21.8 The Citric Acid Cycle

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H + ions are released for transport through the inner membrane at complexes I, III, and IV. Some of these ions come from the reduced coenzymes. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter Twenty One 8
• The H + concentration difference creates a potential energy difference across the two sides of the inner membrane (like the energy difference between water at the top and bottom of the waterfall). • The maintenance of this concentration gradient across the membrane is crucial—it is the mechanism by which energy for ATP formation is made available. • ATP synthase: The enzyme complex in the inner mitochondrial membrane at which H + ions cross the membrane and ATP is synthesized from ADP. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter Twenty One 9
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Page 3 and 4: • The net result of the citric ac
Page 5 and 6: 21.9 The Electron-Transport Chain a
Page 7: Other important electron acceptors
Page 11 and 12: 21.10 Harmful Oxygen By-Products Co
Page 13 and 14: • Our protection against harmful

21.8 The Citric Acid Cycle

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