The Roman and Byzantine Graves and Human Remains
The Roman and Byzantine Graves and Human Remains
The Roman and Byzantine Graves and Human Remains
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©2012 <strong>The</strong> American School of Classical Studies at Athens<br />
Personal use only. Do not distribute.<br />
xii<br />
Contents<br />
4. Funerary ritual, mortuary variability, <strong>and</strong> soCiety 153<br />
greeK Funerary ritual during the roman <strong>and</strong> byzantine eras 159<br />
mortuary Form <strong>and</strong> variability 163<br />
rituals beFore burial 164<br />
seleCtion, aCquisition, <strong>and</strong> PreParation oF a site For burial 167<br />
multiPle burial 169<br />
grave design <strong>and</strong> tyPology 172<br />
burial orientation 181<br />
CorPoreal Position 183<br />
Funerary assemblage 187<br />
seCondary burial 199<br />
human disturbanCe oF graves 202<br />
soCial struCture <strong>and</strong> ideology 206<br />
age 207<br />
sex <strong>and</strong> gender 210<br />
vertiCal Position 213<br />
horizontal Position 218<br />
Christian ideology 222<br />
soCial <strong>and</strong> ideologiCal devianCy 230<br />
Part ii: the osteologiCal <strong>and</strong> bioarChaeologiCal Context oF the<br />
human remains<br />
5. the Condition <strong>and</strong> ComPosition oF the human remains 235<br />
the Condition oF the sKeletal assemblage 238<br />
osteologiCal methodology 247<br />
determination oF sex 248<br />
estimation oF age at death 249<br />
measurement oF bones 253<br />
observation oF nonmetriC traits 254<br />
the ComPosition oF the sKeletal samPle 258<br />
PaleodemograPhy 259<br />
PhysiCal aPPearanCe <strong>and</strong> diversity 265<br />
groWth <strong>and</strong> stature 282<br />
nonmetriC variability 286<br />
6. teeth <strong>and</strong> oral health 293<br />
diet <strong>and</strong> oral hygiene 293<br />
Conditions oF the teeth <strong>and</strong> alveolar struCtures 296<br />
variation in dental Form, loCation, <strong>and</strong> number 298<br />
enamel hyPoPlasia 306<br />
dental Wear 313<br />
dental trauma 319<br />
Plaque <strong>and</strong> CalCulus 324<br />
dental Caries 326<br />
alveolar deFeCts <strong>and</strong> amtl 334<br />
summary oF loCal dental Conditions 349<br />
oral health in the greeK World during roman <strong>and</strong> byzantine times 351
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