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Tableaux Vivants and Triviality 173 Familienrechts." Johann Gottlieb Fichtes sdmmtliche Werke. (Berlin: Veit, 1845): 3: 304-68), and Wilhelm von Humboldt ("Uber Mannliche und weibliche Form," Werke. 5 vols. Eds. Andreas Flitner und Klaus Giel. (Stuttgart: Cotta 1960): 1: 296-336, and "Uber den Geschlechtsunterschied und dessen Einfluss auf die organische Natur." Werke. 5 vols. Eds. Andreas Flitner und Klaus Giel. (Stuttgart: Cotta 1960): 1: 268—95), who conceived of vv'omen as constitutionally sensuous and passive beings lacking the faculties of moral reasoning and duty. See Susanne Kord, Sich einen Namen machen. (Stuttgart: Metzler, 1996): 36-42. Barbara Becker-Cantarino, Der lange Weg zur MUndigkeit. Frau und Literatur (1500-1800). (Stuttgart: Metzler, 1987): 175-77. Barbara Becker-Cantarino, Schriftstellerinnen der Romantik. (Munich: C. H. Beck, 2000): 57-58. Christa Burger, Leben schreiben. Die Klassik, die Romantik und der Ort der Frauen. (Stuttgart: Metzler, 1990): 21-31. Dietrick, "Women Writers and the Authorization of Literary Practice," 215-19. Goodman and Waldstein, "Introduction," 16-17. 'Lydia Schieth, Die Entwicklung des deutschen Frauenromans im ausgehenden 18. Jahrhundert. Ein Beitrag zur Gattungsgeschichte. (Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 1987): 72-78. '"Dietrick, "Women Writers and the Authorization of Literary Practice," 215-16, 222. Gross, Asthetik und Offentlichkeit, 300-05. "These strivings are documented in Goethe's and Schiller's letters to one another. See Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, "To Friedrich Schiller." 29 May 1799,1 June 1799,22 June 1799, 15 July 1799, 20 July 1799, 24 July 1799. Der Briefivechsel zwischen Schiller und Goethe. 3 vols. Eds. Hans Gerhard Graf and Albert Leitzmann. (Leipzig: Insel, 1912): 2: 214-15, 216-17, 228-30, 239-40, 242-43, 244-45; Friedrich Schiller, "To Goethe." 31 May 1799, 25 June 1799, 19 July 1799. Der Briefwechsel zwischen Schiller und Goethe. 3 vols. Eds. Hans Gerhard Graf and Albert Leitzmann. (Leipzig: Insel, 1912): 2: 215-16, 230-31, 241-42. See also the discussion in Burger, Leben schreiben, 23-24, 179-80, and Dietrick, "Women Writers and the Authorization of Literary Practice," 217-21. '^BUrger, Leben schreiben, 31. "Daniel Purdy, "Weimar Classicism and the Origins of Consumer Culture." Unwrapping Goethe's Weimar: Essays in Cultural Studies and Local Knowledge. Eds. Burkhard Henke, Susanne Kord and Simon Richter. (Rochester, NY: Camden House, 2000): 43. Catriona MacLeod, "Floating Heads: Weimar Portrait Busts." Unwrapping Goethe's Weimar: Essays in Cultural Studies and Local Knowledge. Eds. Burkhard Henke, Susanne Kord and Simon Richter. (Rochester, NY: Camden House, 2000): Gl-IQ. Carrie Asman, "Zeichen, Zauber, Souvenir: Das Portraitmedaillon als Fetisch um 1800." Weimarer Beitrage 43 (1997): 6-9. '••MacLeod, "Floating Heads," 67-70. "Purdy, "Weimar Classicism," 43. '*• Purdy, "Weimar Classicism," 48-50. Dietrick, "Women Writers and the Authorization of Literary Practice," 216. "Karl August Bottiger, "Tabhaux." Abend-Zeitung, 27 May 1819, n.p. '"Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Italienische Reise. Werke. Hamburger Ausgabe in 14 vols. Ed. Erich Trunz. (Munich: C.H. Beck, 1981): vol. 11: 402-03. Subsequent references will be made parenthetically, to this edition (= HAl 1). "Goethe repeats his assertion in other texts, for instance his Proserpina. See Erich Trunz, "Die Kupferstiche zu den 'Lebenden Bildern' in den Wahlverwandtschaften" Weimarer Goethe- Studien (Weimar: Hermann Bohlaus Nachfolger, 1980): 211. Holmstrom concludes that Goethe's historical understanding only superficially obtains. Kirsten Gram Holmstrom, Monodrama, Attitudes, Tableaux Vivants: Studies on Some Trends of Theatrical Fashion 1770-1815. (Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell, 1967): 217. See Conversations-Lexikon oder encyclopddisches Handworterbuch ftir gebildete Stande. 10 vols. 2nd/3rd ed. (Leipzig: F.A. Brockhaus, 1818): 9: 611-14. ^'Karl August Bottiger, "Plastisch-mimische Darstellungen." Afcenrf-Ze/fung, 14 and 15 January 1818. Karl August Bottiger, 'Tableaux." Tableaux's mixings have led some scholars to describe them as a proto-cinematic art form. See Volker Schachenmayr, "Emma Lyon, the 'Attitude,' and Goethean Performance Theory." New Theatre Quarterly 8 (1997): 11. The Goethe passage is quoted from Holmstrom Monodrama, 232. Citing it, Peucker links the aesthetic issue of "Zwitterwesen" to the tableaux and particularly to the figure of Ottilie (Brigitte Peucker, "The Material Image in Goethe's Wahlverwandtschaften!' The Germanic Review 74.3 [1999]: 207). n, "Attitude und Tableau," 216.
174 Peter M. <strong>McIsaac</strong> ^'Dagmar v. Hoff and Helga Meise, 'Tableaux vivants. Die Kunst- und Kultform der Attituden und lebenden Bilder." Weiblichkeit und Tod. Eds. Renate Berger and Inge Stephan. (Cologne, Vienna: Bohlau, 1987): 79. ^"'Hoff and Meise, 'Tableaux vivants," 72. "Hoff and Meise, "Tableaux vivants," 72. On titillation, Peucker, "Material Image," 208-09. ^'•Hoff and Meise, "Tableaux vivants." 72. "See the similar argument in Hoff and Meise, "Tableaux vivants," 74. ^*Morgenblatt fiir gebildete Stande, Nr. 34 (1814): 136; original emphasis. 2^See Langen, "Attitude und Tableau," 217-18. •*Norbert Puszkar, "Frauen und Bilder: Luciane und Ottilie." Neophilologus 73 (1989): 397-410. ^'Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Die Wahlverwandtschaften. Werke. Hamburger Ausgabe in 14 vols. Ed. Erich Trunz. (Munich: C.H. Beck, 1981): vol. 6: 392. Subsequent references to this text will be made parenthetically, to this edition, (= HA6). ^^Cf. Peter M. <strong>McIsaac</strong>, "Exhibiting Ottilie: Collecting as a Disciplinary Regime in Goethe's Wahlverwandtschaften!' German Quarterly 70 (1997): 354-55. ^2 As Barnes argues, Ottilie's appearance in the tableaux rehearses both the final scene and other scenes as well, for instance the death of little Otto. H.G. Barnes, "Bildhafte Darstellung in den Wahlverwandtschaften!' Deutsche Vierteljahrsschrift ftir Literaturwissenschaft und Geistesgeschichte 30 (1956): 66, 60-61. For slightly different reasons, see also Peucker, "Material Image," 204. Norbert Miller, "MutmaCungen Uber lebende Bilder: Attitude und tableau vivant als Anschauungsform des 19. Jahrhunderts." Das Triviale in Literatur, Musik und bildender Kunst. (Frankfurt am Main: Klostermann, 1972): 118. '""Langen argues similarly with no reference to the high/low divide (242). Peucker argues for the centrality of the tableaux vivants on the grounds that they engage with Diderot's aesthetics (206-10). Michael Fried also reads Goethe's tableaux vivants in these terms. Michael Fried, Absorption and Theatricality: Painting and Beholder in the Age of Diderot. (Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1980): 171-73. ''See Paul Stocklein, Wege zum spaten Goethe. Dichtung, Gedanke, Zeichnung, Interpretationen um ein Thema. (Hamburg: M. von Schroder, 1960): 70. Jooss, Lebende Bilder HQ. •"•See Langen's discussion of readers who recognized the importance of tableaux without fully grasping their function (242). ""Ein Einziges diene hier als Beispiel, sey zu scharferer Untersuchung ausgezeichnet, und fuhre zu ahnlichen Problemen und Aufiijsungen [...]" Karl August Bottiger, "Uber Gothe's Wahlverwandtschaften!' Zeitung fiir die elegante Welt, 2 January 1810. •"•Bottiger, "UberGothe's Wahlverwandtschaften"9-XTi. '''Bottiger, "Uber Gothe's Wahlverwandtschaften!' 9-13. Some nine years later Bottiger wrote again of Goethe's literary tableaux. Fueled in part by Goethe's own staging of tableaux some years later, Bottiger was concerned that tableaux be thought of only as entertainment. Bottiger, "Tab\eau\." Abend-Zeitung, 27 May 1819. •"'Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand Solger, "Uber die Wahlverwandtschaften." "Die Wahlverwandtschaften. " Eine Dokumentation der Wirkung von Goethes Roman 1808-1832. Ed. Heinz Hiirtl. (Berlin: Akademie, 1983): 201; my emphasis. •" The pursuit of this dual purpose—the portrayal of the historical specificity and the high aesthetic standpoint—sometimes gets overlooked in this early critique. An exception is Langen, "Attitude und Tableau," 242. It is worth keeping in mind, as Astrida Orle Tantillo points out, that Goethe's approval of Solger's review helped increase the novel's reception (Astrida Orle Tantillo, Goethe's Elective Affinities and the Critics. (Rochester, NY: Camden House, 2001): 26-27, 33-36). ••^These two voices were greatly influential in the reception of this text. See JUrgen Kolbe, Goethes Wahlverwandtschaften und der Roman des 19. Jahrhunderts. (Stuttgart: Kohlhammer, 1968): 81-85. Tantillo, Goethe's Elective Affinities and the Critics, 26-27, 33-36. ••'Bottiger, "Uber Gothe's Wahlverwandtschaften," 9-13. '"Journal fiir Kunst und Kunstsachen, Kunsteleien und Mode 4, December 1811: 289- 309. Quoted from Jooss, Lebende Bilder, 297.
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