Correlation and path analysis for yield, oil and protein ... - 3X.ro

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Table 3. Path <strong>analysis</strong> results (direct <strong>and</strong> indirect effects) of soybean genotype characters on <strong>oil</strong> content under different levels of nitrogen starter <strong>and</strong> plant density. Indirect effects %Protein Total Biological <strong>yield</strong> Yield Harvest index Seed diameter No. sub branch No. main branch per plant 100seed weight Stem diameter No. pod No. seed per per pod Pod width First pod Plant height Variable Direct effects per plant plant height Plant height 0.2669 ----------- -0.1187 0.7158 -7.2351 -2.9446 16.9857 -7.7746 -0.1176 5.8557 -345.6354 1.4221 342.7061 -4.6629 0.0119 -0.5247 First pod height -0.1587 0.1996 ------------ -0.3451 -11.5874 -2.7626 33.6260 -18.8750 -0.2568 6.8101 -819.5526 1.4557 813.5931 -2.6145 0.0068 -0.4613 Pod width 3.8081 0.0502 0.0144 -------- -15.5345 -0.8705 31.1903 -19.1906 -0.3870 -1.1946 -465.1617 0.5086 466.1785 0.2492 -0.0161 -0.3558 No. pod per plant 121.5749 -0.0159 0.0151 -0.4866 ------------ -0.8718 -348.8741 227.7489 -0.3189 -13.2368 -315.9766 0.2350 329.5726 0.5896 0.0061 -0.0385 No. seed per pod -5.2140 0.1507 -0.0841 0.6358 20.3270 ------------ -62.7441 46.6607 -0.3691 1.7426 -648.3214 1.6630 649.4736 -4.2845 0.0104 -0.3535 Stem diameter -349.1541 -0.0130 0.0153 -0.3402 121.4774 -0.9370 --------------- 228.0086 -0.3381 -13.3883 -339.3974 0.2674 353.1709 0.5641 0.0051 -0.0593 100seed weight 228.0823 -0.0091 0.0131 -0.3204 121.3972 -1.0667 -349.0412 ------------- -0.3457 -13.2722 -354.7992 0.3082 368.5243 0.4562 0.0053 -0.0678 No. main branch per plant -0.9156 0.0343 -0.0445 1.6098 42.3414 -2.1018 -128.9374 86.1034 ------------- -9.0510 -806.0848 1.1762 816.7835 -1.4145 -0.0179 -0.5191 No. sub branch per plant -18.8614 -0.0829 0.0573 0.2412 85.3209 0.4817 -247.8387 160.4950 -0.4394 ------------- -316.6801 0.0608 336.0367 1.0824 -0.0219 -0.1483 Seed diameter 1912.2593 -0.0482 0.0680 -0.9263 -20.0887 1.7677 61.9696 -42.3182 0.3860 3.1235 --------------- -1.2460 -1911.1708 -3.5756 0.0049 0.2052 Harvest index -2.3022 -0.1648 0.1004 -0.8412 -12.4107 3.7663 40.5611 -30.5361 0.4678 0.4978 1034.9908 ------------- -1038.9499 5.3087 -0.0029 0.4851 Yield -1911.2862 -0.0479 0.0676 -0.9288 -20.9638 1.7718 64.5173 -43.9776 0.3913 3.3161 1912.1437 -1.2514 --------------- -3.5490 0.0051 0.2082 Biological Yield -9.3758 0.1327 -0.0443 -0.1012 -7.6449 -2.3827 21.0065 -11.0979 -0.1381 2.1775 729.2619 1.3035 -723.4635 --------------- 0.0069 -0.3594 %Protein -0.0715 -0.0446 0.0152 0.8562 -10.3098 0.7578 24.8420 -17.0451 -0.2292 -5.7826 -131.1314 -0.0925 136.7283 0.9013 --------------- -0.6059 Residual: 0.1281 Table 4. Path <strong>analysis</strong> results (direct <strong>and</strong> indirect effects) of soybean genotype characters on <strong>protein</strong> content under different levels of nitrogen starter <strong>and</strong> plant density. Indirect effects %Oil Total Biological <strong>yield</strong> Yield Harvest index Seed diameter No. sub branch No. main branch per plant 100seed weight Stem diameter No. pod No. seed per per pod Pod width First pod Plant height Variable Direct effects per plant plant height Plant height -0.79 -------- 0.02 -1.03 9.42 3.55 -21.11 9.43 0.04 -1.97 127.44 1.95 -127.01 -0.22 0.10 -0.17 First pod height 0.03 -0.59 -------- 0.50 15.09 3.33 -41.79 22.91 0.09 -2.30 302.18 2.00 -301.52 -0.12 0.08 -0.10 Pod width -5.50 -0.15 0.00 ----------- 20.23 1.05 -38.76 23.29 0.14 0.40 171.51 0.70 -172.76 0.01 0.07 0.22 No. pod per plant -158.36 0.05 0.00 0.70 ------------ 1.05 433.55 -276.38 0.12 4.46 116.51 0.32 -122.14 0.03 0.01 -0.08 No. seed per pod 6.29 -0.44 0.02 -0.92 -26.48 ------------ 77.97 -56.62 0.13 -0.59 239.05 2.28 -240.69 -0.20 0.06 -0.15 Stem diameter 433.90 0.04 0.00 0.49 -158.23 1.13 --------------- -276.69 0.12 4.51 125.14 0.37 -130.88 0.03 0.01 -0.07 100seed weight -276.78 0.03 0.00 0.46 -158.13 1.29 433.76 ------------ 0.12 4.47 130.82 0.42 -136.57 0.02 0.01 -0.07 No. main branch per plant 0.33 -0.10 0.01 -2.33 -55.15 2.53 160.23 -104.49 ------------ 3.05 297.22 1.61 -302.70 -0.07 0.10 0.25 No. sub branch per plant 6.36 0.24 -0.01 -0.35 -111.14 -0.58 307.99 -194.76 0.16 ------------ 116.76 0.08 -124.53 0.05 0.03 0.31 Seed diameter -705.08 0.14 -0.01 1.34 26.17 -2.13 -77.01 51.35 -0.14 -1.05 ------------- -1.71 708.27 -0.17 -0.04 -0.07 Harvest index -3.16 0.49 -0.02 1.22 16.17 -4.54 -50.41 37.06 -0.17 -0.17 -381.62 ------------- 385.03 0.25 -0.09 0.04 Yield 708.32 0.14 -0.01 1.34 27.31 -2.14 -80.18 53.37 -0.14 -1.12 -705.04 -1.72 ------------- -0.17 -0.04 -0.07 Biological Yield -0.45 -0.39 0.01 0.15 9.96 2.87 -26.11 13.47 0.05 -0.73 -268.89 1.79 268.11 ------------- 0.07 -0.10 %Oil -0.18 0.41 -0.01 1.96 6.09 -2.22 -25.73 18.76 -0.17 -0.94 -144.68 -1.53 147.48 0.16 ------------- -0.61 Residual: 0.2053
36 (2011) reported positive correlation between seed per pod <strong>and</strong> biological <strong>yield</strong> in soybean under nitrogen treatments. Seed per pod is a part of biological <strong>yield</strong>. There<strong>for</strong>e it is reasonable that it’s correlation was positive. We found a significant relation <strong>for</strong> height of 1 st pod <strong>and</strong> plant height identically to Oz et al. (2009). Maybe the reason of this relation was vegetative growth of plants. It’s due to nitrogen fertilizer that affect height of 1 st pod <strong>and</strong> plant height. Harvest index is concluded from seed <strong>yield</strong> <strong>and</strong> biological <strong>yield</strong>. This index has a direct relation with seed <strong>yield</strong> (Showkat & Tyagi 2010). There<strong>for</strong>e it’s reasonable that correlation of the HI index with all traits that decrease seed <strong>yield</strong> be negative. First pod height affected <strong>yield</strong> positively hence it’s correlation with HI was negative. Length <strong>and</strong> width of pods were correlated. It is show that pod growth in soybean genotypes was two- dimentional. This was mentioned by previous studies. Altawaha (2010) reported significant positive correlation <strong>for</strong> pod length <strong>and</strong> pod width in soybean. He mentioned that <strong>oil</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>protein</strong> content of soybean were correlated with pod length inversely as we found in this research. As we found here Wang et al. (1986) reported negative correlation estimate of -0.45 between seed size <strong>and</strong> <strong>protein</strong> content of soybean plants. Oil <strong>and</strong> <strong>protein</strong> content of soybean response to nitrogen fertilizer diversely (Boroom<strong>and</strong>an et al. 2009, Hartwig et al.1997). Pod length also affected by nitrogen there<strong>for</strong>e correlation of pod length <strong>and</strong> <strong>oil</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>protein</strong> had different direction. Wang <strong>and</strong> Wang (2009) showed that in soybean significant correlation was found between every 2 traits of 100-pod weight, 100-fresh seed weight, 100-dry seed weight, pod length <strong>and</strong> pod width. Pod number per plant correlation with 100- seed weight <strong>and</strong> stem diameter were reported positively by Ojo (2003) as we found here. Whatever stem diameter is increased number of pod is increased because larger stem is lead to larger plant with more pod number. Our results showed that under favorite conditions (irrigation <strong>and</strong> suitable starter) seed diameter can affected <strong>yield</strong> chiefly because of positive correlation between 100seed weight <strong>and</strong> seed diameter, 100- seed weight <strong>and</strong> number of sub branch per plant, seed diameter <strong>and</strong> seed <strong>yield</strong>. Numbers of studies were per<strong>for</strong>med about direct <strong>and</strong> indirect effects of soybean characters. Bizeti et al. (2004) reported same direct effect of seed diameter on grain <strong>yield</strong> in soybean. Iqbal et al. (2003) <strong>and</strong> Arahad et al. (2006) showed the highest direct effect of pod number per plant on seed <strong>yield</strong> in soybean. Ariyo (1995) showed high direct effect of flower number per plant on soybean <strong>yield</strong>. Oz et al. (2009) indicated that the number of seeds per pod gave the greatest direct positive effect on soybean <strong>yield</strong> (0.47). Showkat <strong>and</strong> Tyagi (2010) reported that <strong>path</strong> coefficient <strong>analysis</strong> revealed that biological <strong>yield</strong> <strong>and</strong> harvest index were major characters influencing seed <strong>yield</strong> of soybean directly <strong>and</strong> indirectly. These result showed that conditions of soybean genotypes growth had a major effect on trait interactions. Because in rainfed conditions pod number per plant had maximum direct effect on seed <strong>yield</strong> (Arahad et al. 2006). There<strong>for</strong>e growth <strong>and</strong> filling of soybean seeds in the end of season under rainfed condition was decrease, this character had less direct effect as compare to irrigated condition (Arahad et al. 2006). Showkat <strong>and</strong> Tyagi (2010) reported same result. Bizeti et al. (2004) indicated indirect effects <strong>for</strong> all characters of Haghi, Y. et al. soybean. Based on our results selection <strong>for</strong> seed <strong>yield</strong> of soybean genotypes must be create on seed diameter with the highest direct <strong>and</strong> indirect effects under our experimental conditions. Basalma (2008) in Rapeseed reported direct <strong>and</strong> positive effect of seed <strong>yield</strong> on <strong>oil</strong> <strong>yield</strong> was greater compared to other characters. With compare his findings <strong>and</strong> effects of seed diameter on seed <strong>yield</strong> in this experiment it’s clear that characters correlated positively with <strong>yield</strong> or had high direct <strong>and</strong> indirect effect on seed <strong>yield</strong> are suitable <strong>for</strong> selection <strong>and</strong> development <strong>for</strong> <strong>oil</strong> content in soybean. Rai et al. (1993) in Linum usitatissimum L. show that negative indirect effects of characters on <strong>oil</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>protein</strong> content under low fertility conditions. Based on the correlation <strong>and</strong> <strong>path</strong> coefficient <strong>analysis</strong>, it could be concluded that positive significant correlation was found <strong>for</strong> seed diameter <strong>and</strong> <strong>yield</strong>. Maximum positive direct effect was resulted from seed diameter on seed <strong>yield</strong>. High positive indirect effects of characters on seed <strong>yield</strong> were found <strong>for</strong> seed diameter through harvest index. Maximum positive direct effect on <strong>oil</strong> percent were found from seed diameter. Because of these results seed diameter is recommended <strong>for</strong> selection of seed <strong>yield</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>oil</strong> percent in soybean genotypes under irrigation <strong>and</strong> starter nitrogen application. Acknowledgments. The authors wish to thank Dr. Jalali Honarm<strong>and</strong> (<strong>for</strong>mer head of Agriculture Faculty of Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran) <strong>for</strong> his facilities through conduction of this research. References Akhter, M., Sneller, C.H. (1996): Yield <strong>and</strong> <strong>yield</strong> components of early maturing soybean genotypes in the mid-south. Crop Science 36: 877-882. Al-tawaha, A.R.M. (2010): Effect of growth stage <strong>and</strong> pod position on Soybean seed Isoflavone concentration. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj- Napoca 38: 92-99. Ariyo, O.J. (1995): <strong>Correlation</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>path</strong>-coefficient <strong>analysis</strong> components of seed <strong>yield</strong> in soybeans. African Crop Science Journal 3: 29-33. Arshad, M., Ali, N., Ghafoor, A. (2006): Character correlation <strong>and</strong> <strong>path</strong> coefficient in soybean Glycine max (L.) Merrill. Pakistan Journal of Botany 38: 121-130. Basalma, D. (2008): The correlation <strong>and</strong> <strong>path</strong> <strong>analysis</strong> of <strong>yield</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>yield</strong> components of different winter Rapeseed (Brassica napus ssp. oleifera L.) cultivars. Research Journal of Agriculture <strong>and</strong> Biological Sciences 4: 120-125. Bizeti, H.S., Portela de Carvalho, C.G., de Souza, J.R.P., Destro, D. (2004): Path Analysis under Multicollinearity in Soybean. Brazilian Archives of Biology <strong>and</strong> Technology 47: 669-676. Board, J.E., Kang, M.S., Harville, B.G. (1997): Path analyses identify indirect selection criteria <strong>for</strong> <strong>yield</strong> of late-planted soybean. Crop Science 37: 879-884. Board, J.E., Kang, M.S., Harville, B.G. (1999): Path analyses of the <strong>yield</strong> <strong>for</strong>mation process <strong>for</strong> lateplanted soybean. Agronomy Journal 91: 128-135. Boroom<strong>and</strong>an, P., Khoramivafa, M., Haghi, Y., Ebrahimi, A. (2009): The effects of nitrogen starter fertilizer <strong>and</strong> plant density on <strong>yield</strong>, <strong>yield</strong> components <strong>and</strong> oli <strong>and</strong> <strong>protein</strong> content of soybean (Glycine max, Merr.). Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 12: 378-382. Cho, S.Y., Kim, J.L., Rhee, C. (1998): Determination of rancidity of soybean <strong>oil</strong> by near infrared spectroscopy. Journal of Near Infrared Spectroscopy 6: 349- 354. Copur, O., GÜR, M.A., Demire, O., Karakuş, M. (2009): Per<strong>for</strong>mance of some Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] genotypes double cropped in semi-arid conditions. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 37: 85-91. Dewey, D.R., Lu, K.H. (1959): A correlation <strong>and</strong> <strong>path</strong> coefficient <strong>analysis</strong> of components of crested wheatgrass seed production. Agronomy Journal 51: 515-518. FAO (Food <strong>and</strong> agriculture organization of the united nation) (2004): The role of soybean in fighting world hunger, FAO Commodities <strong>and</strong> Trade Division, Basic Foodstuffs Service, study based on a paper presented at the VIIth World Soybean Research Conference held in Foz do Iguassu, Brazil, 1-5
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