Introduction to Phytoremediation - CLU-IN

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Table 3-1. Phytoremediation Overview Mechanism Process Goal Media Contaminants Plants Status Phytoextraction Contaminant extraction Soil, sediment, Metals: Ag, Cd, Co, Indian mustard, Laboratory, pilot, and and capture sludges Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Mo, Ni, pennycress, alyssum field applications Pb, Zn; Radionuclides: sunflowers, hybrid 90 Sr, 137 Cs, 239 Pu, 238,234 U poplars Rhizofiltration Contaminant extraction Groundwater, Metals, radionuclides Sunflowers, Indian Laboratory and pilotand capture surface water mustard, water scale hyacinth Phytostabilization Contaminant Soil, sediment, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hs, Pb, Indian mustard, Field application containment sludges Zn hybrid poplars, grasses Rhizodegradation Contaminant Soil, sediment, Organic compounds Red mulberry, Field application destruction sludges, (TPH, PAHs, pesticides grasses, hybrid groundwater, chlorinated solvents, poplar, cattail, rice PCBs) Phytodegradation Contaminant destruction Soil, sediment, Organic compounds, Algae, stonewort, Field demonstration sludges, chlorinated solvents, hybrid poplar, groundwater phenols, herbicides, black willow, bald surface water munitions cypress Phytovolatilization Contaminant extraction Groundwater, Chlorinated solvents, Poplars, alfalfa Laboratory and field from media and release soil, sediment, some inorganics (Se, black locust, application to air sludges Hg, and As) Indian mustard Hydraulic control Contaminant degradation Groundwater, Water-soluble organics Hybrid poplar, Field demonstration (plume control) or containment surface water and inorganics cottonwood, willow Vegetative cover Contaminant containment, Soil, sludge, Organic and inorganic Poplars, grasses Field application (evapotranspiration erosion control sediments compounds cover) Riparian corridors Contaminant destruction Surface water, Water-soluble organics Poplars Field application (non-point source groundwater and inorganics control) • Radionuclides: 90 Sr, 137 Cs, 239 Pu, 238 U, 234 U • Nonmetals: B • Organics: The accumulation of organics and subsequent removal of biomass generally has not been examined as a remedial strategy. 3.1.5.2 Contaminant Concentrations Contaminated soil concentrations used in research studies or found in field investigations are given below. These are total metal concentrations; the mobile or available concentrations would be less. • 1,250 mg/kg As (Pierzynski et al. 1994). • 9.4 mg/kg Cd (Pierzynski et al. 1994). • 11 mg/kg Cd (Pierzynski and Schwab 1992). • 13.6 mg/kg Cd (Thlaspi caerulescens) (Baker et al. 1995). 15 • 2000 mg/kg Cd was used in studies of Cd uptake in vegetables (Azadpour and Matthews, 1996). • 110 mg/kg Pb (Pierzynski and Schwab 1992). • 625 mg/kg Pb (Nanda Kumar et al. 1995). • 40 mg/kg Se (Bañuelos et al. 1997b). • 444 mg/kg Zn (Thlaspi caerulescens) (Baker et al. 1995). • 1,165 mg/kg Zn was suspected to have phytotoxic effects (Pierzynski and Schwab 1992). Nanda Kumar et al. (1995) reported that the following concentrations were not phytotoxic to Brassica juncea when added to soil mixtures: 2 mg/L Cd 2+ 100 mg/L Ni 2+ 50 mg/L Cr 3+ 500 mg/L Pb 2+ 3.5 mg/L Cr 6+ 100 mg/L Zn 2+ 10 mg/L Cu 2+
Figure 3-1. Phytoextraction. The following solution concentrations were reported in studies of phytoextraction that used hydroponically-grown plants: • Cd: Thlaspi caerulescens survived 63.2 M Cd without evidence of chlorosis at 21 days in hydroponic solution, but was severely affected at 200 M (22 mg/L) (Brown et al. 1995). • Pb: 6, 22, 47, 98, 188 mg/L. Root uptake of Pb became saturated at Pb solution concentrations above 188 mg/ L (Nanda Kumar et al. 1995). • Zn: Thlaspi caerulescens survived 3,160 M Zn without evidence of chlorosis at 21 days in hydroponic solution, but was severely affected at 10,000 M (650 mg/L) (Brown et al. 1995). 3.1.6 Root Depth Contaminant uptake Phytoextraction is generally limited to the immediate zone of influence of the roots; thus, root depth determines the depth of effective phytoextraction. The root zones of most metal accumulators are limited to the top foot of soil. Physical Effects - Plant transpiration results in contaminant being concentrated in plant 16 Contaminant uptake 3.1.7 Plants Hyperaccumulator plants are found in the Brassicaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Asteraceae, Lamiaceae, or Scrophulariaceae plant families (Baker 1995). Examples include: • Brassica juncea (Indian mustard) - a high-biomass plant that can accumulate Pb, Cr (VI), Cd, Cu, Ni, Zn, 90 Sr, B, and Se (Nanda Kumar et al. 1995; Salt et al. 1995; Raskin et al. 1994). It has over 20 times the biomass of Thlaspi caerulescens (Salt et al. 1995). Brassicas can also accumulate metals. Of the different plant species screened, B. juncea had the best ability to transport lead to the shoots, accumulating >1.8% lead in the shoots (dry weight). The plant species screened had 0.82 to 10.9% Pb in roots (with Brassica spp. having the highest), with the shoots having less Pb. Except for sunflower (Helianthus annuus) and tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), other non-Brassica plants had phytoextraction coefficients less than one. 106 B. juncea cultivars varied widely in their ability to accumulate Pb, with different cultivars ranging from 0.04% to 3.5% Pb accumulation in the shoots and 7 to 19% in the roots (Nanda Kumar et al. 1995).
Page 1 and 2: Introduction to Phytoremediation Na
Page 3 and 4: Foreword The U.S. Environmental Pro
Page 5 and 6: Table of Contents Foreword ........
Page 7 and 8: Figures Figure 2-1. Mechanisms for
Page 9 and 10: Acronyms AAP Army Ammunition Plant
Page 11 and 12: Acknowledgements This Introduction
Page 13 and 14: • Chapter 3 provides a literature
Page 15 and 16: Figure 2-1. Mechanisms for phytorem
Page 17 and 18: Table 2-2. Root Depth for Selected
Page 19 and 20: Table 2-3. Phytoremediation at Supe
Page 21 and 22: egulated by the requirement. The Ma
Page 23 and 24: site. Plants and animals recolonize
Page 25: This chapter presents a literature
Page 29 and 30: In this literature review of resear
Page 31 and 32: Rhizofiltration has not been evalua
Page 33 and 34: sion of metals and metal concentrat
Page 35 and 36: Figure 3-2. Rhizodegradation. • L
Page 37 and 38: - PCP at 400 to 4100 mg/kg (in soil
Page 39 and 40: This paper introduces the important
Page 41 and 42: - A qualitative study indicated tha
Page 43 and 44: Figure 3-4. Phytovolatilization. 3.
Page 45 and 46: Newman, L. A., C. Bod, N. Choe, R.
Page 47 and 48: 3.8 Vegetative Cover Systems 3.8.1
Page 49 and 50: also be used in the treatment of so
Page 51 and 52: trial habitats are greatly improved
Page 53 and 54: • Achieve objectives - Perform qu
Page 55 and 56: could be more effectively treated t
Page 57 and 58: Table 4-2. (continued) • Sterile/
Page 59 and 60: The following are examples of commo
Page 61 and 62: arrier to block other site activiti
Page 63 and 64: 5.1 Remedial Objectives Chapter 5 R
Page 65 and 66: tems should not be used to infer th
Page 67 and 68: in soil and binding to soil were al
Page 69 and 70: The six case studies presented in t
Page 71 and 72: mum concentration of 640 ppb of 112
Page 73 and 74: a comparison of the performance of
Page 75 and 76: 6.2.6 Contacts Greg Harvey US Air F
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Figure 6-4. Sampling Grid Edward Se
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gravel drainage layer, and compacte
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variety had only a 54% survival rat
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surements are being taken to produc
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Phytoaccumulation: The uptake and c
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Project Name/ Size Primary Media an
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Adler, T. 1996. Botanical Cleanup C
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Ferro, A. M., L. Stacishin, W. J. D
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Newman, L. A., S. E. Strand, D. Dom
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Appendix D Common and Scientific Na
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Scientific Name Listed First Scient
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