1st, Shewing the
Number of Sessions at the Old Bailey & the Days Continuance of Each,
during Every Mayoralty, with the Number of Persons Sentenc’d to Die, & for
What Crimes; 2d, the Number of Persons Executed from Each Sessions, &
for What Crimes; 3d, the Numbers from Each Session, Either Pardoned, Transported,
or Died in Newgate, with the Respective Crime of Each. London,
1784. Lathrop C. Harper Fund.
jessopp, augustus (1823–1914). Simon Ryan, the Peterite. London, 1896.
Gift of Alexander D. Wainwright, Class of 1939.
The Jesuits Justification, Proving They Died as Innocent as the Child Unborn.
London? 1679. With A Prophesie. David A. Reed Fund.
jones, hannah maria (d. 1859?). Trials of Love, or, Woman’s Reward:
A Romance of Real Life. London, 1849. Lathrop C. Harper Fund.
The Ladies Diary, or, Woman’s Almanack for the year of our Lord 1754:
Being the Second after Bissextile or Leap-Year: Containing New Improvements
in Arts and Sciences and Many Entertaining Particulars: Adapted for
the Use and Diversion of the Fair-Sex: Being the Fifty-first Almanack Publish’d
of This Kind. London, 1754. David A. Reed Fund.
lawrence, herbert. The Passions Personify’d, in Familiar Fables. London,
1773? Lathrop C. Harper Fund.
166

Leben und Thaten derer berühmtesten englischen Coquetten und Maitressen,
oder, Curieuse Nachricht von denen geheimen Liebes-Händeln und Intriguen
derer brittischen Könige und anderer Standes- oder vornehmen Personen, so
solche mit denen ausbündigen Schönheiten und berühmtesten Maitressen gehabt;
aus dem Englischen übersetzt. London [i.e. Nuremberg], 1721. David
A. Reed Fund.
Letters from the Living to the Living: Relating to the Present Transactions
Both Publick and Private, with Their Several Answers . . . Written by Several
Hands. London, 1703. English & American Literature Fund.
lewis, m. g. (matthew gregory), (1775–1818). Le moine. Traduit de
l’anglois. Paris, an V — 1797. Translation of The Monk. Lathrop C.
Harper Fund.
The Little Chimney-Sweep: An Affecting Narrative, with Authentic Facts Illustrative
of the Sufferings of Climbing-Boys. Dublin, 1831. English &
American Literature Fund.
The Livery-Man, or, Plain Thoughts on Publick Affairs: In Which the Present
Situation of Things, Some Late Writings Concerning the Liberty of the Press,
the General Disposition of the People, the Insults Offered to the City of London,
and the True Nature and Infallible Characteristicks of Publick Spirit, in
Contradistinction to That of a Faction, are Consider’d and Explain’d: Addressed
to the Lovers of Truth and Liberty. London, 1740. English &
American Literature Fund.
Lloyd’s News. London, Tuesday, November 24, 1696. Numb. 37. English &
American Literature Fund.
marsh-caldwell, anne (1791-1874). Two Old Men’s Tales: The Deformed,
and The Admiral’s Daughter. London, 1834. Lathrop C. Harper
Fund.
muilman, teresia constantia (1709–1765). The Amours of Tartufe, an
English Nobleman, with Delia, Late Maid of Honour to the Dutchess of
Lorrain: Also the Adventures of a Certain Famous English Apothecary. London,
1753. Christian A. Zabriskie Fund.
ogilby, john (1600–1676). Britannia: A Survey of the Roads of England
and Wales in 1675. Leeds, 1989. Friends of the Library Fund.
person of quality at paris. Memoirs of Miss Mary-Catherine Cadiere
167

and Father Girard, Jesuit: Containing an Exact Account of That Extraordinary
Affair: Interspers’d with Letters and Other Original Papers Relating
Thereto, and Which Have Hitherto Been Unknown to the Publick. In an
Epistle from a Person of Quality at Paris to His Correspondent in London.
London, 1731. Christian A. Zabriskie Fund.
The Phenix: A Collection of Old and Rare Fragments. New York, 1835.
English & American Literature Fund.
phil-porney. A Modest Defence of Publick Stews; or, An Essay upon Whoring,
as It is Now Practis’d in These Kingdoms. London, 1745. Lathrop C.
Harper Fund.
potter, barnaby (1577–1642). The Baronets Buriall; or, A Funerall Sermon
Preached at the Solemnitie of that Honourable Baronet Sr Edward Seymours
Buriall. Oxford, 1613. Lathrop C. Harper Fund.
prince, john (1643–1723). Self-Murder Asserted to be a Very Heinous
Crime, in Opposition to All Arguments Brought by the Deists to the Contrary:
To Which is Added, A Prodigy of Providence. London, 1709. Lathrop C.
Harper Fund.
A Prophesie, Which Hath Been in a Manuscript in the Lord Powis’s Family
Sixty Years. London? 1679. With The Jesuits Justification. David A.
Reed Fund.
riland, john (1778–1863). Memoirs of a West-India Planter, Published
from an Original MS.: With a Preface and Additional Details. By the Rev.
John Riland, M.A., Curate of Yoxall, Staffordshire. London, 1827. Lathrop
C. Harper Fund.
rugeley, rowland. Miscellaneous Poems and Translations from La Fontaine
and Others. Cambridge, 1763. Lathrop C. Harper Fund.
sictor, jan (1593–1652). Prosphonesis de fœlici Londinum reditu excellentissimi
& prudentissimi herois, Dni Thomæ Fairfax, Equitis, summi senatus regni
Angliæ copiarum ducis generalis, pro religione & libertate patriæ, spatio unius
anni, rebus præclarè gestis, bellatoris & victoris sempiternâ memoriâ dignissimi,
anno Christi 1646, die 12 Novembris. London, 1646. English & American
Literature Fund.
sims, george (1923– ). The Swallow Lovers. London, 1941. Gift of
Alexander D. Wainwright, Class of 1939.
168
168

smith, james (1775–1839). Rejected Addresses, or, The New Theatrum
Poetarum. London, 1839. Gift of Alexander D. Wainwright, Class of
1939.
stretzer, thomas (d. 1738). A New Description of Merryland: Containing
a Topographical, Geographical, and Natural History of that Country. The
Fifth Edition. Bath, 1741. David A. Reed Fund.
stretzer, thomas. Description topographique, historique, critique et nouvelle
du Merryland. Traduction très-libre de l’anglais. Boutentativos [i.e., n.d.],
1779. Translation of A New Description of Merryland. English & American
Literature Fund.
thistlethwaite, james (b. 1751). The Consultation: A Mock Heroic in
Four Cantos. The Second Edition, with Large Additions. Bristol, 1775. David
A. Reed Fund.
victoria, queen of great britain (1819–1901). Leaves from the Journal
of Our Life in the Highlands, from 1848 to 1861: To Which Are Prefixed
and Added Extracts from the Same Journal, Giving an Account of Earlier
Visits to Scotland, and Tours of England and Ireland, and Yachting Excursions.
Edited by Arthur Helps. Illustrated Edition. London, 1868. Gift of
Alexander D. Wainwright, Class of 1939, for the Robert Metzdorf
Collection of Victorian Bindings.
watts, isaac (1674–1748). The Beauties of the Late Rev. Dr. Isaac Watts:
Containing the Most Striking and Admired Passages in the Works of That
Justly Celebrated Divine, Philosopher, Moralist, and Poet: Equally Calculated
for the Communication of Polite and Useful Knowledge, and the Increase
of Wisdom and Happiness: To Which is Added the Life of the Author. Elizabeth-Town
[New Jersey], 1796. Gift of Jane Knudsen.
white, thomas (1593–1676). Peripateticall Institutions: In the Way of
that Eminent Person and Excellent Philosopher Sr. Kenelm Digby: The Theoricall
Part. Also A Theologicall Appendix of the Beginning of the World. By Thomas
White, Gent. London, 1656. David A. Reed Fund.
young, edward (1683–1765). Night Thoughts on Life, Death and Immortality,
by the Late Dr. Young: To Which Are Added the Life of the Author
with a Compleat Index and Glossary by G. Wright, Esqr. London, 1787.
Gift of Christopher Edwards.
169
169

continental literature and history
Amin, ou, Ces derniers temps. Paris, an VI [1797 or 1798]. Lathrop C.
Harper Fund.
ammianus marcellinus. Ammiani Marcellini Rerum gestarum qui de XXXI.
supersunt libri XVIII. Ad fidem MS. & veterum codd. recensiti, & obseruationibus
illustrati ex bibliotheca Fr. Lindenbrogi. Hamburg, 1609. Gift of DeWitt
A. Stern, Class of 1932.
apuleius. L. Apulei Madaurensis philosophici Platonici Apologia. Isaacus
Casaubonus recensuit, Græca suppleuit, & castigationum adjecit [in MS.:
prohibitum]. Ad . . . Iosephum Scaligerum [in MS.: Auctorem
Damnatum]. Heidelberg, 1594. Printed text heavily censored by
hand. David A. Reed Fund.
bellecour, abbé. Académie universelle des jeux: Contenant les règles de
tous les jeux, avec des instructions faciles pour apprendre à les bien jouer.
Nouvelle édition. Amsterdam, 1777.
billy, jacques de (1535–1581). Sonnets spirituels, recueillis pour la plus
part des anciens theologiens tant Grecs que Latins. Paris, 1577. David A.
Reed Fund.
bobynet, pierre (1593–1668). L’horographie curieuse: contenant diverses
methodes, nouuelles & generales, pour faire promptement, iustement, & facilement,
toutes sortes d’horloges & cadrans. Paris, 1643. Katharine Jeanette Palmer
Sutton Memorial Fund.
brice, germain (1652–1727). Description nouvelle de ce qu’il y a de plus
remarquable dans la ville de Paris. Seconde édition. Paris, 1687. Christian
A. Zabriskie Fund.
cartouche, louis dominique (1693–1721). Les Amours de Cartouche,
ou, Aventures singulières et galantes de cet homme fameux, d’après un manuscrit
trouvé dans un des cabanons de Bicêtre, après la mort du nommé Duchatelet,
son complice et son delateur. Paris, an 6. — 1798. David A. Reed Fund.
Catéchisme de la Constitution françoise: La nation, la loi, le roi. Charleville,
France, 1791. Lathrop C. Harper Fund.
charlemagne, armand (1753–1838). Instructions sur les moulins à bras,
montés sur charriot: Pour le service des armées et places fortes, ou même pour
l’usage des citoyens. Paris, 1793. David A. Reed Fund.
170

collasse, pascal (1649–1709). Thétis et Pélée: Tragédie. Mise en musique
par Monsieur Collasse, maître de musique de la chapelle du roy; représentée à
Paris par l’Académie royale de musique, pour la prémiere fois le [blank] jour
de [blank] 1689; les paroles sont de Monsieur de Fontenelle. Paris, 1689.
Lathrop C. Harper Fund.
comenius, johann amos (1592–1670). Io. Amos Comeni Orbis visibilis in
Latina, Ruthenica, Teutonica, Italica et Gallico linguis repraesentatus. Moscow,
1768. Polyglot translation of Orbis sensualium pictus. Lathrop C.
Harper Fund.
constans, germanus (1688–1742). Germani Constantis Neuer moralischer
Tractat von der Liebe gegen die Personen andern Geschlechts: Darinnen so
wohl überhaupt die Regeln der Klugheit so bey Liebes-Affairen vorzukommen
pflegen, vorgestellet werden, als insonderheit die christliche, eheliche, Freundschaffts,
Galanterie, Socialitäts, Concubinats und Huren-Liebe moralisch abgehandelt
werden. Leipzig, 1717. David A. Reed Fund.
couvay, l. (louis). Les quantitez disposées par table et par figure en taille
douce. Paris, 1677. Lathrop C. Harper.
coyssard, michel (1547–1623). P. Virgilii Maronis Opera: In locos communes
ad Academiæ Turnoniæ iuuentutis vtilitatem digesta. Nunc secunda hac
editione ab infinitis pene mendis, quibus prior scatebat editio, in gratiam
studiosorum Societatis Iesu repurgata. Douai, France, 1595. Katharine
Jeanette Palmer Sutton Memorial Fund.
dante alighieri (1265–1321). The Inferno of Dante, Translated. London,
1782. Translation by Charles Rogers (1711–1784). Christian A.
Zabriskie Fund.
dante alighieri. The Inferno of Dante Alighieri, Canto I.–XVII., with a
Translation in English Blank Verse, Notes, and a Life of the Author, by the
Rev. Henry Francis Cary, A.M. London, 1805–1806. David A. Reed
Fund.
Les Dégouts du plaisir: Frivolité. Lampsaque [i.e. Paris?], 1752. Lathrop
C. Harper Fund.
de sanctis, alessandro. L’apologia dell’Eneide. Florence, 1790–1791.
David A. Reed Fund.
doré, pierre. L’arche de l’alliance nouuelle, et testament de nostre Saulueur
171

The opening of the second act of Pascal Collasse’s Thétis et Pélée: Tragédie . . . Paris,
1689. Rare Books Division, Rare Books and Special Collections, Princeton
University Library. Lathrop C. Harper Fund.
172
Photo: John Blazejewski

Iesus Christ: Cōtenant la māne de son precieux corps, contre tous sacramentaires
heretiques. Paris, 1556. David A. Reed Fund.
Drey lustige schöne Soldatenlieder: Das erste, Dräff, dräff ihr Nachbaurn
allzumuth; das ander, Es rit ein Reuter nach Kurtzweil auss, im Thon, Ich
gieng spatziren durch den Wald; das dritte, Ey du feiner Reuter, edler Herre
&c. Germany, early seventeenth century. Carl Otto von Kienbusch
Fund.
duclos, charles pinot-, (1704–1772). Considérations sur les mœurs de ce
siècle. Paris? 1751. Lathrop C. Harper Fund.
du hamel, jean-baptiste (1624–1706). Philosophia vetus et nova ad usum
scholæ accommodata, in Regia Burgundia olim pertractata. Editio quarta multò
emendatior & auctior. Paris, 1687. Lathrop C. Harper Fund.
École de charité françoise de Westminster, établie par souscription en 1747,
présentement dans Windmill Street, Tottenham-Court-Road: Jeudi, 20me mars,
1777, on prêchera à l’Église des Grecs, dans Hog-Lane, le sermon anniversaire,
en faveur des enfans de la susdite école. London? 1777? Lathrop C. Harper
Fund.
Epistolæ diuersorum philosophorum, oratorum, rhetorum sex & uiginti: Quorum
nomina insequenti inuenies pagina. Venice, 1499. Text in Greek,
printed by Aldus Manutius. Gift of DeWitt A. Stern, Class of 1932.
flittner, christian gottfried (1770–1828). Die Feyer der Liebe: Aus
einer Handschrift des Oberpriesters zu Paphos: In zwey Theilen. Berlin,
1795. David A. Reed Fund.
francisci, erasmus (1627–1694). Der blutig-lang-gereitzte, endlich aber
sieghafft-entzündte Adler-Blitz wider den Glantz dess barbarischen Uebels
und Mord-Brandes: In historischer Erzehlung der Kriegs-Empörungen ungarischer
Malcontanten, wie auch grausamen Kriegs-Verwüstung der Ottomanisch-
Tartarischen in Ungarn und dessen Nachbarschafft. Nuremberg, 1684.
Lathrop C. Harper Fund and Hellenic Studies Fund.
gay, sophie (1776–1852). Laure d’Estell. Par Mme. ***. Paris, an X.
— 1802. Lathrop C. Harper Fund.
gribaldi, matteo (d. 1564). De ratione studendi libri tres. Lyons, 1544.
Katharine Jeanette Palmer Sutton Memorial Fund.
guazzo, stefano (1530–1593). La ciuil conuersatione del signor Stefano
173

Guazzo gentilhuomo di Casale di Monferrato, diuisa in quattro libri. Venice,
1580. English & American Literature Fund.
gütle, johann conrad (b. 1747). Angenehme Beschäftigungen für junge
Leute beiderley Geschlechts: Zur Belehrung und Unterhaltung in geschäftsfreyen
Stunden. Nuremberg, 1815. Lathrop C. Harper Fund.
hirzel, hans caspar (1725–1803). Le Socrate rustique, ou, Description de
la conduite économique et morale d’un paysan philosophe. Zurich, 1762.
Translation of Die Wirthschaft eines philosophischen Bauers. Christian
A. Zabriskie Fund.
Histoire et voyages de la petite Nanette Stocker, et de Jean Hauptmann. Paris,
an 10 [1801 or 1802]. David A. Reed Fund.
horace. Quinti Horatii Flacci Carmina: The Odes, Epodes, and Carmen
Seculare of Horace. With Three English Translations and Notes Critical and
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Harper Fund.
horace. Ode di Orazio volgarizzate. Reggio, Italy, 1786. Christian A.
Zabriskie Fund.
jacobus, de voragine (ca. 1229–1298). The Golden Legende. J. de Voragine.
Printed by Wynkyn de Worde, 1498. New York, 1928? Specimen leaf
from The Golden Legende, with heading: The lyf of Saynt Peter folio
clxiiii. Gift of George Elsey, Class of 1939.
jacobus, de voragine. Five consecutive leaves from The Golden Legende,
printed by Wynkyn de Worde in 1498. Westminster, 1498. Leaves
ccclxv–ccclxix: The lyf of Saynt Balaam. Gift of George Elsey, Class
of 1939.
labbe, philippe (1607–1667). Regia epitome historiæ sacræ ac profanæ.
Paris, 1654. Katharine Jeanette Palmer Sutton Memorial Fund.
lagniet, jacques (1620–1672). Recueil des plus illustres proverbes, divises
en trois livres. Mis en lumière par Jacques Lagniet. Paris, 1657–1663. Lathrop
C. Harper Fund.
la marche-courmont, ignace hugary de (1728–1768). Lettres d’Aza
ou d’un Péruvien: Conclusion des Lettres péruviennes. N.p., 1749. David A.
Reed Fund.
lejeune, j. Choix de livres françois, à l’usage de la jeune noblesse: Où les
174

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lenoir, marie antoinette. La compagne de la jeunesse, ou, Entretiens
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le paige, louis adrien (1712–1802). Lettres historiques sur les fonctions
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royaume. Amsterdam, 1753–1754. David A. Reed Fund.
leprince de beaumont, madame ( jeanne-marie), (1711–1780). Magasin
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Zabriskie Fund.
le quoy, r. An Account of a Model or Plan in Relievo of the Great and
Magnificent City and Suburbs of Paris. By Monsieur Le Quoy, Architect to
His Present Most Christian Majesty, Lewis the XVth. Dublin, 1768. English
& American Literature Fund.
Livre secondaire à l’usage des écoles républicaines: Contenant les droits de
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Toulouse, 1794 or 1795. Christian A. Zabriskie Fund.
magdelaine du saint-esprit, soeur. [Lettre de la sœur Magdelaine du
Saint-Esprit sur la mort de la sœur Louise de la Miséricorde]. Paris, 1710.
David A. Reed Fund.
meerman, gerard (1722–1771). Plan du traité des origines typographiques.
Amsterdam and Paris, 1762. Translation of Conspectus originum
typographicarum. Lathrop C. Harper Fund.
Mémoires du regne de George I., roi de la Grande Bretagne, de France &
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mencke, johann burckhard (1674–1732). De la charlatanerie des savans.
Par Monsieur Menken, avec des remarques critiques de differens auteurs; traduit
en françois. The Hague, 1721. Translation of De charlataneria eruditorum.
English & American Literature Fund.
175

Title page, Gerard Meerman, Plan du traité des origines typographiques. Amsterdam and
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176
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mér. st. j., anna d’or. (anna d’ormoy mérard saint just), (1765–
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mercier, louis-sébastien (1740–1814). Jezennemours: Roman-dramatique.
Amsterdam, 1776. Friends of the Library Fund.
méré, antoine gombaud, chevalier de (1610–1684). Les conversations.
D. M. D. C. E. D. C. D. M. Troisième édition, augmentée d’un
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mey, claude (1712–1796). Maximes du droit public françois: Tirées des
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mey, claude. Maximes du droit public françois: Tirées des capitulaires, des
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miremont, anne d’aubourg de la bove, comtesse de (1735–1811).
Traité de l’éducation des femmes, et cours complet d’instruction. Paris, 1779–1789.
Lathrop C. Harper Fund.
Le Miroir des femmes: Qui fait voir d’un côté les imperfections de la mcéhante
[sic] femme, & qui montre de l’autre les bonnes qualités de la femme sage,
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France, 1717. Katharine Jeanette Palmer Sutton Memorial Fund.
montolieu, isabelle de (1751–1832). Caroline de Lichtfield. Par Madame
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Natur-und-Kunst Curiositäten Calendar. Germany? 1731? A German almanac
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naubert, benedikte (1756–1819). Herrmann von Unna: Eine Geschichte
aus den Zeiten der Vehmgerichte. Leipzig, 1788. Queen Charlotte’s copy.
English & American Literature Fund.
nonius marcellus (Fourth century). De compendiosa doctrina. With
Sextus Pompeius Festus (Second century), De verborum significatione.
And with Marcus Terentius Varro, De lingua Latina. Parma, 1480.
Gift of Arthur W. Machen, Jr., Class of 1942.
177
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Nugæ venales, sive, Thesaurus ridendi & jocandi ad gravissimos severissimosque
viros, patres melancholicorum conscriptos. Edition ultima auctior & correctior.
Amsterdam? 1720. English & American Literature Fund.
olivier, pierre (1622–1684). Lacrimarum deliciæ rhetorum collegarum PP.
S. J. mutuo studio expressæ, sive, Dissertationes duæ de natura et arte lacrimarum.
Cologne, 1665. David A. Reed Fund.
paris (france). châtelet. Sentence de police, qui condamne le nommé
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Chambre de police, tenue au Prieuré de Saint Lazare, du samedi vingt-cinq
juin mil sept cens cinquante-six. Paris, 1756. Gift of Bennett Gilbert.
pascal, blaise (1623–1662). Les Provinciales, or, The Mysterie of Jesuitisme,
Discover’d in Certain Letters Written upon Occasion of the Present Differences
at Sorbonne between the Jansenists and the Molinists, from January 1656. to
March 1657. S.N., Displaying the Corrupt Maximes and Politicks of that
Society. Faithfully Rendred into English. London, 1657. Lathrop C. Harper
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pignotti, lorenzo (1739–1812). Favole e novelle del dottore Lorenzo Pignotti.
Seconda edizione con aggiunte. London? 1782. David A. Reed Fund.
plato. Plato’s Apology of Socrates, Translated into English by the Rev.
Joseph Mills, A.B., Minister of Coubit, in Lincolnshire, with Notes and an
Appendix by the Translator. Cambridge, 1775. Lathrop C. Harper Fund.
primisser, johann. Kurze Nachricht von dem K.K. Raritätenkabinet zu
Ambras in Tyrol: Mit 158 Lebensbeschreibungen, derjenigen Fürsten und
Feldherren, deren Rüstungen und Waffen darinn aufbehalten werden. Für die
Neugierde der Liebhaber und Reisenden herausgegeben von Johann Primisser,
K.K. Rath und Schlosshauptmann. Innsbruck, 1777. Carl Otto von
Kienbusch Fund.
recordon, charles-françois. Poésies lyriques, par un étudiant suisse.
Lausanne, 1823. Christian A. Zabriskie Fund.
rémond des cours, nicolas (d. 1716). The True Conduct of Persons of
Quality. Translated out of French. London, 1694. Translation of La
véritable politique des personnes de qualité. Lathrop C. Harper Fund.
rencureau, citoyen. Essai d’un homme libre aux Républicains. Angoulême,
France, eighteenth century. David A. Reed Fund.
178

estif de la bretonne (1734–1806). Le pornographe, ou, Idées d’un honnêtehomme
sur un projet de règlement pour les prostituées: Propre à prévenir les
malheurs qu’occasionne le publicisme des femmes: Avec des notes historiques et
justificatives. London and Paris, 1769. Lathrop C. Harper Fund.
rivet, frédéric. De l’éducation des enfans, et particulierement de celle des
princes: Où il est montré de quelle importance sont les sept premieres années de
la vie. Amsterdam, 1679. David A. Reed Fund.
roland, armande. Palmira. Par Madame Armande R***. Paris, an IX
— 1801. Lathrop C. Harper Fund.
rottiers, b. e. a. (bernard eugène antoine), (1771–1858). Description
des monumens de Rhodes. Brussels, 1830. David A. Reed Fund.
schut, pieter h. Toneel der voornaamste bybelsche historien, cierlyck in ‘t
kooper gemaackt door Pieter H. Schut. Amsterdam, between 1711 and
1728. David A. Reed Fund.
souza-botelho, adélaïde-marie-emilie filleul, marquise de (1761-
1836). Adèle de Sénange; ou, Lettres de Lord Sydenham. London, 1794.
Christian A. Zabriskie Fund.
stella, cherubino di. Poste per diverse parti del mondo: Con tutte le fiere
notabili, che si fanno per tutto il mondo, et vna breue narratione, delle sette
chiese di Roma, con il viaggio di S. Iacomo di Galitia: Aggiuntoui di nuouo il
viaggio di Gierusalem, con alcune altre poste mai piu poste in luce. Venice,
1585. Christian A. Zabriskie Fund.
Stella clerico[rum]. Lyons, between 1503 and 1532? Lathrop C. Harper
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suard, j. b. a. ( jean baptiste antoine), (1734–1817). Apologie de Messire
Jean-Charles-Pierre Lenoir. Paris, 1789. David A. Reed Fund.
tilliot, jean-bénigne lucotte, seigneur du (1668–1750). Mémoires
pour servir à l’histoire de la fête des foux, qui se faisoit autrefois dans plusieurs
églises. Lausanne and Geneva, 1751. English & American Literature
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tiphaigne de la roche, charles-françois (1722–1774). Giphantia,
or, A View of What Has Passed, What Is Now Passing, and, During the
Present Century, What Will Pass in the World. Translated from the Original
French, with Explanatory Notes. London, 1761. Translation of Giphantie.
David A. Reed Fund.
179

toussaint, françois-vincent (1715–1772). Histoire des passions, ou,
Aventures du Chevalier Shroop. Ouvrage traduit de l’anglois. The Hague,
1751. Lathrop C. Harper Fund.
virgil (70–19 b.c.) Opera. Venice, 1487. With contemporary manuscript
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virgil. Vergilius. Lyons, ca. 1504. Bookplate of Junius Spencer Morgan,
Class of 1888. Lathrop C. Harper Fund.
voltaire (1694–1778). La Bible enfin expliquée, par plusieurs aumoniers
de S. M. L. R. D. P. Londres [i.e. Amsterdam], 1776. Lathrop C.
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voltaire. Dictionnaire philosophique, portatif. Nouvelle édition, revue, corrigée
& augmentée de divers articles par l’auteur. London [i.e. Geneva?], 1765.
Lathrop C. Harper Fund.
wadström, carl bernhard (1746–1799). Précis sur l’établissement des
colonies de Sierra Léona et de Boulama, à la côte occidentale de l’Afrique.
Paris, L’an VI (1798). Lathrop C. Harper Fund.
wallmark, peter adam (1777–1858). Resan till Stockholm, år 1913. Af
Fuselbrenner den Yngre. Andra, ändrade och tillökta upplagan. Med bilagor.
Stockholm, 1819. Lathrop C. Harper Fund.
xenophon. Xenophons Treatise of Housholde. London, 1537. Gentian
Hervet’s translation of Oeconomicus. Lathrop C. Harper Fund.
zilioli, alessandro. Delle historie memorabili de suoi tempi, scritte da
Alessandro Ziliolo. Libri dieci. Venice, 1642–1646. Katharine Jeanette
Palmer Sutton Memorial Fund.
hellenic literature and history
argenti, philip p. (b. 1891). The Costumes of Chios: Their Development
from the XVth to the XXth Century. London, 1953. David A. Reed Fund.
broughton, john cam hobhouse, baron (1786–1869). A Journey Through
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During the Years 1809 and 1810. London, 1813. Lathrop C. Harper
Fund.
180

choiseul-gouffier, marie-gabriel-auguste-florent, comte de
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C. Harper Fund.
fontanier, v. (victor), (1796–1857). Voyages en Orient, entrepris par
ordre du gouvernement français, de l’année 1821 a l’année 1829. Paris, 1829.
David A. Reed Fund.
haygarth, william. Greece, a Poem in Three Parts: With Notes, Classical
Illustrations, and Sketches of the Scenery. London, 1814. David A.
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henderson, g. p. (george patrick). The Ionian Academy. Edinburgh,
1988. David A. Reed Fund.
schneider, antoine-virgile (1780–1847). Histoire et description des îles
ioniennes, depuis les tems fabuleux et héroïques jusqu’à ce jour. Paris, 1823.
Katharine Jeanette Palmer Sutton Memorial Fund.
taitbout de marigny, edouard, chevalier. The Pilot of the Black
Sea and Sea of Azoff; or, Sailing Directions for those Seas, Including also
Descriptions of the Lighthouses, Beacons, and Tables of Positions, or the
Latitudes and Longitudes of All the Principal Points, etc. etc. Constantinople,
1830. David A. Reed Fund.
Travels in Various Countries of the East: Being a Continuation of Memoirs
Relating to European and Asiatic Turkey, &c. Edited by the Rev. Robert
Walpole, M.A. London, 1820. David A. Reed Fund.
tzikos, pericles, (b. 1851). Paolo Gianini. London, 1879. David A.
Reed Fund.
valōritēs, nanos. Kentrikē stoa. Athens, 1958. Gift of Edmund Keeley,
Class of 1948.
near eastern literature and history
fraser, james (1713–1754). The History of the Nadir Shah, Formerly Called
Thamas Kuli Khan, the Present Emperor of Persia: To Which is Prefix’d a
Short History of the Moghol Emperors: At the End is Inserted a Catalogue of
about Two Hundred Manuscripts in the Persie and Other Oriental Languages,
Collected in the East. London, 1742. English & American Literature
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sa‘dĩ. Rosarium politicum, sive, Amœnum sortis humanæ theatrum. De Persico
in Latinum versun, & notis illustratum, a Georgio Gentio. Amsterdam,
1655. Katharine Jeanette Palmer Sutton Memorial Fund.
strahlenberg, philipp johann von (1676–1747). An Historico-Geographical
Description of the North and Eastern Parts of Europe and Asia, but
More Particularly of Russia, Siberia, and Great Tartary. London, 1738.
David A. Reed Fund.
history of science
agricola, georg (1494–1555). Georgii Agricolæ Kempnicensis medici ac
philosophi clariss. De re metallica libri XII: quibus officia, instrumenta, machinæ,
ac omnia denique ad metallicam spectantia, non modò luculentissimè describuntur,
sed & per effigies, suis locis insertas, adjunctis Latinis, Germanicisque
appellationibus, ita ob oculos ponuntur, ut clariùs tradi non possint. Basel,
1657. Gift of George Elsey, Class of 1939.
agricola, georg. De re metallica. Translated from the First Latin Edition
of 1556, with Biographical Introduction, Annotations and Appendices
upon the Development of Mining Methods, Metallurgical Processes, Geology,
Mineralogy & Mining Law from the Earliest Times to the 16th Century, by
Herbert Clark Hoover ... and Lou Henry Hoover. London, 1912. Presentation
copy to George Elsey with inscription by the translators.
Gift of George Elsey, Class of 1939.
changeux, pierre-jacques (1740–1800). Météorographie; ou, Art d’observer
d’une manière commode et utile les phénomènes de l’atmosphere. Paris, 1781.
David A. Reed Fund.
copineau, abbé. Ornithotrophie artificièle, ou, Art de faire éclôre & d’élever
la volaille par le moyen d’une chaleur artificièle. Paris, 1780. Lathrop C.
Harper Fund.
cortés, jerónimo (d. 1615?). Libro de fisonomía natural, y varios secretos
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foucher, simon (1644–1696). Traité des hygromètres; ou, Machines pour
mesurer la sécheresse et l’humidité de l’air. Paris, 1686. David A. Reed
Fund.
182

A diagram of a machine to measure humidity, from Simon Foucher, Traité des hygromètres,
ou, Machines pour mesurer la sécheresse et l’humidité de l’air. Paris, 1686.
Rare Books Division, Rare Books and Special Collections,
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kersey, john (1616–1690?). The Elements of That Mathematical Art Commonly
Called Algebra, Expounded in Four Books. London, 1673–1674.
Christian A. Zabriskie Fund.
meister, albrecht ludwig friedrich (1724–1788). Instrumentum
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mercator, gerhard (1512–1594). Chronologia, hoc est, Supputatio temporum
ab initio mundi ex eclipsibus & obseruationibus astronomicis & Sacræ Scripturæ
firmissimis testimonijs demonstrata. Gerardo Mercatore & Matthæo Beroaldo
authoribus. Basel, 1577. Christian A. Zabriskie Fund.
183
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say, thomas (1787–1834). American Conchology, or, Descriptions of the
Shells of North America. Illustrated by Coloured Figures from Original Drawings
Executed from Nature by Thomas Say. New-Harmony, Indiana, 1830.
Lathrop C. Harper Fund.
schmidt, georg christoph. Beschreibung gemeinnütziger Maschinen: 1)
Eines Holzsparofens in Gestalt einer Vase oder Theemaschine; 2) Einer Wäschund
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Kugeln, elektrischer Feuerzeuge oder Lampen; 4) Blizableiter in Beziehung auf
Erdbeben, elektrischer Löschbade und Schiessgewehr; 5) Eines Isolir- Geburthsund
GrossvaterStuhls. Von Georg Christoph Schmidt, Herzogl. Sachsen Weimarund
Eisenachischen Hof-Mechanikus zu Jena. Mit fünf KupferTafeln. Jena,
1784. Lathrop C. Harper Fund.
scultetus, bartholomäus (1540–1614). Prognosticon meteorographicum
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&c. . . . hernach von den Zeichen vnd Vorbothen aller Witterung . . . vnd von
den alten Auffmerckungen der erwehlten Tage vnd Jarsszeiten, die künfftige
Witterung vnd Eigenschafft des Jahres, nach dem gemeinen Wetterbüchlin,
zuerkennen vnd eröffenen. Durch Bartolemæum Scultetum Gorl. Pilomathem
auffs newe zusamen getragen vnd beschrieben. Görlitz, Germany, 1588.
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smith, robert, rat catcher. The Universal Directory for Taking Alive
and Destroying Rats, and All Other Kinds of Four-Footed and Winged Vermin,
in a Method Hitherto Unattempted: Calculated for the Use of the Gentleman,
the Farmer, and the Warrener. By Robert Smith, Rat-Catcher to the
Princess Amelia. London, 1768. English & American Literature Fund.
Traité du spalme, comme courroy et comme mastic: Reduit à ses justes propriétés
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l’un & à l’autre usage. Paris, 1759. David A. Reed Fund.
venette, nicolas (1633–1698). The Mysteries of Conjugal Love Reveal’d.
Written in French by Nicholas de Venette, M.D., Regius Professor of Anatomy
and Surgery, and Dean of the Royal College of Physicians at Rochelle. The
Eighth Edition. Done into English by a Gentleman. The Third Edition Corrected.
London, 1712. Translation of Tableau de l’amour conjugal. Christian
A. Zabriskie Fund.
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emblem books
alciati, andrea (1492–1550). Andreae Alciati Emblematum libellus, nuper
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bourgogne, antoine de (1593 or 1594–1657). Mundi lapis Lydius, oder,
Der Welt Probier-Stein: Das ist, Emblematische Sitten-Lehren dess berühmten
D. Antonii à Burgundia, weyland Archi-Diaconi Brugensis. Augsburg, 1712.
Lathrop C. Harper Fund.
cheron, jean. Typus necessitatis logicæ ad alias scientias capessendas:
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1622. David A. Reed Fund.
drexel, jeremias (1581–1638). The Christians Zodiake, or, Twelve Signes
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hawkins, henry (1571?–1646). Partheneia sacra; or, The Mysterious and
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Soules: Contriued Al to the Honour of the Incomparable Virgin Marie Mother
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Her Immaculate Conception. By H. A. Rouen, 1633. Lathrop C. Harper
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murner, thomas (1475–1537). Chartiludium logicæ; seu, Logica poëtica,
vel memoratiua R. P. Th. Murner Argent. ord. Minorum: Opus quod centum
ampliùs annos in tenebris latuit, erutum & in appertam sæculi huiusce curiosi
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Ad. Paris, 1629. Lathrop C. Harper Fund.
ortiz, lorenzo (1632–1698). Memoria, entendimiento, y voluntad: Empresas,
que enseñan, y persuaden su buen vso en lo moral, y en lo polic.o [sic].
Ofrecelas a D. Iuan Eustaquio Vicentelo, y Toledo, Cauallero de el Abito de
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p. j. l. b. c. Goddelyke liefde-vlammen: Van een boetvaardige, geheiligde,
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door vijftig nette koopere figuuren, neffens haar verzen, aanmerkingen, gezangen,
en ziel-zuchtingen, ten meerendeel door P. I. L. B. C. Amsterdam, 1691.
David A. Reed Fund.
185

An emblem, consisting of an illustration, a motto, and a poem, from R. B.’s Choice
Emblems, Divine and Moral, Ancient and Modern . . . London, 1721.
Rare Books Division, Rare Books and Special Collections,
penn, granville (1761–1844). The Bioscope, or Dial of Life, Explained:
To Which Is Added, a Translation of St. Paulinus’s Epistle to Celantia, on
the Rule of Christian Life, and an Elementary View of General Chronology,
with a Perpetual Solar and Lunar Calendar. By the Author of “The Christian’s
Survey,” &c. London, 1812. David A. Reed Fund.
r. b. (1632?–1725?). Choice Emblems, Divine and Moral, Ancient and Modern,
or, Delights for the Ingenious, in above Fifty Select Emblems, Curiously Ingraven
upon Copper Plates: With Fifty Pleasant Poems and Lots, by Way of Lottery,
for Illustrating Each Emblem, to Promote Instruction and Good Counsel by
Diverting Recreation. London, 1721. Lathrop C. Harper Fund.
miscellaneous
adams, sebastian c. A Chronological Chart of Ancient, Modern and Biblical
History. Synchronized by Sebastian C. Adams. Third Edition and Twelfth
186
Photo: John Blazejewski

Thousand, Carefully and Critically Revised and Brought Down to 1878. Cincinnati,
1878? Gift of Alexander P. Clark.
Ars Medorum: Der Weÿsen aus Meden ihre Kunst vnndt Ausslegung der Treume
durch die 12 himlische Zeichen. Auss dem Latein inns Deutsch gebrachtt durch
Franciscum Berleum Astrologum. Leipzig, 1652. David A. Reed Fund.
cotton, sir robert (1571–1631). Catalogus librorum manuscriptorum
Bibliothecæ Cottonianæ . . . scriptore Thoma Smitho. Oxford, 1696. Lathrop
C. Harper Fund.
ecuador. Constitución de la República del Ecuador. Dada por la Convención
nacional en el año de 1843. Quito, 1843. Lathrop C. Harper Fund.
elzeghem (priory). Catalogue d’une collection de livres, provenus du Prieuré
Supprimé d’Elzeghem, près d’Audenarde en Flandres. Ghent, 1782. David
A. Reed Fund.
Facsimile blank medieval codex bound in oak boards with a variety
of sewing patterns and other binding features, as a visual aid
for instruction in analytical bibliography. The codex was bound
by Mick LeTourneaux in 1994. Gift of Bruce Willsie, Class of 1986.
freeman, mary eleanor wilkins (1852–1930). Decorative Plaques. Designs
by George F. Barnes, Poems by Mary E. Wilkins. Boston, 1883.
William S. Dix Fund.
hamilton, john (d. 1747). Stereography; or, A Compleat Body of Perspective
in All Its Branches. London, 1738. Katharine Jeanette Palmer
Sutton Memorial Fund.
hesse, léopold-auguste-constantin. Bibliothéconomie: Instructions sur
l’arrangement, la conservation et l’administration des bibliothèques. Paris,
1839. English & American Literature Fund.
jay, ricky. The Magic Magic Book: An Inquiry into the Venerable History
& Operation of the Oldest Trick Conjuring Volumes, Designated “Blow Books.”
New York, 1994. Katharine Jeanette Palmer Sutton Memorial Fund.
kunstkammeret (copenhagen, denmark). Museum Regium, seu, Catalogus
rerum tam naturalium, quàm artificialium, quæ in basilica bibliothecæ Augustissimi
Daniæ Norvegiæque Monarchæ Christiani Quinti Hafniæ asservantur. Descriptus
ab Oligero Jacobæo, Med. & Phil. Prof. Regio. Copenhagen, 1696. David
A. Reed Fund.
187

udolph, daniel gottlob. Hand-Buch oder kurze Anweisung, wie man
Naturalien-Sammlungen mit Nutzen betrachten soll. Leipzig, 1766. David
A. Reed Fund.
ruloffs, b. Muziekstukjes voor de proove van kleine gedigten voor kinderen
van H. van Alphen. Gecomponeerd door B. Ruloffs, orchestmeester en organist
te Amsterdam; in ‘t koper gebragt door C. H. Koning. Amsterdam, 1790?
Katharine Jeanette Palmer Sutton Memorial Fund.
Some Trout: Poetry on Trout and Angling by Various Authors, with Etchings
by D. R. Wakefield. Wiveliscombe, Somersetshire, England, 1987.
Kenneth H. Rockey Fund.
suttaby and co. Suttaby and Co., Having Purchased the Copyright of
Marshall’s Pocket Books, Offer Them to the Trade at the Following Prices.
London? 1833? Sample book, with advertising inside the covers
and with samples from Suttaby’s books mounted on the leaves.
English & American Literature Fund.
Trout & Bass: A Diverse Collection of Angling Literature, Both Prose and
Poetry, by John Dennys 1613, Izaak Walton 1653, John Gay 1720, James
A. Henshall 1881, J. G. Wood 1885, George J. Seabury 1890, R. H. Russell
1902. Introduction by Stephen Bodio, Illustrations by Alan James Robinson,
Afterword by Jack Gartside. Easthampton, Massachusetts, 1993. Kenneth
H. Rockey Fund.
universitätsbibliothek greifswald. Academiae Grypeswaldensis
Bibliotheca: Catalogo auctorum et repertorio reali uniuersali. Descripta Iohanne
Carolo Daehnert, professore regio et bibliothecario. Greifswald, Germany,
1775–1776. David A. Reed Fund.
188
— stephen ferguson
Curator of Rare Books

t i
Cover Note
5 8
The bicenquinquagenary emblem on the cover of this issue of the
Chronicle was designed by Laurel M. Cantor, who is senior publications
editor in the University’s Office of Communications and Publications
and art director for the 250th anniversary. From her office
window in Stanhope Hall, one of the oldest buildings still standing
on campus, Laurel can see the tower of Nassau Hall, the central
element in the anniversary logo.
Properly speaking, the “logo” is truly an emblem. To design it,
Laurel worked within guidelines developed by the anniversary committee
chaired by Professor Burton G. Malkiel. The Nassau Hall
tower represents “a little bit of history,” the off-center placement
of the number 250 gives it a modern flavor, and there is even a
little bit of humor and cleverness: the clock on the tower is set at
2:50, an idea that came from Robert K. Durkee, the University’s
vice-president for public affairs. The logo’s shape suggests the
University’s nurturing role — and it could be used as a signet ring
to identify its bearers as sons and daughters of Old Nassau. Of
course the emblem is orange and black, but the color scheme of
the University’s seal is reversed; here the chevron is orange, and
the background is black.
The emblem on the Chronicle’s cover is one of fourteen versions,
each with subtle changes. There is, for example, a special version
to be used under the ice of the hockey rink: the black background
of our version would make it difficult to see the puck. There is a
version for etching on glass, for engraving on metal or stencilling
on cakes; there is one for carving on wood, and even one for body
tattoos for the swim team — in three sizes. (The swim team has no
uniform, so they are particularly pleased with the tattoo.)
189

Laurel has thoroughly enjoyed her work on the 250th, and is
enthusiastic about her job with the Office of Communications and
Publications even after working there for fifteen years. She graduated
from Wesleyan College with a triple major: studio art, English
literature, and education. “This job,” she says, “is a combination
of all the things I love: words, images, and education.”
— patricia h. marks
190

princeton university
library chronicle
volume lviii · number 1 · autumn 1996

editorial board
Patricia H. Marks, Editor
Wanda Gunning J. L. Logan
William L. Howarth Anne Matthews
Jamie Kleinberg Kamph John M. Murrin
Brooks Levy Ben Primer
advisory board
Jamie Kleinberg Kamph, Chairman
Edward M. Crane, Jr. Donald W. Koepp
Lawrence Danson Richard M. Ludwig
Natalie Zemon Davis Michael S. Mahoney
J. Lionel Gossman S. Wyman Rolph III
William L. Joyce William H. Scheide
Alexander D. Wainwright
Princeton University Library Chronicle
Published under the sponsorship of the Friends of the Princeton University Library
and with the aid of the Hobart Godfrey Weekes, Class of 1923, Fund.
Issued three times a year: Autumn, Winter, Spring
Institutional subscription: Thirty dollars Single numbers: Ten dollars
Orders and remittances may be sent to Princeton University Library, One Washington
Road, Princeton, NJ 08544-2098.
Printed at Princeton Academic Press, Inc.
Lawrenceville, NJ 08648
Composed by Martin-Waterman Associates, Ltd.
us issn 0032-8456
Copyright © 1996 by Princeton University Library

friends of the princeton university library
The Friends of the Princeton University Library, founded in 1930, is an association of
individuals interested in book collecting and the graphic arts, and in increasing and making
better known the resources of the Princeton University Library. It has secured gifts
and bequests and has provided funds for the purchase of rare books, manuscripts, and
other materials which could not otherwise have been acquired by the Library.
Membership is open to those subscribing annually fifty dollars or more. Checks payable
to Princeton University Library should be addressed to the Treasurer.
Members receive the Princeton University Library Chronicle and are invited to participate in
meetings and to attend special lectures and exhibitions.
the council
steering committee
Appointed by Council to reorganize the Friends’ governing body during the 1996–1998 interim.
Jamie Kleinberg Kamph, Chairman
Edward M. Crane, Jr., Vice-Chairman Millard M. Riggs, Jr., Treasurer
Claire R. Jacobus, Programs W. Allen Scheuch II, Membership Development
1994‒1997 1995‒1998 1996‒1999
John R.B. Brett-Smith Nathaniel Burt Robert M. Backes
Joseph J. Felcone Edward M. Crane, Jr. Douglas F. Bauer
Christopher Forbes The Viscountess Eccles G. Scott Clemons
Peter H.B. Frelinghuysen Sidney Lapidus Eugene S. Flamm
P. Randolph Hill Mark Samuels Lasner Wanda Gunning
Richard M. Huber James H. Marrow Joanna Hitchcock
Claire R. Jacobus Louise S. Marshall Paul M. Ingersoll
John L. Logan Leonard L. Milberg Jamie Kleinberg Kamph
Millard M. Riggs, Jr. S. Wyman Rolph III A. Perry Morgan, Jr.
David A. Robertson, Jr. Anita Schorsch Laird U. Park, Jr.
Frederic Rosengarten, Jr. Mary N. Spence Andrew C. Rose
W. Allen Scheuch II Geoffrey Steele Robert J. Ruben
Ruta Smithson Denis B. Woodfield William H. Scheide
Teri Noel Towe
honorary member
Nancy S. Klath
William P. Stoneman
Frank E. Taplin
executive and finance committee
Jamie Kleinberg Kamph, Chairman
Nathaniel Burt Leonard L. Milberg
Edward M. Crane, Jr. Millard M. Riggs, Jr.
Paul M. Ingersoll David A. Robertson, Jr.
Susanne K. Johnson William H. Scheide
Karin A. Trainer, University Librarian