C - NTNU
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C - NTNU
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Anjavassmyra<br />
AP pollen sum<br />
600 e.Kr.<br />
7100 f.Kr.<br />
0<br />
14C-dates<br />
Depth<br />
10<br />
20<br />
30<br />
40<br />
50<br />
60<br />
70<br />
80<br />
90<br />
100<br />
Alnus / Or<br />
Betula pubescens type / Bjork<br />
Betula nana type / Dvergbjork<br />
Colylus<br />
Picea / Gran<br />
Pinus / Furu<br />
20406080100 20 20406080<br />
Quercus<br />
Salix / Vier<br />
Sorbus-type / Rogn<br />
Ulmus<br />
Empetrum<br />
Ericales / Lyngvekster<br />
Juniperus / Einer<br />
Anthriscus sylvestris type<br />
Artemisia / Malurt<br />
Aster-type / Gullris m.fl.<br />
Astragalus alpinus<br />
Caryphyllaceae<br />
Chenopodiaceae / Melde<br />
Cichorioideae / Fölblom, Lövetann, Svever<br />
Cornus suecia / Skrubbär<br />
Drosera<br />
Filipendula / Mjödurt<br />
Linnea borealis<br />
Little trilete<br />
Melampyrum / Stormarimjelle, Smaamarimjelle<br />
Oxyria<br />
Parnassia<br />
Plantago lanceolata<br />
Poaceae / Gress<br />
Potentilla-type / Myrhatt, Gaasemure, Tepperot<br />
Ranunculus acris-type / Eng- og Krypsoleie<br />
Rosaceae<br />
Rumex acetosa / Engsyre<br />
Rumex ssp. / Smaasyre m.fl.<br />
Saxifraga granulata type<br />
Silene dioica / Röd jonsokblom<br />
Silene vulgaris / Engsmelle<br />
Thalictrum / Fröstjerne<br />
Trollius europaeus<br />
ZNAP Indet<br />
Cyperaceae / Myrull, starr m.fl.<br />
Rubus chamaemorus<br />
Equisetum<br />
Gymnocarpium / Fugletelg<br />
Monolete fern spores / Bregner<br />
Huperzia selago<br />
Lycopodium annotium<br />
Selaginella selaginoides / Dvergjamne<br />
Sphagnum / Torvmoser<br />
Darkspore<br />
Gelasinospora<br />
Sporomiella<br />
Assulina muscrom<br />
2040<br />
2040 204060<br />
DYLAN post-doc project:<br />
Long-term mountain landscape dynamics<br />
Linking palaeoecology with archaeology, ecology, cultural history and management<br />
Assulina semulinum<br />
Amphitrema<br />
Carboneous sphere<br />
Charcoal<br />
Lychopodium<br />
Pollen sum<br />
200400600 2040 204060 2040 100 200 300 400 20200<br />
400 600 800 1000200<br />
400 600 800<br />
Zone<br />
5<br />
4<br />
3<br />
2<br />
1
Long-term mountain landscape dynamics<br />
Practical post-doc work:<br />
• Development of WP1 results – linking palaeoecolgy<br />
with archaeology, ecolgy, cultural history and<br />
management (50%)<br />
• Pollen-vegetation models (25%) – develop and<br />
evaluate the Total vegetation Pollen Influx Model (T-PIM)<br />
• Hypothetic landscape models / GIS (25%) – Establish<br />
and evaluate (simple) landscape models. Visualisation of<br />
past landscapes / landscape reconstructions.
Linking palaeoecology with archaeology, ecology, cultural history and<br />
management<br />
“Intuitive” methods<br />
WP1 paleo synthesis + review<br />
Quantitative methods<br />
WP1 archaeology + review<br />
WP1 paleo synthesis + numerical methods<br />
WP1 ecology + biodiversity<br />
Vegetation reconstructions + modelling<br />
Visualisation + processes
WP1 Oslo WP1 Bergen WP1 Trondheim WP1 Tromsø<br />
Paleo synthesis/review<br />
?<br />
Archaeological/historical<br />
synthesis/review<br />
Separate reports/papers/chapters<br />
Numerical analysis<br />
Ecology / manangement<br />
WP 2-4
Example:<br />
Chronological<br />
comparison<br />
between sites<br />
Altitude m.a.s.l.<br />
1200<br />
1100<br />
1000<br />
900<br />
800<br />
700<br />
600<br />
500<br />
400<br />
300<br />
2000 1500 1000 500 0 -500 -1000<br />
Age AD/BC<br />
Establishment of subalpine/mountain valley pasturing, summer<br />
farming, in the south of Norway compiled by Dagfinn Moe (1996).<br />
Ages post-calibrated with an assumed 2σ error of ± 50 14 C-years.
0<br />
10<br />
20<br />
30<br />
40<br />
50<br />
60<br />
70<br />
80<br />
90<br />
100<br />
110<br />
120<br />
130<br />
140<br />
150<br />
160<br />
170<br />
180<br />
190<br />
200<br />
210<br />
220<br />
230<br />
240<br />
250<br />
260<br />
270<br />
280<br />
290<br />
Example: Qualitative comparison between sites<br />
GIM MOE AMB<br />
Depth (cm)<br />
Lowland AP<br />
Highland NAP<br />
Lowland NAP<br />
Charcoal<br />
Highland AP<br />
20 40 60 80100 500 2<br />
Podospora-type<br />
Periods<br />
G-9 1975<br />
G-8 1950<br />
G-7 1900<br />
G-6<br />
AD 1800<br />
G-5<br />
AD 1650<br />
G-4<br />
AD 1300<br />
G-3<br />
AD 850<br />
G-2<br />
AD 1<br />
G-1<br />
0<br />
5<br />
10<br />
15<br />
20<br />
25<br />
30<br />
35<br />
40<br />
45<br />
50<br />
Depth (cm)<br />
Highland AP<br />
20 40 60 80100<br />
Lowland AP<br />
Highland NAP<br />
50<br />
Lowland NAP<br />
Charcoal<br />
Podospora-type<br />
5<br />
Periods<br />
M-9<br />
AD 1975<br />
M-8<br />
AD 1950<br />
M-7<br />
AD 1900<br />
M-6<br />
AD 1800<br />
M-5<br />
AD 1650<br />
M-4<br />
AD 1300<br />
M-3 AD 850<br />
M-2 AD 1<br />
M-1<br />
0<br />
5<br />
10<br />
15<br />
20<br />
25<br />
30<br />
35<br />
40<br />
Depth (cm)<br />
Highland AP<br />
20 40 60 80100<br />
Lowland AP<br />
Highland NAP<br />
Lowland NAP<br />
Charcoal<br />
300<br />
10<br />
Podospora-type<br />
Periods<br />
A-9<br />
AD 1975<br />
A-8<br />
AD 1950<br />
A-7<br />
AD 1900<br />
A-6<br />
AD 1800<br />
A-5<br />
AD 1650<br />
A-4<br />
AD 1300<br />
A-3 AD 850<br />
A-2<br />
AD 1<br />
A-1<br />
(1200 BC)<br />
The development towards pasture woodland in Combe des Amburnex, Jura Mountains.
Example: Qualitative comparison between sites<br />
0<br />
10<br />
20<br />
30<br />
40<br />
50<br />
60<br />
70<br />
80<br />
90<br />
100<br />
110<br />
120<br />
130<br />
140<br />
150<br />
160<br />
170<br />
180<br />
190<br />
200<br />
210<br />
220<br />
230<br />
240<br />
250<br />
260<br />
270<br />
280<br />
290<br />
Depth (cm)<br />
GIM GIM<br />
MOE AMB<br />
Highland AP<br />
20406080100<br />
Lowland AP<br />
Highland NAP<br />
Lowland NAP<br />
Periods<br />
G-9 1975<br />
G-8 1950<br />
G-7 1900<br />
G-6<br />
AD 1800<br />
G-5<br />
AD 1650<br />
G-4<br />
AD 1300<br />
G-3<br />
AD 850<br />
G-2<br />
AD 1<br />
G-1<br />
0<br />
10<br />
20<br />
30<br />
40<br />
50<br />
60<br />
70<br />
80<br />
90<br />
100<br />
110<br />
120<br />
130<br />
140<br />
150<br />
160<br />
170<br />
180<br />
190<br />
200<br />
210<br />
220<br />
230<br />
240<br />
250<br />
260<br />
270<br />
280<br />
290<br />
Acer<br />
Depth (cm)<br />
Picea<br />
Abies<br />
Fagus<br />
20 40 60 80 100<br />
Zone<br />
9<br />
8<br />
7<br />
6<br />
5<br />
4<br />
3<br />
2<br />
1<br />
0<br />
5<br />
10<br />
15<br />
20<br />
25<br />
30<br />
35<br />
40<br />
45<br />
50<br />
Acer<br />
Depth (cm)<br />
Picea<br />
Abies<br />
Fagus<br />
20 40 60 80 100<br />
Zone<br />
9<br />
8<br />
7<br />
6<br />
5<br />
4<br />
3<br />
2<br />
1<br />
0<br />
5<br />
10<br />
15<br />
20<br />
25<br />
30<br />
35<br />
40<br />
Acer<br />
Depth (cm)<br />
Picea<br />
Abies<br />
Fagus<br />
20 40 60 80 100<br />
Long-term effect of grazing on forest composition in Combe des Amburnex, Jura Mountains.<br />
Zone<br />
9<br />
8<br />
7<br />
6<br />
5<br />
4<br />
3<br />
2<br />
1<br />
AD<br />
1950<br />
AD<br />
850
-1.0 1.0<br />
Example: Multivariate analyses of the pollen assemblage<br />
PCA, species<br />
Gramineae<br />
Comp. SF Cichorioideae<br />
Abies<br />
Acer<br />
P. media<br />
P. lanceolata.<br />
Pinus<br />
Castanea R. acris<br />
Urtica<br />
Wet summer<br />
and autumn<br />
Warm summer<br />
and spring<br />
P. alpina<br />
Rumex acetosa<br />
Cold and dry<br />
Picea<br />
Hypericum<br />
Carpinus<br />
Betula<br />
Fagus<br />
Quercus<br />
Corylus<br />
Juniperus<br />
Fraxinus<br />
Cruciferae<br />
Alnus<br />
Wet spring<br />
Warm autumn<br />
and winter<br />
-1.0 1.0<br />
Relation between climatic<br />
parameters and the modified<br />
pollen percatage of taxa based on<br />
annual variations.<br />
-0.8 1.0<br />
Relation between archaeobotanical soil samples and ecological<br />
groups of taxa.<br />
Kvæøya pollenprover<br />
Tørr gressbakke<br />
175<br />
112<br />
180<br />
181<br />
?<br />
Dyrket jord<br />
176<br />
Eng og<br />
171<br />
beitemark<br />
?<br />
Skrotmark<br />
177<br />
178<br />
179<br />
166<br />
186<br />
163<br />
183 ?<br />
164<br />
165<br />
170<br />
Fuktig eng, åpen skog (ej bregner)<br />
Høgstauder<br />
Bregner<br />
Skog<br />
-1.0 1.0<br />
110<br />
169<br />
162<br />
185<br />
111<br />
174<br />
173<br />
Moderne tid: Førromersk jernålder (2a, 2b):<br />
Folkevandringstid: Bronsealder (1a, 1b):<br />
365<br />
172<br />
366
Vegetation reconstruction and modelling<br />
Spruce pollen<br />
Lake or mire<br />
15000 BP<br />
Grass pollen
Spruce pollen<br />
Grass pollen<br />
Theory of the pollen diagram<br />
Lennart von Post<br />
Christiania (Oslo) 1916<br />
The pollen diagram<br />
Today<br />
3000 BP<br />
6000 BP<br />
9000 BP<br />
12000 BP<br />
15 000 BP
The dreaded pollen diagram………<br />
Climatic<br />
zones<br />
Firbas<br />
pollen<br />
zones<br />
AD/BC<br />
Birch Pine Hazel Oak<br />
Elm Lime<br />
Ash Maple<br />
Alder<br />
Fir Beech Spruce<br />
Non-tree<br />
pollen (NAP)
Interpretation of pollen data<br />
C tot = C r + C k + C st + C w + C g<br />
C r Rain-out component<br />
C k Wind above canopy<br />
component<br />
C st Trunk-space<br />
component<br />
C w Komponente aus<br />
Oberflächenwasser<br />
C g Gravity component
Dividalen
Budalen
Vegetation<br />
Local vegetation Pollen Influx Model (L-PIM)<br />
Historic: Andersens model (1970)<br />
Relative: Prentice ERV-model (1981-86)<br />
Pollen influx = Pollen productivity x Vegetation + Background component<br />
Vegetation<br />
Pollen influx = Pollen productivity x Vegetation<br />
Total vegetation Pollen Influx Model (T-PIM)<br />
Historic: Basic version of Andersens model (1970)<br />
Relative: Davis R-value model (1963)
Why so complicated?
PAR<br />
PAR<br />
PAR<br />
Picea, SE4GLI at 4 m/s<br />
2500<br />
2000<br />
1500<br />
1000<br />
500<br />
2500<br />
2000<br />
1500<br />
1000<br />
500<br />
0<br />
2500<br />
2000<br />
1500<br />
1000<br />
500<br />
0<br />
0<br />
0 0.02 0.04 0.06<br />
DWPA<br />
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08<br />
DWPA<br />
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08<br />
DWPA<br />
VR 1 km<br />
Y= 31000x + 610<br />
R-squared = 0.58<br />
VR 10 km<br />
Y = 29900x + 510<br />
R-squared = 0.69<br />
VR 460 km<br />
Y = 29800x + 440<br />
R-squared = 0.70<br />
L-PIM<br />
T-PIM
PAR<br />
PAR<br />
2500<br />
2000<br />
1500<br />
1000<br />
500<br />
0<br />
2400<br />
2000<br />
1600<br />
1200<br />
800<br />
400<br />
0<br />
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1<br />
DWPA<br />
0 0.04 0.08 0.12 0.16<br />
DWPA<br />
Picea, T-PIM solutions<br />
Windspeed<br />
IN 0 m, WS 16.5 m/s<br />
Y = 27700x + 0<br />
R-squared = 0.81<br />
Injection height<br />
IN 20 m, WS 4 m/s<br />
Y = 10600x + 60<br />
R-squared = 0.82<br />
Problems<br />
Unrealistic parameter<br />
High initial deposition<br />
Large “skip-distance”
PAR<br />
2400<br />
2000<br />
1600<br />
1200<br />
800<br />
400<br />
0<br />
Regional component<br />
Local component<br />
0 0.04 0.08 0.12 0.16<br />
DWPA<br />
Composite Dispersal Function (CDF)<br />
Picea T-PIM CDF<br />
70% at WS 7 m/s and IN 20 m<br />
30% at WS 4 m/s and IN 1 m<br />
Y = 13800x – 10<br />
R-squared = 0.86
PAR<br />
4000<br />
3000<br />
2000<br />
1000<br />
PAR<br />
0<br />
2000<br />
1600<br />
1200<br />
800<br />
400<br />
0<br />
0 0.04 0.08 0.12 0.16 0.2<br />
DWPA<br />
0 0.04 0.08 0.12 0.16 0.2<br />
DWPA<br />
“lowtraps”<br />
Y = 10000x – 140<br />
R-squared = 0.69<br />
Poaceae at WS 5 m/s and IN 0.1 m<br />
Y = 12700x – 20<br />
R-squared = 0.27<br />
PAR<br />
4000<br />
3000<br />
2000<br />
1000<br />
0<br />
0 0.04 0.08 0.12 0.16 0.2<br />
DWPA<br />
“hightraps”<br />
Y = 9800x + 1300<br />
R-squared = 0.50
T-PIM CDF<br />
T-PIM CDF<br />
L-PIM SE4GLI<br />
T-PIM CDF
Modern pollen influx values<br />
(or pollen accumulation rates)<br />
in grains per year per unit area<br />
are normally accuired with<br />
pollen traps, unfourtunately a<br />
very time-consuming method.
Testing a new method for accuiring pollen influx from mini peat/moss monoliths
Extract vegetation data from existing maps<br />
SatVeg Dividalen, all classes SatVeg Dividalen, cornifers (Pinus)
Modelling hypothetic landscape dynamics<br />
Mountain summer farms
Modelling hypothetic landscape dynamics<br />
Proximity to summer farm
Modelling hypothetic landscape dynamics<br />
Tree-line
Modelling hypothetic landscape dynamics<br />
Geology
Modelling hypothetic landscape dynamics<br />
Forest grazing
Modelling hypothetic landscape dynamics<br />
Combination
Iron production<br />
sites<br />
Example: Impact of iron production on the vegetation<br />
in Budalen during the Roman Iron Age<br />
Pinus 100%<br />
Clear cut: 50% Poaceae, 50% Betula shrubs<br />
Betula 100%<br />
1) Does the paleo-data fit with the model and input parameters? (validation)<br />
2) If not: At what input level does the data fit (reconstruction)<br />
3) If not: How did we err? (back to 1)
Example: Holocene thermal<br />
maximum in Dividalen (+2°C)<br />
NORUT<br />
AVM 80<br />
DD 5<br />
Dividalen 4000 BC<br />
Dividalen today
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