dr. Frank B. Brokken (f.b.brokken@rug.nl)
dr. Frank B. Brokken (f.b.brokken@rug.nl)
dr. Frank B. Brokken (f.b.brokken@rug.nl)
Create successful ePaper yourself
Turn your PDF publications into a flip-book with our unique Google optimized e-Paper software.
<strong>dr</strong>. <strong>Frank</strong> B. <strong>Brokken</strong><br />
(f.b.<strong>brokken@rug</strong>.<strong>nl</strong>)<br />
Center of Information Technology<br />
University of Groningen<br />
Kabul, September 2012
or ?
Topics:<br />
Open Source<br />
● Computers: some history.<br />
● Open Source: how did it start?<br />
● Open Source: what is its status?<br />
● What are you using computers for?<br />
● What choice do you have?<br />
3
● 19431945:<br />
ENIAC:<br />
Electronic Numeric<br />
Integrator and<br />
calculator<br />
Some History<br />
● 30+ tons; 18,000+vacuum tubes; 174kW<br />
power consumption<br />
4
● 19701980:<br />
Big, mainframe<br />
computers<br />
● CDC Cyber,<br />
25/40 MHz,<br />
256,144 60bit<br />
words of memory<br />
Some History<br />
● Price (1980): approx. $20 million<br />
5
Some History<br />
● August 12, 1981: the IBMPC was marketed<br />
● Commodore 64, Atari, Apple, etc. already<br />
had marketed their versions of homecomputers.<br />
6
● The IBMPC<br />
Some History<br />
● Speed: 4.77 MHz, 1MB physical ad<strong>dr</strong>ess<br />
space.<br />
● Soon using Operating System: MSDOS<br />
7
Some History<br />
● The MSDOS Disk Operating System<br />
● Bought (not developed) by<br />
MicroSoft in 1981 from<br />
Seattle Computer Products<br />
8
Some History<br />
● By then, we had learned:<br />
– software limits the manufacturer's liability no<br />
matter how bad the quality of its products<br />
– What if car or aeroplane manufacturers would<br />
use such licenses...?<br />
9
Some History<br />
● What if car manufacturers would create<br />
comparable products (according to GM)?<br />
– Your car would crash twice a day.<br />
– Every time the lines on the road are repainted, you<br />
have to buy a new car.<br />
– Sometimes your car just dies on the motorway for<br />
no reason. For some reason you simply accept this,<br />
restart and <strong>dr</strong>ive on.<br />
– You could o<strong>nl</strong>y have one person in the car at a<br />
time, u<strong>nl</strong>ess you buy a "Car XP" or a "Car Vista". But<br />
then you'd have to buy more seats.<br />
10
But Also...<br />
● There's no penalty for bad software: if o<strong>nl</strong>y we had<br />
software insurance....<br />
11
Open Source: how did it start?<br />
October 4, 1985: Richard Stallman initiated the<br />
free software foundation (FSF)<br />
● Open Source is not<br />
necessarily free as in a free lunch<br />
12
How did it start?<br />
● Core business of the FSF:<br />
– promoting the universal freedom to create,<br />
distribute and modify computer software.<br />
– commo<strong>nl</strong>y enforced by the GNU public license<br />
13
How did it start?<br />
● Core business of the FSF:<br />
– promoting the universal freedom to create,<br />
distribute and modify computer software.<br />
● Resulting in software:<br />
– usually free of charge<br />
– whose creators have a personal interest in<br />
upholding its quality<br />
– inspected/improved by thousands of technically<br />
trained people who can look at / improve the<br />
program's code.<br />
14
● Open Source:<br />
How did it start?<br />
the Open Source Initiative (OSI) aims at gaining support for open<br />
source software, that is, software that has the source code available<br />
as well as the ready-to-run program.<br />
The OSI does not offer a specific license, but supports the various<br />
types of open source licenses available.<br />
– See also: http://www.opensource.org/<br />
● Open Source has a broader scope than the FSF,<br />
but has one important identical characteristic:<br />
Software comes with its sources, allowing<br />
quality inspection, rather than revenue maximization<br />
15
How did it start?<br />
● Free and Open Source Operating System<br />
● Linux, first released on October 5, 1991 by<br />
Linus Torvalds<br />
Linus Torvalds,<br />
Amsterdam,<br />
December, 1994<br />
Linus Torvalds,<br />
June, 2012<br />
16
● Linux highlights:<br />
How did it start?<br />
– In combination with GNU:<br />
GNULinux.<br />
– Available on more computer hardware platforms<br />
than any other operating system.<br />
– 90% of today's 500 fastest supercomputers run<br />
Linux, including the 10 fastest<br />
– Very often used in embedded systems (e.g., mobile<br />
phones, tablet computers, network routers, the<br />
An<strong>dr</strong>oid system).<br />
17
How did it start?<br />
● So, by the end of the previous century we<br />
could have learned:<br />
– Software code can be freely accessible;<br />
– Software does not necessarily exist to maximize<br />
profits for the manufacturer<br />
– Free and open source software can meet<br />
very high standards of quality<br />
– Many systems rely on and use open source software<br />
● But did we learn this...?<br />
18
● Some thoughts...<br />
To mess up a Linux box, you need to work at it;<br />
to mess up your Windows box, you just need<br />
to work on it.<br />
How did it start?<br />
We all know Linux is great,<br />
it does infinite loops in 5 seconds.<br />
Linus Torvalds<br />
19
Open Source: status<br />
● But does open source meet its promises?<br />
● Let's have a look:<br />
20
Open Source: status<br />
● Does open source deliver on its promises?<br />
● In 2011, of 300 large organizations in the<br />
public and private sectors:<br />
– >30% migrated missioncritical software to<br />
open source<br />
– 69% increased investment in open source<br />
– 50% were fully committed to open source<br />
– 28% were experimenting with open source and<br />
were keeping an open mind about it.<br />
21
Open Source: status<br />
● Some examples of nationwide open source<br />
acceptance:<br />
Country Department Year Topic<br />
Bahrain Min. of Social Development 2006 Entire IT infrastructure<br />
Benin Government 2005 Adopt FOSS, Civil society<br />
is encouraged to join<br />
EU EU parliament a.o. 2004 Promote open standards<br />
Fareast Various agencies and 2009 Advance adoption of<br />
countries ministries FOSS<br />
likewise: India, Macedonia, Pakistan, South Africa, etc, etc.<br />
but also...<br />
22
Open Source: status<br />
● Some examples of Open Source acceptance:<br />
but also:<br />
UN 2003 Calls on countries to adopt OSS to bridge the<br />
digital divide by lowering costs, increasing security,<br />
stimulating local economies, and avoiding proprietary<br />
lockin as reasons for adopting OSS<br />
23
Open Source: status<br />
● Reasons for acceptance:<br />
– Reduced cost<br />
– Sharing IT, improved opportunities for innovation<br />
– Software quality, reliability, and speed<br />
– Avoiding the propriatory lockin.<br />
Paul Daugherty, chief technology architect, Accenture:<br />
This is the coming of age of open source. Through both our research and our work<br />
with clients, we are seeing an increase in demand for open source based on quality,<br />
reliability and speed, not just cost savings. This is a significant change on two years<br />
ago when uptake was <strong>dr</strong>iven mai<strong>nl</strong>y by cost savings.<br />
We can expect this trend to develop as open source continues to evolve and<br />
ad<strong>dr</strong>ess even more business critical functions.<br />
24
What do you do with computers?<br />
● Some guesses:<br />
– email<br />
– web browsing<br />
– Officelike applications (writing documents<br />
using spreadsheets, preparing presentations,<br />
etc)<br />
– ?? what else ??<br />
25
What do you do with computers?<br />
● Email<br />
– Some open source products:<br />
Mozilla Thunderbird Eudora<br />
26
What do you do with computers?<br />
● Web browsing<br />
– What browser is how often used?<br />
● Note that I.E. isn't the most popular<br />
browser anymore<br />
27
What do you do with computers?<br />
● Officelike applications<br />
LibreOffice is a comprehensive, free, professionalquality productivity suite.<br />
It is available in more than 30 languages and for many operating systems:<br />
MS Windows, Mac OS X and GNU/Linux (Debian, Ubuntu, Fedora, ...).<br />
28
What do you do with computers?<br />
● What about the software making web<br />
browsing (the Internet) available?<br />
Apache 65.5%<br />
Microsoft-IIS 17.9%<br />
Nginx 11.6%<br />
– Watch EngineX (Nginx): it's a rising star<br />
● it almost doubled its market share over the<br />
last year<br />
29
What do you do with computers?<br />
● What about the software making computers<br />
run?<br />
– The server market is dominated (>60%) by Linux<br />
– The mobile devices market is dominated by An<strong>dr</strong>oid<br />
(Linuxbased), with Apple in 2 nd place. Windows is<br />
almost nonexistent<br />
– The supercomputer market is strongly dominated by<br />
Linux.<br />
– The personal computer market still mai<strong>nl</strong>y runs on<br />
Windows. Might this be so because of the IBMPC's<br />
original operating system?<br />
30
What choice do you have?<br />
● Do you have a choice? I think you do.<br />
– You do not have to be tied to a stifling contract<br />
– There's no need to pay money for software: almost<br />
everything you do with computers is available for free<br />
– Open Source operating systems no longer are o<strong>nl</strong>y for the<br />
geeks. Ordinary users can use it as well. Ubuntu and<br />
Linuxmint are cases in point.<br />
● It's not a fairy tale:<br />
You have a choice: choose!<br />
31
Thank You<br />
for your Attention<br />
<strong>dr</strong>. <strong>Frank</strong> B. <strong>Brokken</strong><br />
Center of Information Technology<br />
University of Groningen<br />
Kabul, September 2012<br />
32
Quote:<br />
<strong>dr</strong>. <strong>Frank</strong> B. <strong>Brokken</strong><br />
(f.b.<strong>brokken@rug</strong>.<strong>nl</strong>)<br />
Center of Information Technology<br />
University of Groningen<br />
Kabul, September 2012<br />
computers are like air conditioners: they stop working properly when you open windows
or ?
Topics:<br />
Open Source<br />
● Computers: some history.<br />
● Open Source: how did it start?<br />
● Open Source: what is its status?<br />
● What are you using computers for?<br />
● What choice do you have?<br />
3
● 19431945:<br />
ENIAC:<br />
Electronic Numeric<br />
Integrator and<br />
calculator<br />
Some History<br />
● 30+ tons; 18,000+vacuum tubes; 174kW<br />
power consumption<br />
4
● 19701980:<br />
Big, mainframe<br />
computers<br />
● CDC Cyber,<br />
25/40 MHz,<br />
256,144 60bit<br />
words of memory<br />
Some History<br />
● Price (1980): approx. $20 million<br />
5
Some History<br />
● August 12, 1981: the IBMPC was marketed<br />
● Commodore 64, Atari, Apple, etc. already<br />
had marketed their versions of homecomputers.<br />
6
● The IBMPC<br />
Some History<br />
● Speed: 4.77 MHz, 1MB physical ad<strong>dr</strong>ess<br />
space.<br />
● Soon using Operating System: MSDOS<br />
7
Some History<br />
● The MSDOS Disk Operating System<br />
● Bought (not developed) by<br />
MicroSoft in 1981 from<br />
Seattle Computer Products<br />
8
Some History<br />
● By then, we had learned:<br />
– software limits the manufacturer's liability no<br />
matter how bad the quality of its products<br />
– What if car or aeroplane manufacturers would<br />
use such licenses...?<br />
An 80286 + matrix printer that time cost about<br />
$ 3000<br />
9
Some History<br />
● What if car manufacturers would create<br />
comparable products (according to GM)?<br />
– Your car would crash twice a day.<br />
– Every time the lines on the road are repainted, you<br />
have to buy a new car.<br />
– Sometimes your car just dies on the motorway for<br />
no reason. For some reason you simply accept this,<br />
restart and <strong>dr</strong>ive on.<br />
– You could o<strong>nl</strong>y have one person in the car at a<br />
time, u<strong>nl</strong>ess you buy a "Car XP" or a "Car Vista". But<br />
then you'd have to buy more seats.<br />
An 80286 + matrix printer that time cost about<br />
$ 3000<br />
10
But Also...<br />
● There's no penalty for bad software: if o<strong>nl</strong>y we had<br />
software insurance....<br />
An 80286 + matrix printer that time cost about<br />
$ 3000<br />
11
Open Source: how did it start?<br />
October 4, 1985: Richard Stallman initiated the<br />
free software foundation (FSF)<br />
● Open Source is not<br />
necessarily free as in a free lunch<br />
12
How did it start?<br />
● Core business of the FSF:<br />
– promoting the universal freedom to create,<br />
distribute and modify computer software.<br />
– commo<strong>nl</strong>y enforced by the GNU public license<br />
13
How did it start?<br />
● Core business of the FSF:<br />
– promoting the universal freedom to create,<br />
distribute and modify computer software.<br />
● Resulting in software:<br />
– usually free of charge<br />
– whose creators have a personal interest in<br />
upholding its quality<br />
– inspected/improved by thousands of technically<br />
trained people who can look at / improve the<br />
program's code.<br />
14
● Open Source:<br />
How did it start?<br />
the Open Source Initiative (OSI) aims at gaining support for open<br />
source software, that is, software that has the source code available<br />
as well as the ready-to-run program.<br />
The OSI does not offer a specific license, but supports the various<br />
types of open source licenses available.<br />
– See also: http://www.opensource.org/<br />
● Open Source has a broader scope than the FSF,<br />
but has one important identical characteristic:<br />
Software comes with its sources, allowing<br />
quality inspection, rather than revenue maximization<br />
15
How did it start?<br />
● Free and Open Source Operating System<br />
● Linux, first released on October 5, 1991 by<br />
Linus Torvalds<br />
Linus Torvalds,<br />
Amsterdam,<br />
December, 1994<br />
Linus Torvalds,<br />
June, 2012<br />
16
● Linux highlights:<br />
How did it start?<br />
– In combination with GNU:<br />
GNULinux.<br />
– Available on more computer hardware platforms<br />
than any other operating system.<br />
– 90% of today's 500 fastest supercomputers run<br />
Linux, including the 10 fastest<br />
– Very often used in embedded systems (e.g., mobile<br />
phones, tablet computers, network routers, the<br />
An<strong>dr</strong>oid system).<br />
17
How did it start?<br />
● So, by the end of the previous century we<br />
could have learned:<br />
– Software code can be freely accessible;<br />
– Software does not necessarily exist to maximize<br />
profits for the manufacturer<br />
– Free and open source software can meet<br />
very high standards of quality<br />
– Many systems rely on and use open source software<br />
● But did we learn this...?<br />
18
● Some thoughts...<br />
To mess up a Linux box, you need to work at it;<br />
to mess up your Windows box, you just need<br />
to work on it.<br />
How did it start?<br />
We all know Linux is great,<br />
it does infinite loops in 5 seconds.<br />
Linus Torvalds<br />
19
Open Source: status<br />
● But does open source meet its promises?<br />
● Let's have a look:<br />
20
Open Source: status<br />
● Does open source deliver on its promises?<br />
● In 2011, of 300 large organizations in the<br />
public and private sectors:<br />
– >30% migrated missioncritical software to<br />
open source<br />
– 69% increased investment in open source<br />
– 50% were fully committed to open source<br />
– 28% were experimenting with open source and<br />
were keeping an open mind about it.<br />
– http://www.computing.co.uk/ctg/news/1814807/open-source-technologymass-acceptance#ixzz1zeTNbvex<br />
21
Open Source: status<br />
● Some examples of nationwide open source<br />
acceptance:<br />
Country Department Year Topic<br />
Bahrain Min. of Social Development 2006 Entire IT infrastructure<br />
Benin Government 2005 Adopt FOSS, Civil society<br />
is encouraged to join<br />
EU EU parliament a.o. 2004 Promote open standards<br />
Fareast Various agencies and 2009 Advance adoption of<br />
countries ministries FOSS<br />
likewise: India, Macedonia, Pakistan, South Africa, etc, etc.<br />
but also...<br />
– FOSS: Free and Open Source Software<br />
– http://csis.org/publication/government-open-source-policies<br />
22
Open Source: status<br />
● Some examples of Open Source acceptance:<br />
but also:<br />
UN 2003 Calls on countries to adopt OSS to bridge the<br />
digital divide by lowering costs, increasing security,<br />
stimulating local economies, and avoiding proprietary<br />
lockin as reasons for adopting OSS<br />
23
Open Source: status<br />
● Reasons for acceptance:<br />
– Reduced cost<br />
– Sharing IT, improved opportunities for innovation<br />
– Software quality, reliability, and speed<br />
– Avoiding the propriatory lockin.<br />
Paul Daugherty, chief technology architect, Accenture:<br />
This is the coming of age of open source. Through both our research and our work<br />
with clients, we are seeing an increase in demand for open source based on quality,<br />
reliability and speed, not just cost savings. This is a significant change on two years<br />
ago when uptake was <strong>dr</strong>iven mai<strong>nl</strong>y by cost savings.<br />
We can expect this trend to develop as open source continues to evolve and<br />
ad<strong>dr</strong>ess even more business critical functions.<br />
24
What do you do with computers?<br />
● Some guesses:<br />
– email<br />
– web browsing<br />
– Officelike applications (writing documents<br />
using spreadsheets, preparing presentations,<br />
etc)<br />
– ?? what else ??<br />
25
What do you do with computers?<br />
● Email<br />
– Some open source products:<br />
Mozilla Thunderbird Eudora<br />
26
What do you do with computers?<br />
● Web browsing<br />
– What browser is how often used?<br />
● Note that I.E. isn't the most popular<br />
browser anymore<br />
27
What do you do with computers?<br />
● Officelike applications<br />
LibreOffice is a comprehensive, free, professionalquality productivity suite.<br />
It is available in more than 30 languages and for many operating systems:<br />
MS Windows, Mac OS X and GNU/Linux (Debian, Ubuntu, Fedora, ...).<br />
OpenOffice and LibreOffice offer comparable features. However, in 2010 Sun,<br />
who originally created OpenOffice was bought by Oracle. Oracle removed<br />
some of the open source license elements from OpenOffice, and elements of<br />
this reduced license are still presents in OpenOffice.<br />
Hence, the Open Source community tends to prefer LibreOffice, which is a<br />
completely Open Source product, over Open Office.<br />
28
What do you do with computers?<br />
● What about the software making web<br />
browsing (the Internet) available?<br />
Apache 65.5%<br />
Microsoft-IIS 17.9%<br />
Nginx 11.6%<br />
– Watch EngineX (Nginx): it's a rising star<br />
● it almost doubled its market share over the<br />
last year<br />
29
What do you do with computers?<br />
● What about the software making computers<br />
run?<br />
– The server market is dominated (>60%) by Linux<br />
– The mobile devices market is dominated by An<strong>dr</strong>oid<br />
(Linuxbased), with Apple in 2 nd place. Windows is<br />
almost nonexistent<br />
– The supercomputer market is strongly dominated by<br />
Linux.<br />
– The personal computer market still mai<strong>nl</strong>y runs on<br />
Windows. Might this be so because of the IBMPC's<br />
original operating system?<br />
30
What choice do you have?<br />
● Do you have a choice? I think you do.<br />
– You do not have to be tied to a stifling contract<br />
– There's no need to pay money for software: almost<br />
everything you do with computers is available for free<br />
– Open Source operating systems no longer are o<strong>nl</strong>y for the<br />
geeks. Ordinary users can use it as well. Ubuntu and<br />
Linuxmint are cases in point.<br />
● It's not a fairy tale:<br />
You have a choice: choose!<br />
http://www.linuxmint.com/<br />
31
Thank You<br />
for your Attention<br />
<strong>dr</strong>. <strong>Frank</strong> B. <strong>Brokken</strong><br />
Center of Information Technology<br />
University of Groningen<br />
Kabul, September 2012<br />
32
Change language