Neisseria meningitidis - Eurosurveillance

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31. Buono S, Wu A, Hess DC, Carlson JS, Rauch L, Philip SS et al. Using the Neisseria gonorrhoeae multiantigen sequence-typing method to assess strain diversity and antibiotic resistance in San Francisco, California. Microb Drug Resist. 2012;18(5):510-7. 32. Hess D, Wu A, Golparian D, Esmaili S, Pandori W, Sena E et al. Genome sequencing of a Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolate of a successful international clone with decreased susceptibility and resistance to extended-spectrum cephalosporins. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2012;56(11):5633-41. 33. Olsen B, Hadad R, Fredlund H, Unemo M. The Neisseria gonorrhoeae population in Sweden during 2005-phenotypes, genotypes and antibiotic resistance. APMIS. 2008;116(3):181-9. 34. Risley CL, Ward H, Choudhury B, Bishop CJ, Fenton KA, Spratt BG et al. Geographical and demographic clustering of gonorrhoea in London. Sex Transm Infect. 2007;83(6):481-7. 35. Eastick K. Gonococcal antibiotic surveillance in Scotland (GASS): prevalence, patterns and trends in 2009. Health Protection Scotland Weekly Report. 2010;44(34). 36. Huang CT, Yen MY, Wong WW, Li LH, Lin KY, Liao MH et al. Characteristics and dissemination of mosaic penicillin-binding protein 2-harboring multidrug-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates with reduced cephalosporin susceptibility in northern Taiwan. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2010;54(11):4893-5. 37. Ohnishi M, Golparian D, Shimuta K, Saika T, Hoshina S, Iwasaku K et al. Is Neisseria gonorrhoeae initiating a future era of untreatable gonorrhea?: detailed characterization of the first strain with high-level resistance to ceftriaxone. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2011;55(7):3538-45. 38. Vidovic S, Horsman GB, Liao M, Dillon JA. Influence of conserved and hypervariable genetic markers on genotyping circulating strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. PLoS One. 2011;6(12):e28259. 39. Martin IM, Ison CA, Aanensen DM, Fenton KA, Spratt BG. Changing epidemiologic profile of quinoloneresistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae in London. J Infect Dis. 2005;192(7):1191-5. 80 www.eurosurveillance.org
Research articles A snapshot of genetic lineages of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Ireland over a two-year period, 2010 and 2011 M M Fitzgibbon (MFitzgibbon@STJAMES.IE) 1 , N Gibbons 1 , E Roycroft 1,2 , S Jackson 3 , J O’Donnell 3 , D O’Flanagan 3 , T R Rogers 1,2 1. Irish Mycobacteria Reference Laboratory, St. James’ Hospital, Dublin, Ireland 2. Department of Clinical Microbiology, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland 3. Health Protection Surveillance Centre, Dublin, Ireland Citation style for this article: Fitzgibbon MM, Gibbons N, Roycroft E, Jackson S, O’Donnell J, O’Flanagan D, Rogers TR. A snapshot of genetic lineages of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Ireland over a two-year period, 2010 and 2011. Euro Surveill. 2013;18(3):pii=20367. Available online: http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=20367 Mycobacterial interspersed repetitive-unit-variablenumber tandem repeat typing alone was used to investigate the genetic lineages among 361 Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains circulating in Ireland over a twoyear period, 2010 and 2011. The majority of isolates, 63% (229/361), belonged to lineage 4 (Euro-American), while lineages 1 (Indo-Oceanic), 2 (East-Asian) and 3 (East-African–Indian) represented 12% of isolates each (42/361, 45/361, and 45/361, respectively). Sub-lineages Beijing (lineage 2), East-African–Indian (lineage 1) and Delhi/central-Asian (lineage 3) predominated among foreign-born cases, while a higher proportion of Euro-American lineages were identified among cases born in Ireland. Eighteen molecular clusters involving 63 tuberculosis (TB) cases were identified across four sub-lineages of lineage 4. While the mean cluster size was 3.5 TB cases, the largest cluster (involving 12 Irish-born cases) was identified in the Latin American–Mediterranean sub-lineage. Clustering of isolates was higher among Irish-born TB cases (47 of 63 clustered cases), whereas only one cluster (3/63) involved solely foreign-born individuals. Four multidrug-resistant cases identified during this period represented lineages 2 and 4. This study provides the first insight into the structure of the M. tuberculosis population in Ireland. Introduction Tuberculosis (TB) caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis remains a serious challenge to public health worldwide. Despite an overall decline in case notification rates for TB across Europe, rates vary significantly, with the highest rates reported from eastern Europe and the Baltic States [1]. Multidrug-resistant (MDR) TB continues to be a major problem and an added burden in highincidence countries such as Romania (108.2/100,000) and the Baltic states Lithuania (62.1/100,000), Latvia (43.2/100,000) and Estonia (30.7/100,000) [1]. Ireland has a low incidence, with notification rates that ranged between 9.7 and 11.3 per 100,000 population between 2001 and 2010 although to some extent this may have www.eurosurveillance.org Article submitted on 09 July 2012 / published on 17 January 2013 been influenced by migrants arriving from high-burden countries [1-2]. In Ireland, TB is a statutorily notifiable disease, and in a recent report on the epidemiology of TB in the country, the proportion of culture-confirmed TB cases was 71.2% in 2009 and 63.2% in 2010 (data from 2010 were not finalised at the time of submission) [3]. These proportions are similar to those reported for previous years [3]. Disruption of transmission chains is a key factor in controlling TB both at a national and international level [4]. In recent years, there have been significant advances in developing the molecular tools required for rapid diagnosis of TB [4]. Analysis of variable-number tandem repeat (VNTR) sequences at mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units (MIRU) has emerged as a valuable marker for genotyping strains of the M. tuberculosis complex [5]. In large population-based studies, MIRU-VNTR typing has been shown to have similar discriminatory power when compared to IS6110 restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) typing [5-7]. An optimised set of 24 MIRU-VNTR markers has become the gold standard for genotyping M. tuberculosis complex strains worldwide [5,7]. MIRU-VNTR typing is a PCRbased method that yields rapid, reproducible results that are expressed as a 24-digit numerical code which allows for easy exchange of data [5-8]. This method can be applied to early mycobacterial cultures and more recently has been successfully applied directly to smear-positive specimens [5,9]. Previous studies have shown MIRU-VNTR typing to be useful in comparing strains (i) at national and international level, (ii) among household contacts, (iii) associated with drug resistance and (iv) to determine the evolutionary pathway of TB [5-6,10-16]. At European level, MIRU-VNTR typing has been adopted for the molecular surveillance of the international transmission of MDR-TB and extensively drug-resistant TB [7]. In November 2009, molecular genotyping in the form of 24-locus MIRU-VNTR typing was introduced at the 81
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Editorial team Editorial advisors B
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genome sequencing technologies, we
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References 1. Struelens MJ, De Ghel
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e procedures in place to check and
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microorganisms [23]. After PCR, amp
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of the based upon repeat patterns (
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two days. Due to a very high accura
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18. Chang HL, Tang CH, Hsu YM, Wan
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from: http://www.eurosurveillance.o
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Table 1 Online molecular typing dat
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Current concepts and technologies f
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References 1. Hesper B, Hogeweg P.
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