21.8 The Citric Acid Cycle

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• Oxidative phosphorylation: The synthesis of ATP from ADP using energy released in the electron transport chain. • Each of the enzyme complexes I–IV contains several electron carriers. • In the last step of the chain, electrons combine with oxygen that we breathe and H + ions from the surroundings to produce water. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter Twenty One 10
21.10 Harmful Oxygen By-Products Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. and Antioxidant Vitamins • More than 90% of the oxygen we breathe is used in electron transport– ATP synthesis reactions. • In these and other oxygen-consuming redox reactions, the product may not be water, but one or more of three highly reactive species. • The superoxide ion, ·O 2 - , and the hydroxyl free radical, ·OH, can grab an electron from a bond in another molecule, which results in breaking that bond. The third oxygen by-product is hydrogen peroxide, H 2O 2 , a relatively strong oxidizing agent. Chapter Twenty One 11
Page 1 and 2: Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education
Page 3 and 4: • The net result of the citric ac
Page 5 and 6: 21.9 The Electron-Transport Chain a
Page 7 and 8: Other important electron acceptors
Page 9: • The H + concentration differenc
Page 13 and 14: • Our protection against harmful

21.8 The Citric Acid Cycle

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