Judicial Writing Manual - Federal Judicial Center

More documents

Recommendations

Info

The following sections discuss some of the techniques judges use to organize their thoughts and to prepare before starting to write. Outlines Outlines help to organize one's thinking. They may take a variety of forms: a formal, written outline prepared by the judge or law clerk; a rough sketch of important facts, issues, and points to discuss that the judge enlarges in the course of writing; a bench memorandum prepared by a law clerk in advance of oral argument, which the judge has marked up after the argument and conference; a brief checklist; or perhaps only a mental framework. Whatever the form, the point is that judges, like all other good writers, must organize their thoughts before starting to write. A good time to prepare an outline is shortly after the conference at which the case is discussed and the opinion assigned, when the writer's own ideas and those of the other judges are fresh in mind. In addition to organizing the writer's thinking, the outline serves as an informal record of the discussion at the conference. U sing law clerks Law clerks can provide substantial assistance to the judge faced with writing an opinion. Especially in a time of burgeoning dockets, their help is crucial. Discussions with law clerks are helpful in planning the opinion and developing the outline. The opportunity to test one's thoughts in vigorous exchanges with the clerks is invaluable. This will continue to be a useful exercise throughout the writing process as the judge and the law clerks discuss and criticize the opinion as it develops, ferreting out error and ambiguity, striving for precision, and polishing the final product. In the writing process itself, judges use their law clerks in different ways. Some limit the clerks to performing research, preparing bench memos, and editing, cite-checking, and commenting on the judge's drafts. Some assign the writing of the first draft to a law clerk in routine cases only; others have clerks write drafts in even the most complex cases, having found that working from a draft, even a rough draft, makes the task of writing the opinion easier. A clerk assigned to write the first draft should use an outline developed by or with the judge, and should understand the scope, organization, and probable outcome of the opinion. Many judges, having found that it takes more time to work with a clerk's draft, write their own draft, 10
then polish it into the final product. Some judges invite the law clerk to rewrite the judge's first draft before the judge returns to it for preparation of the final version. The process the judge uses depends on his or her own work habits and style and on the capabilities of the particular law clerk. The judge must always remember, however, that the law clerk usually is fresh out of law school, with little practical experience. Even a distinguished academic record does not qualify a law clerk to practice the craft of judging, to draw the fine line between reversible and harmless error, to make the sometimes delicate assessment of the effect of precedent, and to recognize subtle distinctions in the applicable law. It is the unusual law clerk who has perfected a writing style that makes for a satisfactory opinion. Law clerks' fact statements, analysis, and conclusions may require major revisions. Judges should not simply be editors - no matter how capable the clerk, the opinion must always be the judge's work. Materials to review Little need be said on this subject. The judge will, of course, have the briefs of the parties and the law clerk's bench memorandum. The full record is not always readily available. When an opinion turns on the specifics of testimony or on what occurred in the court room, there may be no substitute for reading the relevant portions of the transcript; rarely will excerpts or summaries in briefs convey the significance of these events fairly and fully. If an exhibit is crucial, it should be examined. Reference to the record may also be necessary to determine the precise procedural course by which the appeal has reached the court and the relevant proceedings below. The judge will therefore want to arrange for access to the record while preparing the opinion. Some appellate courts tape-record the oral argument. Listening to the tape recording before beginning to draft an opinion can help refresh one's memory of the significant issues and the arguments made. 11
Page 2 and 3: THE FEDERAL JUDICIAL CENTER Judge J
Page 4 and 5: Board of Editors for the Judicial W
Page 6 and 7: fourth printing
Page 11 and 12: Acknowledgments The Center and the
Page 14 and 15: incident of good craftsmanship in a
Page 16 and 17: Factors to consider Three factors i
Page 18 and 19: a higher court to understand the ba
Page 20 and 21: -------------
Page 25: Organizing and Writing the Opinion
Page 29 and 30: should be discussed first. The orde
Page 31: the losing side has raised substant
Page 36 and 37: Footnotes and citations Footnotes T
Page 38 and 39: Ask a fresh reader to criticize a d
Page 40 and 41: Generally, one judge on the panel m
Page 42 and 43: Appendix E contains examples of dis
Page 44: Books Advocacy and the King's Engli
Page 47 and 48: APPENDIXB The following is an examp
Page 49 and 50: In reviewing findings by bankruptcy
Page 51: APPENDIXE The following are example
Page 55: The Federal Judicial Center is the

Judicial Writing Manual - Federal Judicial Center

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?