the rollback of south africa's biological warfare program

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Revelations and Roadblocks during the Truth & Reconciliation Hearing on Project Coast after Basson’s Arrest in 1997 72 Wouter Basson’s Bail Hearing: The Role of NGOs and the Press in Ensuring Public Disclosure 79 The Basson Trial: 1999-Present 83 Implications of the Basson Trial to Date 87 Conclusion 90 Notes 95 vi
FOREWORD We are pleased to publish this thirtieth-seventh volume in the Occasional Paper series of the US Air Force Institute for National Security Studies (INSS). A series of United States commissions and studies has identified proliferation of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) as the nation’s number one national security threat entering the 21st Century. Nonproliferation, counterproliferation, and homeland defense efforts are all receiving added emphasis to address that threat. Understanding the dynamics of proliferation is just a small part of that new security emphasis, and South Africa presents a unique and valuable case study of the motivations, mechanisms, and programs employed in WMD proliferation and in the decisions and actions taken to reverse that proliferation. This paper represents the second INSS Occasional Paper addressing South Africa’s proliferation and its reversal. Roy Horton’s August 1999 Out of (South) Africa: Pretoria’s Nuclear Weapons Experience is a valuable companion piece to Steve Burgess’ and Helen Purkitt’s detailed examination of the South African chemical and biological weapons program presented here. The strength of this paper is not only in its detailed history of the birth, development, and rollback of the CBW effort, but also in its vivid message of the complexity, uncertainty, and danger of even supposedly managed dismantlement of covert, largely unregulated, and mostly invisible weapons programs. The danger in CBW lies not only in its development or potential use, but in ever having certainty of its disposition and the real state of its overall threat. The questions remaining at the end of this paper speak volumes to the difficulties faced in the proliferation arena. vii
Page 1: THE ROLLBACK OF SOUTH AFRICA’S BI
Page 5: TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword vii Exec
Page 9 and 10: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The profile of So
Page 11 and 12: The Rollback of the South African B
Page 13 and 14: During WWII, South African Prime Mi
Page 15 and 16: dollars) estimate to build a CBW pr
Page 17 and 18: learn first-hand how the Portuguese
Page 19 and 20: use of chemical and biological agen
Page 21 and 22: incidents underscored the variable
Page 23 and 24: Convention (BWC). According to form
Page 25 and 26: Project Coast, which would countera
Page 27 and 28: internal suppression of political d
Page 29 and 30: Malan, and the Minister of Finance,
Page 31 and 32: The chain of command demonstrates t
Page 33 and 34: omb could be used to wipe out or in
Page 35 and 36: tear gas and to incapacitate withou
Page 37 and 38: In the aftermath of Cuito Cuanavale
Page 39 and 40: confirmed, there is evidence that s
Page 41 and 42: the SSC. At this time, the security
Page 43 and 44: Given the breadth and depth of coop
Page 45 and 46: instruct scientists working with a
Page 47 and 48: the South African President’s off
Page 49 and 50: Mandrax and Ecstasy that were produ
Page 51 and 52: overseas business deals. 114 In Aug
Page 53 and 54: South Africa negotiated the withdra
Page 55 and 56: political party or organization. Pr
Page 57 and 58:
nuclear weapons program and Project
Page 59 and 60:
TRC, the men who tried to kill Chik
Page 61 and 62:
In 1991, Basson began to build Mert
Page 63 and 64:
Military personnel from several cou
Page 65 and 66:
Meyer, the Acting Defense Secretary
Page 67 and 68:
leave the SADF at the end of March
Page 69 and 70:
Knobel’s testimony to the TRC, SA
Page 71 and 72:
objected to the South African CBM a
Page 73 and 74:
Basson and his trips to Libya were
Page 75 and 76:
experiences for the military leader
Page 77 and 78:
was submitted in 1994). This time U
Page 79 and 80:
as the U.S., Great Britain, and oth
Page 81 and 82:
investigation phase ended. Initiall
Page 83 and 84:
June 1998. However, several weeks b
Page 85 and 86:
penalties did finally force him to
Page 87 and 88:
public. The State was operating on
Page 89 and 90:
The limited news coverage of the Ba
Page 91 and 92:
South African court for crimes comm
Page 93 and 94:
ulings excluding evidence, his timi
Page 95 and 96:
had asked him to set up a facility
Page 97 and 98:
cover illegal personal gains from t
Page 99 and 100:
who had detailed knowledge of many
Page 101 and 102:
9. What specifically and when did t
Page 103 and 104:
e delivered through food and water,
Page 105 and 106:
Reconciliation Commission of South
Page 107 and 108:
41 Interview with Dr. G. Scharf, fo
Page 109 and 110:
56 Mangold, Plague Wars, 243. 57 In
Page 111 and 112:
weaponization took place. Donald Ma
Page 113 and 114:
home of Jerry Nilsson, who was ques
Page 115 and 116:
he still need to raise cash in Sout
Page 117 and 118:
military bases and was familiar to
Page 119 and 120:
162 According to Dr. Ian Phillips,
Page 121 and 122:
Basson’s arrest was the result of
Page 123 and 124:
200 By the seventh week of the tria
Page 125:
115
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