July 00 - BRAC Research and Evaluation Division

wbh©vm
eª¨v‡Ki M‡elYv Z_¨wewPÎv
LÊ 8
RyjvB 2000
eª¨vK
M‡elYv I g~j¨vqb wefvM

MÖš’¯^Z¡ : eª¨vK
cÖÖKvkKvj : RyjvB 2000
cÖÖKvkK : eª¨vK, M‡elYv I g~j¨vqb wefvM
75 gnvLvjx
XvKv 1212
gy`ªY : eª¨vK wcÖ›Uvm©
66 gnvLvjx evwYwR¨K GjvKv
XvKv 1212
1997-Gi M‡elYv wi‡cvU©¸‡jv †_‡K evQvBK…Z 16wU Ges 1999-2000-Gi 4wU wi‡cv‡U©i mvims‡c
G msL¨vq cÖKvk Kiv n‡jv|
gZvg‡Zi Rb¨ m¤úv`K ev cÖKvkK `vqx b‡nb| cÖeÜmg~‡n Dc¯’vwcZ mKj gZvgZ M‡elKM‡Yi
GKvš— wbR¯^|
m¤úv`bv cwil`
cÖavb m¤úv`K : Avng` †gvk&ZvK ivRv †PŠayix
m¤úv`K : nvmvb kixd Avn‡g`
m`m¨ : mv‡jnDÏxb Avn‡g`, Avwgbyj Avjg, c~iex `Ë,
KvwbR dv‡Zgv, mvw`qv G †PŠayix
I gy. †Mvjvg mvËvi
Nirjash: Summary of selected BRAC research reports of 1997, Number 8, July 2000.
Published by BRAC, Research and Evaluation Division, 75 Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212,
Bangladesh.

m¤úv`Kxq 1
Av_©-mvgvwRK welqK cÖwZ‡e`b
m~wPcÎ
evsjv‡`‡ki MÖvgxY wkï‡`i †gŠwjK wkvi Dbœq‡b eª¨v‡Ki
wkv Kg©m~wPi cÖfve 3
evsjv‡`‡k cÖv_wgK wkvi Ae¯’v: wbivkvI bq AvZ¥ZzwóI bq 7
weevn, Rb¥wb‡iva I ¯^v¯’¨ Dbœq‡b eª¨v‡Ki Dc-AvbyôvwbK cÖv_wgK wkvi cÖfve: GKwU mgxv
11
Avq-Drcv`bkxj m¤ú‡`i Dci gwnjv‡`i wbqš¿Y: eª¨v‡Ki
FY Kg©m~wPi f~wgKv 14
evsjv‡`‡ki MÖvgxY gwnjv‡`i Dci mwnsmZv 17
eª¨vK †m›Uv‡ii Av‡kcv‡k gnvLvjxi ew¯—evmx: GKwU mgxv 19
Lv`¨ MÖn‡Yi †‡Î `wi`ª Rb‡Mvôxi Dci eª¨v‡Ki cjx
Dbœqb Kg©m~wPi cÖfve 21
Lv`¨ mvnvh¨ I †UKmB Dbœqb: zav wbevi‡Y eª¨v‡Ki f‚wgKv 24
RbmsL¨v KvVv‡gv I mvgvwRK-mvs¯‹…wZK Ae¯’v cwieZ©‡b
Avš—R©vwZK ¯’vbvš—‡ii cÖfve: MÖvgxY evsjv‡`‡ki GKwU mgxv 27
evsjv‡`‡k weKí R¡vjvwbi e¨e¯’v: GKwU ch©v‡jvPbv 30
¯^v¯’¨ welqK cÖwZ‡e`b
¯^v¯’¨ †mweKv‡`i KvR †Q‡o †`qvi KviYmg~n 34
RvZxq wUKv w`em: RbM‡Yi AskMÖnY evo‡Q wK? 37

gy³vMvQvq eª¨v‡Ki cywó cÖKí 39
MÖvgv‡j wkï‡`i Amy¯’Zvi aib: GKwU mgxv 43
gZje _vbvi eq¯‹ Rb‡Mvwôi cywóRwbZ mgm¨v 46
Kg Rb¥IRb I wkïg„Zz¨: MÖvg evsjvi GKwU wPÎ 49
eª¨vK m`m¨ I m`m¨ bq Ggb cwiev‡i ¯^v¯’¨ †mev MÖn‡Yi aib: gZje GjvKvi GKwU mgxv
52
¯^v¯’¨ Dbœq‡b eª¨vK Kg©m~wPi cÖfve: eª¨vK-AvBwmwWwWAvi,we †hŠ_ M‡elYv cÖK‡íi djvdj 55
Mf©Kvjxb i³¯^íZv: GKwU MÖvgxY cUf~wg 57
K·evRvi †Rjvq wi‡KU&m †iv‡Mi e¨vcKZv 60

m¤úv`Kxq
Dbœq‡bi j¨eš‘ wba©viY, Dbœqb Kvh©µ‡gi weKvk I Zvi djvdj g~j¨vq‡b M‡elYv GKwU AZxe
¸i“Z¡c~Y© mnvqK kw³| GB Dcjwä †_‡K eª¨v‡Ki M‡elYv I g~j¨vqb wefv‡Mi Rb¥| G wefvM
AvR ch©š— cÖvq mv‡o mvZÕk M‡elYv m¤úbœ K‡i‡Q| Gi cÖvq meB eª¨vK Kg©m~wPi Dci cwiPvwjZ|
G QvovI G wefvM †`kx-we‡`kx wewfbœ Dbœqb I M‡elYv cÖwZôvb I miKv‡ii Aby‡iv‡a wKsev
G‡`i mv‡_ †hŠ_fv‡e M‡elYv K‡i _v‡K| cÖvq cªwZwU M‡elYv cÖwZ‡e`bB Bs‡iRx fvlvq iwPZ|
GB cÖwZ‡e`b¸‡jv †_‡K evQvBK…Z wKQz ¸i“Z¡c~Y© cÖwZ‡e`‡bi evsjv mvi-ms‡c nj wbh©vm| gvV
ch©v‡q eª¨v‡Ki nvRvi nvRvi Dbœqb Kgx©i Kv‡Q G mKj M‡elYvi djvdj †cŠu‡Q †`qvi D‡Ï‡k¨B
wbh©vm cÖKvwkZ n‡q Avm‡Q| GQvov gvVKgx©‡`i mv‡_ M‡elYv wefv‡Mi GKwU Ab¨Zg †hvMmyÎ ev
†mZz eÜb wn‡m‡e KvR Ki‡Q GB wbh©vm| ZvQvovI eª¨v‡Ki GK Kg©m~wPi Kg©x Ab¨ Kg©m~wP m¤ú‡K©
wbh©vm-Gi gva¨‡g Rvb‡Z cvi‡Qb|
wbh©v‡mi GKwU L‡Û mvaviYZ: GKwU wbw`ó eQ‡i cwiPvwjZ M‡elYv wi‡cv‡U©i mvi-ms‡c ¯’vb
cvq| wbh©v‡mi 7g I 8g L‡Û ¯’vb †c‡q‡Q 1997-G cwiPvwjZ 36wU wbe©vwPZ M‡elYvi djvdj|
M‡elYvi djvdj gvV ch©v‡q Kgx©‡`i Kv‡Q Zz‡j aivi GKwU c`‡c wn‡m‡e wbh©vm cÖKvkbv
AZ¨š— ¸i“Z¡c~Y©| Gi h_v_©Zv wg‡j‡Q m¤cÖwZ wbh©vm wel‡q GKwU M‡elYvi djvdj †_‡K| wbh©vm
cÖKvkbvi D‡Ïk¨ evš—evwqZ n‡”Q wKbv wKsev wbh©v‡mi fvlv, cÖ”Q`, BZ¨vw`i †Kvb cwieZ©b
cÖ‡qvRb wKbv Rvbvi Rb¨ M„nxZ G mgxvq †`Lv †M‡Q, wbh©vm m¤ú‡K© Rv‡bb A‡a©‡KiI Kg©
msL¨K gvVKgx©| wKš‘ hviv Rv‡bb Zv‡`i cÖvq mK‡jB wbh©vm c‡ob| djvd‡j Av‡iv †`Lv †M‡Q,
hviv wbh©vm c‡ob Zv‡`i cÖvq mK‡jB Gi cÖ‡qvRbxqZvi K_v D‡jL K‡i‡Qb Ges cÖksmv
K‡i‡Qb| M‡elYvi djvdj mivmwi gvV ch©v‡q †cuŠQv‡bvi Rb¨ 1999 mvj †_‡K G wefvM
Av‡iKwU c`‡c wb‡q‡Q, Zv nj gvV ch©v‡q Kg©kvjvi Av‡qvRb Kiv| eª¨v‡Ki PviwU cÖwkY
†K‡›`ª 1999-Gi Gwcªj-‡g gv‡m PviwU AvÂwjK Kg©kvjv AbywôZ nq| MZ eQ‡ii Kg©kvjvq
AskMÖnYKvixMY G Kg©kvjv‡K M‡elYv Drme wKsev M‡elYv m‡¤§jb e‡j AwfwnZ K‡ib| G
wbh©vm 1

ai‡bi Kg©kvjvi ¸i“Z¡ I cÖ‡qvRbxqZv we‡ePbv K‡i Zviv Av‡iv AwaK msL¨K Kg©kvjv ev
m‡¤§j‡bi Av‡qvRb Kivi †Rvov‡jv AwfgZ e¨³ K‡ib| Zv‡`i GB `vwei †cÖw‡Z G eQi
gvVch©v‡q †gvU AvUwU m‡¤§j‡bi Av‡qvRb Kiv n‡q‡Q|
Bs‡iRx fvlvq iwPZ M‡elYv MÖwZ‡e`¸‡jv‡K evsjvq mnR-‡eva¨fv‡e I ms‡‡c eB AvKv‡i
cÖvK‡ki GB D‡`¨vM‡K ¯^vMZ Rvwb‡q‡Rb gvVKg©xMY| GQvovI wewfbœ Dbœqb I M‡elYv cªwZôvb,
wkv cÖwZôvb I wek¦we`¨vjq wbh©v‡mi cÖksmv K‡i‡Qb|
e¨q mvkª‡qi Rb¨ G msL¨vi wbh©v‡m we‡`kx KvM‡Ri cwie‡Z© †`kx KvMR e¨envi Kiv n‡jv|
cÖ”Q‡`i †‡Î GK is I ZzjbvgyjKfv‡e m¯—v †evW© e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q|
wbh©vm cÖKvkbvi ci †_‡K Avgiv wbqwgZfv‡e wewfbœ Dbœqb I M‡elYv cÖwZôvb, wkv cÖwZôvb,
Dbœqb Kgx©, M‡elK I Ab¨vb¨ e¨w³e‡M©i g~j¨evb civgk© †c‡qwQ| A‡b‡KB wbh©vm‡K GKwU mg„×
cÖKvkbv e‡j AwfwnZ K‡i‡Qb| Avcbv‡`i GB †cÖiYvi Rb¨ AmsL¨ ab¨ev`| Avcbv‡`i civgk©
wbhv©‡mi mg„wׇZ Acwimxg mnvqZv K‡i‡Q| ZvB Avcbv‡`i gZvgZ‡K Avgiv ¯^vMZ RvbvB Ges
AZ¨š— ¸i“Z¡c~Y© e‡j g‡b Kwi| Avgiv Avcbv‡`i gZvgZ, mgv‡jvPbv I civg‡k©i cÖZ¨vkx|
wbh©vm 2

evsjv‡`‡ki MÖvgxY wkï‡`i †gŠwjK wkvi Dbœq‡b eª¨v‡Ki wkv
Kg©m~wPi cÖfve
mgxi iÄb bv_
wkv ïaygvÎ Dbœq‡bi MwZB e„w× K‡ibv, RbMY‡K Dbœqb Kvh©µ‡g A_©c~Y© AskMÖn‡Yi †hvM¨Zv
AR©‡bI cÖ¯‘Z K‡i| GB wek¦vm †_‡K 1985 mv‡j 22 wU cixvg~jK ¯‹zj wb‡q eª¨v‡Ki wkv
Kvh©µg ïi“ nq| ‡`‡ki RbM‡Yi kZKiv 40 fv‡Mi Ae¯’vb `vwi`ª¨ mxgvi wb‡P| kZKiv 46
fv‡Mi eqm †PŠÏ eQ‡ii Kg| `wi`ª I AwkwZ cwiev‡ii mš—vb‡`i wkv`v‡b miKv‡ii me©Rbxb
wkv Kvh©µ‡g Kvh©Kix Ae`vb ivLv I †g‡q wkï‡`i AskMÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g Zv‡`i †gŠwjK wkvq
wkwZ Kiv eª¨v‡Ki wkv Kg©m~wPi g~j D‡Ïk¨|
1990 mv‡j _vBj¨v‡Ûi RgwZ‡q‡b AbywôZ GK Avš—Rv©wZK m‡¤§j‡b Dbœqbkxj †`‡kmg~‡ni
wkï‡`i kZKiv 80 fv‡Mi ‡gŠwjK wkv wbwðZKi‡Yi Dci ¸i“Z¡ Av‡ivc Kiv nq|
mvgwMÖKfv‡e wbiiZvi nvi n«vm Kiv, we‡kl K‡i bvix wkvi nvi e„w×i Dci G m‡¤§j‡b †Rvi
†`qv nq|
eZ©gv‡b eª¨vK eqm wfwËK `yB ai‡bi wkv Kvh©µg Pvjy †i‡L‡Q, 8-10 eQi eqmx wkï‡`i Rb¨
wZb eQi †gqv`x †gŠwjK wkv AciwU 11-14 eQi eq¯‹‡`i Rb¨ wK‡kvi-wK‡kvix‡`i †gŠwjK
wkv| Ab¨vb¨ GjvKvq Dc-AvbyôvwbK wkv Kvh©µg we¯—v‡ii Rb¨ wkv mnvqK Kg©m~wPi
AvIZvq eª¨vK ¯’vbxq †emiKvix Dbœqb ms¯’v‡K Avw_©K I KvwiMwi mnvqZv w`‡q _v‡K| Kgc‡
30 Rb wkv_©x wb‡q GKwU eª¨vK ¯‹zj cÖwZôv Kiv nq Ges GB wkv_x© wb‡qB GKwU ¯‹zj wZb
ermi P‡j| wZb ermi ci GKBfv‡e Avevi 30-33 R‡bi Av‡iKwU `j wb‡q Av‡iKwU Pµ ïi“
nq| †emiKvwi Lv‡Z Dc-AvbyôvwbK ¯‹zj¸‡jv mvaviYZt
‘The impact of BRAC’S education programme on raising basic education levels for the
children of rural Bangladesh’ kxl©K M‡elYv wi‡cv‡U©i mvi-ms‡c (1997)| mvi-ms‡c K‡i‡Qb
mvBd DwÏb Avn‡g`|
wbh©vm 3

Gfv‡eB cwiPvwjZ n‡q _v‡K| bvix wkvi nvi DbœxZ Kivi j‡¨ cÖwZ `‡j Kgc‡ kZKiv 70
Rb †g‡q wkv_x© †bqv nq| eZ©gv‡b mviv †`‡k eª¨v‡Ki G ai‡bi cÖvq 34,000 Dc-AvbyôvwbK
cÖv_wgK ¯‹zj i‡q‡Q|
wkK wb‡qv‡Mi †‡Î ¯’vbxq `wi`ª cwiev‡ii bvix‡`i cÖvavb¨ †`qv nq hviv Aš—Z beg †kªYx
ch©š— covïbv K‡i‡Q| wkK‡`i wbqwgZ cÖwkY †`qv nq| we‡K›`ªxf~Z e¨e¯’vcbv I eû¯—i
wewkó ZË¡veavb eª¨v‡Ki Dc-AvbyôvwbK wkvµ‡gi mdj ev¯—evqb wbwðZ K‡i‡Q|
evsjv‡`‡k wkvi Dci M‡elYv LyeB mxwgZ| cÖv_wgK wkv †‡Î fwZ© mgm¨v, wj½ ‰elg¨ I
Ab¨vb¨ bvbv ai‡bi mgm¨v we`¨gvb| wewfbœ mgxvq †gŠwjK wkvi Dbœq‡b wkv_x©‡`i cvwievwiK
A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’v, evm¯’vb myweav Ges gvZv-wcZvi wkvi ¸i“Z¡c~Y© cÖfve †`Lv †M‡Q| GB
M‡elYvq evsjv‡`‡ki MÖvgxY wkï‡`i †gŠwjK wkv AR©‡b eª¨v‡Ki Dc-AvbyôvwbK wkv Kvh©µ‡gi
cÖfve we‡klY Kiv n‡q‡Q|
wZb ai‡bi †Q‡j-‡g‡q‡`i Dci GB M‡elYvwU cwiPvwjZ nq| Giv nj, eª¨v‡Ki Dc-AvbyôvwbK
wkvµ‡g wZb eQ‡ii †Kvm© mgvß K‡i‡Q Ggb wkï, AvbyôvwbK we`¨vj‡q mgch©v‡qi wkv mgvß
K‡i‡Q Ggb wkï Avi †Kvb ai‡bi ¯‹z‡jB †Kvb wkv cvqwb Ggb wkï| wkvi aib Ges wj½
Abymv‡i mgvb fv‡M wef³ †gvU 720 Rb †Q‡j-‡g‡qi KvQ †_‡K Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv nq| M‡elYvi
Aš—fy©³ GjvKv¸‡jv nj gvwbKMÄ, Rvgvjcyi, h‡kvi, K·evRvi Ges wK‡kviMÄ| PviwU welq‡K
†gŠwjK wkvi Aš—fy©³ Kiv nq, G¸‡jv nj covi `Zv, †jLvi `Zv, MwYZ I Rxeb `Zv|
†`Lv †M‡Q, eª¨vK ¯‹z‡j wkvMÖnYKvix †Q‡j-‡g‡qiv †gŠwjK wkv AR©‡bi †‡Î AvbyôvwbK
we`¨vj‡qi †Q‡j-‡g‡q‡`i Zzjbvq †ek GwM‡q i‡q‡Q| eª¨v‡Ki †Q‡j-‡g‡qiv Rxeb `Zv Ges
†jLvi `Zvq AvbyôvwbK we`¨vj‡qi †Q‡j-‡g‡q‡`i Zzjbvq fvj K‡i‡Q, wKš‘ MwYZ `Zv I
covi `Zvq `yB `j †Q‡j-‡g‡q‡`i g‡a¨ †Kvb ZdvZ cvIqv hvqwb| †h me †Q‡j-‡g‡q †Kvb
¯‹z‡jB †jLvcov K‡iwb Zv‡`i †gŠwjK wkvi ¯—i k~b¨| †`Lv †M‡Q, G‡`i Kv‡iv Kv‡iv Rxeb
`Zvi Ávb i‡q‡Q Avevi A‡b‡KiB MwY‡Z `Zv i‡q‡Q|
wbh©vm 4

‡gŠwjK wkv AR©‡b wkv_x©‡`i eqm, cwiev‡ii Avw_©K Ae¯’v, I wcZv-gvZvi wkvi D‡jL‡hvM¨
f~wgKv i‡q‡Q| †gŠwjK wkvi gvb Dbœq‡b †eZvi I †Uwjwfk‡b m¤cÖPvi myweav Ae`vb ivL‡Q|
¯‹zj Z¨vMx‡`i †P‡q cieZx©‡Z D”P †kªYx‡Z covïbv Pvwj‡q hvIqv wkv_x©‡`i wkvi gvb
¯^vfvweKfv‡eB A‡bK fvj| wkwZ AwffveKMY mš—vb‡`i wkvi cÖ‡qvRb I Dcjw× K‡ib Ges
wkvi gvb Dbœq‡b mnvqZv cÖ`vb K‡ib| †hgb, Zv‡`i Lv`¨ I cywói †hvMvb †`b I wkï kªg
†_‡K †invB ‡`b| d‡j †gŠwjK wkvi gvb Dbœq‡b BwZevPK cÖfve c‡o‡Q|
¯^íe¨q, Kvh©Kix e¨e¯’vcbv I Z`viwK Ges mgv‡Ri AskMÖn‡Yi Kvi‡Y †emiKvwi Lv‡Zi Dc-
AvbyôvwbK wkv Kvh©µg †ek dj`vqK| GB Kvh©µ‡g ¯‹zj Z¨vMx‡`i msL¨v Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e A‡bK
Kg| wkvi gvb hvPvB K‡i ‡`Lv †M‡Q, Dc-AvbyôvwbK wkv_x©iv AvbyôvwbK ¯‹z‡ji mZx_©‡`i
Zzjbvq A‡bK fvj K‡i‡Q| wjLb I Rxeb `Zvi †‡ÎI Zzjbvg~jK Ae¯’vb Zv‡`i fvj| Rxeb
`Zv wkvi j¨ n‡jv cwievi cwiKíbv, Rb¯^v¯’¨ I cwi”QbœZv welqK Ávb `vb Kiv| Dc-
AvbyôvwbK wkv Kvh©µ‡g D³ wel‡q wbqwgZ K¬vm †bqv nq|
‡`Lv hvh †h, hviv eª¨vK ¯‹z‡j †jLvcov K‡i‡Q Zv‡`i kZKiv 80 fv‡Mi †gŠwjK wkv AR©‡b 5
eQi †gqv`x wkv Kvh©µg cÖ‡qvRb| hw`I GKB gvb AR©‡b AvbyôvwbK wkv_x©‡`i cÖ‡qvRb n‡e
Kgc‡ mvZ eQi| Z`viwK, e¨e¯’vcbv, QvÎ nvwRiv, mvgvwRK m¤ú„³Zv I mncvV Kvh©µg
AvbyôvwbK wkv e¨e¯’vq †ek `~e©j| †gŠwjK wkv AR©‡bi †‡Î Dfq cÖKvi wkv e¨e¯’vi
wkv_x©‡`i mgch©vqfy³ Ki‡Z n‡j miKvwi I †emiKvwi Lv‡Z ‡hŠ_ mn‡hvwMZv I D‡`¨vM
¸i“‡Z¡i mv‡_ we‡ePbv Kiv cÖ‡qvRb|
Dcmsnv‡i ejv hvq †h,
MÖvg evsjvi wkï‡`i †gŠwjK wkvi gvb AR©‡b eª¨v‡Ki Dc-AvbyôvwbK wkv Kvh©µ‡gi Ae`vb
D‡jL‡hvM¨| cov I MwYZ `Zv AR©‡b Dfq wkv e¨e¯’v mgvb Kvh©Kix, Z‡e Rxeb `Zv
I wjL‡bi †‡Î Dc-AvbyôvwbK wkvi Ae`vb †ekx;
wbh©vm 5

‡gŠwjK wkvi wba©vwiZ j¨ AR©‡b Kgc‡ cvuP eQi †gqv`x cÖv_wgK wkv Kvh©µg
wbh©vm 6
cÖ‡qvRb| weKí e¨e¯’v wnmv‡e cvuP eQi †gqv`x Dc-AvbyôvwbK cÖv_wgK wkv Kvh©µg
cixvg~jfv‡e we‡ePbv Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i;
‡gŠwjK wkv AR©‡b wj½ ˆelg¨ †Kvb cÖfve †dj‡Z cv‡iwb;
MÖvgxY GjvKvq cÖv_wgK wkvi gvb evov‡Z n‡j miKvi I †emiKvwi ch©v‡q †hŠ_ D‡`¨vM
¸i“‡Z¡i mv‡_ we‡ePbv Kiv cÖ‡qvRb;
1990 mv‡ji eva¨Zvg~jK cªv_wgK wkv AvB‡b wkvi b~¨bZg gvb wel‡q wewa ms‡hvRb Kiv
`iKvi A_ev G wel‡q bZzb AvBb Kiv cÖ‡qvRb;
AvbyôvwbK ¯‹zjmg~‡n †kªYx K‡i covïbvi Dci Av‡iv †Rvi †`qv `iKvi; Ges
Dc-AvbyôvwbK wkv e¨e¯’vi Kvh©µg, †hgb wbqwgZ wkK cÖwkY, wcZv-gvZvi mv‡_ gvwmK
mfv, wbqwgZ Z`viwK I cwi`k©b, BZ¨vw` AvbyôvwbK wkv e¨e¯’vq cÖ‡qvM Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
cvV¨ welqmg~‡n MÖvg evsjv ˆ`bw›`b Rxeb avivi m¤ú„³Zv I cÖwZdjb cÖ‡qvRb|
mvwe©Kfv‡e GUv ejv hvq †h, evsjv‡`‡ki MÖvgxY wkï‡`i †gŠwjK wkvi Dbœq‡b eª¨v‡Ki Dc-
AvbyôvwbK cÖv_wgK wkv Kvh©µ‡gi cÖf~Z cÖfve cÖwZwU ¯—‡i Abyf~Z n‡q‡Q|

evsjv‡`‡k cÖv_wgK wkvi Ae¯’v: wbivkvI bq AvZ¥ZzwóI bq
Avng` †gvk&ZvK ivRv †PŠayix, iv‡k`v †K †PŠayix I mgxi iÄb bv_
evsjv‡`k Zvi mKj bvMwi‡Ki Rb¨ wkvi AwaKvi wbwðZ Ki‡Z A½xKvive×| 1990 mv‡j
_vBj¨v‡Ûi RgwZ‡q‡b AbywôZ Ômevi Rb¨ wkvÕ kxl©K wek¦ m‡¤§j‡b G msµvš— wek¦ †NvlYvq
¯^viKvix †`k wn‡m‡e evsjv‡`k GKwU Kg©cwiKíbv cÖYqb K‡i| 1995 mv‡j MwVZ nq cÖv_wgK
I MYwkv wefvM Ges Dc-AvbyôvwbK wkv Awa`ßi| G Qvov I ïi“ nq wkvi wewbg‡q Lv`¨
Kg©m~wP cÖv_wgK ¯—‡i webvg~‡j¨ cvV¨ eB cÖ`vb BZ¨vw`| bvix wkv we¯—v‡ii DciI wewfbœ Kg©m~wP
MÖnY Kiv nq| GmKj miKvwi D‡`¨v‡Mi mv‡_ †emiKvwi Dbœqb ms¯’v¸‡jvI cÖv_wgK wkvmn
†gŠwjK wkv Ges mviZv cÖmv‡i wewfbœ Kg©m~wP nv‡Z †bq|
cÖv_wgK wkvi m‡½ mswkó msMVb I bvMwiKe„‡›`i D‡`¨v‡M 1996 mv‡j me©Rbxb cÖv_wgK wkvi
Dci XvKvq GKwU m‡¤§jb AbywôZ nq| m‡¤§j‡b cÖYxZ mycvwikgvjvi Ab¨Zg wQj wkvi ¸YMZ
gvb ch©‡e‡Yi Rb¨ GKwU c×wZ D¢veb Kiv| G j¨‡K mvg‡b †i‡L ÒGWy‡Kkb IqvPÓ cÖK‡íi
Rb¥ nq| wkv we¯—v‡i KvR Ki‡Q Ggb Pvi kZvwaK Dbœqb ms¯’vi cÖvwZôvwbK HK¨‡RvU
MYmviZv Awfhvbmn wewfbœ msMVb Ges wewkó e¨w³eM© G D‡`¨v‡Mi m‡½ RwoZ| GWy‡Kkb
Iqv‡Pi cÖ_g wi‡cvU© wkvi Af¨š—ixY `Zv‡K g~j cÖwZcv`¨ wnmv‡e MÖnY K‡i‡Q| Af¨š—ixY
`Zv †evSvi Rb¨ ¯‹zj Mg‡bi nvi, ¯‹zj †Q‡o P‡j hvIqv, ¯‹z‡j Dcw¯’wZ, QvÎ-wkK AbycvZ,
¯‹z‡ji ‡fŠZ my‡hvM-myweav, wkK cÖwkY, wkvi gvb, cvV¨ cy¯—K weZiY, ¯‹zj Kvh©µ‡g
RbM‡Yi AskMÖnY I ¯‹zj cwi`k©b BZ¨vw` wel‡qi Dci Z_¨ †bqv nq|
‡`Lv †M‡Q, cÖv_wgK ¯—‡i †Q‡j-‡g‡q‡`i ¯‹z‡j Mg‡bi MÖm nvi n‡”Q 107 Ges GB nvi Lyjbv
wefv‡M m‡e©v”P (117) Ges †g‡UªvvcwjUvi GjvKv¸‡jv‡Z me©wbgœ (101)| me¸‡jv GjvKv‡ZB
¯‹z‡j Mg‡bi MÖm nvi †Q‡j‡`i Zzjbvq †g‡q‡`i †ekx| cÖv_wgK ¯—‡i co–qv †Q‡j-‡g‡q‡`i cÖvq
‘Hope not complacency: state of primary education in Bangladesh 1999’ kxl©K GKwU
M‡elYv wi‡cv‡U©i mvi-ms‡c (1999)| mvi-ms‡c K‡i‡Qb mgxi iÄb bv_| Ôwi‡cvU©wU BDwbfvwm©wU †cÖm
wbh©vm 7

GK Z…ZxqvskB G‡m‡Q 6-10 eQ‡ii evB‡i †_‡K| †`Lv †M‡Q, cÖv_wgK ¯—‡ii †gvU †Q‡j-
†g‡q‡`i gvÎ 8.5% QvÎ-QvÎx GbwRI cwiPvwjZ Dc-AvbyôvwbK ¯‹z‡j cov‡jLv K‡i| Ab¨w`‡K
¯‹z‡j Mg‡bi wbU nvi n‡”Q 77% A_©vr 6-10 eQi eqmx †Q‡j-‡g‡q‡`i 23% GL‡bv ¯‹z‡ji
evB‡i i‡q †M‡Q|
AwffveK‡`i A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’vi m‡½ †Q‡j-‡g‡q‡`i ¯‹z‡j Mg‡bi welqwU IZ‡cÖvZfv‡e RwoZ|
†hme Awffve‡Ki A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’v fvj Zv‡`i †Q‡j-‡g‡q‡`i g‡a¨ ¯‹z‡j Mg‡bi nvi †ekx|
gymjgvb‡`i g‡a¨ GB nvi Agymjgvb‡`i Zzjbvq †ekx| Avevi GbwRI Kg©m~wPi m‡½ gv‡q‡`i
mswkóZv Ges wcZvgvZvi wkv †Q‡j-‡g‡q‡`i ¯‹z‡j Mg‡bi ‡‡Î mivmwi cÖfve †d‡j|
cÖv_wgK ¯—‡i wewfbœ K¬v‡m M‡o cÖwZ eQi Pvi †_‡K mvZ kZvsk QvÎ-QvÎx ¯‹zj †Q‡o P‡j hvq|
M‡o 62% QvÎ-QvÎx †kªYxK‡ Dcw¯’Z _v‡K| GB nvi †g‡q‡`i g‡a¨ 64% Ges †Q‡j‡`i g‡a¨
61%| †kªYxK‡ gvÎ 66% QvÎ-QvÎxi emvi gZ ¯’vb i‡q‡Q| hw`I Mo aviY gZvi Zzjbvi
A‡bK †ekx QvÎ-QvÎxi bvg †iwR÷vi LvZvq i‡q‡Q| Abycw¯’wZi nvi †ekx nIqvq Zv †Kvb mgm¨v
wn‡m‡e †`Lv †`qwb| Dcw¯’wZi nvi miKvwi ¯‹z‡j A‡bK Kg (58%) Ges Dc-AvbyôvwbK ¯‹z‡j
A‡bK †ewk (81%)|
co‡Z I wjL‡Z cviv, AsK Kl‡Z cviv Ges mvaviY Rxeb `Zvi Ávb GB PviwU welq wgwj‡q
†gŠwjK wkvi b~¨bZg ¯—i w¯’i Kiv n‡qwQj| †`Lv hvq, †gŠwjK wkv AR©‡bi †‡Î kn‡ii
†Q‡j-‡g‡qiv MÖv‡gi †Q‡j-‡g‡q‡`i Zzjbvq A‡bK fvj K‡i‡Q| Lyjbvi †Q‡j-‡g‡qiv me‡P‡q fvj
K‡i‡Q (38%) Ges G nvi PÆMÖv‡g me‡P‡q Kg (17%)|
‡`Lv †M‡Q, 42.5% †Q‡j-‡g‡q mviZvi b~¨bZg gvb AR©b Ki‡Z †c‡i‡Q| †hme †Q‡j-‡g‡q
eZ©gv‡b ¯‹z‡j hv‡”Q, Zv‡`i †gŠwjK wkvi ¯—i (34%) hviv S‡i c‡o‡Q Zv‡`i Zzjbvq A‡bK
†ewk (16.5%)|
wjwg‡UW (BDwcGj) I MYmviZv Awfhvb †hŠ_fv‡e 1999 G cy¯—K AvKv‡i cÖKvk K‡i|
wbh©vm 8

cÖv_wgK ¯—‡i QvÎ-QvÎx‡`i wkve‡l©i ïi“‡Z webvg~‡j¨ cvV¨cy¯—K cvevi K_v| †`Lv †M‡Q, GK
Z…Zxqvsk QvÎ-QvÎx wkvel© ïi“i cÖ_g gv‡m cvV¨cy¯—K †c‡q‡Q Ges 75% QvÎ-QvÎx †deª“qvix
gv‡mi g‡a¨ †c‡q‡Q| cªvq A‡a©K QvÎ-QvÎx e‡j‡Q †h, eB †bqvi mgq Zv‡`i UvKv-cqmv w`‡Z
n‡qwQj|
¯‹z‡j wkvi cvkvcvwk M„nwkK †i‡L wKsev cÖvB‡fU wUDUi Gi evox‡Z wM‡q cov‡kvbv Kivi
cÖeYZv j¨ Kiv †M‡Q| cÖv_wgK ¯—‡ii GK-cÂgvs‡kiI †ewk QvÎ-QvÎxi M„nwkK wQj| MÖvgxY
GjvKvi Zzjbvq kni GjvKvq M„nwk‡Ki mvnvh¨ †bqvi cÖeYZv A‡bK †ewk|
cÖvq 40% miKvwi cÖv_wgK ¯‹z‡j wZb A_ev Zvi †P‡q Kg msL¨K wkK i‡q‡Qb| miKvwimn
Ab¨vb¨ AvbyôvwbK ¯‹z‡ji wkK‡`i M‡o 12 eQ‡ii wkv i‡q‡Q| Ab¨w`‡K GbwRI cwiPvwjZ
Dc-AvbyôvwbK ¯‹z‡ji wkK‡`i †‡Î G †hvM¨Zv M‡o 10 eQi| wkK‡`i ¯‹z‡j Abycw¯’Z
_vKvi cÖeYZv n«vm †c‡q‡Q| m‡e©v”P Abycw¯’wZ cvIqv †M‡Q †emiKvwi cÖv_wgK we`¨vj‡q, †hLv‡b
cªvq GK-cÂgvsk wkK‡K Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni w`b Abycw¯’Z cvIqv †M‡Q|
wkK I QvÎ-QvÎxi AbycvZ wewfbœ ai‡bi ¯‹z‡j wewfbœ iKg| miKvwi cÖv_wgK ¯‹z‡j cÖwZ 73 Rb
QvÎ-QvÎxi Rb¨ gvÎ GKRb wkK i‡q‡Qb| gvÎ 12.9% ¯‹z‡j 40 ev Zvi Kg msL¨K QvÎ-QvÎxi
Rb¨ GKRb wkK i‡q‡Qb| Dc-AvbyôvwbK ¯‹zj Ges wKÛviMv‡U©‡bi wkK I QvÎ-QvÎxi AbycvZ
m‡š—vlRbK|
miKvwi cÖv_wgK ¯‹z‡j M‡o cÖwZwU‡Z cÖvq 4wU K i‡q‡Q, Z‡e Zv MÖvgxY GjvKvq Av‡iv Kg
(3.4wU)| Ab¨w`‡K †emiKvwi cÖv_wgK ¯‹z‡j M‡o wZbwU K Ges Dc-AvbyôvwbK ¯‹z‡j gvÎ GKwU
K i‡q‡Q| GK Z…Zxqvsk ¯‹z‡ji feb cvKv|
beŸB kZvs‡kiI †ekx ¯‹z‡ji QvÎ-QvÎx‡`i Rb¨ weï× Lvevi cvwbi e¨e¯’v i‡q‡Q| G‡‡Î †Kvb
†Kvb ¯‹z‡ji wbR¯^ e¨e¯’v i‡q‡Q Avevi †Kvb ¯‹z‡j cvk¦©eZx †Kvb evox ev cÖwZôv‡b GB e¨e¯’v Kiv
wbh©vm 9

n‡q‡Q| Rwicfy³ A‡a©K ¯‹z‡ji wbR¯^ †Ljvi gvV i‡q‡Q Ges Lye Kg msL¨K GbwRI ¯‹zj A_ev
wKÛviMv‡U©‡b GB my‡hvM i‡q‡Q|
¯‹z‡ji m‡½ RbM‡Yi AskMÖn‡Yi †‡Î †`Lv †M‡Q, cÖvq me¸‡jv miKvwi Ges †emiKvwi cÖv_wgK
¯‹zj Ges gv`ªvmvq ¯‹zj e¨e¯’vcbv cwil` MwVZ n‡q‡Q| cÖwZwU cwil‡` M‡o `k Rb K‡i m`m¨
i‡q‡Qb hvi g‡a¨ gvÎ `yB Rb gwnjv| ¯‹zj e¨e¯’vcbv cwil‡` gwnjv‡`i AskMÖnY GbwRI ¯‹z‡j
me‡P‡q †ewk (cÖvq 57%) Avi gv`ªvmvq me‡P‡q Kg (gvÎ 0.2%)| 1998 mv‡ji cÖ_g `k gv‡m
cÖwZ ¯‹z‡j M‡o AvUwU mfv AbywôZ n‡qwQj †hLv‡b M‡o cÖwZ mfvq cÖvq GK Z…Zxqvsk m`m¨
Dcw¯’Z wQ‡jb| cÖv_wgK ¯‹z‡j Aa¨qbiZ 31.8% QvÎ-QvÎxi wcZv-gvZv wKsev Ab¨ AwffveK
MZ GK eQ‡i Kgc‡ GKevi ¯‹zj Av‡qvwRZ mfvq Ask wb‡qwQ‡jb| G ai‡bi AskMÖn‡Yi nvi
kn‡ii Zzjbvq MÖv‡g †ewk| †`Lv hvq, Dc-AvbyôvwbK we`¨vj‡qi AwffveK‡`i ¯‹zj mfvq
†hvM`v‡bi nvi me‡P‡q †ewk (64.7%) Ges Avb-‡iwR÷vW© †emiKvwi ¯‹z‡ji AwffveK‡`i
†‡Î GB nvi me‡P‡q Kg (13.5%)|
_vbv wkv Awdmvi Ges Zvi mnKvwi wgwjZfv‡e AvbyôvwbK ¯‹zj cwi`k©b Kivi K_v| †`Lv †M‡Q
†h, miKvwi ¯‹z‡ji (47%) Zzjbvq Dc-AvbyôvwbK (cÖvq 31%) ¯‹zj M‡o cwi`k©b †ewk Kiv
n‡q‡Q| GB cwi`k©b K‡i‡Qb _vbv wkv Awdmvi| Avevi mnKvwi _vbv wkv Awdmvi †ewk
msL¨K ¯‹zj cwi`k©b K‡i‡Qb| evsjv‡`k Zvi †gvU RvZxq Drcv`‡bi (wRGbwc) gvÎ 2.3% wkv
Lv‡Z LiP K‡i A_P cvk¦©eZx© †`k fvi‡Z GB nvi 3.8%| evsjv‡`‡k cÖv_wgK wkvi Rb¨ eivÏ
GL‡bv AcÖZzj| eivÏ UvKvi 90% LiP nq wkK‡`i †eZb, fvZv Ges Avbylw½K LiP eve`|
d‡j ¯‹zj cwii`k©b I ZË¡veavb, wkK cÖwkY Ges cvVµ‡gi gv‡bvbœq‡bi Rb¨ Lye KgB
Aewkó _v‡K|
wbh©vm 10

weevn, Rb¥wb‡iva I ¯^v¯’¨ Dbœq‡b eª¨v‡Ki Dc-AvbyôvwbK cÖv_wgK
wkvi cÖfve: GKwU mgxv
Gd Gg Kvgvj I Ave`yjv‡nj nv`x
wkv gvby‡li Rxe‡b AwZ ¸i“Z¡c~Y© GKwU welq hv gvby‡li AvPiY, ˆewkó¨ I Ávb `Zvi
BwZevPK cwieZ©b NUv‡Z mg| ïay we`¨vjq †Kw›`ªK wbw`©ó KZ¸‡jv wbe©vwPZ eB‡qB wkv
mxgveÜ bq eis Gi mv‡_ RwoZ wkvi cwi‡ek, QvÎ-wkK m¤úK© Ges wkv Abyl½x Kvh©µg
BZ¨vw`| G welq¸‡jvi mgw¤^Z GKwU iƒcB nj wkv| wkv gwnjv‡`i Rxe‡b KZ¸‡jv wbw`©ó
†Î †hgb, weevn, Rb¥wb‡ivaK e¨envi I ¯^v‡¯’¨ Kx Kx cÖfve †d‡j‡Q Zv †`Lvi Rb¨ 1997 Gi
†k‡li w`‡K GKwU mgxv nv‡Z †bqv nq| GB mgxvi Rb¨ 1995 mv‡j msM„nxZ ÔIqvPÕ cÖK‡íi
Z_¨ e¨envi Kiv nq| ÔIqvPÕ eª¨v‡Ki GKwU wbixv c×wZ (Surveillance system)| `kwU †Rjvi
70wU MÖv‡g G cÖKí i‡q‡Q| wewfbœ Dbœqb Kg©Kv‡Ûi d‡j `wi`ª gvby‡li mvgvwRK Rxe‡b Kx Kx
cwieZ©b G‡m‡Q Zv †`Lvi Rb¨ ÔIqvPÕ cÖK‡íi m~ÎcvZ nq|
evsjv‡`‡ki MÖvgxY GjvKvq wkv we¯—v‡ii Rb¨ wkK wKsev wkv DcKi‡Yi h‡_ó Afve
i‡q‡Q| AvbyôvwbK wkvi GB ˆ`b¨Zv c~i‡Yi Rb¨ †emiKvwi ch©v‡q Dc-AvbyôvwbK wkv Kvh©µg
cvjb Ki‡Q GK ¸i“Z¡c~Y© fywgKv| G Rb¨ eª¨vK 1985 mv‡j cixvg~jKfv‡e 22wU ¯‹zj Pvjy
K‡i| eZ©gv‡b eª¨vK cÖvq 34 nvRvi Dc-AvbyôvwbK cÖv_wgK ¯‹zj cwiPvjbv Ki‡Q| eª¨vK ¯‹z‡ji
wKQz e¨wZµgagx© ˆewkó¨ i‡q‡Q hv GB ¯‹z‡ji RbwcÖqZv e„wׇZ mnvqZv K‡i‡Q|
mgxvq †`Lv †M‡Q, mwVK eq‡m we‡q nIqvi †‡Î Dc-AvbyôvwbK wkvi BZevPK cÖfve i‡q‡Q|
Z‡e Rwgi gvwjKvbv, AvbyôvwbK wkv wKsev ag© BZ¨vw` welq¸‡jviI cÖfve i‡q‡Q| Dc-
AvbyôvwbK wkv DËxY©‡`i GKwU weivU Ask (cÖvq 27%) we‡qi †‡Î mwVK I AvBbvbyM eqm
‘Impact of non-formal primary education age, contraception and health skill: evidence
from BRAC villages’ kxl©K GKwU M‡elYv wi‡cv‡U©i mvi-ms‡c (wW‡m¤^i 1997)| mvi-ms‡c K‡i‡Qb
G †K Gg Avnmvb Djvn|
wbh©vm 11

†g‡b P‡j‡Q, AvbyôvwbK wkvi †‡Î hv cÖvq 19%| hviv wbii Zv‡`i g‡a¨ G nvi cÖvq 11%|
†`Lv †M‡Q, hviv Dc-AvbyôvwbK wkv †c‡q‡Q Zv‡`i g‡a¨ mwVK eq‡m we‡q nIqvi m¤¢vebv
†ewk| Rwgi gvwjKvbv I ag© mwVK eq‡m we‡q nIqvi †‡Î †Zgb †Kvb Zvrch© enb K‡i bv|
Avevi †`Lv †M‡Q, Dc-AvbyôvwbK wkvcÖv߇`i g‡a¨ Rb¥-wb‡ivaK e¨env‡ii nvi AZ¨š— Kg
(30%)| GgbwK G nvi wbii‡`i †P‡qI Kg| A_P AvbyôvwbK wkv DËxY©‡`i 45%
Rb¥wb‡ivaK e¨envi K‡i _v‡K| wbii‡`i g‡a¨ G nvi cÖvq 40%| Rb¥wb‡ivaK e¨env‡ii †‡Î
Dc-AvbyôvwbK wkvi †Zgb †Kvb cÖfve j¨ Kiv hvqwb| wKš‘ G †‡Î AvbyôvwbK wkv
BwZevPK cÖfve ivL‡Q|
cÖvq 12% gwnjv hv‡`i Dc-AvbyôvwbK wkv i‡q‡Q Zv‡`i cvk¦©eZx wUKv`vb †K›`ª m¤ú‡K© aviYv|
i‡q‡Q| Avevi hviv AvbyôvwbK wkv †c‡q‡Q Zv‡`i †‡Î G nvi cÖvq 10%| Avevi hviv wbii
Zv‡`iI cÖvq 13% wUKv`vb †K›`ª m¤ú‡K© aviYv iv‡L|
wUKv`v‡bi DcKvwiZv Kx G wel‡q Ávb i‡q‡Q Dc-AvbyôvwbK wkv DËxY©‡`i g‡a¨ †ekx| G‡‡Î
wbii‡`i g‡a¨ G nvi me©wb‡¤§| AvbyôvwbK wkv DËxY©‡`i g‡a¨ G nvi wbii‡`i Zzjbvq
‡ewk| wPš—v, †PZbv I m‡PZbZv e„w×i †‡Î Dc-AvbyôvwbK wkvi GKwU BwZevPK cÖfve i‡q‡Q
hvi cÖgvY wg‡j‡Q GB mgxvq †hgb, cvwb weï×KiY wel‡q Dc-AvbyôvwbK wkvcÖv߇`i g‡a¨
m‡PZbZv †ewk j¨ Kiv †M‡Q| G nvi Ab¨ `yÕwU MÖ“c A_¨vr AvbyôvwbK wkvcÖvß I wbii‡`i
Zzjbvq A‡bK fvj|
Av‡iv †`Lv †M‡Q †h, ivZKvbv †iv‡Mi KviY m¤ú‡K© Dc-AvbyôvwbK wkv DËxY©‡`i (96%) aviYv
†ewk fvj| hviv wbii Zv‡`i gvÎ 45% G †iv‡Mi KviY m¤ú‡K© aviYv iv‡L| Avevi †`Lv
†M‡Q, hviv AvbyôvwbK wkv †c‡q‡Q Zv‡`i AwaKvskB (81%) ivZKvbv †iv‡Mi KviY m¤ú‡K©
aviYv iv‡L|
wbh©vm 12

Dbœq‡bi g~j Pvwe nj wkv| A_P AvR evsjv‡`‡k wkvi ˆ`b¨`kv| Ômevi Rb¨ wkvÕ GB
†kvMvb evš—evq‡bi †Kvb Kh©Kix c`‡c †bqv nqwb| Avgv‡`i †`‡k mviZvi nvi AZ¨š— Kg|
cjx A‡j G nvi Av‡iv Kg, Ges bvix‡`i †‡Î G wPÎ Av‡iv Ki“Y|
Rb¥wbqš¿‡Yi †‡Î Dc-AvbyôvwbK wkvi †Zgb †Kvb cÖfve j¨ Kiv hvqbv| Zvi c‡iI GB †h
Dc-AvbyôvwbK wkvi Kvi‡Y mwVK eq‡m we‡q nIqv ev Kivi cÖeYZv mK‡ji gv‡S †`Lv hvq, Zv
wbðqB D‡jL Kivi gZ|
wbh©vm 13

Avq-Drcv`bkxj m¤ú‡`i Dci gwnjv‡`i wbqš¿Y: eª¨v‡Ki FY
Kg©m~wPi f~wgKv
mvwgnv û`v I wmwgb gvngy`
evsjv‡`‡k wewfbœ †emiKvwi Dbœqb cÖwZôvb Z…Yg~j ch©v‡q `wi`ª Rb‡Mvwôi Av_©-mvgvwRK Ae¯’vi
Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ KvR K‡i hv‡”Q| we‡kl K‡i gwnjv‡`i gZvqb I `vwi`ª¨ `~ixKi‡Y Dbœqb
ms¯’v¸‡jvi Ae`vb ¸i“Z¡c~Y©| wewfbœ M‡elYvq †`Lv †M‡Q †h, gwnjv‡`i gZvq‡b FY Kg©m~wPi
†ewk fywgKv i‡q‡Q| eª¨vK I Avš—R©vwZK D`ivgq M‡elYv †K›`ª (AvBwmwWwWAvi,we) †hŠ_fv‡e
1995 mv‡j gZje _vbvq GK mgxv cwiPvjbv K‡i| D‡Ïk¨ wQj m¤ú‡`i Dci gwnjv‡`i
gvwjKvbv I wbqš¿Y cÖwZôvq eª¨v‡Ki Dbœqb Kg©m~wP †Kvb cÖfve we¯—vi Ki‡Q wKbv Zv †`Lv|
gZje _vbvi AvBwmwWwWAvi,we mgxv GjvKvi 60wU MÖvg †_‡K 14wU MÖvg †e‡Q †bqv nq G
mgxvi Rb¨| GB 14wU MÖv‡gi 10wU MÖvg †_‡K cÖwZwU _vbv Ges evKx PviwU MÖv‡gi ïaygvÎ eª¨vK
m`m¨ nevi †hvM¨ Lvbv¸‡jv‡K Aš—fy©³ Kiv nq| G M‡elYvi Rb¨ Z_¨ †bqv nq 15-55 eQi
eq¯‹ weevwnZ gwnjv‡`i KvQ †_‡K| mÂq I FY, Avq-DcvR©‡b Zv‡`i AskMÖnY, wkï cÖwZcvjb,
cvwb I cqtwb®‹vkb, ivR‰bwZK I mvgvwRK m‡PZbZv, m¤ú‡`i gvwjKvbv, gv‡qi evwoi mv‡_
m¤úK©, µq Kvivi wm×v‡š— I cÖwZev‡` AskMÖnY, Rb¥kxjZv, Rb¥`vb BZ¨vw` welqmg~n M‡elYvi
Rb¨ we‡ePbvq †bqv nq| MÖvgxY `wi`ª gvbyl Zv‡`i †eu‡P _vKvi b~¨bZg cÖ‡qvRb †gUv‡Z cvi‡Qbv|
K…wlLv‡Z we`¨gvb DØ„Ë kªg Ab¨ ‡Kv‡bv Lv‡Z Kv‡R jvMv‡bvi my‡hvM m„wói Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb cyuwR| GB
Rb‡Mvwô‡K FY mnvqZv cÖ`v‡bi gva¨‡g cyuwRi †hvMvb w`‡”Q eª¨v‡Ki cjx Dbœqb Kg©m~wP
(AviwWwc)| FY myweav cÖ`vb I GB F‡Yi Kvh©Ki e¨env‡i Rb¨ Dchy³ cÖwkY w`‡q eª¨v‡Ki
m`m¨‡`i‡K (hv‡`i kZKviv 93 Rb gwnjv) ¯^wbf©i n‡Z mnvqZv K‡i| †`Lv †M‡Q †h, eª¨v‡Ki
FY Kg©m~wP MÖv‡gi `wi`ª Rb‡Mvwôi Rxebgvb Dbœq‡b mnvqZv Ki‡Q|
‘Women’s control over productive assets: role of credit-based development
interventions’ kxl©K M‡elYv wi‡cv‡U©i mvi-ms‡c (1997)| mvi-ms‡c K‡i‡Qb mvBd DwÏb Avn‡g`|
wbh©vm 14

mgxvq Av‡iv †`Lv †M‡Q ‡h, eª¨v‡Ki †ewkifvM m`m¨ (59%) ïaygvÎ FY myweav †c‡q‡Q| Z‡e
GK-PZz_©vs‡ki †ewk m`m¨ (28%) cÖwkY I FY Dfq myweavB †c‡q‡Q| cÖvq 13% m`m¨ Dfq
cÖKvi myweav n‡Z ewÂZ wQj| Dbœqb Kg©Kv‡Û RwoZ ‡ewkifvM †emiKvwi Dbœqb ms¯’vi cÖavb
D‡Ïk¨ gwnjv‡`i gZvqb| FY Kg©m~wP‡Z AskMÖnY I Avq-Drcv`bkxj m¤ú‡`i Dci wbqš¿Y
gwnjv‡`i gZvq‡bi GKUv nvwZqvi wnmv‡e we‡ewPZ| evsjv‡`‡ki MÖvgxY †cÖvc‡U gwnjv‡`i
mvgvwRK gvb-gh©v`v, m¤ú‡`i Dci gvwjKvbv I wbqš¿Y Lye †ewk bq| gwnjv‡`i e¨w³MZ Av‡qi
cwigvY I cwiev‡ii Av‡q Zvi Ae`vb cvwievwiK gh©v`v e„w× K‡i| mvwe©K we‡ePbvq Avq-
Drcv`bkxj m¤ú‡`i Dci gvwjKvbv I wbqš¿Y gwnjv‡`i gZvq‡bi GKwU D‡jL‡hvM¨ welq
wnmv‡e aiv hvq|
MÖvg msMV‡bi m`m¨c` cwiev‡i Zv‡`i gh©v`v e„w×, wm×vš— MÖn‡Yi gZv, m¤ú‡`i Dci AwaKvi
AR©b I m‡PZbZv m„wó‡Z mnvqZv K‡i| Z‡e GB m`m¨c` QvovI gwnjv‡`i Av_©-mvgvwRK
Ae¯’vI cvwievwiK cUf~wg Zv‡`i mvgvwRK c`gh©v`v wba©vi‡Yi †‡Î ¸i“Z¡c~Y© fywgKv iv‡L| †`Lv
†M‡Q †h, m`m¨c‡`i eqm evovi mv‡_ mv‡_ gwnjv‡`i eo m¤ú‡`i Dci AwaKvi e„w× cvq|
gwnjv‡`i wkv wKsev Zv‡`i †ckv AwaKvi I wbqš¿Y e„wׇZ †Zgb †Kvb f~wgKv iv‡Lbv| Z‡e
ïaygvÎ AviwWwc m`m¨c` we‡ePbv Ki‡j eo m¤ú‡`i Dci AwaKvi I wbqš¿‡Y m`m¨iv
Am`m¨‡`i Zzjbvq A‡bK ‡ewk fvj Ae¯’v‡b Av‡Q| b~Zb weevwnZv‡`i †‡ÎI †`Lv †M‡Q †h eo
m¤ú‡`i Dci Zv‡`i fvj wbqš¿Y _v‡K| Z‡e eo m¤ú‡`i Dci AwaKvi AR©‡bi †‡Î KZ©vi
†ckv ev `xN© m`m¨c‡`i †Zgb Kvh©Kix †Kvb cÖfve †bB| ïaygvÎ eª¨vK FY myweav‡fvMx m`m¨iv
FY myweav ewÂZ m`m¨ ev FY I cÖwkYcÖvß m`m¨‡`i Zzjbvq eo m¤ú‡`i gvwjK †ewk n‡q‡Q|
†`Lv hvq, AviwWwcfy³ GjvKvi Am`m¨ gwnjviv GjvKv ewnf~©Z Am`m¨‡`i †P‡q †ewk m¤ú‡`i
AwaKvix n‡q‡Q|
eª¨vK `wi`ª gvby‡li fvM¨ Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ wewfbœ Dbœqb Kg©m~wP n‡Z wb‡q‡Q| m`m¨ wnmv‡e gwnjviv
eª¨v‡Ki mv‡_ m¤ú„³Zv e„w× K‡i mvgvwRK I cvwievwiK Kvh©µ‡g AviI †ewk Kvh©Kix Ae`vb
wbh©vm 15

ivL‡Z mg| cjx Dbœqb Kg©m~wP‡Z AskMÖn‡Yi d‡j gwnjv‡`i mvwe©K A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’vi
cwieZ©b n‡”Q| †`Lv †M‡Q gwnjviv Avq-DcvR©bKvix wewfbœ Kg©Kv‡Û RwoZ n‡Z DrmvwnZ nq|
eª¨v‡K AskMÖn‡Yi d‡j gwnjviv wewfbœ wel‡q `jMZ Av‡jvPbv I wewfbœ cÖwkY †c‡q _v‡K hv
Zv‡`i AvZ¥wek¦vm AR©‡b mnvqZv K‡i| GB cÖfve m`m¨c‡`i †gqv` I eª¨v‡Ki mn‡hvwMZvi
DciI wbf©ikxj| cjx Dbœqb Kg©m~wPi Øviv bvix‡`i Rxe‡b †Kvb eo ai‡bi Dbœqb Avkv Kivi
Rb¨ Pvi eQi LyeB mswß mgq|
wbh©vm 16

evsjv‡`‡ki MÖvgxY gwnjv‡`i Dci mwnsmZv
Ave`yjv‡nj nv`x
evsjv‡`‡k MÖvgxY gwnjv‡`i Dci mwnsmZv bZzb †Kvb welq bq| eû eQi a‡i P‡j Avm‡Q
gwnjv‡`i Dci wewfbœ ai‡Yi gvbwmK I ˆ`wnK wbh©vZb| Avi G wbh©vZb we‡kl K‡i ¯^vgxivB
Zv‡`i ¯¿x‡`i Dci Pvwj‡q _v‡Kb| bvix wbh©vZb e‡Üi Rb¨ wewfbœ ms¯’v wewfbœ Kg©m~wP n‡Z
wb‡q‡Q| cª‡Póv Pvwj‡q hv‡”Q wK K‡i bvix‡`i‡K GB wbg©gZv †_‡K gyw³ †`qv hvq|
wewfbœ Dbœqb ms¯’v wbh©vwZZ `wi`ª gwnjv‡`i bvbvfv‡e mvnvh¨ K‡i Avm‡Q| gwnjv‡`i wewfbœ
wel‡q cÖwkY cÖ`vb Ges cÖPwjZ we‡kl wKQz AvBb m¤ú‡K© m‡PZbZv e„w×i Rb¨ wewfbœ msMVb
wewfbœfv‡e KvR Ki‡Q| GQvovI wbR¯^ DcvR©b w`‡q cwievi‡K mvnv‡h¨i Rb¨ FY `v‡bi gva¨‡g
mgv‡R Zv‡`i‡K RwoZ Ki‡Q wewfbœ Dbœqg~jK Kv‡R| hv‡Z gwnjv‡`i gZvq‡bi gva¨‡g
cwiev‡i Zv‡`i AiwZ Ae¯’vb †_‡K wKQzUv iv Kiv hvq| eª¨vKI G j‡¨ wewfbœ Kg©m~wP
wb‡q‡Q, hvi g‡a¨ FY`vb Kg©m~wP Ab¨Zg| gwnjv‡`i mbvZb Ae¯’vb‡K e`‡j w`‡Z G mKj
Kg©KvÛ AMÖYx fywgKv ivL‡Q| FY`vb Kg©m~wP MÖvgxY GjvKvq bvix wbh©vZb wKfv‡e n«vm Ki‡Q Zv
†`Lv n‡q‡Q G mgxvq|
G M‡elYvi Rb¨ 70wU MÖv‡gi gwnjv hv‡`i eqm cÂv‡ki †ekx Zv‡`i Aš—f~©³ Kiv nq| cÖ‡Z¨KwU
MÖv‡gi cÂvk Rb weevwnZ gwnjv‡K wbe©vPb Kiv nq| 1996-Gi gvP© †_‡K †g gv‡mi g‡a¨ 500
Rb gwnjvi KvQ †_‡K Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv nq|
mvavivYZt ¯¿x‡`i cÖwZ ¯^vgx‡`i wbcxob Zv‡`i‡K gvbwmKfv‡e `ye©j K‡i †`q| GB wbcxob wZb
ai‡bi n‡q _v‡K- kvixwiK, gvbwmK Ges †gŠwLK| cÖ‡Z¨K cvuP R‡bi g‡a¨ GKRb gwnjv
Awf‡hvM K‡i‡Qb †h ¯^vgxiv Zv‡`i‡K kvixwiKfv‡e wbh©vZb K‡i‡Q| GQvovI mš—vb I
‘Household violence against women in rural Bangladesh’ kxl©K GKwU M‡elYv wi‡cv‡U©i mvims‡c
( gvP© 1997 )| mvi-ms‡c K‡i‡Qb Rvexb †gvnmxb msMxZv|
wbh©vm 17

cÖwZ‡ekx‡`i Dcw¯’wZ‡Z eD‡K MvwjMvjvR Kiv I Am¤§vbRbK Dw³ D”PviY Kiv LyeB mvaviY
NUbv| gvbwmK wbh©vZ‡bi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q ¯^vgx KZ…©K Zz”Q Kvi‡Y cÖnvi Kivi ûgwK, ZvjvK †`qvi
ûgwK Ges †hŠZz‡Ki Rb¨ Pvc cÖ`vb BZ¨vw`| Aí eqmx‡`i †P‡q eh¯‹ gwnjviv wbh©vZ‡bi wkKvi
Kg nb| a‡i †bqv nq G‡`i ¯^vgxiv eq‡mi mv‡_ mv‡_ wb‡¯—R Ges gvbwmKfv‡e wKQzUv kvš— n‡q
c‡o; Avevi eq¯‹ gwnjv‡`i mš—vb eo n‡q †M‡j Zv‡`i AvZ¥m¤§vb ev‡o weavq Zv‡`i Dci
wbcxob wKQzUv K‡g Av‡m| A‡bK mgq †h †Kvb mvgvb¨ NUbv‡K †K›`ª K‡i wbh©vZb ïi“ nq|
wkwZ ¯^vgx-¯¿xi g‡a¨ wbh©vZ‡bi NUbv Kg †`Lv hvq| mwnsmZv n«v‡m wkvi GKwU BwZevPK
f~wgKv i‡q‡Q| Avevi wn›`y A‡cv gymjgvb‡`i g‡a¨ wbh©vZ‡bi nvi †ewk| wn›`y ag©vej¤^xiv
z`ªZi agx©q †Mvôx| G Rb¨ nq‡Zv Zviv wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨ G RvZxq mgm¨v m„wó Ki‡Z Pvq bv|
Dbœqb Kg©m~wP‡Z AskMÖnY K‡i‡Q GiKg gwnjv‡`i †‡Î ¯^vgx KZ…©K wbh©vZb Kg n‡Z †`Lv
†M‡Q| gwnjviv wb‡Riv DcvR©b Ki‡j ¯^vgx‡`i mv‡_ Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g cvwievwiK wm×vš— †bqvi
†‡Î AskMÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i| ch©‡e‡Y †`Lv †M‡Q, cyÎ mš—vb Rb¥ bv †`qvq 5 Rb, †hŠZzK w`‡Z
bv cvivq 8 Rb, ivbœvq †`wi Kivq cÖvq 45 Rb, Zz”Q fy‡ji Rb¨ 75 Rb Ges KviY Rvbv hvqwb
Ggb 42 Rb gwnjv wbh©vZ‡bi wkKvi n‡q‡Q| G †_‡K †evSv hvq †h, mgv‡R gwnjviv KZLvwb
Amnvq I AgvbweK Rxeb hvcb Ki‡Q| Ab¨w`‡K gwnjv‡`i GKwU eo„ Ask g‡b K‡i ‡h ¯^vgxiv
Zv‡`i‡K kvmb I gvivi AwaKvi iv‡L| wbh©vZ‡bi wei“‡× †h AvB‡bi mn‡hvwMZv wb‡q wb‡R‡`i
wbivcËv wbwðZ Kiv hvq Ges wbh©vZbKvix‡`i Rb¨ kvw¯—i e¨e¯’v Av‡Q ZvI Zviv Rv‡b bv|
evsjv‡`‡ki MÖvgv‡j wbh©vZ‡bi GB nvi A‡cvK…Z †ewk| Avi G Rb¨ cyi“lZvwš¿K mgvR
e¨e¯’v‡K eiveiB `vqx Kiv nq| wkv I `vwi‡`ª¨i mv‡_ wbh©vZ‡bi GB m¤úK© Mfxi|
gwnjv‡`i‡K FY`v‡bi gva¨‡g DcvR©bg K‡i G cwiw¯’wZi cwieZ©b Avbv m¤¢e|
wbh©vm 18

eª¨vK †m›Uv‡ii Av‡kcv‡k gnvLvjxi ew¯—evmxt GKwU mgxv
‡mv‡njv nK Lvb, Avng` †gvk&vZvK ivRv †PŠayix I dRjyj Kwig
eª¨vK GhverKvj †Kej MÖvgxY Dbœq‡bi w`‡K †ekx †Rvi w`‡q G‡m‡Q| m¤cÖwZ MÖv‡gvbœq‡bi
cvkvcvwk eª¨vK bMi Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ wewea Kg©m~wP ev¯—evqb ïi“ K‡i‡Q| bMi Dbœqb Kg©m~wPi bvg
n‡”Q eª¨vK Avievb †cÖvMÖvg (BUP) Gi D‡Ïk¨ n‡”Q XvKv kn‡ii ew¯—evmx‡`i wewfbœ wel‡q †miv
cÖ`vb Kiv| GB Kg©m~wP‡K GKwU Kvh©Kix Dbœqb †KŠk‡j cwiYZ Kivi Rb¨ cÖv_wgKfv‡e c`‡c
†bqvi cwiíbv Kiv nq| GB cwiKíbvi K_v g‡b †i‡L eª¨v‡Ki M‡elYvI g~j¨vqb wefvM GB
mgxvwU cwiPvjbv K‡i| D‡Ïk¨ wQj ew¯—evmx‡`i Rxeb hvÎvi wewfbœ w`K Ly‡uR †`Lv, †hgb
†fŠMwjK, Av_©-mvgvwRK, ¯^v¯’¨, wkv Ges ivR‰bwZK welq-mg~n|
XvKvi gnvLvjx‡Z eª¨v‡Ki cÖavb Kvh©vj‡qi Pviw`‡K i‡q‡Q A‡bK ew¯— †hgb, wUwe †MU ZvjZjv,
mvZZjv, KovBj, AvMvLvbv cU, Iqvmv cU BZ¨vw`| GB mKj ew¯—i Awaevwm‡`i mv‡_ †Lvjv‡gjv
Avjvc K‡i G M‡elYvi Rb¨ Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv nq| ew¯—¸‡jv‡K †QvU-eo DËi Ges `wY Gfv‡e
my¯úófv‡e fvM Kiv hvq| †QvU ew¯—¸‡jv mvaviYZ e¨envi Kiv nq _vKv, LvIqv I Nygv‡bvi Rb¨|
GQvov eo eo ew¯—¸‡jv‡Z Av‡Q †`vKvb, evRvi, ¯‹yj, gv`ªvmv, gmwR`, †Ljvi gvV GgbwK
Kei¯’vbI| †QvU ew¯—¸‡jvi N‡ii Ae¯’v eo ew¯—¸‡jvi Zzjbvq †ewk Ki“Y| †hgb, †QvU ew¯—
¸‡jvi Ni PvUvB, Qvjv, cwjw_b BZ¨vw` w`‡q ˆZix Avi eo ew¯—i Ni evu‡ki †eov Ges wU‡bi Pvj
w`‡q| Z‡e me ew¯—i N‡ii †g‡S wQj gvwUi| †QvU †QvU ew¯—evmx‡`i Av_©-mvgvwRK Ae¯’vI eo
ew¯—evmx‡`i Zzjbvq Lvivc| Gme ew¯—‡Z GKmv‡_ A‡bK †jvK evm K‡i Ges G¸‡jv LyeB †bvsiv
I A¯^v¯’¨Ki| ew¯—¸‡jv‡Z †g‡UªvcwjUb kn‡ii b~¨bZg myweav †bB| ew¯—¸‡jv XvKv wmwU
K‡c©v‡ik‡bi AvIZvaxb nIqv m‡Ë¡I †mLv‡b cvwb, we`y¨r I M¨v‡mi eo Afve| hw`I wKQz wKQz
ew¯—‡Z ew¯—evmxiv A‰eafv‡e we`y¨r I cvwbi e¨e¯’v K‡i wb‡q‡Q| kn‡ii †ewkifvM ew¯— M‡o
D‡V‡Q A‰eafv‡e Ges †mRb¨ Zv‡`i ¯’vwqZ¡ wb‡q mskq Av‡Q| A_©vr hLb ZLb D‡”Q‡`i m¤¢vebv
‘Beneath the shadows of BRAC Centre: slums of Mohakhali’ kxl©K GKwU M‡elYv wi‡cv‡U©i
mvi-ms‡c (1997)| mvi-ms‡c K‡i‡Qb byiRvnvb Av³vi †mZz|
wbh©vm 19

_vKv m‡Ë¡I ew¯—evmx‡`i g‡a¨ G wb‡q Lye GKUv mskq †bB| †h‡nZz Zviv wewfbœ gnj †_‡K cÖvqB
ew¯— D‡”Q‡`i ûgwK †c‡q _v‡K|
ew¯—evmxiv wewfbœ agx©q, mvs¯‹„wZK I we‡bv`bg~jK Kg©KvÛ K‡i _v‡K| ew¯—i eq¯‹ Ges wkï
mK‡jB AwkwZ Z‡e eq¯‹iv Pvq †h Zv‡`i wkï‡`i Rb¨ wkvi e¨e¯’v Kiv ‡nvK| ew¯—¸‡jv‡Z
wKQz wKQz GbwRI ¯‹zj Pvjy K‡i‡Q, †hgb eª¨vK I MYmvnvh¨ ms¯’v| GQvovI wKQz ew¯—‡Z Dbœqb
ms¯’v FY`vb eg©m~wP Pvjy K‡i‡Q| cÖwkKv K‡qKwU ew¯—‡Z FY Kg©m~wP Pvjy K‡i‡Q Ges Avš—R©vwZK
wKQz ¯^v¯’¨ Kg©m~wP Pvjy K‡i‡Q|
ew¯—evmxiv M‡elK‡`i Kv‡Q Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni mgq Zv‡`i wewfbœ Afve Ges Pvwn`vi K_v Rvbvq|
†hgb z`ª FY, wbivc` LvIqvi cvwb, ev”Pv‡`i ¯‹zj, ¯^v¯’¨m¤§Z cvqLvbv, we`y¨‡Zi e¨e¯’v, fvj
¯^v¯’¨ †mev Ges ¯’vqx evm¯’v‡bi wbðqZv| Z‡e ew¯—evmxiv eª¨vK‡K FY cÖ`v‡bi e¨vcv‡i mZK©
_vK‡Z civgk© †`q| we‡kl K‡i FYMÖnxZv wbe©vPb Kivi mgq (FY MÖnxZv ¯’vqx bv A¯’vqx ew¯—
evmx) Ges F‡Yi cwigv‡Yi e¨vcv‡i eo As‡Ki FY †hb bv †`qv nq G wel‡q Zviv civgk© †`q|
G M‡elYv †_‡K Av‡iv Rvbv hvq †h, eª¨v‡Ki cÖavb Kvh©vjq ev eª¨vK †m›Uv‡ii Av‡kcv‡ki
ew¯—‡jv‡Z eª¨v‡Ki wewfbœ Kvh©µ‡gi †ek Pvwn`v Av‡Q| Zvi cwi‡cÖw‡Z GKwU civgk© n‡jv
GbwRI Kg©m~wPi †jvKRb †hb ew¯—evmx‡`i gZvgZ †R‡b ï‡bB AMÖmi nq| Ae‡k‡l hLb
ew¯—evmx‡`i wR‡Ám Kiv n‡jv, Kviv Gme ew¯—‡Z _v‡K? Zviv DËi w`j, ÒMÖv‡gi `wi`ªB kn‡ii
ew¯—Ó|
wbh©vm 20

Lv`¨ MÖn‡Yi †‡Î `wi`ª Rb‡Mvwôi Dci eª¨v‡Ki cjx Dbœqb
Kg©m~wPi cÖfve
gvmygv LvZzb, Gm Gg wRqvDwÏb nvq`vi, AveŸvm fyBqv I Avng` †gvk&ZvK ivRv †PŠayix
evsjv‡`‡k `vwi`ª¨ I cywónxbZv cvkvcvwk we`¨gvb| wek¦ e¨vs‡Ki GKwU wn‡m‡e †`Lv hvq, `wY
Gwkqvi kZKiv 40 fvM `wi`ª RbM‡Yi Avq w`‡b GK Wjv‡iiI Kg| K¨vjix MÖnY Abyhvqx GKwU
wn‡m‡e †`Lv †M‡Q, evsjv‡`‡ki †gvU RbmsL¨vi kZKiv 45-51 fvM `wi`ª| MÖv‡gi `wi`ª gvby‡li
g‡a¨ Kg K¨vjix MÖn‡Yi nvi Av‡iv ‡ewk| MÖvgxY AwkwZ †eKvi Ges f~wgnxb `wi`ª‡`i Av_©-
mvgvwRK DbœwZi Rb¨ FY `v‡bi gva¨‡g Dbœqbg~jK Kg©Kv‡Û AskMÖn‡Yi f~wgKv Acwimxg|
MÖvgxY `wi`ª‡`i wewfbœ Dbœqbg~jK Kg©Kv‡Û RwoZ Kivi Rb¨ eª¨vK wewfbœ Dbœqbg~jK KvR n‡Z
wb‡q‡Q †hgb, wkv, cÖwkY, FY, cÖ‡qvRbxq ¯^v¯’¨‡mev, cwievi cwiKíbv BZ¨vw`| GB
ch©‡e‡Yi cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ wQj eª¨vK m`m¨ Ges Am`m¨‡`i g‡a¨ Av_©-mvgvwRK Ae¯’v Ges mwVK
K¨vjix MÖn‡Yi gvÎv m¤ú‡K© Rvbv| 1995 mv‡j gZje _vbvi 14wU MÖv‡g 2,061wU Lvbvi K¨vjix
MÖn‡Yi Dci GB ch©‡eY Kiv nq|
M‡elYvq †`Lv †M‡Q, eª¨v‡Ki jwZ Rb‡Mvôxi cÖ‡Z¨K cÖvß eq¯‹ †jv‡Ki K¨vjix MÖn‡Yi gvÎv
1,997 wK‡jvK¨vjix hv 95-96 Gi RvZxq ch©‡e‡Yi me©‡kl gvÎ 1,900 wK‡jvK¨vjixi Zzjbvq
mvgvb¨ †ewk| eª¨vK m`m¨, jwZ wKš‘ m`m¨ bq Ges jwZ Rb‡Mvôx bq G‡`i ˆ`wbK RbcªwZ
K¨vjix MÖn‡Yi gvÎ h_vµ‡g 2,014; 1,852; Ges 2,153 wK‡jvK¨vjix| miKvwi wnmv‡e GKRb
e¨w³i ˆ`wbK Lv`¨ MÖn‡Y K¨vjixi cwigvY 2,310 wK‡jvK¨vjix nIqv DwPZ| gZje _vbvq †gvU
Rb‡Mvôxi ïaygvÎ 25% Qvov GB wbav©wiZ gvÎv †KD MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡iwb| eª¨vK m`m¨ Lvbvq
‘Effect of BRAC’s rural develoment programme on calorie consumption: evidence from
Matlab’ kxl©K GKwU M‡elYv wi‡cv‡U©i mvi-ms‡c (1997)| mvi-ms‡c K‡i‡Qb Rvexb †gvnmxb msMxZv|
wbh©vm 21

20% GB gvÎv c~iY K‡i‡Q| †`Lv hvq, Am`m¨‡`i 32% wba©vwiZ nv‡i A_v©r 2,310
wK‡jvK¨vjix MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i|
K¨jix MÖn‡Yi nvi cwiev‡ii AvKvi, Lvbv cÖav‡bi wkv I Av‡qi Dci wbf©i K‡i| GQvov gv‡m
Lv`¨ eve` LiP Ges Lvbvi wbR¯^ Rwgi mv‡_I K¨vjix MÖn‡Yi m¤úK© i‡q‡Q| cwiev‡ii AvKvi
†QvU n‡j m`m¨iv Lv`¨ †ewk cvq, d‡j K¨vjix MÖn‡Yi nviI †ewk nq| myZivs Lvbv cÖav‡bi
wkvI G †‡Î BwZevPK cÖfve iv‡L| wkwZ Lvbv cÖav‡bi K¨vjix MÖn‡Yi nvi AwkwZ Lvbv
cÖav‡bi †P‡q †ewk|
Lvbv cÖav‡bi Avq Abyhvqx GKwU cwiev‡ii mvgvwRK Ae¯’v †Kgb n‡e Zv wbf©i K‡i| w`bgRyi
w`‡b 1,805 wK‡jvK¨vjix Lv`¨ MÖnY K‡i| hviv Rwg‡Z KvR K‡i Zv‡`i K¨vjix MÖn‡Yi nvi
b~¨bZg| w`bgRyi‡`i K¨vjix MÖn‡Yi cwigvY evmv-evox‡Z hviv KvR K‡i Zviv †h cwigvY K¨vjix
MÖnY K‡i Zvi †P‡qI Kg| gv‡m hv‡`i Lv`¨ eve` eivÏ 1,000 UvKvi Kg Ges eQ‡i †fv‡Mi
Rb¨ 4,000 UvKvi Kg Zv‡`i g‡a¨ K¨vjix MÖnY me‡P‡q Kg| Avi hv‡`i Lv`¨ Ges †fv‡Mi Rb¨
eivÏ 2,000 Ges 8,000 UvKv Zv‡`i g‡a¨ K¨vjix MÖn‡Yi nvi GKUz †ewk| MÖvgxY GjvKvi
Rwgi gvwjKvbvI mvgvwRK Ae¯’vi wb‡`©kK wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| GQvov I Rwgi cwigv‡Yi Dci I
K¨vjix MÖn‡Yi gvb wbf©i K‡i| wKš‘ †gvUvgywU me‡‡ÎB Av_©-mvgvwRK Ae¯’vb GKB _vK‡jI
eª¨vK m`m¨iv Am`m¨‡`i †P‡q †ewk K¨vjix MÖnY K‡i|
evsjv‡`‡ki wkw‡Zi nvi AZ¨š— Kg Ges MÖv‡g Av‡iv Kg| mvaviYZ `wi`ª cwiev‡ii †Q‡j-
‡g‡qiv evwo‡Z w`bgRyixi I Ab¨vb¨ KvR K‡i weavq ¯‹z‡j †M‡jI wKQz w`‡bi g‡a¨ S‡i c‡o|
†`Lv hvq, ¯‹z‡j hvq Ggb kZKiv 80wU ev”Pv †QvU K…lK cwievi †_‡K Av‡m|
K…wl KvRB `wi`ª Rb‡Mvwôi GKgvÎ †ckv| Z‡e G †ckvI bvbv iKg mgm¨vq weRwiZ †hgb,
fywgnxb K…lK, Kg Drcv`b, BZ¨vw`| `wi`ª RbmvavivY mviv eQi wVKgZ KvRI cvq bv| wewfbœ
†ckvi †jvK‡`i K¨vjix MÖn‡Yi cwigvY wewfbœ iKg nq| Gfv‡e `vwi`ª¨ I cywónxbZv †e‡o hvq|
wbh©vm 22

G‡`i Kv‡R `Zv bv _vKvq ‡Kvbfv‡eB Avq evov‡Z cv‡i bv, Avi †m Kvi‡YB Giv †_‡K hvq
`wi`ª|
Avkv Kiv hv‡”Q ‡h, eª¨v‡Ki wewfbœ Dbœqb Kg©m~wP‡Z AskMÖnY-Kvix‡`i Av_©-mvgvwRK Ae¯’vi
DbœwZ n‡e| GB ch©‡e‡Yi cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ wQj †h, eª¨v‡Ki Dbœqb Kg©Kv‡Ûi d‡j AskMÖnY-
Kvix‡`i K¨vjix MÖn‡Yi gvÎvi wK cwieZ©b G‡m‡Q Zv Rvbv| G‡Z †`Lv †M‡Q, eª¨v‡Ki Kg©m~wP‡Z
AskMÖnYKvix‡`i g‡a¨ K¨vjix Mªn‡Yi nvi †ewk| eª¨vK m`m¨‡`i g‡a¨ K¨vjix MÖn‡Yi nvi †ewk
GwU GKwU Avkvi w`K| ZeyI RvZxq K¨vjix MÖn‡Yi wba©vwiZ cwigvY †_‡K GB nvi A‡bK Kg|
cÖK…Z `wi`ª‡`i wPwýZ K‡i Zv‡`i `vwi`ª¨ we‡gvPb cÖ‡Póvi gva¨‡g ˆ`wbK wba©vwiZ 2,310
wK‡jvK¨vjix wbwðZ Kiv GKvš— Ri“ix|
wbh©vm 23

Lv`¨ mvnvh¨ I †UKmB Dbœqb: zav wbevi‡Y eª¨v‡Ki f~wgKv
gy. †Mvjvg mvËvi, bymivZ mvwebv †PŠayix I †gv. AvjZvd †nv‡mb
Lv‡`¨i AwaKvi gvby‡li †gŠwjK AwaKvi| A_P we‡k¦i 80 †KvwU gvbyl AvR Lv`¨ wbivcËvnxb
Ae¯’vq emevm Ki‡Q| evsjv‡`‡kI Ggb gvby‡li msL¨v cÖvq wZb †KvwU| A_©vr, G †`‡k cÖwZ Pvi
R‡bi g‡a¨ GKRb gvbyl Abvnv‡i wKsev Aa©vnv‡i w`b KvUvb| mgMÖ Rb‡Mvwôi g‡a¨ gv I wkïivB
zav I Acywói cÖavb wkKvi| Lv`¨ wbivcËvnxbZvi cÖavb KviY nj `vwi`ª¨| `vwi`ª¨ we‡gvP‡bi
Rb¨ AvR miKvwi I wewfbœ †emiKvwi cÖwZôvb Zrci| G mKj Dbœqb ms¯’v M„nxZ eû iK‡gi
Dbœqb cÖKí I Kg©m~wPi d‡j A‡b‡KB AvR `vwi`ª¨ mxgv AwZµg Ki‡Z †c‡i‡Qb| Z‡e `wi`ª‡`i
gv‡SI hviv AwZ `wi`ª Zviv A‡b‡KB Gme Kg©m~wPi mydj †fvM Ki‡Z cvi‡Qb bv| GRb¨B GLb
cÖ‡qvRb Zv‡`i zavgyw³i D‡Ï‡k¨ Dchy³ †KŠkj I Kg©m~wP D¢veb Ges Zv MÖnY Kiv|
eª¨vK G j‡¨ D¢vebx wPš—v-fvebvi gva¨‡g wewfbœ Kg©m~wP cÖYqb K‡i‡Q| eZ©gv‡b M‡elYvwU‡Z
AvBwRwfwRwW (IGVGD) I K…wl ebvqb (Agroforestry) bv‡g GB `yB ai‡bi Kg©m~wPi Dci
Av‡jvKcvZ Kiv nq| MZ GK `k‡KiI †ewk mgq a‡i eª¨vK AvBwRwfwRwW Kg©m~wP cwiPvjbv
K‡i Avm‡Q| wek¦ Lv`¨ Kg©m~wP I evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii wgwjZ cÖ‡Póvq `yt¯’ gwnjv‡`i wfwRwW KvW©
mieivn Kiv nq, hvi gva¨‡g Zviv †`o eQi a‡i cÖwZ gv‡m 30 †KwR nv‡i Mg †c‡q _v‡Kb|
eª¨vK GB Kg©m~wPi mv‡_ cÖwkY I z`ª F‡Yi e¨e¯’v K‡i GB wfwRwW Kg©m~wP‡K AviI kw³kvjx
iƒc w`‡q‡Q|
AvBwRwfwRwWi me‡P‡q D‡jL‡hvM¨ ˆewkó¨ n‡jv †h, Gi gva¨‡g `wi`ªZg gwnjv‡Mvôx eª¨v‡Ki cjx
Dbœqb Kg©m~wPi Askx`vi n‡Z cv‡ib| eZ©gv‡b GB Kg©m~wPi Aš—M©Z m`m¨ msL¨v cÖvq 10 j|
`Food and sustainable livelihoods: BRAC`s innovations against hunger’ kxl©K GKwU M‡elYv
wi‡cv‡U©i mvi-ms‡c (1999)| mvi-ms‡c K‡i‡Qb bymivZ mvwebv †PŠayix|
wbh©vm 24

AvBwRwfwRwW Kg©Kv‡Ûi Dci cwiPvwjZ GB M‡elYvi g~j D‡Ïk¨ wQj m`‡m¨i mvgvwRK I
A_©‰bwZK Rxe‡b Kg©m~wPi cÖfve hvPvB Kiv| g~jZt Lv`¨ wbivcËvnxb Ae¯’v †_‡K yavgyw³i
c‡ Zv‡`i DËiY N‡U‡Q wKbv Zv j¨ Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨ M‡elYvwU cwiPvwjZ nq| G Rb¨
Kg©m~wP‡Z AskMÖnYKvix gwnjv‡`i mv‡_ Avjvc Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g Z_¨ msM„nxZ nq|
M‡elYvq †`Lv hvq †h, AskMÖnYKvix cÖvq mKj gwnjvB Avq e„w×g~jK †Kvb bv †Kvb KvR nv‡Z
wb‡q‡Qb| Zvi d‡j, GB me cwiev‡i evowZ Av‡qi my‡hvM m„wó n‡q‡Q Zv w`‡q cwiev‡ii A‡bK
cÖ‡qvRb †gUv‡bv m¤¢e n‡”Q Ges cwiev‡ii m¤ú‡`i cwigvY e„w× cv‡”Q| GB mKj m¤ú‡`i g‡a¨
i‡q‡Q M„n, Rwg, Mi“-QvMj, gyiMx, wi·v, ¯¨ve j¨vwUªb, wUDeI‡qj BZ¨vw`|
‡`Lv †M‡Q, cÖwZ gv‡m gwnjviv wbqwgZ mÂq Ki‡Qb, cwiev‡ii †Q‡j-‡g‡qiv ¯‹z‡j hv‡”Q, Lv`¨
wn‡m‡e †ewk mâx Ges †KD †KD wWgI Lv‡”Qb| d‡j cywónxbZvi gvÎvI K‡g Avm‡Q| G mKj
BwZevPK w`K _vKv ¯^‡Z¡I wewfbœ Kvi‡Y wKQz gwnjv AvBwRwfwRwW Kg©m~wP †_‡K †ewi‡q G‡m‡Qb|
K‡qKRb gwnjv Rvbvb †h, wewfbœ Kvi‡Y Zviv Kg©m~wPi myweav †fvM Ki‡Z cvi‡Qb bv †hgb,
wb‡Ri wKsev ¯^vgxi Amy¯’Zv, mvnvh¨Kvix †jv‡Ki Afve BZ¨vw`|
j¨Yxq †h, Gme gwnjvi Kg©m~wP Z¨v‡Mi cÖavb KviY n‡”Q kvixwiK Amy¯’Zv I wPwKrmv e¨q|
ZvQvov mvnvh¨Kvix †jvKej bv _vKvq †KD †KD Avqe„w×i cÖKí nv‡Z wb‡Z cv‡ib bv| ZvB †`Lv
†M‡Q, FY mnRjf¨ n‡jI F‡Yi †m UvKv LvUv‡bvi gZv G‡`i A‡b‡Ki †bB| ZvB AwZ
`wi`ª‡`i Rb¨ †Kvb Kg©m~wP ˆZixi mgq G welq¸‡jv we‡kl we‡ePbvq ivLv `iKvi|
K…wl ebvqb Kg©m~wP I `vwi`ª¨ we‡gvPb eª¨v‡Ki D¢vebx Kjv‡KŠk‡ji Avi GKwU D`vniY| 1991
mv‡j gvÎ 17 Rb Pvlxi AskMÖn‡Y †h Kg©m~wPi m~Pbv, eZ©gv‡b Zv †_‡K cÖvq 15,298 Rb Pvlx
mydj jvf Ki‡Q| †`‡ki ebm¤ú` iv, Lv`¨ I Kv‡Vi Pvwn`v †gUv‡bvi D‡Ï‡k¨ K…wl ebvqb
GKwU weÁvbm¤§Z e¨e¯’v| †`‡ki ebm¤ú‡`i µgv¤^q webvk †iva I Rwgi De©iZv e„w× I bZzb
Kg©ms¯’v‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ eª¨vK Mixe gwnjv Pvlx‡`i gv‡S 1997 mvj †_‡K `xN© †gqv`x Pzw³‡Z Rwg
wbh©vm 25

weZiY ïi“ K‡i| cÖv_wgK ch©v‡q Rwg‡K Pvl‡hvM¨ K‡i †Zvjvi Rb¨ K…lK †h kªg w`‡q _v‡Kb,
Zvi djkÖ“wZ‡Z eª¨vK (BD‡ivcxq Kwgk‡bi mnvqZvq) K…lK‡`i gvwmK 425 UvKv nv‡i GK eQi
Avw_©K mnvqZv I gwnjv Pvlx‡`i mvnvh¨, me wgwj‡q K…wl ebvqb ïaygvÎ GKwU D¢vebx c`‡cB
bq, GB `wi`ª gwnjv‡`i Ae¯’vi Dbœqb I cwi‡e‡ki fvimvg¨ ivi GKwU D‡jL‡hvM¨ Kg©m~wP|
wZb †KvwU gvby‡li Rb¨ Lv`¨ wbivcËvi ¯’vqx e¨e¯’v M‡o †Zvjv mnR KvR bq| ïay AvBwRwfwRwWi
gZ `yÕ-GKUv Kg©m~wPi Øviv GB wekvj Rb‡Mvwôi ¯’vqx wbivcËvi e¨e¯’v Kiv m¤¢e bq| GRb¨
`iKvi GKvwaK I wewfbœg~Lx Kg©m~wP Ges D¢vebx Kg©‡KŠkj| `xN© †gqv`x Kg©m~wPi Rb¨ mswkó
mK‡jiB we‡klZt ivR‰bwZK †bZ…‡Z¡i A½xKvi _vKv `iKvi| GRb¨ RvZxq Ges ¯’vbxq- `yB
ch©v‡qB wPš—v I cÖ‡Pôvi mgš^q `iKvi| Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ `wi`ª gvbyl‡`i msMwVZ Kiv GKvš—
`iKvi| mgv‡ekb I msMV‡bi gva¨‡g `wi`ª Rb‡Mvwôi gZvqb n‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e Zv‡`i
mgv‡ekb I msMwVZ Kivi Kv‡R wewfbœ miKvwi I †emiKvwi ms¯’v Ges BDwbqb cwil‡`i mwµq
mnvqZv `iKvi|
wbh©vm 26

RbmsL¨v KvVv‡gvi I mvgvwRK-mvs¯‹…wZK Ae¯’v cwieZ©‡b
Avš—Rv©wZK ¯’vbvš—‡ii cÖfvet MÖvgxY evsjv‡`‡ki GKwU mgxv
Ave`yjv‡nj nv`x I wd‡ivR Gg Kvjvj
Avš—vR©vwZK gvB‡MÖkb ev †`kvš—i wKsev Avš—R©vwZK ¯’vbvš—‡ii aib ev Gi e¨vwßi †ek cwieZ©b
N‡U‡Q B`vwbsKv‡j| eû c~‡e© †`kvš—i ev ¯’vbvš—‡ii KviY wQj GK Avi AvR‡Ki †cÖvcU Ab¨|
Z‡e Dbœqbkxj †`‡ki bxwZ †`‡ki bxwZ wba©viKMY wek¦vm K‡ib †h, Dbœqbkxj †`k †_‡K DbœZ
†`‡k kªwgK‡`i ¯’vbvš—i ev †`k Z¨vM A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi †‡Î ¸i“Z¡c~Y© fywgKv iv‡L| Zviv `„p
wek¦vmx †h, DbœZ †`‡k Zv‡`i evowZ kªwgK ißvbx K‡i wbR †`‡ki A_©bxwZ PvsMv Kiv m¤¢e|
Avš—:ivóªxq Avš’vqx †`kZ¨vM Dfq †`‡ki Dci †h cÖfve †dj‡Q Zv A¯^xKvi Kiv hvq bv| Avš—
vR©vwZK ¯’vbvš—i wewea Kvi‡Y n‡q _v‡K †hgb, hy×-weMÖn, AvenvIqvi cwieZ©b, wbcxob, Avw_©K
Pvc, BZ¨vw` evsjv‡`‡ki MÖvgxY GjvKv †_‡K hviv we‡`‡k cvwo Rwg‡q‡Qb Zv‡`i †`‡k †i‡L
hvIqv cwiev‡ii Dci Kx ai‡bi mvgvwRK I ms¯‹…wZK cwieZ©b G‡m‡Q Zv †`Lvi Rb¨ GB
mgxvwU Kiv nq|
Dwbk kZ‡Ki †k‡li w`‡K evsjv‡`k †_‡K †`kZ¨vM ïi“ n‡q‡Q| Avi G †`kZ¨vM wQj gyjZ:
hy³iv‡R¨i D‡Ïk¨| evsjv‡`k †_‡K hy³iv‡R¨i c‡_ hLb AmsL¨ evsjv‡`kx cvwo Rwg‡q‡Q Ges
GB cÖevn hLb †e‡o hvw”Qj ZLb e„wUk miKvi ¯’vbvš—i bxwZ‡Z KwZcq KwVb kZ© Av‡ivc K‡i
hv‡Z we‡`kx kªwg‡Ki Aeva hvZvqvZ wbqš¿Y Kiv hvq| Z‡e lv‡Ui `k‡K wKQz evsjv‡`kx
ga¨cÖv‡P¨ cvwo Rwg‡q‡Qb| mËi `k‡Ki gvSvgvwS †`kZ¨v‡Mi gvÎv A‡bK †e‡o hvq| we‡kl
K‡i 1974 Gi `~wf©‡i c‡i Pig `vwi`ª¨ I †eKvi‡Z¡i Kvi‡Y Zviv †`k Z¨vM K‡i| Z‡e
beŸB‡qi `k‡K †`kZ¨v‡Mi gvÎv n‡q‡Q eûg~Lx| GLb ïay ga¨cÖv‡P¨ bq Rvcvb, †Kvwiqv,
wmsMvcyi, gvjqwkqvmn A‡bK †`‡k cvwo Rgv‡”Qb eû evsjv‡`kx|
`Demographic and socio-cultural consequences of international migration in rural Bangladesh’ kxl©K GKwU
M‡elYv wi‡cv‡U©i mvi-ms‡c (A‡±vei 1997)| mvi-ms‡c K‡i‡Qb GBP Avi ZvjyK`vi|
wbh©vm 27

‡`Lv ‡M‡Q, †`kZ¨v‡Mi d‡j MÖvgxY GjvKvq †eKviZ¡B ïay n«vm cvqwb, Gi mv‡_ RbmsL¨v
KvVv‡gv‡ZI GKwU cwieZ©b G‡m‡Q| mgxv GjvKvq †`Lv †M‡Q, Kg eqmx †jvK‡`i (15-29)
†P‡q †ekx eqmx‡`i (30-45) g‡a¨ †_‡K †`kZ¨vMx †ewk wQ‡jv| †h GjvKv †_‡K †`kZ¨vM †ewk
n‡q‡Q †m GjvKvq cyi“‡li msL¨v `vi“Yfv‡e Kg wQ‡jv| cyi“l †`kZ¨vM †`‡ki RbmsL¨v
Kv‡Vv‡gvi Dci wKQyUv cÖfve †d‡j‡Q|
‡`Lv †M‡Q, †`kZ¨vMxiv Zv‡`i †i‡L hvIqv cwievi-cwiR‡bi fiY-‡cvl‡Yi Rb¨B cÖavbZ A_©
cVvq Ges Zv †ewkifvM †‡ÎB Abyrcv`bkxj Kg©Kv‡Û LiP n‡q hvq| Z‡e †`kZ¨vMx I Zv‡`i
cwiev‡ii g‡a¨ cvi¯úwiK †evSvcovi gva¨‡g cwiev‡ii cÖ_vMZ a¨vb-aviYv I Av`‡k© cwieZ©b
Avm‡Z Avš—tivóªxq †`kZ¨vMxMY `yÕfv‡e cÖfve †d‡j| †hgb,
A_© cvwV‡q cwiev‡ii Avw_©K ¯^v”QjZv evov‡bv; Ges
bZzb a¨vb-aviYvi ms¯ú‡k© G‡m cÖ_vMZ AvPi‡Y cwieZ©b|
‡`kZ¨vM Rb¥kxjZvq †Zgb †Kv‡bv cÖfve bv †dj‡jI †`k Z¨vMx‡`i mš—vb Rb¥ †`qvi cÖe„wË
GKUz †ewk wQ‡jv Av_©vr cwievi †_‡K c„_K _vKvi d‡j mš—vb Rb¥ †`qvi weiwZKvj e„w× cvq,
Avevi †`‡k wdi‡jB mš—vB cvevi AvKvsLv †e‡o hvq| ZvB eûw`‡bi Abycw¯’wZi wZ ¯^íKv‡ji
g‡a¨B cywl‡q w`‡Z Zviv AbyivMx n‡q D‡V|
‡`Lv †M‡Q, †h me cwiev‡ii m`m¨iv †`k Z¨vM K‡i‡Q Zviv AvaywbK wPwKrmv †ewk MÖnY Ki‡Z
cv‡i| we‡`k †_‡K A_© †cÖi‡Yi Kvi‡Y Zv‡`i wPwKrmv e¨e¯’vq cwieZ©b NU‡Z _v‡K ¯^”Qj Rxeb
hvc‡bi Rb¨ AmyL-wemy‡Li we¯—vi I G‡`i g‡a¨ Kg| Gme wg‡j †`kZ¨vMx cwiev‡ii g‡a¨ g„Zz¨
nvi I K‡g †M‡Q|
Avw_©K msMwZi welqUv we‡q-mv`x I Aí eq‡m we‡qi m¤¢vebv evwo‡q †`q| MÖvgxY evsjv‡`‡k
‡hŠZz‡Ki Av`vb cÖ`vb P‡j Avm‡Q eûKvj a‡i| †`kZ¨vMx‡`i †hŠZzK †`qvi gZv †ewk _vK‡jI
wbh©vm 28

Zv‡`i g‡a¨ †hŠZzK †`evi cÖeYZv K‡g‡Q| Z‡e Zv‡`i g‡a¨ weevn we‡”Q` wKsev Zvjv‡Ki NUbv
wKQyUv †e‡o‡Q|
‡`Lv †M‡Q, MÖvgxY evsjv‡`‡k †g‡q‡`i mvaviYZ evB‡i PvKzix wb‡Z Drmvn †`qv nq bv| we‡`k
†_‡K h‡_ó cwigv‡Y UvKv-cqmv cvVv‡bv ïi“ n‡j ‡`kZ¨vMx cwiev‡ii †g‡qiv PvKzix Qvo‡Z ïi“
K‡i| †`kZ¨vMx‡`i cwiev‡ii †‡Î †`Lv ‡M‡Q †h, Zv‡`i g‡a¨ †hŠ_fv‡e wg‡jwg‡k _vKvi
m¤¢vebv †ewk| KviY GK‡Î _vK‡j Zviv ‡ewk wbivc` g‡b K‡i| Z‡e we‡`k †_‡K †`kZ¨vMx
wd‡i Avm‡j Avevi Avjv`v emevm Ki‡Z ïi“ K‡i|
cwiev‡ii †Kvb m`m¨ we‡`‡k _v‡K-GB welqwU cwiev‡ii Av_©-mvgvwRK gh©v`v e„w× Ki‡jI
bvix‡`i gh©v`v wKsev Lvbvq Zv‡`i f~wgKv e„w×i †‡Î ‡Zgb ¸i“Z¡c~©Y f~wgKv cvjb K‡iwb| a‡i
†bqv nq, G mKj cwiev‡ii †g‡qiv c`©v cÖ_v †g‡b Pj‡e bv| Z‡e †`kZ¨vMx wd‡i bv Avmv ch©š—
G K_v A‡bKUvB mZ¨| †`‡k wd‡i Avm‡j Zviv c`©v cÖ_v Avevi ïi“ K‡i|
‡`Lv †M‡Q, †h cwievi †_‡K †KD we‡`‡k wM‡q‡Q Zv‡`i mš—vb‡`i ¯‹z‡j fwZ© Ges nvwRiv
†e‡o‡Q| m¤¢eZ Avš—tivóªxq †`k Z¨v‡Mi d‡j mvs¯‹„wZK †h wewbgq n‡q‡Q Zv Zv‡`i mš—vb‡`i
†jLvcovi †‡Î AvMªn RvwM‡q Zz‡j‡Q| GB †`kZ¨vM c‡ivfv‡e n‡j I wkv Dbœq‡b f~wgKv
ivL‡Q|
Avš—tivóªxq †`kZ¨v‡Mi Kvi‡Y GKvbœfy³ cwiev‡i emevm †e‡o‡Q, we‡kl K‡i mš—vb-mš—wZ‡`i
wbivcËvi Rb¨ †g‡qiv GKvbœf~³ cwiev‡i Zv‡`i ¯^KxqZv iv K‡i P‡j‡Q| †`kZ¨vMx‡`i gva¨‡g
Avmv DbœZ Av_©-mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹„wZK †PZbv Avgv‡`i MÖvgxY mgvR I ms¯‹…wZ‡Z we‡kl cÖfve
†d‡j‡Q Ges GKwU my`yi cÖmvix cwieZ©bI j¨ Kiv hv‡”Q|
wbh©vm 29

evsjv‡`‡k weKí R¡vjvwbi e¨e¯’vt GKwU ch©‡jvPbv
bvwmgv Av³vi
Av_©-mvgvwRK Dbœq‡bi GKwU Ab¨Zg PvwjKv kw³ n‡”Q R¡vjvwb| weMZ eQi¸‡jv‡Z LwbR R¡vjvwb
Ae¨vnZfv‡e †cvov‡bvi d‡j weivU wZi m„wó n‡q‡Q| ZvB AvR bevqb‡hvM¨ R¡vjvwb kw³ we‡k¦
†KŠZznj I m‡PZbZv m„wó K‡i‡Q|
LwbR R¡vjvwb †hgb †Zj I M¨vm e¨env‡ii d‡j c~‡ivUvB LiP n‡q hvq| Avgiv Lye `ª“Z G
ai‡bi A-bevqb‡hvM¨ cÖvK…wZK m¤ú` wbt‡kl K‡i †djwQ| evsjv‡`‡k LwbR m¤ú` AwZ bMY¨|
DËi-c~e©v‡j K‡qKwU †QvU-Lv‡Uv Kqjv Lwb i‡q‡Q e‡U, wKš‘ Zv †_‡K ¯^í-Zvc Drcv`K wcU
Ges wcURvZ Kqjv cvIqv hvq, Ges Gi D‡Ëvjb LiPI A‡bK †ewk| eZ©gv‡b †`‡ki kZKiv
gvÎ 1990 mv‡jI †ewkifvM kniv‡j kZKiv gvÎ 2.2 fvM cwievi M¨vm myweav †fvM K‡iwQj
Ges kZKiv 3.9 fvM †jvK †K‡ivwmb †Zj e¨envi K‡i ivbœv-evbœvi KvR †m‡i‡Q|
evsjv‡`‡k gv_vwcQy R¡vjvwb I we`y¨Z LiP Dbœqbkxj †`‡ki g‡a¨I G‡K ev‡i bx‡Pi mvwi‡Z|
1990 mv‡j I kZKiv 73 fv‡Mi †ewk †jvK LoKzUv, KvV, †Mvei BZ¨vw` R¡vjvwb wn‡m‡e e¨envi
K‡i‡Q| †h mKj cjx‡Z GLbI we`y¨Z †cuŠ‡Qwb †mLv‡b AwaK cwigv‡Y R¡vjvwb mieivn I Zv
`Zvi mv‡_ e¨envi Kiv `iKvi| G Rb¨ `iKvi m¤¢ve¨ Dr†mi mÜvb Kiv| ˆe`y¨wZK wMÖ‡Wi
m¤úªmviYI e¨vqmva¨| R¡vjvwb iƒcvš—i e¨e¯’v †Kej wMÖW m¤cÖmvi‡Yi LiPB Kgv‡e bv, cwi‡ekI
`~lYgy³ ivL‡Z mnvqK n‡e|
weKí kw³i m¤¢ve¨ Dr†mi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q †mŠikw³ h Adziš—, `~lYgy³ Ges me RvqMv‡ZB cvIqv
hvq| evsjv‡`‡k evrmwiK m~h©Zvc wewKiY BD‡iv‡ci Zzjbvq A‡bK †ewk (cÖwZ eM©wgUv‡i 1,575
†_‡K 1,840 wK‡jvIqvU AvIqvi/eM©.wg.)| †`Lv hv‡”Q, †gvU ‡mŠiZv‡ci kZKiv 0.07 fvM
`Alternative energy situation in Bangladesh: a country review’ kxl©K GKwU M‡elYv wi‡cv‡U©i
mvi-ms‡c (RyjvB 1997)| mvi-ms‡c K‡i‡Qb GBP Avi ZvjyK`vi|
wbh©vm 30

e¨envi Ki‡jI †`‡ki †gvU Pvwn`vi cy‡ivUvB †gUv‡bv m¤¢e| eZ©gv‡b Avgiv cÖwZ eM© wgUv‡i 208
Iqv‡Ui I †ewk †mŠikw³ cvw”Q A_P e¨envi n‡”Q gvÎ 0.15 IqvU|
evsjv‡`‡k K‡qKwU ms¯’v †mŠikw³ wb‡q M‡elYv Ki‡Q| cjx we`y¨Zvqb †evW©, MÖvgxY kw³ Kwgkb
I ¯’vbxq miKvi cÖ‡KŠkj Awa`ßi †`‡ki wewfbœ ¯’v‡b †mŠi d‡Uv‡fv‡ëK ¯’vcb Ki‡Q| cjx
we`y¨Zvqb †evW© biwmsw`‡Z †mŠi we`y¨Z mieiv‡ni Rb¨ GKwU cvBjU cÖKí nv‡Z †bq| cvuP
ai‡bi d‡Uv‡fv‡ëK (PV) ‡_‡K 1,370 Rb MÖvn‡Ki evwo‡Z we`y¨Z mieivn Kiv n‡”Q| AvYweK
kw³ KwgkY †mŠi d‡Uv‡fv‡ëK Pvjy K‡i 1985 mv‡j| GB Kwgkb KZ…©K ¯’vwcZ d‡Uvv‡fv‡ëK
m‡e©v”P 9,790 IqvU we`y¨Z Drcv`‡b mg n‡j I e¨e¯’vcbv, †givgZ I A_©vfv‡e Zv A‡K‡Rv
n‡q Av‡Q|
¯’vbxq miKvi I cÖ‡KŠkj Awa`ßi K·ev‡Ri GKwU Ges 4wU cUzqvLvjx‡Z GB †gvU 5wU NywY©So
†K‡›`ª †mŠi d‡Uv-‡fv‡ëK (PV) ¯’vcb K‡i‡Q| 1996-97 mv‡j MÖvgxY kw³ wewfbœ †Rjvi 67wU
†mŠi wm‡óg Pvjy K‡i‡Q, Ges cieZ©x ch©v‡q Av‡iv 400wU BDwbU ¯’vcb Kivi cwiKíbv MÖnY
K‡i‡Q|
evsjv‡`‡k weÁvb I wkí M‡elYv cwil‡`i R¡vjvwb M‡elYv I †m›Uvi di g¨vm GWy‡Kkb Bb
mv‡qÝ †mŠi Pzwj Dbœqb I weZi‡Yi e¨e¯’v wb‡q‡Q| R¡vjvwb M‡elYv I Dbœqb BbwówUDU 2-3
†KwR IR‡bi nvjKv,m¯—v Ges mn‡R ¯’cb‡hvM¨ GKwU Pzwj D¢veb K‡i‡Q| wKš‘ Gi Amyweav
n‡jv m~‡h©i PjvPj j¨ †i‡L nvZ w`‡q Nyiv‡Z nq Ges AvKvk †gNv”Qbœ n‡j ZvovZvwo cÖwZdjb
K‡g hvq| cvuP R‡bi GKwU cwiev‡ii Dc‡hvMx fvZ, gvQ-gvsm I Wvj ivbœv Ki‡Z cÖvq wZb N›Uv
mgq jv‡M|
Lv`¨ weÁvb I cÖhyw³ BbwówUDU evuk I cwjw_b wkU w`‡q djgyj, kâx BZ¨vw` ïKv‡bvi Rb¨
GKwU Wªvqvi ˆZix K‡i‡Q| GUv G‡Zv mnR †h, †Kej GKwU evK&‡mi Dci GK UzKiv ¯^”Q wkU
wewQ‡q w`‡qB ïK‡bv hvq| GQvovI cvwb Mig Kivi Rb¨ GK ai‡bi wnUviI Zviv ˆZix K‡i‡Q|
wbh©vm 31

eûw`b a‡iB bivqb‡hvM¨ kw³i g‡a¨ evqy kw³ Avgv‡`i mevi `„wó AvK©lY K‡i Avm‡Q|
evsjv‡`‡ki DcKzj †_‡K evqy kw³i m¤¢vebvi Dci A‡bK Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv n‡q‡Q| Z‡e
DcKzjeZx© GjvKvi evqy kw³i m¤¢ve¨Zv wel‡q Av‡iv mwVK Z_¨ msMÖn bv nIqv Aewa GB kw³i
e¨envi wb‡q wbw`©ó wKQz Kiv hv‡”Q bv| e„wUk miKv‡ii mn‡hvMxZvq evsjv‡`k †m›Uvi di
A¨vWfvÝW ÷vwWR 1995 mv‡ji A‡±vei gv‡m evqy kw³ mgxv cÖKí Pvjy K‡i| Zviv DcKz‡ji
7wU A‡ji evqy kw³i Dci Z_¨ msMÖn I we‡klY K‡i‡Q| D‡Ïk¨ wQ‡jv evqyy kw³ e¨env‡ii
KvwiMwi I we`y¨Z kw³i g~j¨vqb Kiv| GB GjvKv¸‡jv K·evRvi, PÆMÖvg, †bvqvLvjx, †fvjv I
cUzqvLvjxi DcKz‡j we¯—…Z|
AvenvIqv `dZ‡ii msM„nxZ Z_¨ evsjv‡`k cÖ‡KŠkj wek¦we`¨vjq ch©v‡jvPbv K‡i †`L‡Z †c‡q‡Q
evsjv‡`‡ki A‡bK GjvKv‡ZB evqyy kw³i A‡bK m¤¢vebv i‡q‡Q| †mP Kv‡Ri Rb¨ e¨eüZ nvZ
cv¤ú Pvjv‡bvi Rb¨ GB evqy kw³ e¨envi Kiv hvq| †`Lv †M‡Q, PÆMÖv‡g evqyi †h MwZ Zv‡Z
we`y¨Z Drcv`b I cv¤ú Pvjbvi Rb¨ GKwU cv›U ¯’vcbI m¤¢e|
evqy kw³i wecYb wel‡q †Zgb †Kvb AbymÜvb Pvjv‡bv nqwb| mvMi DcK~‡j wKQz wkí cÖwZôvb
i‡q‡Q †hLv‡b we`y¨‡Zi Rb¨ evqy kw³ e¨envi Kiv nq| Gi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q wPsox Pvl, grm¨
cÖwµqvRZKiY I eid Kj BZ¨vw`| G mg¯— wkí we`y¨Z wMÖW A‡ji evwn‡i, d‡j we`y¨‡Zi Rb¨
†Rbv‡iU‡ii Dci wbf©ikxj G mKj AÂj A`~i fwel¨‡Z MÖxW jvB‡bi AvIZvq Avm‡e Ggb
m¤¢vebvI xY| evqy kw³ e¨envi K‡i we`y¨Z Drcv`vb I mieiv‡ni Rb¨ G AÂj LyeB
m¤¢vebvgqx|
AwZ cÖvPxbKvj †_‡K gvbyl ˆRe R¡vjvbx e¨envi K‡i Avm‡Q| RbmsL¨v e„w×i mv‡_ mv‡_
MÖvgv‡ji wewfbœ cÖ‡qvR‡b gvbyl KvV, Lo, evuk I ebR jZvcvZv R¡vjvwb wn‡m‡e e¨envi K‡i
eb-RsMj cÖvq DRvi K‡i †d‡j‡Q| G‡`‡k AwZ cwiwPZ ‰Re c`v_© †_‡K cÖvß R¡vjvwb n‡jv KvV,
K…wlR Aewkóvsk Ges †Mvei| wKš‘ †jvK emwZ AwaK nv‡i evovi Rb¨ eb-ev`vo Ges K…wl Rwg
wbh©vm 32

üvm cv‡”Q| wcQ‡bi w`‡K ZvKv‡j †`Lv hv‡e 1980-1981 mv‡j ˆRe kw³ 83% nv‡i K‡g‡Q,
1989-90 G K‡g‡Q 73% Ges 1994-95 G K‡g‡Q 67%|
‰Re kw³i weKí cÖhyw³ wn‡m‡e R¡vjvwb M‡elYv I Dbœqb BbwówUDU GKK I Wej Pzjvi R¡vjvwb
LiP 50-70 fvM Kwg‡q G‡b‡Q| K‡qKwU †emiKvwi cÖwZôvb G Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ ev‡qvM¨vm
RxeRš‘ I K…wl AveR©bv A_ev cPbkxj `ªe¨ †_‡K cvIqv hvq| 1972 mv‡j K…wl wek¦we`¨vjq
cixvg~jKfv‡e M¨vm Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ cÖ_g ev‡qvM¨vm c¨v›U ¯’vcb K‡i| G ch©š— †`‡k †gvU
1,000wU ev‡qvM¨vm cv›U ¯’vwcZ n‡q‡Q| eZ©gvb Ae¯’vq GKwU gvSvwi cwiev‡ii Dc‡hvMx cv‡›Ui
Rb¨ 4-5wU Mi“i †Mvei `iKvi| G wn‡m‡e eo‡Rvi 20% MÖvgxY cwievi G my‡hvM †_‡K jvfevb
n‡Z cvi‡e|
m¤cÖwZ miKvi Ôev‡qvM¨vmÕ ÔcvBjU cv›UÕ bvgK 68.98 wgwjqb UvKvi GKwU cÖKí Aby‡gv`b
K‡i| Avkv Kiv hvq, G cÖKí †`‡k R¡vjvwbi weKí GKwU e¨e¯’v D¢ve‡b AMÖMvgx fywgKv cvjb
Ki‡e| hw`I weKí kw³ cÖhyw³‡K †UKmB Ki‡Z wKQy mgm¨v i‡q‡Q †hgb, cÖviw¤¢K LiP †ewk,
AvenvIqv wbf©iZv, m‡PZbZvi Afve, hš¿cvwZi D”P `vg I Avw_©K msKU|
wbh©vm 33

¯^v¯’¨ †mweKv‡`i KvR †Q‡o †`qvi KviYmg~n
‡mv‡njv nK Lvb, Avng` †gvk&ZvK ivRv †PŠayix, dRjyj Kwig I wgjb Kvwš— eoyqv
eª¨v‡Ki ¯^v¯’¨ Kg©m~wP ïi“ nq 1972 mv‡j| ¯^v¯’¨ Kg©m~wPi wKQz Dcv`vb cjx Dbœqb Kg©m~wP‡Z
(AviwWwc) Aš—fy©³ nq 1991 mv‡j| cieZx©‡Z 1996 mv‡j AviwWwcfy³ ¯^v¯’¨ Kg©m~wPi bvgKib
Kiv nq G‡mbwkqvi †nj_ †Kqvi (BGBPwm) ev AZ¨vek¨Kxi ¯^v¯’¨ cwiPh©v| ¯^v¯’¨ †mweKviv GB
BGBPwmÕi GKwU cÖavb PvwjKv kw³| Zviv cÖK…Zc‡ MÖv‡g A‰eZwbK mgvR‡mev Kgx©|
š^vš’¨‡mev cÖ`v‡b Dc‡hvMx K‡i †Zvjvi Rb¨ cÖwZwU ¯^v¯’¨ †mweKv‡K eª¨v‡Ki Li‡P cÖwkY ‡`qv
nq| cieZ©x‡Z GB cÖwkYcÖvß †mweKv‡`i A‡b‡KB KvR †Q‡o †`q| gqgbwms‡ni dzjevwoqv‡Z
G ch©š— †gvU 50 Rb ¯^v¯’¨ †mweKv‡K cÖwkY †`qv n‡q‡Q hvi g‡a¨ 22 RbB †mweKvi KvR †Q‡o
w`‡q‡Q| G‡`i nvi dzjevwoqv‡Z wQj 44% Ges gqgbwmsn A‡j 31%| mvgwMÖKfv‡e, mviv
†`ke¨vcx BGBPwmÕi ev` cov †mweKvi nvi 32%| Z‡e dzjevwoqvi GB nvi gqgbwmsn AvÂwjK
Ges RvZxq nv‡ii cÖvq †`o¸b| BGBPwm Kg©m~wP Gme ¯^v¯’¨ †mweKv‡`i wb‡qvM, cÖwkY Ges
ZZ¡veav‡bi Rb¨ A_©-m¤ú` e¨vq K‡i| KvR †Q‡o P‡j hvIqv Gme ¯^v¯’¨ †mweKv eª¨v‡Ki Rb¨
nviv‡bv m¤ú‡`i cÖZxK|
hv‡nvK, cÖwkYcªvß †mweKv‡`i KvR †Q‡o †`qvi KviY D`&NvUb Ges Kg©m~wP‡Z Gi cÖfve hvPvB
Kivi Rb¨ 1997 mv‡j G M‡elYvwU Kiv nq| mgxvq gqgbwmsn †Rjvi dzjevwoqv _vbvi 10
Rb ¯^¯’¨ ‡mweKv‡K Aš—©fy³ Kiv nq| ¯^v¯’¨ †mweKvi eqm, ˆeevwnK Ae¯’v, RxweZ mš—v‡bi msL¨v,
cwiev‡ii m`m¨ msL¨v, wkv, †ckv, eª¨vK m`m¨c`, Kg©m~wP Z¨vM Kivi KviY, Kg©m~wPi Dci
cÖfve, BZ¨vw` welq¸‡jv G mgxvq we‡ePbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|
`Reasons behind shasthya shebika dropout’ kxl©K GKwU M‡elYv wi‡cv‡U©i mvi-ms‡c (1997)|
mvi-ms‡c K‡i‡Qb b~iRvnvb AvKZvi †mZz|
wbh©vm 34

¯^v¯’¨ †mweKv‡`i KvR †Q‡o †`qvi †h mKj KviY Ly‡u‡R cvIqv †M‡Q Zv n‡jv mg‡qi ¯^íZv,
Jla wewµ K‡i ch©vß Avq bv nIqv (A_©vr ¯^v¯’¨ †mweKviv gv‡m gvÎ 100-300 UvKv Avq K‡i hv
†gv‡UB ch©vß bq), Ges G KvR Qvov Ab¨vb¨ Kv‡R jvf †ewk (A_©vr cïcvjb, miKvwi †m”Qv
†mweKv nIqv) Zv‡`i e³e¨ n‡jv, ÒAí jv‡fi Rb¨ A‡bK †ewk cwikªg Ki‡Z nqÓ| Zvic‡iI
Jla wewµi Rb¨ ch©vß †µZv bv cvIqv †Kbvi cÖwZ †µZvi Abxnv Ges G Kv‡R cwiev‡ii c
†_‡K Abxnv BZ¨vw` welq‡KI Zviv we‡kl KviY wn‡m‡e wPwýZ K‡i‡Q|
¯^v¯’¨ ‡mweKv‡`i KvR †Q‡o †`qvi d‡j Kg©m~wPi Dci †h cÖfve c‡o Zv nj Afxó j¨ AwR©Z
nq bv | †hgb, Jla, ¯^v¯’¨m¤§Z cvqLvbv Ges bjK~c wewµ K‡g hvq| G QvovI cwievi
cwiKíbv c×wZ MÖnYKvix‡`i msL¨v K‡g hvq| miKvwi †mev MÖn‡Y mvgR‡K DØy× Kivi MwZ n«vm
cvq Ges Kg©m~wP Z¨v‡Mi Av‡iKwU cÖfve n‡”Q GB Kg©m~wPi e¨vq e„w× cvq| GKwU Kg© GjvKvq
BGBPwmÕi PviRb Kg©x _v‡K (1 Rb g¨v‡bRvi, 1Rb wcI Ges 2Rb wcG) ¯^v¯’¨ †mweKv‡`i
wb‡qvM, cÖwkY Ges ZZ¡veavb Zv‡`iB `vwq‡Z¡ _v‡K| GKRb ¯^v¯’¨ †mweKvi †cQ‡b b~¨bZg
1,049 UvKv e¨q nq| GB e¨‡qi g‡a¨ Av‡Q eª¨vK Kg©xi †eZb,¯^v¯’¨ †mweKvi Lv`¨ Ges cÖwkY
DcKiY eve` e¨q| †`Lv †M‡Q, dzjevwoqv †_‡K 22 Rb P‡j hvIqvi Kvi‡Y †mLv‡b b~¨bZgc‡
†gvU wZi cwigvY `vwo‡q‡Q 23,078 UvKv|
‡hme ¯^v¯’¨ †mweKv Kg©m~wP Z¨vM K‡i P‡j †M‡Q Zv‡`i eY©bv †_‡K wKQz welq Rvbv †M‡Q| †hgb,
G KvRwU †¯^”Qv‡mevg~jK wKbv Zv wb‡q Zviv wØavwš^Z, eª¨v‡Ki †mevi `vg †ewk, ¯^v¯’¨ †mweKv‡`i
wbR evwo‡Z Kv‡Ri Pvc, ¯^v¯’¨ †mweKv‡`i RbwcÖqZvi welq, ¯^v¯’¨ †mweKv evQvB‡qi gvb`Û wb‡q
mskq, Kg©m~wPi mwVK wb‡`©kbvi Afve, ¯^v¯’¨ †mweKviv Wv³vi bq GB aviYv Ges Ab¨vb¨ wKQz
welq| †mweKv P‡j hvevi †cQ‡b †h me KviY kbv³ Kiv n‡q‡Q Zv BGBPwmÕi Ab¨vb¨ GjvKvi
Rb¨ cÖ‡hvR¨ bv n‡jI G¸‡jvB Kg©m~wP Z¨v‡Mi m¤¢ve¨ KviY e‡j a‡i †bqv hvq| Z‡e, AviwWwcÕi
BGBPwm Kg©m~wP Zvi †mev cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ GKwU mvaviY c×wZ e¨envi K‡i Ges GKwU eo
bgybvq‡bi gva¨‡g wewfbœ BGBPwm GjvKv‡Z mgxv Pvjv‡bv n‡j cªvß Z_¨ Av‡iv me©Rbxb n‡Z
cv‡i|
wbh©vm 35

GB M‡elYvi djvd‡ji wfwˇZ Kg©m~wPi Rb¨ KwZcq mycvwik Kiv nj| †hgb, cÖwkYv_x© evQvB
Kivi mgq BGBPwm †hb we`¨gvb wb‡`©kgvjvq `„pfv‡e AwePj _v‡K †hgb, hviv MÖ“c m`m¨ bq
Zv‡`i BGBPwmfy³ bv Kiv Ges evRv‡ii Avkcv‡ki GjvKvi ¯^v¯’¨ †mweKv evQvB bv Kiv; hv‡`i
eqm 30-40 eQi Ggb ¯^v¯’¨ †mweKv evQvB Kiv; †hme gwnjv wewfbœ ai‡bi Kv‡R m¤ú„³ Zv‡`i
evQvB bv Kiv; Kg© GjvKvi AvqZb †hLv‡b Pvi wK‡jvwgUvi †mLv‡b ïay GKRb ¯^v¯’¨ †mweKv Kiv;
eª¨vK Kgx©‡`i Av‡iv †mŠRb¨g~jK e¨envi Kiv; Ges ¯^v¯’¨ †mweKv cÖwk‡Yi mgq we‡klfv‡e
D‡jL Kiv †h, ¯^v¯’¨ †mweKv‡`i cÖv_wgK KvR n‡e †mev`vb I Jla wewµ Kiv n‡e Zvi wØZxq
KvR|
wbh©vm 36

RvZxq wUKv w`em: RbM‡Yi AskMÖnY evo‡Q wK?
Ave`yjv‡nj nv`x I Gd Gg Kvgvj
‡h mKj gv‡q‡`i 1-5 eQ‡ii wkï i‡q‡Q Zv‡`i g‡a¨ wUKv`vb msµvš— m‡PZbZv m„wó Kiv Ges
wUKvMÖn‡Yi nvi e„w×i j‡¨ evsjv‡`‡k RvZxq wUKv`vb w`em ev NID cvwjZ nq| wUKv`vb
Kg©m~wP‡Z RbM‡Yi AskMÖnY e„w×i D‡Ï‡k¨ cÖvq GK hyM a‡i evsjv‡`k miKvi Ges wewfbœ Dbœqb
mn‡hvMxiv Drmvn w`‡q Avm‡Q| evsjv‡`‡k 1996 Gi 8B wW‡m¤¢i Ges 1997 Gi 8B Rvbyqvix
RvZxq wUKv`vb w`em cvjb Kiv nq| 1996 Gi wW‡m¤¢‡i 5 eQ‡ii Kg eqmx wkï‡`i †cvwjI
wUKv cÖ`vb Ges GK †_‡K cvuP eQ‡ii Kg eqmx mKj wkï‡K wfUvwgb ÒGÓ LvIqv‡bv nq| 1997
Gi Rvbyqvix‡Z cybivq †cvwjI wUKv †`qv nq| D‡Ïk¨ wQj ivZKvbv Ges †cvwjI †ivM m¤ú‡K©
m‡PZbZv e„w× Kiv, wUKv †`qv Ges wUKv`vb msµvš— mgm¨v¸‡jv `yixKi‡Yi †Póv Kiv|
ÔIqvPÕ (Watch) bvgK eª¨v‡Ki GKwU wbixY c×wZ evsjv‡`‡ki 10wU †Rjvi 70wU MÖv‡g KvR
Ki‡Q| `wi`ª gvby‡li mvgvwRK Rxe‡b wewfbœ Dbœqb Kg©Kv‡Ûi d‡j Kx Kx cwieZ©b G‡m‡Q Zv
†`Lvi Rb¨ GB cÖK‡íi m~Pbv nq| wUKv MÖn‡Yi nvi wba©vi‡Y GK eQ‡ii Kg eqmx wkï‡`i
Aš—fy©³ Kiv nqwb KviY GB wkï‡`i wfUvwgb ÒGÓ †`qv nqwb Z‡e Zv‡`i‡K `yB †WvR †cvwjI
wUKv †`qv nq| †`Lv †M‡Q, 72% wkï wZb ai‡bi wUKvi †WvR ‡c‡q‡Q|
wW‡m¤^‡i cÖvq 89% Ges Rvbyqvwi‡Z 83% ïay ‡cvwjI wUKv †c‡q‡Q| †cvwjI wUKv cÖ`v‡bi
Zzjbvq wfUvwgb ÒGÓ †bqvi nvi Kg| wUKv MÖn‡Yi †‡Î wj½ ˆelg¨ †Zgb †Kvb cÖfve †d‡jbv
A_¨©r welqUv Ggb bq †h †Q‡j‡`i g‡a¨ wUKv MÖn‡Yi nvi †ewk Avi †g‡q‡`i g‡a¨ Kg| wkwZ
gv‡q‡`i wUKv m¤ú‡K© aviYv †ewk ¯úó Ges Zv‡`i wkï‡`i g‡a¨B wUKv MÖn‡Yi nvi †ewk wQj|
Rwgi gvwjKvbv wUKvMÖn‡Yi †‡Î †Kvb fywgKv iv‡Lbv| Z‡e FY Kg©m~wP‡Z AskMÖnYKvix Lvbvi
`National immunization day (NID) campaign in Bangladesh: are the participation and coverage increasing’
kxl©K GKwU M‡elYv wi‡cv‡U©i mvi-ms‡c (wW‡m¤^i 1997)| mvi-ms‡c K‡i‡Qb Rvexb †gvnmxb msMxZv|
wbh©vm 37

wkï‡`i g‡a¨ wUKvMÖn‡Yi nvi †ewk| GUv ¯úó wQj †h, NID m¤ú‡K© cÖPviYv I G wel‡q mvgvwRK
m‡PZbZvi Kvi‡Y MÖv‡gi `wi`ª cwiev‡iI NID m¤ú‡K© aviYv †cuŠ‡Q †M‡Q|
†gvU AskMÖnYKvix wkï‡`i cÖvq 72% wUKvi `yÕ†Uv w`e‡mB Ask †bq| Ab¨w`‡K cÖvq 7% KLbB
Ask †bqwb| G‡`i g‡a¨ cÖvq 10% wW‡m¤^‡i _vK‡jI Rvbyqvix‡Z S‡i c‡o| wkï‡`i cÖvq 11%
wW‡m¤^‡i wUKv bv wb‡jI Rvbyqvix‡Z Avevi wUKv †bq|
RvZxq wUKv w`e‡m wUKv MÖnY Avevi GK GK GjvKvq GK GK iKg| †`Lv †M‡Q, †gŠjfxevRv‡i
wUKv MÖn‡Yi nvi 90% Gi I †ewk A_P wK‡kviM‡Ä G nvi gvÎ 23%| G †_‡K †evSv hvq †h,
wUKv wel‡q cÖPviYv me©Î GK iKg wQjbv|
GbwRI m`m¨‡`i wkïiv Ab¨vb¨ wkï A‡cv `yÕ†Uv‡ZB †ewk AskMÖnY K‡i| GjvKv wfwËK
AskMÖnY Kzwóqv I †gŠjfx evRv‡i me‡P‡q †ewk| Ges wK‡kviM‡Ä me‡P‡q Kg| S‡i covi nvi
jvjgwbinvU Ges SvjKvwV‡Z me‡P‡q †ewk| †`Lv †M‡Q, GwcÖj-‡g gv‡m NIDÕi cÖPviYv e„w× cvq
Ges djvdj Avkve¨ÄK Ae¯’vq †cuŠ‡Q|
me‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, RvZxq wUKv w`e‡mi Kg©m~wPi mgq mxgv Av‡iv m¤cÖmvwiZ Ki‡j MÖvgxY
wkï‡`i †cvwjI ivZ Kvbv †ivM †_‡K evuPv‡bv m¤¢e n‡e|
wbh©vm 38

gy³vMvQvq eª¨v‡Ki cywó cÖKí
Avng` †gvk&ZvK ivRv †PŠayix, †Rev gvngy`,mvw`q G ‡PŠayix, †K bv‡mi Ges Gm Gg wRqvDwÏb
nvq`vi
Acywó evsjv‡`‡ki GKwU eo ai‡bi Rb¯^v¯’¨ mgm¨v| eª¨vK 1993 mvj †_‡K _vbv ch©v‡q GKwU
cywó cÖKí Pvwj‡q Avm‡Q| `yt¯’ gwnjv‡`i m¤ú~iK Lv`¨ mieivn I cywó wkv wel‡q GB cÖK‡í
†Rvi †`qv nq| we‡kl K‡i cvuP eQ‡ii Kg eq‡mi wkï, Mf©eZx Ges †h gv‡qiv ev”Pv‡K ey‡Ki
`ya LvIqvb Zv‡`i g‡a¨ Acywó fxlYfv‡e †bwZevPK cÖfve †d‡j‡Q| ˆ`wbK cÖ‡qvRbxq K¨vjix
MÖnY GL‡bv Avgv‡`i msMwZi evwn‡i i‡q †M‡Q| AZ¨waK cwigv‡Y wmwiqvj RvZxq Lv`¨ MÖnY,
djg~j I kvK-mwâi Ach©vßZvi Kvi‡Y cwiwgZ gvÎvq K¨vjix MÖnY m¤¢e nq bv| G Kvi‡YB
evsjv‡`‡ki gwnjv‡`i Mo IRb 50 †KwRiI Kg|
Mf©Kvjxb mg‡q gv‡q‡`i K‡Vvi kªg Acywói KviY n‡q `vuovq hv M‡f©i wkïi DciI cÖfve †d‡j
Ges Zv‡`i AwaKvskB Kg Rb¥IRb wb‡q Rb¥ MÖnY K‡i| ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡b Avgiv †h Lv`¨ MÖnY
Kwi Zvi cywógvb LyeB Kg| d‡j eQ‡i cÖvq 30,000 wkï wfUvwgb ÔGÕi Afv‡e †fv‡M, kZKviv
47 fvM †fv‡M Av‡qvwW‡bi Afv‡e MjMÛ †iv‡M Ges 70 fvM Me©eZx gv I cvuP eQ‡ii Kg eqmx
wkïiv i³¯^íZvq †fv‡M|
evsjv‡`‡k Acywói g~j KviY `vwi`ª¨| RbM‡Yi cywó cwiw¯’wZi DbœwZi Rb¨ MÖvgxY Kg©ms¯’vb I
evowZ Av‡qi my‡hvM i‡q‡Q wbZvš— Kg| wkï‡`i Acywó n«v‡m Zv‡`i g‡a¨ mivmwi Lv`¨ e›Ub I
cywó wkv †Kvb f~wgKv ivL‡Q wKbv Zv †`Lvi Rb¨ eª¨vK GKwU cvBjU cÖKí ïi“ K‡i| D‡Ïk¨
wQj wkï I wK‡kvix‡`i ¯^v¯’¨ I cywói DbœwZ mvab I RbM‡Yi gZvqb| GB j‡¨ 1991 Gi
RyjvB gv‡m 10wU _vbvi eª¨v‡Ki gwnjv ¯^v¯’¨ Dbœqb Kg©m~wP wKQz ¯^v¯’¨ †mev cÖ`vb ïi“ K‡i| †hgbt
`Muktagacha: a targeted nutrition project in Bangladesh’ kxl©K GKwU M‡elYv wi‡cv‡U©i mvims‡c
(wW‡m¤^i 1997)| mvi-ms‡c K‡i‡Qb Rvexb †gvnmxb msMxZv|
wbh©vm 39

gvZ…Z¡, cÖme c~e©eZx I cieZx© †mev;
Rb¥ wb‡ivaK I G wel‡q wkv;
wUKv cÖ`vb;
wfUvwgb ÔGÕ K¨vcmy¨j weZiY;
Rb¥IRb I `yB eQi ch©š— IRb ch©‡eY (Growth Monitoring);
h²v cÖwZ‡iva I wbqš¿Y;
Zxeª kvmZš¿ cÖ`vn wbqš¿Y; Ges
cvwb I cqtwb®‹vkb
1991 mv‡j Rb¥ wbeÜKiY cÖwµqvq †`Lv hvq, kZKiv 47 fvM wkï Kg Rb¥IRb wb‡q Rb¥MÖnY
K‡i| G GjvKvq †gvU RbmsL¨v 1,56,542 Zb¥‡a¨ `yB erm‡ii Kg eqmx 5,000 wkï Ges ev”Pv
aviYg 20,000 gwnjv wQj| G Kg©m~wPi D‡Ïk¨ wQj:
1. wkï, wK‡kvix I Mf©eZx gv‡q‡`i cywói Ae¯’v wba©viY I wbqwgZ gwbUwis Kiv;
2. AcyóI cywóMZ w`K w`‡q ûgwKi m¤§yLxb Ggb wkï I Mf©eZx gwnjv‡`i wba©vwiZ ¯^í †gqv`x
cwic~iK Lv`¨ weZiY Kiv;
3. cwiev‡i gvZ…Z¡Kvjxb Lv`¨ e›U‡bi ¸i“Z¡ Ges wkïi Lv`¨f¨v‡m cwieZ©b NUv‡bvi Rb¨ wkv
Kvh©µ‡g cywó welq¸‡jv‡K Aš—fy©³ Kiv; Ges
4. cÖK‡íi Kvh©µg my®úfv‡e cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ GKwU cwiKwíZ ch©‡eY e¨envi M‡o †Zvjv|
‡`Lv †M‡Q 1991 mv‡j gqgbwmsn †Rjvi Kg IR‡bi wkï Rb¥ †bq me‡P‡q †ewk Ges gy³vMvQv
_vbvq Gi cÖ‡Kvc me‡P‡q †ewk| GLv‡b `yB eQ‡ii ev”Pv‡`i mvwe©K e„w×I e¨vnZ n‡q‡Q| Acywó
gwnjv‡`i‡K GB Kg©m~wP‡Z Aš—f~©³ Kiv n‡q‡Q| G Kg©m~wPi AvIZvq cwic~iK Lv`¨ QvovI wkv,
cÖRbb m^v¯’¨, cywó Pvwn`v, `y»`vb I Rb¥ e¨eavb wel‡q civgk© †`qv nq|
wbh©vm 40

hviv me‡P‡q †ewk Acywó‡Z fyM‡Q Zv‡`i wPwýZ Ki‡Z Avš—R©vwZK MÖnY‡hvM¨ gv‡bi mvnvh¨ †bqv
nq| GLv‡b bvix-cyi“l †f`vš—i Kiv n‡q‡Q KviY gwnjvivB Acywói wkKvi nb me‡P‡q †ewk|
cÖ‡Z¨K gwnjv‡K Mf©Kvjxb †mev †K‡›`ª wbqwgZ Avmvi Rb¨ ejv nZ| GB †mev †K‡›`ª gv‡m
GKevi IRb †bqv I Mf©-Kvjxb †mev cÖ`vb Kiv nZ| ev”Pv cÖm‡ei c‡i Av‡iv Qq gvm Zv‡K
evowZ Lvev‡ii cvkvcvwk cywó I ¯^v¯’¨ wkv †`qv nq| hw` Mf©Kvjxb wZb gv‡mi ci BMI 18.5
Gi Kg nq Z‡e Zv‡`i‡K cwic~iK Lvevi mieivn Kiv nq|
‡h †Kvb wkï †iwR‡óªk‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ ch©‡eY Kg©m~wPi AvIZvq P‡j Av‡m| Kg Rb¥IR‡bi
ev”Pv Ges †h mKj wkïi ¯^vfvweK IRb e„w× bv N‡U Zv‡`i‡K Lvevi mieivn Kg©m~wP‡Z Aš—fy©³
nq|
wK‡kvix Ges eª¨vK ¯‹z‡ji wkv_x©‡`i cÖvZtKvjxb Lvevi †`qv nq| GB mv‡_ K¨vjix m¤úwK©Z
Ávbmn cÖwZgv‡m wb‡R‡`i IRb I D”PZv wb‡RivB wb‡q wkwKv‡`i mv‡_ Av‡jvPbv K‡i|
GQvovI GmKj jwZ †Mvôxi g‡a¨ hw` cywónxbZv n«vm bv cvq Z‡e G‡`i‡K wbKU¯’ miKvwi
¯^v¯’¨‡K›`ª I eª¨v‡Ki my¯^v‡¯’¨ †mev †bevi civgk© †`qv nq|
m¤cÖmvwiZ wUKv`vb I wfUvwgb ÔGÕ K¨vcmyj weZiY Kg©m~wPi cvkvcvwk Av‡qvwRZ MÖvg gwbUwis
c‡e© wkï‡`i IRb †bqv nq| wkïi e„w× cwiw¯’wZ wjwce×mn gv wkïi Rb¨ GKwU kvixwiK KvW©
(Growth Card) ‡c‡q _v‡Kb| eª¨vK ¯‹z‡ji wkwKvivI gv‡q‡`i cywó wkv w`‡q _v‡Kb Ges
wkïi ‡MÖv_ Kv‡W©i ¸i“Z¡ m¤ú‡K© AewnZ K‡ib| gvwmK †MÖv_ gwbUwis †mkb Abyôv‡bi mgq
wkwKv‡`i mv‡_ wK‡kvixivI mvnvh¨ K‡i _v‡K|
MÖvg KwgwUi m`m¨MY ¯^v¯’¨ Kgx©‡`i ZË¡veav‡b †gvqv ˆZix K‡i|GB Kg©m~wPi AvIZvq Mf©eZx I
¯—b`vb Kvix gv‡q‡`i cÖ‡Z¨K‡K PviwU K‡i †gvqv †`qv nq| wPov, ¸o I wPbvev`vg w`‡q GB
wbh©vm 41

†gvqv evbv‡bv nq hvi cÖ‡Z¨KwU‡Z i‡q‡Q 836 wK‡jvK¨vjwi| ¯^v¯’¨ Kg©x‡`i Dcw¯’wZ‡Z gv‡q‡`i
wb‡`bc‡ `yÕwU †gvqv †L‡Z nq|
ev”Pv‡`i Lv‡`¨i cÖwZwU c¨v‡K‡U i‡q‡Q fvRv Pv‡ji ¸ov, fvRv Wvj, ¸o Ges Dw¢¾ †Zj|
c¨v‡KU¸‡jv wdwWs †m›Uv‡i gv‡q‡`i mieivn Kiv nq| †mLv‡b gv wbR nv‡Z me DcKiY †Zj I
cvwbi mv‡_ wgwk‡q ev”Pv‡K LvIqvb| G‡Z GKwU c¨v‡KU †_‡K GKRb wkï 160 wK‡jvK¨vjix
kw³ AR©b K‡i| †h ev”Pviv AwZwi³ Acywó‡Z †fv‡M Zviv `yÕwU c¨v‡KU †c‡q _v‡K|
wK‡kvix‡`i gywo, ¸o I wPbvev`vg †`qv nq, hv Zv‡`i 640 wK‡jvK¨vjix kw³ cÖ`vb K‡i| ¯‹z‡ji
wkwKv I ¯^v¯’¨Kgx©‡`i ZË¡veav‡b Zviv G Lvevi †L‡q _v‡K| Kg©m~wP fvjfv‡e m¤úbœ n‡jI wKQz
gv‡q‡`i †‡Î Zv wbqwgZ Kiv m¤¢e nqwb, KviY H mgq Zviv MÖv‡gi evB‡i wQj ev ev”Pvmn
†K‡›`ª hvIqv m¤¢e wQj bv|
M‡elYvq †`Lv †M‡Q, mvgvwRK I e¨w³MZ Kvi‡Y `yÕeQ‡ii Kg eq‡mi 10% ev”Pv Ges 25%
Mf©eZx gwnjv Kg©m~wPfy³ wQj bv| G Qvov mvgvwRK I agx©q cÖwZeÜKZvi Kvi‡YI gv‡qiv ev”Pv
wb‡q †K‡›`ª Dcw¯’Z n‡Z cv‡iwb|
‡h me ev”Pv GB Kg©m~wPi Aš—f~©³ wQj bv, Zviv gv‡S gv‡SB Zv‡`i gv‡q‡`i‡K †K‡›`ªi Lvev‡ii
gZ Lvevi ˆZixi Aby‡iva Ki‡Zv Ges ˆZix mnR e‡j gv‡qivI Zv ˆZix K‡i LvIqv‡Zv| GB
Kg©m~wPi gva¨‡g GKwU ch©v‡qi gvbyl AwZ `ª“Z DbœwZ jvf K‡i Ges Kg IR‡bi wkïiv wbw`©ó
IRb bv †c‡jI evowZ IRb jvf K‡i‡Q|
GB Kg©m~wPi AvIZvq 1996 mv‡j 2,354 Rb gwnjv Lv`¨ mieivn Kg©m~wP‡Z Aš—fy©³ wQj Ges
kZKiv 83 Rb mvaviY Rb¥IR‡bi ev”Pv cÖme K‡i| Ges `yB eQ‡i Kg eq‡mi 5,948 Rb
wkï‡K Lv`¨ mieivn Kiv nq| cywónxbZv evsjv‡`‡k A‡bKvs‡k n«vm †c‡jI GLbI m¤ú~Y© wejyß
nqwb| ZvB evsjv‡`k miKvi wkï I gv‡q‡`i cywónxbZv †iv‡a Òevsjv‡`k cywó cÖKíÓ bv‡g wek¦
e¨vs‡Ki mnvqZvq 40wU _vbvq cywó cÖKí cwiPvjbv Ki‡Q| GB cywó cÖKí ev¯—evq‡b eª¨vK GK
wekvj f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q|
wbh©vm 42

MÖvgv‡j wkï‡`i Amy¯’Zvi aibt GKwU mgxv
i“Lmvbv MvRx, dRjyj Kwig I Avng` †gvk&ZvK ivRv †PŠayix
we‡k¦i wewfbœ †`‡ki M‡elYvq †`Lv †M‡Q †h, wkï g„Zz¨ Ges Amy¯’Zvi GKwU cÖavb KviY n‡”Q
R‡b¥i mgq wkïi IRb Kg _vKv (2,500 MÖv‡gi bx‡P)| ZvQvovI R‡b¥i mgq Kg IRb nIqv
wkïi kvixwiK I gvbwmK Ae¯’vi Dci `xN©‡gqv`x wZKi cÖfve †d‡j| GB mg¯— `xN©‡gqv`x I
wZKi cÖfv‡e wkï‡`i Kg©`Zv I Kg©gZv n«vm cvq| cwiYv‡g Zv‡`i RxebhvÎvi gvb nq
wbgœg~Lx| Ab¨w`‡K, gv‡qi cywónxbZvi Kvi‡Y Rb¥ †bq Kg IR‡bi wkï| Av_©-mvgvwRK Ab¯’v,
cywó Ges cwie‡k wkï ¯^v‡¯’¨i mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z| Avevi AwffveK‡`i wkvi welqUvI wkï ¯^v‡¯’¨i
Dci cÖfve †d‡j| A‡bK mgq cÖmeKvjxb RwUjZvq gv I wkï bvbv ai‡bi mgm¨vq co‡Z cv‡i|
evsjv‡`‡k cÖwZ eQi hZ wkï Rb¥ †bq Zvi A‡a©KB Rb¥ MÖnY K‡i Kg IRb wb‡q| wKš‘ R‡b¥i
mgq Kg IRb wkï ¯^v‡¯’¨i Dci KZUzKz cÖfve †d‡j G m¤ú©‡K Avgv‡`i Lye KgB Rvbv Av‡Q|
ZvB wkï‡`i Amy¯’Zv I Zvi wPwKrmvi Dci Kg Rb¥IR‡bi cÖfvemg~n Rvbvi Rb¨ MÖvgxY gv Ges
wkï‡`i Dci eª¨v‡Ki M‡elYv I g~j¨vqb wefvM GKwU M‡elYv Pvjvq| gvwbKMÄ †Rjvi MÖvgxY
GjvKvq eª¨vK 1986-90 ch©š— KwgDwbwU‡eRW cÖv_wgK ¯^v¯’¨ cwiPh©v Kg©m~wP ev¯—evqb K‡i| c‡i
G Kg©m~wP eª¨‡Ki cíx Dbœqb Kg©m~wPi mv‡_ GKxfyZ n‡q hvq| GB Kg©m~wP‡Z wUKv`vb, wfUvwgb
ÔGÕ K¨vcmyj weZiY, cywó welqK Ávb, avÎx †Uªwbs, weï× cvwb, cqtwb¯‹vkb e¨e¯’v, cwievi
cwiKíbv Ges †ivM wbivgq m¤ú‡K© cÖv_wgK Ávb †`qvi Rb¨ gv‡q‡`i msMVb Ges MÖvgxY ¯^v¯’¨
KwgwU MVb Kiv nq|
gvwbKM‡Äi 3wU BDwbq‡b 1993-94 mv‡j GB M‡elYvwU cwiPvwjZ nq| †gvU 644wU wkï‡K Rb¥
†_‡K ïi“ K‡i GK eQi ch©š— ch©‡eY Kiv n‡q‡Q| G Rb¨ evwo evwo wM‡q Mf©avi‡Yi †kl 3
`Morbidity pattern of infants in rural Bangladesh’ kxl©K GKwU M‡elYv wi‡cv‡U©i mvi-ms‡c (wW‡m¤^i
1997)| mvi-ms‡c K‡i‡Qb Rvexb †gvnmxb msMxZv|
wbh©vm 43

gv‡mi g‡a¨ Mf©eZx‡`i wPwýZ Kiv nq| Zv‡`i eqm, cÖRbb BwZnvm, cywó, wkv, Ges mvgvwRK
I A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’vi DciI Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv nq|
M‡elYvq †`Lv †M‡Q †h, R‡b¥i ci GK ermi eqm ch©š— cªwZwU wkï M‡o cÖvq mvZ evi Amy¯’
n‡q‡Q| GB wkïiv k¦vmbvjxi msµgY, Wvqwiqv, Pg©‡ivM I nv‡g me‡P‡q †ewk fy‡M‡Q| R‡b¥i ci
1-12 gv‡mi wkïiv me‡P‡q †ewk k¦vmbvjxi msµg‡Y fy‡M‡Q Ges cÖ_g 4 gv‡mi Zzjbvq 5-12
gvm eq‡m wkïiv Wvqwiqvq Avµvš— n‡q‡Q| Gi mv‡_ Pg©‡iv‡Mi cÖfveI †`Lv †M‡Q| abyósKvi I
Ab¨vb¨ AmyL-wemyL Lye Kg †`Lv †M‡Q| Gme Amy‡Li mgq ev”Pv‡`i R¡iI n‡q _v‡K| Wvqwiqvi
‡‡Î 1-12 gv‡mi ev”Pv‡`i me‡P‡q †ewk nq cvwbhy³ cvZjv cvqLvbv, Zvici Avgvkq Ges
me‡P‡q nq i³ Avgvkq|
wkï‡`i Amy¯’Zvi mv‡_ cwiev‡ii `vwi`ª¨, wcZv-gvZvi wbiiZv, emZevwoi †g‡Si Ae¯’v (A_©vr
cvKv bv KvuPv) I ¯^v¯’¨m¤§Z cvqLvbvi Afve BZ¨vw` m¤úK©hy³ e‡j cÖZxqgvb n‡q‡Q| GKwU gvÎ
Lvbvq cvKv cvqLvbv i‡q‡Q, Ges cÖvq mevB (97.40%) wUDeI‡q‡ji cvwb cvb K‡i| emZevwoi
N‡ii msL¨vi mv‡_I wkï‡`i Amy¯’Zvi welqwU m¤úwK©Z| †`Lv †M‡Q, kZKiv 36 fvM †Kvb
wPwKrmv cvqwb| GK gvm eq‡mi wkï‡`i kZKiv 3.5 fvM wkïi i³k~b¨Zv i‡q‡Q, 388 Rb
wkïi g‡a¨ 60% Kg Rb¥IRb Avi 9% ¯^vfvweK IRb wb‡q Rb¥ †bq| cÖvq 85% wkï wewmwR
wUKv, 81% wWwcwU, 62% nv‡gi wUKv Ges 86% wfUvwgb ÔGÕ K¨vcmyj MÖnY K‡i‡Q| †h mKj
wkïiv Amy¯’Zvi mg‡q wPwKrmv †c‡q‡Q Zv‡`i 74% G‡jvc¨vw_ wPwKrmv QvovI Avqy‡e©`x wPwKrmv
†c‡q‡Q| †gvU 36% wkï †Kvb wPwKrmv cvqwb| GB wkï‡`i wPwKrmv bv †bIqvi cÖavb KviY
wnmv‡e gv‡qiv D‡jL K‡i‡Qb †h, ÒAí Amy‡Li Rb¨ wPwKrmvi cÖ‡qvRb nq bvÓ|
wkï‡K hLb `y‡ai cvkvcvwk k³ Lvevi †`qv nq, ZLb Wvqwiqv nIqvi m¤¢vebv †ewk _v‡K|
Avevi Pg©‡iv‡Mi eo KviY nj cwi®‹vi cwi”QbœZv wel‡q m‡PZb bv _vKv| GB AmyL¸‡jvi
RwUjZv m¤ú‡K© mgv‡Ri mKj‡K AewnZ I m‡PZb Ki‡Z n‡e hv‡Z `ª“Z wPwKrmvi e¨e¯’v MÖnY
Kiv m¤¢e nq| Wvqwiqv cÖwZ‡iv‡a ¯^v¯’¨m¤§Z cvqLvbv e¨env‡i DrmvwnZ Kiv Ges emZevwoi I
wbh©vm 44

e¨w³MZ cwi®‹vi-cwi”QbœZvi Dci mKj‡K m‡PZb K‡i †Zvjv Ri“ix| wkï‡`i Lvevi ˆZix Kivi
mgq cwi®‹vi-cwi”QbœZv eRvq ivLvi e¨vcv‡i gv‡q‡`i‡K Av‡iv m‡PZb K‡i Zzj‡Z n‡e| †h
mKj wkï evi evi Wvqwiqvq fyM‡Q I nv‡g Avµvš— n‡”Q Zv‡`i AmyL †m‡i hvIqvi ciI cywóKi
Lvevi LvIqv‡Z n‡e hv‡Z kix‡i `ª“Z qc~iY nq|
wbh©vm 45

gZje _vbvi eq¯‹ Rb‡Mvwôi cywóRwbZ mgm¨v
mvewibv iwk`, gvmygv LvZzb I Gm Gg wRqvDwÏb nvq`vi
wek¦e¨vcx eq¯‹ Rb‡Mvwôi nvi evo‡jI evsjv‡`‡k G wPÎ wfbœZi| cywónxbZv evsjv‡`‡k eq¯‹
Rb‡Mvwôi D”P g„Zy¨ nvi I fMœ ¯^v‡¯’¨i cÖavb KviY wn‡m‡e g‡b Kiv nq| eq¯‹ Rb‡Mvwô A_©vr
hv‡`i eqm 55 eQ‡ii D‡aŸ© Zv‡`i cywói eZ©gvb Ae¯’v Rvbv I Gi KviYmg~n D˜NvU‡bi Rb¨
eª¨vK 1997 G gZje _vbvi GKwU mgxv cwiPvjbv K‡i| G‡Z †`Lv ‡M‡Q †h, eq¯‹ Rb‡Mvwôi
g‡a¨ kZKiv cÖvq 80 fvMB wewfbœ gvÎvi cywônxbZvq fyM‡Q|
eq¯‹ Rb‡Mvwôi A_©‰bwZK Kg©Kv‡Û AskMÖn‡Yi my‡hv‡Mi Afve AvR GKwU mgvR weeZ©bg~jK
mgm¨v| eZ©gv‡b cÖvq mKj †`‡k G mgm¨v we`¨gvb| eq¯‹ Rb‡Mvwô DbœZ we‡k¦ mgMÖ RbmsL¨vi
GKwU D‡jL‡hvM¨ Ask Ges Dbœqbkxj †`‡k B`vwbs we‡eP¨ welq wn‡m‡e ¸i“Z¡ cv‡”Q|
Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e A‡bK Kg n‡jI mgvR weeZ©‡bi Kvi‡Y GB msL¨v Dbœqbkxj †`k¸‡jv‡Z e„w×
cv‡”Q| evsjv‡`k cwimsL¨vb ey¨‡ivi (1996) Z_¨ Abyhvqx mviv †`‡k 56 eQ‡ii †ewk eq¯‹
Rb‡Mvwôi msL¨v 76 jv‡LiI AwaK| h‡_ó ¸i“Z¡ _vKv m‡Z¡I gwnjv‡`i cvwievwiK Kv‡Ri
A_©‰bwZK g~j¨vqb nqbv| Amy¯’ I Ag eq¯‹iv cwiev‡ii m¤ú‡`i NvUwZ NUvq| `xN©¯’vqx
cywônxbZv e¨w³i Kg©gZv n«vm K‡i Ges g‡b Kiv nq| GwU eq¯‹ Rb‡Mvwôi D”P g„Zy¨ nv‡ii
cÖavb KviY| hw`I 55 eQi ev Z`yש eq‡mi RbMY cwiev‡ii myL mg„wׇZ Kvh©Kix f~wgKv iv‡L,
ZeyI Dbœqb Kvh©µg cwiKíbvq mvaviYZ Zv‡`i we‡ePbvq †`qv nq bv| †`Lv †M‡Q 55 eQi ev
Z`yש eq¯‹‡`i Zzjbvq 45-54 eQi eq¯‹ Rb‡Mvwôi AcywóRwbZ mgm¨v A‡bK †ewk| cywógvb
wePv‡i gvÎ 20% eq¯‹ Rb‡Mvôx ¯^vfvweK cywógv‡b Ae¯’vb Ki‡Q|
eª¨vK Kg©m~wPfy³ GjvKvq †`Lv hvq, `wi`ª Rb‡Mvôxi cywó mgm¨vq †ewk †fv‡M| gwnjv‡`i gv‡S
(ZjvKvcÖvß ev wbtm½) A_©‰bwZK Kvi‡Y G mgm¨v AviI Zxeªfv‡e we`¨gvb| gwnjv‡`i wkvi
`Prevalence of chronic energy dificiency in the elderly population of Matlab’ kxl©K GKwU M‡elYv wi‡cv‡U©i
mvi-ms‡c (A‡±vei 1997)| mvi-ms‡c K‡i‡Qb Rvexb †gvnmxb msMxZv|
wbh©vm 46

welqwU GB mgm¨v mv‡_ m¤úK©hy³| eq¯‹ †eKvi cyi“l‡`i g‡a¨I GB mgm¨vi cÖ‡Kvc †ewk †`Lv
hvq| Z‡e †ckvi cÖfve gwnjv‡`i †‡Î GB mgm¨vq †ni‡di nqwb|
eva©K¨ e¨w³i Kg©gZv I †hvM¨Zv n«vm K‡i| d‡j wKQz cwievwiK `vwqZ¡ eq¯‹ e¨w³i Dci n‡Z
P‡j †M‡jI †ek wKQz ¸i“Z¡c~Y© KvR I `vwqZ¡ Zvi Dci †_‡KB hvq| Av‡jvP¨ mgxvwU‡Z †`Lv
n‡q‡Q, wKfv‡e wewfbœ cvwievwiK, Av_©-mvgvwRK I A_‰bwZK welqmg~n Acywói Rb¨ `vq| eq¯‹
cyi“l‡`i Zzjbvq gwnjviv AwaK nv‡i Avµvš— n‡”Q| gwnjviv cyi“l‡`i †_‡K Ab¨iKg AwfÁZvi
m¤§yLxb n‡”Q|
cwiev‡ii A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’v eq¯‹ gwnjv‡`i AcywóRwbZ mgm¨vi mv‡_ m¤úK©hy³| GKRb
AweevwnZ wbtm½, weaev ev ZvjvKcÖvß gwnjvi A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’v m¤ú~Y©fv‡e Zvi c~‡e©i Avq ev
m‡qi Dci wbf©ikxj| m½x nviv‡bv cÖ‡qvR‡bi mgq mn‡hvwMZvi †‡Î `ye©j K‡i †`q| mgv‡R
†ewkifvM gwnjviv e„× eq‡m AmyweavRbK Ae¯’v‡b _v‡K, gZje _vbvqI GKB Aeš’v we`¨gvb|
Zv‡`i wbR¯^ †Kvb Avq-Drcv`b bv _vKvq fiY-‡cvl‡bi Rb¨ DcvR©bKvix †Q‡j mš—vb‡`i Dci
wbf©i Ki‡Z nq| eq¯‹ cyi“l‡`i g‡a¨ ˆeevwnZ Ae¯’v AcywóRwbZ mgm¨vi †‡Î Lye †ewk
cÖfvweZ K‡iwb A_©vr †jvKwU weevwnZ wKsev AweevwnZ G welqwU Acywói †‡Î †Kvb cÖfve
†d‡jwb|
eq¯‹ Rb‡Mvôxi e¨envwiK wkv I cÖhyw³MZ wkv †ckvMZ Rxe‡b A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡b Ae`vb
ivL‡Z mnvqZv K‡i| Z‡e e¨envwiK wkvi Pvwn`v Avgv‡`i †`‡k AZUv bv _vKvi Kvi‡Y
gwnjv‡`i Kg©ms¯’v‡b wbðqZv w`‡Z e¨_© n‡q‡Q| gwnjv‡`i g‡a¨ hviv wkwZ Zv‡`i mvgvwRK
gh©v`v Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e D”P Ges G †‡Î wkv h‡_ô cªfve we¯—vi K‡i‡Q|
cÖPwjZ aviYv Abyhvqx eq¯‹ RbMY A_©‰bwZK Kg©Kv‡Û Lye KgB Ae`vb ivL‡Z mg|
Avš—R©vwZK kªg ms¯’vi (AvBGjI) Z_¨ Abyhvqx Gwkqvi 55 eQi D‡×©i mgMÖ Rb‡Mvôxi cÖvq
63% cyi“l I 16% gwnjv A_©‰bwZK Kg©Kv‡Û RwoZ| Dbœqbkxj †`kmg~‡n eq¯‹ Rb‡Mvôx
wbh©vm 47

M„n¯’vjxi KvR I hyeK †kªYx N‡ii evB‡i DcvR©bkxj KvR K‡i| eq¯‹‡`i GB ai‡bi c‡iv
A_©‰bwZK Kv‡Ri †Kvb ¯^xK…wZ bvB| AvZ¥m¤§vb, mvgvwRK gh©v`v, wbivcËv I m‡qi mv‡_
DcvR©‡bi welqwU AwZ Nwbôfv‡e m¤úK©hy³| d‡j cwiev‡ii DcvR©bkxj e¨w³ hZœ, Lv`¨ I
wPwKrmv myweav Zzjbvg~jK †ewk cvq|
cvwievwiK M„n¯’vjxi KvR ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡bi Awe‡”Q`¨ Ask Z_vwcI Gi A_©‰bwZK ¯^xK…wZ †bB|
eq¯‹ †eKvi cyi“l Rb‡Mvwôi g‡a¨ Kg©kw³ NvUwZRwbZ mgm¨vi nvi A‡bK †ewk| gZj‡ei
K…wlwfwËK mgvR e¨e¯’vq Zv‡`i Kv‡Ri aib I fywg gvwjKvbvi Rb¨ cywó we‡ePbvq eq¯‹ cyi“liv
AK…wl Kv‡R wbhy³‡`i Zzjbvq A‡bK fvj Ae¯’v‡b Av‡Q|
A_©‰bwZK eÂbv, ¯^v¯’¨MZ AgZv I mvgvwRK wew”QbœZv BZ¨vw` mxgve×Zvi Rb¨ eq¯‹ Rb‡Mvôx
gh©`vnxb Ae¯’vq mš—vb‡`i mv‡_ Rxeb hvcb K‡i| cwiev‡ii Avq-wbf©i KvRmg~‡ni mg¤^q Kiv
M„nKZ©vi `vwqZ¡| AvqwfwËK Kg©Kv‡Û mvaviYZ gwnjviv h‡_ó cÖwkYcÖvß I ` bq| d‡j
gwnjvcÖavb cwiev‡ii Avw_©K Ae¯’v Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e Lvivc| cwiev‡ii KZ©v mKj †‡Î cÖavb
DcvR©bkxj e¨w³ bq eis eqm I mvgvwRK Ae¯’vi Kvi‡Y e‡qv‡R¨ô e¨w³ KZ©v wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ
nb| GB ch©‡e‡Y Zxeª cywó NvUwZ mgm¨vi wj½‡f‡` †Kvb e¨wZµg †`Lv hvqbv|
M‡elYvi djvdj †_‡K ®úó cÖZxqgvb n‡”Q †h, evsjv‡`‡k eq¯‹ Rb‡Mvwô ¯^v¯’¨ I cywói †‡Î
AZ¨š— wec`RbK Ae¯’v‡b i‡q‡Q| cyi“l‡`i †‡Î †ckv Ges gwnjv‡`i ‡‡Î ˆeevwnK Ae¯’v,
wkv, cwiev‡ii Lv`¨ e¨q I A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’v Zv‡`i ¯^v¯’¨ I cywói mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z| MÖvgv‡ji
eq¯‹ Rb‡Mvwôi ¯^v¯’¨ I cywói Dbœq‡bi j‡¨ eª¨v‡Ki z`ª FY`vb Kg©m~wPi AvIZvq Dchy³ cÖKí
cÖYq‡bi K_v we‡ePbv Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
wbh©vm 48

Kg Rb¥IRb I wkïg„Zz¨t MÖvg evsjvi GKwU wPÎ
i“Lmvbv MvRx, dRjyj Kwig I Avn‡g` Avjx
evsjv‡`‡k wkï g„Zz¨i GKwU Ab¨Zg KviY n‡jv R‡b¥i mgq wkï‡`i Kg IRb nIqv (2,500
Mªv‡gi bx‡P)| evsjv‡`‡k RbM‡Yi Mo Avqy gvÎ 55 eQi, A_P cvk¦©eZ©x †`k kªxj¼vq GKwU wkï
Rb¥ wb‡j †m 72 eQi ch©š— euvPvi Avkv iv‡L| GKwU ch©‡e‡Y †`Lv †M‡Q, evsjv‡`‡k cÖwZ Pvi
R‡b GKRb wkï Zv‡`i cÂg Rb¥w`‡bi Av‡MB gviv hvq| Avevi evsjv‡`‡ki MÖvg A‡j R‡b¥i
mg‡qB kZKiv 60wU wkï gviv hvq| gvwbKM‡Äi MÖvgxY GjvKvq wkï g„Z…¨i KviY Ges G msµvš—
mvgvwRK, A_©‰bwZK I cÖm~wZ wel‡q Rvbvi Rb¨ eª¨vK GKwU mgxv cwiPvjbv K‡i|
evwo evwo Ny‡i Mf©eZx gwnjv‡`i wPwýZ K‡i Zv‡`i ZvwjKvfy³ Kiv nq| G mgq Zv‡`i eqm,
cÖRbb BwZnvm, cywói cwigvY, wkv, mvgvwRK I A_©‰bwZK BZ¨vw` Ae¯’vmn evm¯’v‡bi cwi‡ek,
weï× cvwb e¨envi, cq:wb¯‹vkb m¤ú‡K©I Z_¨ †bqv nq| ev”Pv Rb¥ †bqvi msev` M‡elK‡`i
wbKU †cŠQv‡bvi Rb¨ cÖ‡Z¨K Lvbv †_‡K GKRb‡K wbe©vPb Kiv nq| ev”Pv Rb¥ †bqvi 48 N›Uvi
g‡a¨ IRb wb‡q Zvi †iwR‡óªkb Kiv nq| †gvU 644wU ev”Pv‡K cixvi Rb¨ ZvwjKvf~³ Kiv nq
Ges GK eQi ch©š— cªwZ gv‡m Zvi eo n‡q IVv, LvIqvi Af¨vm, Amy¯’Zv BZ¨vw` welq ch©‡eY
Kiv nq|
‡`Lv ‡M‡Q, 644wU ev”Pvi g‡a¨ 34 Rb wkï 2 eQi eq‡mB gviv hvq, A_©vr cÖwZ nvRv‡i wkï g„Zz¨
nvi 53 Rb Ges 73% wkï Rb¥Kv‡j Kg IR‡bi Kvi‡Y gviv hvq| ¯^vfvweK ev Kg Rb¥IRb
wb‡q R‡b¥ †h wkï Zviv k¦vmZ‡š¿i cÖ`vn I Wvqwiqvi Kvi‡Y me‡P‡q †ewk gviv hvq| †`Lv †M‡Q
Kg IRb wb‡q Rb¥ †bqv wkï‡`i 25 R‡bi g‡a¨ 2 Rb Acywói Kvi‡Y gviv hvq|
`Low birth weight (LBW) was the major predicator of infant deaths: evidence from a prospective study in
rural Bangladesh’ kxl©K GKwU M‡elYv wi‡cv‡U©i mvi-ms‡c (RyjvB 1997)| mvi-ms‡c K‡i‡Qb Rvexb
†gvnmxb msMxZv|
wbh©vm 49

cÖvq 67% wkïi R‡b¥i mgq ey‡Ki gvc 300 wgwjwgUv‡ii Kg wQj| ch©‡eYKv‡j g„Z wkï‡`i
g‡a¨ †g‡q‡`i msL¨v †ewk (58%)| cÖvq GK-PZz_©vsk (23%) wkï gviv hvevi Av‡M †Kvb
wPwKrmv cvqwb| A‡a©K wkïi †‡Î †`Lv †M‡Q †h, Zv‡`i AvZ¥xqiv wPwKrmvi e¨e¯’v †bq| ZvQvov
41% Gi †‡Î ¯^v¯’¨ mnKvwi, 18% Gi †‡Î MÖvg¨ wPwKrmK Ges 12% Gi †‡Î GgweweGm
Wv³v‡ii civgk© †bq| cÖvq 24% wkï‡K ˆe`¨ ev ISv Ges 9% †K gv‡qiv wb‡RivB wPwKrmv
mnvqZv w`‡q‡Q|
‡`Lv †M‡Q †h, ‡ewkifvM gv 20 eQi eq‡mi Av‡M cÖ_g ev”Pv †bq| Zvig‡a¨ 67% gv †Kvb
†jLvcov Rv‡b bv| kZKiv 70 Rb gv‡qi G‡Ki AwaK ev”Pv i‡q‡Q, G‡`i g‡a¨ cuvP R‡bi c~‡e©
g„Z wkï Rb¥mn Ab¨vb¨ Amyweav wQj| Mf©ve¯’vq AwaKvsk (55%) gv‡qi 45 †KwRi Kg Ges
32% gv‡qi 45-50 ‡KwR IRb wQj|
‡`Lv †M‡Q, †h mKj wkï gviv †M‡Q R‡b¥i ciciB Zv‡`i‡K AevwÂZ wKQz Lvevi †`qv n‡qwQj
†hgb, †ewkifvM wkï‡K gay †L‡Z †`qv n‡q‡Q| Lye Kg msL¨K wkï‡K kvj`~a †`qv n‡qwQj|
R‡b¥i cÖ_g mßv‡n †ewkifvM wkï‡K Ab¨vb¨ Lvevi †hgb, Mi“ wKsev QvM‡ji `ya Ges wPwbi cvwb
LvIqv‡bv nq| hw`I wkï‡`i cuvP gvm eq‡mi Av‡M Gme Lvevi wkïi Rb¨ fxlY wZKi| †hme
wkï KgIRb wb‡q Rb¥ †bq Zv‡`i R‡b¥i ciB g„Zz¨ †Kvb Avðh©RbK e¨vcvi bq| cÖvq 60%
gv‡qi Zv‡`i M‡f©i 7g gv‡m 45 †KwRi Kg IRb cvIqv †M‡Q| Avi Mf©ve¯’vq gv‡qi IRb Kg
nIqvi d‡j wkïI Kg Rb¥IRb wb‡q Rb¥ MÖnY K‡i |
‡h mKj wkï Kg IRb wb‡q Rb¥ MÖnY K‡i‡Q †`Lv †M‡Q Zv‡`i Lvbv cÖavb‡`i †ckv nj w`b
gRyix wKsev K…wlKvR BZ¨vw`| †`Lv †M‡Q, 79% Lvbvi Mixe Rb‡Mvwôi 58% wkïi wcZvi †Kvb
wkv †bB| G me KviY QvovI cwiev‡ii AvKvi, N‡ii †g‡Si Ae¯’v (KuvPv ev cvKv) Lvevi cvwb,
Ges ¯^v¯’¨m¤§Z cvqLvbv BZ¨vw` welq¸‡jv wkï g„Zz¨i mv‡_ IZ‡cÖvZfv‡e m¤úwK©Z | `wi`ª Av_©-
mvgvwRK Ae¯’v, wcZv-gvZvi wbiiZv, gv‡qi eqm (20 eQ‡ii Kg), Ges cÖ_g ev”Pv, GKB
wbh©vm 50

gv‡qi AwaK mš—vb Rb¥`vb BZ¨w` wkï g„Zz¨i Ab¨Zg KviY wnmv‡e cÖZxqgvb n‡q‡Q| ey‡Ki `ya
Kg LvIqv‡bv K‡jv÷ªvg bv †`qv Gme Lv`¨vf¨vmI wkï g„Z‚¨i †‡Î h‡_ó f~wgKv iv‡L|
M‡elYvi wfwˇZ Kg©m~wPi Rb¨ KwZcq civgk© †`qv n‡q‡Q| ‡hgb,
wkïi AKvj g„Zz¨i Rb¨ `vqx cÖavb KviY †hgb, k¦vmbvjxi msµgY I Wvqwiqv msµvš—
RwUjZv m¤úwK©Z jY¸‡jv cwiev‡ii mKj m`m¨‡K Rvbv‡Z n‡e| hv‡Z Amy¯’Zv ZvovZvwo
wPwýZ Kiv hvq Ges RwUj AvKvi aviY Kivi Av‡MB wPwKrmv MÖnY Kiv m¤¢e nq;
MÖvgv‡j myjf I mnRjf¨ wPwKrmv e¨e¯’v wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e;
wkï‡`i Kg IRb wb‡q Rb¥ †bqv ‡iva K‡í Mf©eZx gv‡q‡`i‡K cywóKi Lv`¨ MÖn‡Y DrmvwnZ
Ki‡Z n‡e Ges mgv‡Ri mKj‡K G e¨cv‡i m‡PZb K‡i Zzj‡Z n‡e; Ges
wkïi eqm cuvP gvm ch©ß ïaygvÎ ey‡Ki `ya LvIqv‡bvi Rb¨ gv‡q‡`i‡K DrmvwnZ Ki‡Z n‡e
Ges wkï‡`i‡K R‡b¥i ciciB kvj`ya LIqv‡bvi Dci †Rvi w`‡Z n‡e|
wbh©vm 51

eª¨vK m`m¨ I m`m¨ bq Ggb cwiev‡i ¯^v¯’¨ †mev MÖn‡Yi aibt
gZje GjvKv GKwU mgxv
‰mq` gvmy` Avng`, Avng` †gvk&ZvK ivRv †PŠayix I AveŸvm fyBqv
MÖvgxY `wi`ª‡`i Kv‡Q cÖ‡qvRbxq ¯^v¯’¨ myweav †cŠ‡Q †`qv Ges G wel‡q h_vh_ cwiKíbv MÖnY
Kivi Rb¨ wewfbœ Av_©-mvgvwRK ¯—‡ii RbM‡Yi Amy¯’Zv I wPwKrmv MÖn‡Yi aib m¤ú‡K© mwVK
aviYv _vKv Avek¨K| eª¨v‡Ki wewfbœ Dbœqb Kg©KvÛ eª¨vK m`m¨‡`i Rxe‡b I Zv‡`i ¯^v¯’¨ †mev
MÖn‡Yi Dci Kx cÖfve †d‡j‡Q Zv †`Lvi Rb¨ 1997 G GKwU M‡elYv Kiv nq| aviYv Kiv nq
†h, eª¨v‡Ki ¯^v¯’¨ I cywó Dbœqb Kg©m~wP eª¨vK m`m¨‡`i ¯^v¯’¨ †mev MÖn‡Yi †‡Î we‡klZ: eZ©gv‡b
hviv webv wPwKrmvq w`b KvUvq wKsev AKvh©Ki †`kxq ev Ava¨vwZ¥K wPwKrmv wb‡q _v‡K Zv‡`i
†‡Î ¸i“Z¡c~Y© fywgKv cvjb K‡i|
GK mgxvq †`Lv †M‡Q †h, Avgv‡`i †`‡k †ivM wbivg‡qi Rb¨ cvk Kiv Wv³viMY wKsev
Ab¨vb¨iv (cjx wPwKrmvi, Jly‡ai †`vKvb`vi) †ivMx‡`i G¨v‡jvc¨vw_K Jla w`‡q _v‡Kb|
evsjv‡`‡k GB wPwKrmv †ek Rbwcªq| Gi c‡iB i‡q‡Q Avqy‡e©w`K, BDbvbx I nvievj wPwKrmvi
¯’vb| Z‡e eZ©gv‡b MÖvgxY GjvKvqI †nvwgIc¨vw_K wPwKrmvi f~wgKv µgv¤^‡q n«vm cv‡”Q| GgbI
†`Lv †M‡Q †h, †nvwgIc¨vw_K Wv³viMY wPwKrmvi Rb¨ G‡jvc¨vw_K Jla MÖn‡Yi civgk© w`‡”Qb|
A‡b‡KiB aviYv †nvwgIc¨vw_ wKsev KweivRx Ja‡a †ivM wbivgq n‡Z mgq †ewk jv‡M| Zv‡`i
g‡Z, †nvwgIc¨vw_ wPwKrmv ¯’vqxfv‡e †ivM wbivgq Ki‡Z cv‡i| Gjvc¨vw_K Jl‡a †ivM `ª“Z
miv‡jI ¯’vqxfv‡e Av‡ivM¨ jv‡f mvnvh¨ K‡i bv|
GB mgxvq gZj‡e eª¨vK-AvBwmwWwWAvi,we †hŠ_ M‡elYv cÖK‡íi 1995 mv‡j msM„nxZ DcvË
e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q| G mgq 3,687wU Lvbvi Dci Rwic Pvjv‡bv nq| hvi g‡a¨ 604wU wQj eª¨vK
`Health care-seeking behaviour of BRAC member and not-member households: evidence from Matlab,
Bangladesh’ kxl©K GKwU M‡elYv wi‡cv‡U©i mvi-ms‡c (1997)| mvi-ms‡c K‡i‡Qb byiRvnvb AvKZvi
†mZz|
wbh©vm 52

Kg©m~wPfy³ Lvbv Ges 1,659wU m`m¨ nevi †hvM¨ wKš‘ m`m¨ bq Ggb Lvbv| hviv eª¨vK m`m¨
nevi †hvM¨ bq Zv‡`i‡K G we‡kl‡Y Aš—f~©³ Kiv nqwb|
mgxvq †`Lv †M‡Q, mgxvaxb RbmsL¨vi 16% weMZ 15 w`‡b †Kvb bv †Kvb †iv‡M fy‡M‡Q|
eª¨vK m`m¨ nevi †hvM¨ wKš‘ m`m¨ bq Ggb Lvbvi Zzjbvq eª¨vKfy³ mm`¨ Lvbvq Amy¯’Zvi cÖ‡Kvc
Kg| †`Lv †M‡Q, Amy¯’‡`i GK cÂgvsk †Kvb wPwKrmvB MÖnY K‡iwb Ges 6-8% †ivMx N‡i e‡mB
wewfbœfv‡e Av‡ivM¨ jv‡fi †Póv K‡i‡Q| †h †iv‡M Zviv †ewk fyM‡Q e‡j Rvwb‡q‡Q Zvi g‡a¨ R¡i,
Wvqwiqv, Avgvkq Ges kix‡ii wewfbœ As‡M e¨_v BZ¨vw`| G‡‡Î eª¨vK m`m¨ Lvbv I Am`m¨
Lvbvi g‡a¨ †Zgb †Kvb cv_©K¨ j¨ Kiv hvqwb|
eqm I gwnjv-cyi“l wbwe©‡k‡l, cvk Kiv G¨v‡jvc¨vw_K Wv³v‡ii Kv‡Q wPwKrmv MÖnY K‡i‡Q Ggb
Lvbvi eo Ask n‡”Q eª¨vK Lvbvi m`m¨MY| Z‡e m`m¨ bq wKš‘ m`m¨ nevi †hvM¨ Ggb Lvbvq
cvk Kiv Wv³v‡ii kiYvcbœ nIqvi NUbv A‡bK Kg| D‡jL¨, Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e eª¨vK Lvbvi m`m¨iv
AwaK nv‡i nvZz‡o Wv³vi‡`i (cvk Kiv bq, wKš‘ G‡jvc¨vw_K Ily‡ai e¨e¯’vcÎ †`q) Kv‡QB
wPwKrmvi Rb¨ †M‡Q| Lvbv cÖav‡bi mviZvi welqUv ¯^v¯’¨ †mev MÖn‡Yi †‡Î BwZevPK cÖfve
†i‡L‡Q| hviv KvwqK kªg w`‡q RxweKv AR©b K‡i Zv‡`i †P‡q hviv RxweKvi Rb¨ KvwqK kª‡gi
Dci wbf©ikxj bq Zv‡`i ¯^v¯’¨ †mev MÖn‡Yi nvi †ewk| cvk Kiv Wv³vi‡`i KvQ †_‡K wPwKrmv
MÖnY †mUvI mviZvi mv‡_ RwoZ| A_©vr wbii‡`i g‡a¨ cvk Kiv Wv³vi‡`i KvQ †_‡K
¯^v¯’¨‡mev MÖn‡Yi cÖeYZv Kg| evu‡ai wfZ‡i emevmKvix eª¨vK m`m¨ivB †ewk cvk Kiv Wv³vi‡`i
wPwKrmv MÖnY K‡ib| evu‡ai wfZ‡ii Zzjbvq evB‡ii eª¨vK m`m¨viv webv wPwKrmvq †ewk _v‡K|
AvBwmwWwWAvi,we-i cÖKí GjvKvq gv I wkï ¯^v¯’¨ Ges cwievi cwiKíbv Kg©m~wPi KvR ïi“
Kivq ¯^v¯’¨‡mev MÖn‡Yi gvÎv e„w× †c‡q‡Q| †ivMxi eqm, †iv‡Mi aib Ges †ivMx eª¨vK m`m¨ wKbv
GB wZbwU welqB ¯^v¯’¨‡mev MÖn‡Yi †‡Î ¸i“Z¡c~Y©| AbwfÁ I A‡ckv`vi Wv³vi I dwKi-
`i‡ek‡`i KvQ †_‡K wPwKrmv MÖnY‡K wbi“rmvwnZ Kivi Rb¨ Ges wPwKrmv MÖn‡Yi †‡Î cyi“l-
gwnjv‡`i ˆelg¨ n«vm Ki‡Z eª¨v‡Ki f~wgKv Ab¯^xKvh©| Z‡e G j‡¨ eª¨v‡Ki cjx Dbœqb Kg©m~wPi
wbh©vm 53

AZ¨vek¨Kxq ¯^v¯’¨‡miv (BGBPwm) MªvgxY `wi`ª‡`i ¯^v¯’¨‡mev cÖ`v‡bi †‡Î wKQz cwieZ©b Avb‡j
eª¨vK Av‡iv Kvh©Kix f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
wbh©vm 54

¯^v¯’¨ Dbœq‡bi eª¨vK Kg©m~wPi cÖfvet eª¨vK AvBwmwWwWAvi, we †hŠ_
M‡elYv cÖK‡íi djvdj
‰mq` gvmy` Avng`
evsjv‡`‡k bvix-cyi“l wKsev Av_©-mvgvwRK †‡Î e¨vcK ˆelg¨ weivRgvb| ¯^v‡¯’¨i †‡Î G
ˆelg¨ Av‡iv ¯úófv‡e j¨Yxq| bvix I cyi“l‡`i ¯^v¯’¨ †mev MÖn‡Yi my‡hvM-myweav Ges cQ›`-
AcQ‡›`i e¨vcK cv_©K¨ †_‡K Zv †evSv hvq| Gi KviY wnmv‡e cÖfvekvjx mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹…wZK
kw³¸wj‡K `vqx Kiv hvq| Z‡e Av_©-mvgvwRK Ae¯’vi wfbœZvi Kvi‡YI ¯^v¯’¨ cwiw¯’wZi ˆelg¨
jYxq| ejv n‡q _v‡K Dbœqb Kg©m~wPi d‡j MÖvgxY GjvKvi ¯^v¯’¨ cwiw¯’wZi DbœwZ N‡U‡Q| Z‡e
Gi ¯^c‡ †Zgb ev¯—e Z_¨ cvIqv hv‡e bv| G mgxvq †`Lv n‡q‡Q †h, bvixi Av_©-mvgvwRK
Dbœqb Zv‡`i ¯^v‡¯’¨i Ae¯’v Ges ¯^v¯’¨ msµvš— wj½ ˆelg¨ `~ixKi‡Y cÖK…Zc‡ †Kvb f~wgKv iv‡L
wKbv|
mgxvi cÖv_wgK djvd‡j †`Lv †M‡Q, †h mKj gv‡qiv eª¨vK m`m¨ Zv‡`i mš—vb‡`i †eu‡P _vKvi
m¤¢vebv eª¨v‡K †hvM ‡`bwb Ggb gv‡q‡`i mš—vb‡`i †P‡q †ewk| Av‡iv †`Lv †M‡Q †h, eª¨v‡K
AskMÖnYKvix gv‡q‡`i mš—vb‡`i g„Zy¨nvi A‡bK Kg (†`o¸Y) hviv AskMÖnY K‡iwb Aš—Z Zv‡`i
mš—vb‡`i †P‡q|
eª¨vK Kg©m~wP‡Z AskMÖnYKvix gv‡q‡`i mš—vb‡`i Acywó‡Z †fvMvi m¤¢vebvI A‡bK Kg| †`Lv
†M‡Q, 1992-1995 mv‡ji g‡a¨ eª¨vKfy³ Lvbv¸wji wkï‡`i Pig cywónxbZvi nvi K‡g G‡m‡Q|
eª¨v‡Ki Aci GK mgxvq †`Lv ‡M‡Q, hviv eª¨v‡K †hvM`vb K‡i‡Qb A_©vr †h gv‡qiv eª¨v‡Ki m`m¨
Zv‡`i g‡a¨ wjsM ˆelg¨ A‡bKUv K‡g Avm‡Q| hvi cÖgvY wg‡j‡Q cwiev‡i Lv`¨ e›Ub msµvš—
`Health impact of BRAC interventions: evidence from BRAC-ICDDR,B joint research project’ kxl©K
GKwU M‡elYv wi‡cv‡U©i mvi-ms‡c| mvi-ms‡c K‡i‡Qb G †K Gg Avnmvb Djvn|
wbh©vm 55

eª¨v‡Ki GKwU mgxvq| †`Lv †M‡Q, AskMÖnY K‡iwb Ggb cwiev‡ii Zzjbvq AskMÖnYKvix
cwiev‡i †Q‡j-‡g‡q‡`i g‡a¨ Lv`¨ e›U‡bi †‡Î †ewk mgZv eRvq _v‡K| Lvbvq K¨vjwi MÖn‡Yi
†‡Î eª¨v‡Ki Kg©m~wP Gfv‡eB BwZevPK f~wgKv ivL‡Q|
eª¨vK m`m¨ nIqvi †hvM¨ A_P m`m¨ bq wKsev m`m¨ nIqvi †hvM¨ bq Ggb me Lvbvi Zyjbvq
eª¨v‡Ki Kg©m~wPfy³ Lvbvq Amy¯’Zvi nvi A‡bK Kg| bvix-cyi“l‡`i Amy¯’Zvi nvi mgvb n‡jI
wPwKrmv MÖn‡Yi †‡Î †g‡qiv A‡bK wcwQ‡q Av‡Q| Gi GKUv KviY n‡Z cv‡i †h, wcZ…Zvwš¿K
g~j¨‡ev‡ai Kvi‡Y †g‡q‡`i Amy¯’Zv‡K KgB ¸i“Z¡ †`qv nq| Avkvi K_v GB †h, G¨v‡jvc¨vw_K
wPwKrmv MÖn‡Yi nvi eª¨vK Kg©m~wPfy³ Lvbvi bvix m`m¨‡`i g‡a¨ †ewk|
eª¨vK Lvbvi gwnjv m`m¨‡`i †‡Î †`Lv †M‡Q, cwiev‡ii AvKvi mxwgZ ivL‡Z gwnjviv cÖksmbxq
f~wgKv ivL‡Qb| A_©vr Rb¥ wbqš¿Y c×wZ e¨env‡ii nvi Zv‡`i g‡a¨ ‡ewk| cvwievwiK cwi”QbœZv
I Lvbvi ¯^v¯’¨Ki cwi‡ek ivqI eª¨vK m`m¨‡`i f~wgKv †ewk|
M‡elYvq GUv cÖZxqgvb †h, evsjv‡`‡ki MÖvgv‡j eª¨vK ‡h Dbœqb Kg©KvÛ Pvjy †i‡L‡Q Zv
wbwðZfv‡eB `wi`ª gvby‡li ¯^v¯’¨ Dbœq‡b †Kvb bv †Kvb f~wgKv ivL‡Q| Z‡e wjsM ˆelg¨ n«vm
Ki‡Z n‡j Av‡iv KvR Ki‡Z n‡e|
wbh©vm 56

Mf©Kvjxb i³¯^íZvt GKwU MÖvgxY cUfywg
Gm Gg wRqvDwÏb nvq`vi
i³¯^íZv eûj Av‡jvwPZ GKwU Rb¯^v¯’¨ mgm¨v| G mgm¨v wek¦e¨vcx weivRgvb| wewfbœ mgxvq
†`Lv †M‡Q, Mf©eZx I cÖm~wZ gwnjviv †ewk gvÎvi i³¯^íZvq Avµvš— nq| wek¦ ¯^v¯’¨ ms¯’vi
wnmv‡e eZ©gv‡b c„w_ex‡Z cÖvq 2,150 wgwjqb Rb‡Mvwô i³¯^íZvq fyM‡Q| i³¯^íZvq Avµvš—‡`i
†ewkifvMB `wY Gwkqv I Avwd«Kvq emevm K‡i| Mf©Kvjxb i³¯^íZv ïaygvÎ Dbœqbkxj
†`‡kiB bq, DbœZ we‡k¦I GKwU ¯^v¯’¨ mgm¨v wnmv‡e we‡ewPZ| Dbœqbkxj †`‡k M‡o 55-60
kZvsk DbœZ †`‡ki 18 kZvsk gvbyl i³¯^íZvq fyM‡Q| GKB m~Î g‡Z `wb Gwkqvi
†`k¸‡jv‡Z cÖvq 75 kZvsk Mf©eZx gwnjv i³¯^íZvi Kvi‡Y cÖmeKvjxb g„Zz¨-SzuwKi m¤§yLxb|
wek¦ ¯^v¯’¨ ms¯’vi g‡Z, Mf©Kvjxb mg‡q gv‡q‡`i i‡³ wn‡gv‡Mvwe‡bi cwigvY 110 MÖvg/wjUvi Gi
Kg _vK‡j Zv‡K i³-¯^íZv e‡j aiv nq| Mf©eZx gv‡qi i³¯^íZvi cÖavb KviY¸‡jvi g‡a¨
Lv‡`¨ AvqiY I †dv‡j‡Ui Afve, K…wgi msµgY, g¨v‡jwiqv, GBPAvBwf msµgY Ges
wn‡gv‡Mvwe‡bv-c¨vw_m A_©vr wn‡gv‡Mvweb msµvš— RwUjZv Ab¨Zg| Mf©Kvjxb i³¯^íZvi
†bwZevPK w`K¸‡jvi g‡a¨ gvZ…Z¡RwbZ g„Zz¨, wewfbœ †iv‡Mi cÖv`yf©ve Ges cÖm‡ei ci ¯^vfvweK
¯^v¯’¨ wd‡i †c‡Z wej¤^ BZ¨vw` Ab¨Zg| GQvovI gv‡q‡`i i³¯^íZvi †bwZevPK cÖfve
beRvZ‡Ki Dci c‡o| gv‡q‡`i i³¯^íZvi Kvi‡Y nq Kg IR‡bi wkï Rb¥MÖnY K‡i bZzev g„Z
wkï Rb¥ †bq|
i³¯^íZv cÖwZ‡iv‡ai Rb¨ evsjv‡`‡k KwZcq miKvwi I †emiKvwi cÖwZôvb wPwKrmv I cªwZ‡laK
e¨e¯’v nv‡Z wb‡q‡Q| evsjv‡`‡k wewfbœ Dbœqb cÖK‡íi cvkvcvwk eª¨vKI Mf©eZx gwnjv‡`i AvqiY
ewo mieivn K‡i _v‡K| ¯^v¯’¨ †mweKv‡`i gva¨‡g eª¨v‡Ki G‡mbwmqvj †nj_ †Kvqvi (EHC)
Kg©m~wPI Mf©eZx gwnjv‡`i AvqiY ewo mieivn K‡i _v‡K| G Qvov ¯^v¯’¨ I cywó welqK wkvI
`Anaemia in pregnancy: evidence from a rural area’ kxl©K GKwU M‡elYv wi‡cv‡U©i mvi-ms‡c (1997)|
mvi-ms‡c K‡i‡Qb Gm Gg wRqvDÏxb nvq`vi|
wbh©vm 57

w`‡q _v‡K| evsjv‡`‡ki MÖvgxY gwnjv‡`i Mf©Kvjxb i³¯^íZv wel‡q D‡jL‡hvM¨ Z_¨ Rvbv †bB|
Z‡e me©‡k‡l RvZxq cywó mgxvi (1981-82) g‡Z, cÖvq 47 kZvsk Mf©eZx gwnjv i³¯^íZvi
wkKvi (wn‡gv‡Mvweb 110 MÖvg/wjUvi Gi Kg)|
GB M‡elYvi Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni Rb¨ mvUzwiqv I dzjevoxqv _vbvi †gvU 12wU MÖvg †_‡K †gvU 122 Rb
Mf©eZx‡K cÖv_wgKfv‡e kbv³ Kiv n‡qwQj| kbv³K…Z Mf©eZx‡`i ga¨ †_‡K †kl ch©š— 90
Rb‡K M‡elYvq Aš—fy©³ Kiv n‡qwQj| D‡Ïk¨ wQj MÖvgxY cUfywg‡Z Mf©eZx gwnjv‡`i i‡³
wn‡gv‡Mvwe‡bi cwigvY wbY©q I i³¯^íZvi cÖv`yf©ve †`Lv Ges i³¯^íZvi mv‡_ m¤úK©hy³ Av_©-
mvgvwRK I Ab¨vb¨ †cÖvcU¸‡jv‡K kbv³ Kiv|
mgxvfy³ 90 Rb Mf©eZxi eqm wQj 14-41 erm‡ii g‡a¨| cÖ‡Z¨K Mf©eZx M‡o 3 mš—v‡bi gv
Ges Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni mgq M‡f©i Mo eqm wQj 5 gvm| M‡elYvq Aš—fy©³ Mf©eZx‡`i i‡³
wn‡gv‡Mvwe‡bi cwigvY wQj 79-139 MÖvg/wjUvi Gi g‡a¨| Mo cwigvY wQj 112 MÖvg/wjUvi|
i³¯^íZvi cÖv`yf©ve wQj 54 kZvsk Ges gvivZ¥K i³¯^íZvi cÖv`yf©ve wQj gvÎ GK kZvsk|
mviZvi mv‡_ i³¯^íZv cÖZ¨fv‡e m¤úwK©Z wQj| mvi gwnjv‡`i GK PZz_©vsk i³¯^íZvq
fyMwQj Aci w`‡K wbii‡`i g‡a¨ cÖvq `yB Z…Zxqvsk i³¯^íZvi wkKvi| mvUzwiqvi Zzjbvq
dzjevoxqv _vbvq gwnjv‡`i g‡a¨ i³¯^íZvi cÖv`yf©ve wKQzUv †ewk wQj| †h mKj gwnjviv Mf©eZx
nIqvi c‡i AvqiY ewo LvIqv ïi“ K‡iwQj Zv‡`i g‡a¨ i³¯^íZvi cÖv`yf©ve Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e Kg
wQj| Avi hviv ewo LvIqv ïi“ K‡iwb Zv‡`i i³¯^íZvi cÖv`yf©ve †ewk wQj| eª¨v‡Ki GK eQi
eq‡mi m`m¨‡`i g‡a¨ i³¯^íZvi cÖv`yf©ve Ab¨‡`i Zzjbvq Kg wQj|
MZ 15 erm‡i evsjv‡`‡k i³¯^íZvi Dci †Zgb †Kvb wbeÜ cÖKvwkZ nqwb| me©‡kl RvZxq cywó
Rwic (1981-82) Abyhvqx evsjv‡`‡ki i³¯^íZvi cÖv`yf©ve wQj 47 kZvsk hv eZ©gvb cwiw¯’wZi
Zzjbvq A‡bK †ewk| G †_‡K †evSv hvq †h, G hver i³¯^íZv cÖwZ‡iv‡ai †‡Î †Zgb †Kvb
D‡jL‡hvM¨ mvdj¨ jvf nqwb Ges i³¯^íZv MÖvgxY Rb‡Mvwôi Rb¨ GLbI GKwU RwUj ¯^v¯’¨
wbh©vm 58

mgm¨v wn‡m‡eB i‡q †M‡Q| eZ©gvb M‡elYvwU A‡cvK…Z-fv‡e †QvU Rb‡Mvwôi Dci Kiv n‡q‡Q
e‡j cÖvß Z‡_¨i wek` we‡klY Kiv m¤¢e nqwb|
GB M‡elYvq †`Lv †M‡Q †h, mviZvi welqwU i³¯^íZvi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z| mvUzwiqv‡Z mviZvi
nvi dzjevoxqvi Zzjbvq cÖvq wظY wQj| ZvB nqZ mvUzwiqvq i³¯^íZvi cÖv`yf©ve Kg| G †‡Î
gv‡q‡`i mviZvi ¸i“Z¡ Av‡iv A‡bK †ewk| wkwZ gv‡qiv nqZ wewfbœ ¯^v¯’¨ †dvivg, †cÖvMÖvg,
msev` I Ab¨vb¨ gva¨‡g ‡_‡K cÖvß wkv‡K AwaK cwigv‡Y eyS‡Z I MÖnY Ki‡Z mg| d‡j
i³¯^íZv wel‡q Ávb, m‡PZbZv, Gi BwZevPK I †bwZevPK welq¸wj m¤ú‡K© Zv‡`i aviYv ¯úó
nq| wewfbœ M‡elYvq ‡`Lv †M‡Q †h, gv‡qi wkv wkï‡`i ¯^v‡¯’¨i DbœwZi Rb¨ we‡kl mnvqK
fywgKv cvjb K‡i| myZivs gv‡q‡`i g‡a¨ i³¯^íZvi cÖv`yf©ve Kgv‡bvi Rb¨ hZ †ewk m¤¢e
gwnjv‡`i‡K wewfbœ AvbyôvwbK †nvK wKsev AbvbyôvwbKB †nvK wkvi mv‡_ m¤ú„³ Kiv Ri“ix|
G QvovI AvqiY ewo i³¯^íZvi cÖv`yf©ve Kvgv‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| †Póv Ki‡Z n‡e hv‡Z eZ©gvb
¯^v¯’¨ cÖK‡íi gva¨‡g AvqiY ewoi weZiY evov‡bv hvq| GKB mv‡_ gwnjv‡`i‡K wbqwgZ ewo
†me‡bi ¸i“Z¡ †evSv‡Z n‡e| Av‡iKwU w`K nj gwnjv‡`i eª¨v‡K m`m¨ c‡`i mgq evo‡j
i³¯^íZvi cÖv`yf©ve K‡g hvq| wewfbœ Kvi‡Y nqZ GiKg n‡Z cv‡i †hgb, Dbœqb Kg©m~wP‡Z
m¤ú„³Zv, wbqwgZ MÖ“c wgwUs G †hvM`v‡bi d‡j mvaviY ¯^v¯’¨ Áv‡bi DbœwZ Ges ¯^v¯’¨ †mweKv‡`i
gva¨‡g cÖwZwbqZ ¯^v¯’¨vwfwËK Av‡jvPbv I AvqiY ewo cÖ`vb|
i³¯^íZv cÖwZ‡iv‡ai Rb¨ †jvKvjq I ¯^v¯’¨ †K›`ª Dfq RvqMv‡ZB e¨e¯’v MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e|
†jvKvj‡q i³¯^íZv cÖwZ‡iv‡ai Rb¨ `xN© †gqv`x e¨e¯’vI †hgb `vwi`ª¨ `~ixKiY I cywói Ae¯’vi
Dbœqb Ki‡Z n‡e| ¯^v¯’¨ †K›`ª¸‡jv‡Z cÖ‡qvRbxq e¨e¯’vi g‡a¨ h_vkxNª m¤¢e i³¯^íZv kbv³KiY
Ges wPwKrmv, ¯^v¯’¨ wkv I h‡_ó cwigv‡Y AvqiY ewo mieiv‡ni wbðqZv Ab¨Zg| `vwi`ª¨
we‡gvPb Kg©m~wP‡Z mwµqfv‡e ¯^v¯’¨ I wkv‡K m¤ú„³Ki‡Yi gva¨‡g `wi`ª Rb‡Mvwói i³¯^íZv
n«vm m¤¢e|
wbh©vm 59

K·evRvi †Rjvq wi‡KU&m †iv‡Mi e¨vcKZv
dRjyj Kwig, Avng` †gvk&ZvK ivRv †PŠayix I ‡gv. mIKZ Mwb
K·evRvi †Rjvi P‡Kvwiqv _vbvi 1-15 ermi eq‡mi wkï Ges hyeK‡`i g‡a¨ wi‡KU&m †iv‡Mi
e¨vcKZv j¨ Kiv †M‡Q| wi‡KU&m Avµvš— GjvKvmgyn `ª“Z wPýZ Kivi j‡¨ †`ke¨vcx GKwU
cÖv_wgK Rwic cwiPvjbv Kiv Rb¨ evsjv‡`k wi‡KU&m wcÖ‡fbkvb Kb‡mvwU©qvg eª¨vK‡K Aby‡iva
K‡iwQj| †`ke¨vcx Rwic Pvjv‡bvi c~‡e© eª¨vK cÖ_‡g K·evRv‡i wi‡KU&m †iv‡Mi e¨vcKZv Rvbvi
wm×vš— †bq| GB mgxvi cwiKíbv I ev¯—evq‡bi Rb¨ XvKvi AvBwmGgGBP, (wkï I gvZ… ¯^v¯’¨
cÖwZôvb), hy³iv‡óªi K‡Y©j wek¦we`¨vjq, BDwb‡md Ges evsjv‡`‡ki mvc©f (†mvk¨vj G¨vwmmU¨vÝ
GÛ wi‡nwewj‡UkÝ di wdwRK¨vwj fvj‡bivej - SARPV) cÖ‡qvRbxq KvwiMwi mn‡hvwMZv
cÖ`v‡bi Avk¦vm †`q|
G mgxvi Ab¨Zg D‡Ïk¨ wQj K·evRvi †Rjvq 1-20 ermi eq‡mi wkï‡`i kix‡i wi‡KU&m
†iv‡Mi e¨vcKZv Rvbv Ges †`ke¨vcx Rwic Kivi Rb¨ djcÖmy c×wZ wba©viY Kiv| GB D‡Ï‡k¨
1999 mv‡ji †g-RyjvB gv‡m GKwU Rwic Pvjv‡bv nq K·evRvi †Rjvi 7wU _vbvi 28wU MÖv‡g|
wi‡KU&m †ivMxi †cvóvi †`wL‡q Ges ¯’vbxq RbmvaviY I wKQz msMV‡bi mn‡hvwMZvq Z_¨
msMÖnKvixMY 7wU _vbvq D‡jwLZ eq‡mi 490 Rb cÖwZeÜx‡K kbv³ K‡ib| G‡`i g‡a¨ 349
Rb‡K Zviv wi‡KU&m Avµvš— g‡b K‡ib| cieZx©‡Z wPKrmKMY 5wU _vbvi 278 Rb cÖwZeÜx‡K
kvixwiKfv‡e ch©‡eY K‡i 116 Rb‡K wi‡KU&m Avµvš— e‡j kbv³ K‡ib| wKš‘ Z_¨
msMÖnKvixMY GB 278 R‡bi g‡a¨ 199 Rb‡K wi‡KU&m Avµvš— g‡b K‡iwQ‡jb| A_©vr
wPwKrmKMY G‡`i gv‡S 58% †K wi‡KU&m Avµvš— e‡j kbv³ K‡i‡Qb| evKx †h 79 Rb‡K
(278-199) Z_¨ msMÖnKvixMY Ab¨vb¨ cÖwZeÜx e‡j aviYv K‡iwQ‡jb Zv‡`i 6% †K
wPwKrmKMY wi‡KU&m Avµvš— e‡j kbv³ K‡i‡Qb| GQvovI Wv³viMY D³ GjvKv cwi`k©‡bi
`Prevalence of lower limb clinical rickets: a quick assessment’ kxl©K GKwU M‡elYv wi‡cv‡U©i mvi-ms‡c
(2000)| mvi-ms‡c K‡i‡Qb ‡gv. mIKZ Mwb|
wbh©vm 60

mgq Av‡iv 16 Rb bZzb wi‡KU&m †ivMx kbv³ K‡ib hv Z_¨ msMÖnKvixMY cÖwZeÜx ZvwjKvq
Avb‡Z cv‡ibwb| `yÕwU _vbvq Wv³viMY AvenvIqv I mgm¨v m¼zj hvZvqvZ e¨e¯’vi Ki‡Y †h‡Z
cv‡ibwb| cvuPwU _vbvq cÖvß wi‡KU&m †ivMxi e¨vcKZvi Dci wfwË K‡i K·evRvi †Rjvq wi‡KU&m
m¤¢ve¨ e¨vcKZv wbY©‡qi †Póv Kiv n‡q‡Q|
K·evRv‡i cÖwZ GK j wkïi g‡a¨ cÖvq 907wU wkï kix‡ii wbgœvs‡M wi‡KU&m †iv‡M Avµvš—,
KzZzew`qvq me‡P‡q †ewk (cÖwZ j‡ cÖvq 1,438wU) Ges g‡nkLvjx‡Z me‡P‡q Kg (cÖwZ j‡
cÖvq 624wU)| †`Lv ‡M‡Q, eqm evovi mv‡_ mv‡_ wi‡KU&m †iv‡Mi e¨vcKZv Kgv‡Z _v‡K Ges
†Q‡j‡`i Zzjbvq †g‡q‡`i g‡a¨ GB †iv‡Mi e¨vcKZv LvwbKUv Kg|
wi‡KU&m Avµvš—‡`i g‡a¨ me‡P‡q †ewk cvIqv †M‡Q jvMv‡bv nvUz (Knock-knee) (38%) Ges
me‡P‡q Kg evuKv‡bv nvUz (Wind-swept) (15%)| cÖvq 86 kZvsk wi‡KU&m †ivMxB †Kej gvÎ
GK wPýhy³ ˆewk‡ó¨i| D‡jL¨, †`‡ki Ab¨vb¨ RvqMvq wi‡KU&m Gi Aw¯—Z¡ †`Lvi Rb¨ †bvqvLvjx,
†fvjv, h‡kvi, mybvgMÄ Ges MvBeÜv †Rjvq cÖv_wgK cwi`k©b Kiv n‡qwQj| †fvjv †Rjv e¨wZZ
Ab¨ Pvi †Rjvq wi‡KU&m †ivMxi mÜvb wg‡j‡Q| G †_‡K Abygvb Kiv hvq †h, mviv †`‡kB wi‡KU&m
†ivMx Qwo‡q wQwU‡q Av‡Q|
evsjv‡`k hLb ‡cvwjI `~i Kivi msMÖv‡g wjß wVK ZLbB Rxeb weaŸsmx wi‡KU&m †iv‡Mi AvMgb
aŸwb MY¯^v‡¯’¨i Rb¨ GK bZzb ûgwK| K·evRvi †Rjvi 1-20 ermi eq‡mi wkï Ges hyeK‡`i
g‡a¨ kZKiv cÖvq GKfvM wi‡KU&m Avµvš—| cwi‡k‡l, K·evRv‡ii Rwic Ges †`‡ki Ab¨ cvuP
†Rjvi `ª“Z ch©‡eY †_‡K GUvB ¯úó n‡q‡Q †h, wi‡KU&m †iv‡Mi e¨vcKZv Ges Gi KviY Luy‡R
†ei Kivi Rb¨ mviv †`‡k Av‡iv eo AvKv‡i mgxv Pvjv‡bv GKvš— Ri“ix|
wbh©vm 61

Av_©-mvgvwRK welqK
mvB‡K¬v‡bvËi cwiw¯’wZ: GKwU mgxv
evsjv‡`‡k f‚wgnxb gvby‡li ˆ`bw›`b Rxeb
gwnjv‡`i Mf©aviY Ges Mf©wb‡ivaK e¨envi
wbh©vm 62
wbh©v‡mi c~e©eZ©x LÊmg~‡n cÖKvwkZ wbeÜmg~n
LÊ 1 gvP© 1995
`wi`ª‡`i Rb¨ eª¨v‡Ki M„nvqY Kg©m~wP: GKwU mgxv
MÖvg msMVb¸‡jv‡K wb‡q †dWv‡ikb MVb: wKQy AwfgZ
eª¨v‡Ki c¨vivwjM¨vj Kg©m~wP: GKwU mgxv
AviwWwcfz³ MÖvg msMV‡bi welqwfwËK mfv
cwiKíbv I e¨e¯’vcbv cÖwkY: GKwU †Kv‡m©i g~j¨vqb
gvwmK i³mªve: wK‡kvix †g‡q‡`i wek¦vm I AvPiY
f‚wgnxb‡`i gvwjKvbvq †mP e¨e¯’v I mgv‡R Zvi cÖfve
cjx GjvKvq mviZv: GbGdwcBfz³ K‡qKwU MÖv‡gi wPÎ
eª¨vK ¯‹z‡ji QvÎ-QvÎxiv miKvwi ¯‹z‡j †Kgb Ki‡Q
cÖv_wgK wkvi Ae¯’v: MÖv‡gi GKwU ¯‹zj mgxvi djvdj
cjxi `wi`ª gvby‡li Rxe‡b grm¨Pv‡li cÖfve
cjxi `wi`ª FY MÖnxZv‡`i FY cwi‡kva cÖwµqv
c~‡e©Kvi †hŠ_ FY Abv`vqx _vKvi KviY
evsjv‡`‡k cjx †ikwbs e¨e¯’v: GKwU g~j¨vqb
AvBwRwfwRwW Kg©m~wPi cÖfve: GKwU Dc‡Rjvq †cvwëª Kg©x‡`i Kvh©µ‡gi mgxv
¯^v¯’¨ welqK
cÖv_wgK ¯^v¯’¨ cwiPh©v: wkï‡`i ˆ`wnK e„w× wbixY
¯^v¯’¨‡mweKv‡`i Kv‡Ri GKwU g~j¨vqb

¯^v¯’¨ cwiPh©v I wkï‡`i ¯^v¯’¨‡mevi Dbœq‡b gv`vm© K¬v‡ei cÖfve
evsjv‡`‡ki MÖvg A‡j Wvqwiqvi cÖPwjZ bvg
cjx GjvKvq Pvj-je‡Yi ˆZix Lvevi m¨vjvB‡bi e¨envi
m¤úv`Kxq
Av_©-mvgvwRK welqK
LÊ 2 wW‡m¤^i 1995
cjx GjvKvi K‡qKwU Ae‡nwjZ ¯‹z‡ji Dci GKwU mgxv
evsjv‡`‡k wkï‡`i †gŠwjK wkvi g~j¨vqb
eª¨vK ¯‹z‡ji QvÎ-QvÎx‡`i †gŠwjK wkvi g~j¨vqb
GbGdwcB wkK‡`i Bs‡iRx I AsK welqK cvi`wk©Zv Ges Ab¨vb¨ welq
`vwi`ª¨ `~ixKi‡Y MÖvgxY bvix: QqwU mgxv
AvBwRwfwRwW I wfwRwW Kg©m~wPfz³ wkï-wK‡kvi I gv‡q‡`i Dci Acywói cÖfve
ˆeevwnK m¤úK© I bvix wbh©vZb: GKwU mgxv
wK‡kvix †g‡q‡`i `„wó‡Z weevn
MÖvgxY gwnjv‡`i Avqg~jK Kv‡Ri e¨e¯’vcbv: wgR©vcyi †Kw›`ªK GKwU mgxv
eª¨vK mwgwZ: mgwói AskMÖnY bv KwZc‡qi wbqš¿Y
cjx Dbœqb welqK GKwU cÖwkY †Kv‡m©i g~j¨vqb
†R‡j cwiev‡i bvix: evIi GjvKvi wPÎ
wbh©vm 63

¯^v¯’¨ welqK
m¨v‡UjvBU wK¬wb‡Ki j¨ AR©‡b eª¨v‡Ki f‚wgKv BwZevPK Ae`vb ivL‡e: GKwU cÖwZ‡e`b
¯^v¯’¨ wkv wK MÖvgxY RbmvaviY‡K AwaK ¯^v¯’¨ m‡PZb Ki‡Z †c‡i‡Q?
MÖvgxY Rb‡Mvwôi g„Zy¨nvi Kgv‡bvi Dci eª¨v‡Ki Kg©m~wPi cÖfve
evsjv‡`‡ki wkï‡`i ey‡Ki `ya LvIqv‡bvi Dci GKwU mgxv
MÖvgxY Rb‡Mvwôi ¯^v‡¯’¨i Dci Av_©-mvgvwRK Kg©m~wPi cÖfve
eª¨v‡Ki ˆ`wnK e„w× wbixY Kg©m~wP: GKwU mgxv
m¤úv`Kxq
Av_©-mvgvwRK welqK
¯^v¯’¨ welqK
wbh©vm 64
LÊ 3 †m‡Þ¤^i 1996
myi“wP †i‡¯—vivi e¨e¯’vcbv: gwnjv‡`i GKwU e¨wZµgag©x cÖqvm
wkíD‡`¨vM m„wó‡Z Av‡qkv Av‡e` dvD‡Ûk‡bi f‚wgKv
hgybv eûgyLx †mZz cÖK‡í wZMÖ¯—‡`i Dci GKwU Rwic
`wi`ª‡`i AvBwb Ávb: wbe©vwPZ †emjvBb Z_¨
eª¨v‡Ki †ikg Pvl cÖKí: eZ©gvb †cÖvcU I µgweKvk
evsjv‡`‡k Rwgi gvwjKvbv Ges †fvM `L‡ji aib: GKwU MÖvg mgxv
gvwbKM‡Äi wMjÛv MÖv‡g eª¨v‡Ki cjx Dbœqb Kg©m~wPi cÖfve
gvwbKM‡Äi MywK© MÖv‡g eª¨v‡Ki cjx Dbœqb Kg©m~wPi cÖfve
evsjv‡`‡ki †Q‡j-†g‡q‡`i Rxeb `Zvi Áv‡bi Dci
K‡qKwU evQvBK…Z Av_©-mvgvwRK Dcv`v‡bi cÖfve: GKwU eûgyLx we‡klY
eª¨vK ¯‹z‡ji QvÎ-QvÎxiv †Kb wkv Amgvß †i‡L gva¨wgK ¯‹zj †Q‡o †`q?

Mf©eZx gwnjv‡`i wbqwgZ Avqib-dwjK GwmW U¨ve‡jU †me‡bi Dci GKwU g~j¨vqb
Mf©eZx gwnjv‡`i †mev cÖ`v‡b eª¨v‡Ki f‚wgKv
mš—vb cÖme I cÖme-cieZ©x Amy¯’Zv m¤ú‡K© MÖvg evsjvq cÖPwjZ a¨vb-aviYv
Mªv‡gi cyi“l Ges gwnjv‡`i `„wó‡Z †g‡q‡`i ¯^v¯’¨ I Amy¯’Zv
¯^v¯’¨ I gwnjv‡`i Rxeb hvÎvi gv‡bi cwieZ©b wbY©‡q AskMÖnYg~jK c×wZ:
GKwU AbymÜvbg~jK M‡elYv
†`kxq wPwKrmv c×wZ I AvaywbK wPwKrmv c×wZ: cÖwZØw›ØZv bv mn‡hvwMZv?
evsjv‡`‡ki MÖvgxY RbM‡Yi cywó I `vwi`ª¨
¯^v¯’¨, cywó I mvgwMÖK Dbœq‡b wkvi cÖfve
`wi`ª‡`i ¯^v¯’¨ †mev Dbœq‡b wbæ ch©v‡qi kZKiv cÂvk fvM‡K †e‡Q †bqvB wK DËg?
eª¨v‡Ki cÖv_wgK ¯^v¯’¨ cwiPh©v Kg©m~wP‡Z RbM‡Yi AskMÖnY wbwðZ K‡í MÖvg ¯^v¯’¨ KwgwU MVb
gwnjv ¯^v¯’¨ I Dbœqb Kg©m~wP‡Z AskMÖnYKvix gwnjvMY Kx G Kg©m~wPi KvR‡K †evSv g‡b K‡i?
miKvwi Kg©x, RbmvaviY I eª¨v‡Ki g‡a¨ we`¨gvb m¤ú‡K©i Dci gwnjv ¯^v¯’¨ I
Dbœqb Kg©m~wPi cÖfve
m¤úv`Kxq: iRZ Rqš—x msL¨v
eª¨vK M‡elYvi GKzk eQi: wKQy cÖvmswMK K_v
Av_©-mvgvwRK welqK
LÊ 4 †deª“qvix 1997
eª¨v‡Ki cvBjU mÂq cÖK‡íi Dci GKwU M‡elYv cÖwZ‡e`b
MÖvgxY RbM‡Yi mgm¨v †gvKv‡ejv I †eu‡P _vKvi †KŠkj
gZje _vbvq eª¨v‡Ki `yÕwU ¯‹z‡ji Dci GKwU mgxv
eª¨vK ¯‹z‡ji wkv mgvßKvix QvÎ-QvÎx‡`i †gŠwjK wkvi Dci GKwU mgxv
†gviM-gyiMx cvj‡b f‚wgnxb `wi`ª bvix mgvR: cuvPwU MÖv‡gi wPÎ
eª¨v‡Ki gwnjv Kg©m~wP msMVK‡`i mgm¨v: GKwU mgxv
wbh©vm 65

eª¨v‡Ki A_©cyó cÖK‡íi jvf-wZ: gZje GjvKvi mvZwU z`ª e¨emvi Dci GKwU mgxv
eª¨v‡Ki MÖvg msMVbfz³ cuvP Rb gwnjv m`m¨vi mvd‡j¨i LwZqvb
m`m¨‡`i MÖvg msMVb †Q‡o hvIqvi KviY: GKwU mgxv
MÖvg msMVb MVb cÖwµqvi Dci GKwU ch©‡eY
MÖvgxY evsjv‡`‡k FY e¨e¯’vcbv: Rvgvjcyi †Rjvi bvivqYcyi MÖv‡gi GKwU wPÎ
Kv‡Ri mgq, Avq I e¨‡qi FZz wfwËK ZviZg¨: GKwU mgxv
gZvq‡bi j‡¨ gwnjv‡`i AcÖPwjZ Kvh©µ‡g AskMÖnY
gwnjv cÖavb Lvbvq Kx Kx Kvi‡Y gwnjviv SuzwKi m¤§yLxb nb
¯^v¯’¨ welqK
gZje GjvKvi Av_©-mvgvwRK I ¯^v¯’¨ cwiw¯’wZi Dci eª¨vK-
AvBwmwWwWAvi,we-i †hŠ_ M‡elYv cÖK‡íi †eRjvBb Rwic
gwnjv ¯^v¯’¨ I Dbœqb Kg©m~wP m¤ú‡K© gv‡q‡`i aviYv
evsjv‡`‡ki MÖvgxY gwnjv‡`i cywónxbZv: Av_©-mvgvwRK †cÖvcU
eª¨v‡Ki cywó welqK K‡qKwU M‡elYvi Dci GKwU cÖwZ‡e`b
eª¨v‡Ki ÔIqvPÕ cÖK‡íi ¯^v¯’¨ welqK GKwU M‡elYv
¯^v¯’¨ †mweKv‡`i gva¨‡g Mf©wb‡ivaK weµq: mgm¨v I fwel¨Z m¤¢vebv
†hŠbe¨vwa m¤ú‡K© GKwU AbymÜvbx mgxv: `yÕwU GjvKvi wPÎ
cÖv_wgK ¯^v¯’¨ cwiPh©v welqK GKwU g~j¨vqb
Lvevi m¨vjvBb evbv‡bvi c×wZ I Gi e¨enviwewa MÖvgxY gv‡qiv KZw`b g‡b ivL‡Z cv‡ib?
eª¨v‡Ki gwnjv ¯^v¯’¨ I Dbœqb Kg©m~wPfz³ GjvKvq cÖm~wZ g„Zz¨i KviY I
GZ`mswkó welqmg~‡ni Dci mgxv
cjx GjvKvq WvqwiqvRwbZ g„Zz¨ nv‡i cwieZ©b
eª¨v‡Ki h²v wbqš¿Y Kg©m~wP: wPwKrmv mgvßKvix †ivMx‡`i Dci GKwU mgxv
cÖwkYcÖvß avÎx‡`i Ávb I Zvi PP©vi Dci GKwU mgxv
wbh©vm 66

m¤úv`Kxq
Av_©-mvgvwRK welqK
LÊ 5 b‡f¤^i 1997
eª¨v‡Ki cjx Dbœqb Kg©m~wPi `xN©¯’vqx cÖfve: GKwU we‡kl mgxv
eª¨v‡Ki cjx Dbœqb Kg©m~wP‡Z AskMÖn‡Yi cÖwZeÜKZv: GKwU mgxv
Kg©ms¯’vb e„wׇZ eª¨v‡Ki cjx Dbœqb Kg©m~wPi cÖfve: wSKiMvQv GjvKvi wPÎ
MÖvgxY gwnjv‡`i Av_©-mvgvwRK Dbœq‡b eª¨v‡Ki FY`vb Kg©m~wPi cÖfve:
Rvgvjcyi †Rjvi cvuPwU MÖv‡gi wPÎ
gwnjv cÖavb Lvbvi mgm¨vmg~n
MÖvg msMVb m`m¨‡`i mÂqx A‡_©i e¨envi
bvix cyi“l m¤ú‡K©i Dci gwnjv‡`i gRyixwfwËK KvR I F‡Yi cÖfve
FZz‡f‡` MÖvgxY `wi`ª‡`i Lv`¨ MÖn‡Yi ZviZg¨: GKwU mgxv
jxf‚Z Rb‡Mvôx wPwýZKi‡Y AviAviG c×wZ cÖ‡qvM: jvjgwbinvU m`i _vbvi GKwU mgxv
MÖvgxY evsjv‡`‡k wkï kªg
mviZvi cªmvi: gvwbKM‡Ä eª¨v‡Ki wkv Kg©m~wPi cÖfve
Dc-AvbyôvwbK cÖv_wgK wkv Kg©m~wPi wkv_©x‡`i †hvM¨Zv hvPvB‡qi Av`k©vwqZ K…wZ Afxv
†Q‡j I †g‡q‡`i ¯‹z‡j fwZ© Ae¯’v: †cÖwZ MÖvg evsjv
fwZ©i cÖ_g Qq gv‡mi g‡a¨ ¯‹zj †Q‡o †`qvi KviY: eª¨vK ¯‹z‡ji QvÎ-QvÎx‡`i Dci GKwU mgxv
¯^v¯’¨ welqK
h²v wbqš¿‡Y MÖvg ¯^v¯’¨ Kg©x: eª¨v‡Ki AwfÁZv
¯^v¯’¨ †mev MÖn‡Yi aib: †cÖwZ evsjv‡`‡ki mgvR
cuvP eQ‡ii Kg eqmx MÖvgxY wkï‡`i kvixwiK e„w×i Dci GKwU mgxv
gv‡q‡`i wUKv`vb m¤úwK©Z Ávb MÖvgxY GjvKvq wkï‡`i wUKv`v‡bi †‡Î KZUzKz f‚wgKv iv‡L?
cywó I Av_©-mvgvwRK Dbœq‡b AvBwRwfwRwW Kg©m~wPi cÖfve
wbh©vm 67

cwiev‡ii AvKvi wba©vi‡Y gZje GjvKvq `¤úwZ‡`i cQ›`
Rb¥kxjZv cwieZ©‡b MÖvgxY GjvKvq eª¨v‡Ki Dbœqb Kg©m~wPi cÖfve
Kg©m~wPfz³ GjvKvq Mf©wb‡ivaK e¨env‡i cwieZ©b
m¤úv`Kxq
wbh©vm 68
LÊ 6 †m‡Þ¤^i 1998
wbh©vm cvVK Rwic: gvV ch©v‡qi mv¤cÖwZK AwfÁZv
Av_©-mvgvwRK welqK cÖwZ‡e`b
eª¨v‡Ki gvbevwaKvi Ges AvBb wkv cÖwk‡Yi cÖfve: GKwU g~j¨vqb
eª¨v‡Ki K…wl, grm¨, eb I †ikg Pvl cÖKí: cwi‡ekMZ GKwU mgxv
gZje GjvKvq 1992-95 G AviwWwcÕi FY weZi‡Yi wPÎ
eª¨vK m`m¨‡`i FY cÖ`vb, F‡Yi e¨envi I gybvdv m¤úwK©Z GKwU mgxv
AviwWwcÕi gvwmK mfv: gZj‡ei `kwU MÖvg msMV‡bi Ae¯’v ch©‡eY
cviwUwmc¨vUwi i“ivj G¨vcÖvBRvj: eª¨vK Kg©m~wP‡Z wKfv‡e cÖ‡qvM Kiv hvq
MÖvgxY `wi`ª‡`i Rxeb hvÎvi gvb Dbœq‡b eª¨v‡Ki wewfbœ Dbœqb Kg©m~wPi f‚wgKv
eª¨v‡Ki Dc-AvbyôvwbK cÖv_wgK ¯‹z‡ji QvÎ-QvÎx‡`i AvbyôvwbK cÖv_wgK ¯‹z‡j
wkv MÖn‡Y RwUjZv: GKwU mgxv
eª¨vK ¯‹z‡ji wkv mgvcbKvix †Q‡j-†g‡q‡`i AwR©Z †gŠwjK `Zvi g~j¨vqb
MÖvgxY evsjv‡`‡k mviZv I ¯‹z‡j fwZ©i nvi: eª¨v‡Ki f‚wgKv
MY‡K›`ª cvVvMv‡ii Ae¯’v: GKwU mgxv
eª¨v‡Ki Dc-AvbyôvwbK cÖv_wgK wkvi cvV¨cy¯—K cybe©¨envi: GKwU m¤¢ve¨Zv hvPvB
¯^v¯’¨ welqK

RvZxq wUKv w`e‡mi msMVb Ges ev¯—evqb: 1996 c‡e©i GKwU g~j¨vqb
evsjv‡`‡ki MÖvgxY †cÖvc‡U wUKv`vb Kg©m~wPi g~j¨vqb
eª¨v‡Ki GAviAvB Kg©m~wPi Kvh©KvwiZv e„w×i j‡¨ wKQy mycvwik
gwnjv‡`i Amy¯’Zv welqK GKwU mgxv
cÖRbb ¯^v¯’¨ I †ivM wbqš¿Y Kg©m~wP‡Z Rb¥ I g„Zz¨i †iKW©K…Z Kvh©vejxi g~j¨vqb
cÖme-c~e© †mevq Kg©m~wP msMV‡Ki f‚wgKv
cwievi cwiKíbv: GKwU mgxv- MÖv‡gi gwnjv‡`i Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb mwVK I Kvh©Ki aviYv
MÖvgxY GjvKvq cÖme cieZ©x mg‡q Rb¥wb‡ivaK e¨env‡ii aiY
wK‡kvi-wK‡kvix‡`i ¯^v¯’¨ cwiw¯’wZ: GKwU ch©v‡jvPbv
evsjv‡`‡ki MÖvgv‡j i³¯^íZvi cÖv`yf©ve
cywó Dbœq‡b cwic~iK Lvevi: gy³vMvQv cvBjU cÖK‡íi GKwU g~j¨vqb
cwic~iK Lvevi m¤ú‡K© MÖvgevmx‡`i aviYv: gy³vMvQvq eª¨v‡Ki GKwU cvBjU mgxv
`wi`ª Rb‡Mvôxi Kv‡Q j¨vwUªb weµq KZUzKz dj`vqK?
AbybœZ GjvKvi Av_©-mvgvwRK Dbœq‡b my¯^v‡¯’¨i f‚wgKv
eª¨v‡Ki K‡qKwU D‡jL‡hvM¨ mv¤cÖwZK M‡elYv (1997-98)
`vwi`ª¨ we‡gvPb I gZvqb: eª¨v‡Ki cjx Dbœqb Kg©m~wPi `xN© †gqv`x cÖfve g~j¨vqb
Av‡m©wbK cixvq MÖvgxY ¯^v¯’¨Kg©x
eª¨vK ¯^v¯’¨ †K‡›`ªi eR©¨ c`v_© wbM©gb: GKwU cwi‡ekMZ mgxv
eª¨vK ¯^v¯’¨ †K›`ª: Avw_©K ms¯’vb I e¨‡qi †cÖw‡Z Kvh©KvwiZv
wbh©vm 69

m¤úv`Kxq
wbh©vm 70
LÊ 7 †m‡Þ¤^i 1999
eª¨v‡Ki M‡elYv welqK AvÂwjK Kg©kvjv- GKwU cÖwZ‡e`b
Av_©-mvgvwRK welqK cÖwZ‡e`b
eª¨v‡Ki MÖvg msMVb wejyß nq †h Kvi‡Y
gwnjv‡`i ¯^vwaKvi I mgvRxwKKi‡Yi Dci eª¨v‡Ki Dc-AvbyôvwbK wkvi cÖfve
cwiev‡i Lvevi e›Ub I wj½‰elg¨: eª¨vK Kg©m~wPfz³
m`m¨ Lvbvi Dci GKwU mgxv
cjx Dbœqb Kg©m~wPi AvIZvq †`q F‡Yi wKw¯— cwi‡kv‡ai Drm: GKwU mgxv
`yt¯’ gwnjv‡`i Avqe„w×g~jK mnvqZv Kg©m~wPi Dci GKwU mgxv
eª¨v‡Ki gvbevwaKvi I AvBb welqK †cvóv‡ii weiƒ‡× wgwQj, cÖwZev` I mgv‡ek
fvj _vKv m¤ú‡K© MÖvgxY gvby‡li `„wófw½
Mªvg msMV‡b z`ª `‡ji f‚wgKv
evIo GjvKvq eª¨v‡Ki z`ª †R‡j Dbœqb cÖK‡íi cÖfve
FY Kg©m~wP, gZvqb Ges Rb¥wb‡iva: cvwicvwk¦©KZvi cÖfve
¯^v¯’¨ welqK
cwievi cwiKíbv m¤ú‡K© cyyi“l‡`i `„wófw½
kvj`y‡ai cwie‡Z© Ab¨ Zij Lvevi †`qvi cÖeYZv: gZje _vbvi GKwU wPÎ
eª¨vK m`m¨ Ges jxf‚Z Lvbvi cuvP eQ‡ii Kg eqmx wkï‡`i cywóMZ Ae¯’v
wK‡kvi-wK‡kvix‡`i †hŠb ¯^v¯’¨ wkv: cÖ‡qvRb Dchy³ †hvMv‡hvM gva¨g
eq¯‹ I wK‡kvi-wK‡kvix‡`i g‡a¨ K…wgi cÖv`yfv©e
cyi“l I gwnjv‡`i i³¯^íZv wb‡q GKwU mgxv

MÖvgxY gwnjv‡`i gva¨‡g GBW&m welqK m‡PZbZv e„w×: eª¨v‡Ki GKwU cvBjU cÖKí
kixiwPÎ AsK‡bi gva¨‡g Rb¥ cÖwµqv m¤ú‡K© gwnjv‡`i aviYv wbY©q
eª¨vK ¯^v¯’¨ †K‡›`ª eR©¨ wb®‹vkb: GKwU cwi‡ekMZ mgxv
eª¨v‡Ki D‡jL‡hvM¨ mv¤cÖwZK M‡elYv (1998-99)
1998-Gi eb¨v I eb¨vKewjZ‡`i Dci eª¨v‡Ki GKwU Z¡wiZ mgxv
Av_©-mvgvwRK I ¯^v¯’¨ cwiw¯’wZ: cve©Z¨ PÆMÖv‡gi GKwU †eRjvBb Rwic
bZzb emv‡bv wUDeI‡q‡ji Av‡m©wbK cixv Ges gvb wbqš¿Y
K…wÎg cÖRbb Kg©m~wP I msKi cÖRvwZi Mevw`cï Ges †gviM-gyiMxi wUKvi e¨envi msµvš— mgxv
wbh©vm 71