Growth and wood quality of plantation grown Eucalyptus dunnii

Growth and wood quality of plantation grown Eucalyptus dunnii
Dane Thomas 1 , Michael Henson 1 , Bill Joe 2 , Steve Boyton 1 , Ross Dickson 2
1 Forests NSW, Land Management and Technical Services, Coffs Harbour, NSW, Australia
2 Forests NSW, Land Management and Technical Services, West Pennant Hills, Sydney, NSW,
Australia
Forests NSW manages Eucalyptus plantations on the north coast of NSW, Australia for high value
timber production. Productivity, wood properties and mill recovery of Eucalyptus dunnii Maiden, a
species becoming increasingly important to eucalypt hardwood producers worldwide was investigated.
Historic data from stands aged from 3 to 34 years were assessed for growth, and wood quality using a
range of non-destructive and destructive measurements. These measurements were analysed to
determine wood properties that may influence grade yield. Many wood quality traits could be
correlated with basic density, which was correlated with tree age. This has implications for the timber
industry as it is intended that plantation trees will be harvested at younger ages than native forest trees.
The predictive ability of these models will be tested shortly when E. dunnii of three different ages –
12, 16 and 34 – years will be harvested and pulp, sawlog and veneer recovery assessed.
Keywords
Dunn’s white gum, Eucalyptus dunnii, eucalypt, janka hardness, MOE, MOR, shrinkage
Paper
Eucalyptus dunnii Maiden (Dunn’s white gum) naturally occurs in two small disjunct populations on
north eastern NSW and south eastern Queensland primarily on the margins of rainforests (Boland et
al., 2006). These sites have a summer rainfall pattern with 1100-1500 mm mean annual rainfall, and
are typically fertile basaltic or alluvial soils between 400 m and 650 m altitude (Benson and Hager,
1993). Eucalyptus dunnii has recently gained favour as an alternative plantation species to E. grandis
because it is more suited drier and/or more frost prone sites (Darrow, 1994; Johnston and Arnold,
2000). This has lead to its establishment mostly on higher altitude sites (>500 m asl), or on lower–
lying creek flats prone to frost. In NSW, Forests NSW has established over 8,500 ha, with the vast
majority of these plantations being established since 1994.
Growth
Several trials are available to evaluate growth of E. dunnii. Five species trials planted in NSW from
1972 to 1976 at Bulahdelah(Lat 32° 24’S Long. 152° 15’E), Cascade (Lat 30° 13’S Long. 152° 46’E),
Chichester (Lat 32° 14’S Long. 151° 46’E), Yabbra (Lat 28° 32’S Long. 152° 34’E), Watagan (Lat
33° 03’S Long. 151° 20’E) on a range of soil types, climate and local within-site environments are
useful to compare the performance of E. dunnii with either E. pilularis or E. grandis or both (Johnson
and Stanton, 1993). These latter species are compared to demonstrate the potential uses of E. dunnii
as an alternative to E. grandis for pulp production, and an alternative to E. pilularis for solid wood or
veneer production. Figure 1 shows diameter over bark at 1.3m (DBH) and tree height were
comparable between the three species within a site for the five sites signifying that E. dunnii performs
as well as an alternate species, although site effects existed for all species. Growth of 9 and 14 year
old E. dunnii in Argentina were comparable to these reported values (Marco and Lopez, 1995). This
figure also shows growth over time for E. dunnii growing at Cascade and Chichester, two of the
unthinned species trials planted in 1973, and growth at two progeny trials located at Boambee (Lat 30°
18’S Long. 153° 03’E), and Megan (Lat 30° 17’S Long. 152° 47’E), planted in 1995. These data
show growth at the two progeny trials is similar to the earlier planted species trials, although site
effects are noticeable. Both sites have yellow podzolic soils although Boambee is a higher quality site
with predicted MAI at 20 years of 20 m 3 ha -1 compared to 15 m 3 ha -1 at Megan (Henson and Vanclay,
2004), Boambee also has lower mean elevation, higher mean minimum temperatures, and slightly

higher rainfall than Megan. The Boambee and Megan progeny trials were thinned from 1388 s.p.h. to
694 at age 4.5 year. The Boambee progeny trial is due to be thinned to 347 s.p.h. later this year.
Despite the acceptable growth performance of E. dunnii measured as diameter, height, or volume this
‘growth’ is only one attribute of timber. The end use of the timber also has to be considered. The
Boambee trial will be used to assess solid, veneer and pulp wood properties of this high performing
younger stand at age 12 years. Two other sites aged 16 and 34 years will also be harvested and similar
end uses evaluated. Non-destructive measurements associated with wood quality traits have been
evaluated on these trials at earlier ages.
Diameter breast height (cm)
Tree height (m)
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Age (years)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Age (years)
E. dunnii
E. grandis
E. pilularis
Cascade
Chichester
Boambee
Megan
E. dunnii
E. grandis
E. pilularis
Cascade
Chichester
Boambee
Megan
Figure 1. Mean diameter over bark at 1.3m (DBH) and mean tree height at last formal measurement of E.
dunnii (open square), E. grandis (open triangle) and E. pilularis (open circle) from 5 ‘species’ trials. Mean
tree growth of E. dunnii over time for two of these trials at Cascade (solid square) and Chichester (solid
diamond) are shown. Additionally mean growth at two E. dunnii progeny trials at Boambee (solid triangle)
and Megan (solid circle) are shown.
Density
Wood density is often used to characterise wood because it is correlated, although perhaps not always
causally related, with many quality traits. Denser wood tends to be stronger but may have higher
shrinkage and more checks in dried wood. Denser wood contains more wood per unit volume thus it

tends to give higher yield of pulp in paper manufacturing. Thus information about wood density is
useful to plantation management.
Density typically increases with tree age as the proportion of lower density material formed early in
the trees life is reduced by the higher density material formed in older trees (eg. de Silva et al., 2004).
Basic density of native forest E. dunnii is reported to be 610 kg m -3 (Bootle, 2005). These data are
probably from mature native forest stands. Data from a combination of basic density of 12 mm
diametric (bark to bark) cores, whole disks at DBH, and estimation of whole tree density were used to
develop a relationship with tree age for NSW plantation material. Density of plantation grown
material from NSW and elsewhere shows there is a trend of increasing basic density in older trees to
approximately 600 kg m -3 at 25 years although there is some variability with method of sampling
and/or site with non NSW sites (predominantly South American) (Ribeiro and Filho, 1993, Marco and
Lopez, 1995; Calori and Kikuti, 1997; Ferriera et al., 1997; Backman and deLeon, 1998; Dickson et
al., 2003; Arnold et al., 2004; Henson et al., 2004; Muneri et al., 2007) (Figure 2). Mature native
forest tree age was assumed to be 34 years (although is probably older) for no other reason but to
graphically present the data provided by Bootle (2005). The relationship between tree age and density
of NSW plantation E. dunnii had a high correlation coefficient of 0.91, n=9.
Density can be “predicted” non-destructively from pilodyn penetration. Relationships between pilodyn
and density of whole tree and wood disk at breast height were developed for NSW plantations. A
relationship with whole tree density was developed from two sites aged 8 years using 4 pilodyn
measurements per tree at breast height and whole tree density averaged from 6 disks collected at
heights ranging from 0.3 m to 90% tree height (Henson, unpublished data). A further relationship was
developed for density of a wood disk at breast height from 9 year data collected at one site using 47
family mean values of one pilodyn reading per tree and an average of 4 trees per family. These
relationships allowed predictions of basic density of NSW plantations aged 11, 16 and 32 years to be
540, 530 and 563 kg m -3 respectively. Predicted basic density at these ages show these E. dunnii are
similar to other reported values and fall on the general age based relationship developed earlier (Figure
2).
Basic density (kg m-3)
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
R 2 = 0.91 n=9
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Age (years)
Tree
Disk
Core
Non NSW
Predicted
NSW
Mature
Log. (NSW)
Figure 2. Basic density of E. dunnii as a function of tree age. NSW plantation data are shown in blue with
density calculated from whole tree (solid diamond), calculated from disks (solid circle), wood cores (solid
square). The regression relationship uses these data. Non-NSW data are shown as solid triangles. Density of
NSW plantations aged 12, 16 and 32 years predicted using pilodyn relationships are shown as open circles.
Density of mature native forest trees are shown as large solid circle, and an age of 34 years was selected for
ease of graphic display.

Pulp characteristics
Pulp characteristics of E. dunnii have been evaluated at age 8 years at Megan and Boambee, and at age
9 years at Boambee. Boambee is a higher quality site than Megan resulting in approximately twice the
height and diameter growth (Figure 1) and 4 times the volume growth at age 9. Boambee trees were
easier to pulp, required 12.8% active alkali, produced 53% screened pulp and had a higher pulp yield
of 277 kg m -3 compared to 13.8% active alkali, 50% screened pulp, and 237 kg m -3 pulp yield at
Megan (Muneri et al., 2007). The Boambee results are comparable to both 9 year old E. dunnii grown
in South Africa (Clark and Hicks, 2003) and 4 year old trees grown in South America (Backman and
deLeon, 1998). The smaller fibre length at Megan of 0.74 mm was similar to the Clarks (1995)
results, which were both shorter than the average fibre lengths of 0.86 mm at Boambee. These data
show site quality can impact on pulp yield and quality. Silvicultural practices such as stocking can
also impact on pulp productivity of E. dunnii (Ferreira et al., 1997) through, amongst other factors,
changes in pulping characteristics, tree diameter and height growth, and wood density.
Basic density and pulp yield of 8 year old E. dunnii growing at Boambee and Megan plantations were
recently estimated using Near Infrared spectroscopy (Muneri et al., 2004). This technique offers fast
cost effective evaluation of economic potential of trees. The predicted values were within 2% of
observed values, with high correlation coefficients. These relationships will be tested on other sites
and older trees to determine the effectiveness of these relationships.
Solid Wood
Growth stresses
Solid wood properties of E. dunnii are in many ways more difficult to ascertain than density or pulping
characteristics. One common problem of plantation-grown wood as opposed to native forest sourced
material is related to growth stresses. Growth stresses are little understood but are thought to be
related to the growth rate of trees and often decline with tree age. Peripheral growth stresses in 9 year
old E. dunnii grown at Boambee were evaluated recently (Murphy et al., 2005). Growth stresses were
found to be heritable, but it was also observed that taller thinner trees had more growth stress than
short thick trees (Murphy et al., 2005) suggesting stresses may be altered by site and silvicultural
management influences on stem taper.
Growth stresses are a major concern when processing timber. It has been estimated that one third of
sawn material from plantation grown E. dunnii may suffer degrade attributable to growth stress (Matos
et al., 2003). Similar degrade was reported in 10 year old plantation grown E. globulus where 30% of
boards were ejected due to excessive distortion and 40% of this distortion could be attributed to
growth stress (Yang et al., 2001, 2002). It is therefore not surprising that methods have been examined
to reduce losses due to growth stress. Alternate sawing techniques are used to increase recoveries.
Additionally various methods have been used to reduce and release growth stresses prior to harvest
(Malan, 1995). Techniques such as girdling of standing trees, or partial defoliation prior to harvest
were shown to reduce growth stresses of E. grandis although the variation between trees and excessive
decay of girdled trees was excessive (Malan, 1995). Herbicide and radial cuts were most effective in
reducing growth stresses of E. dunnii (Matos et al., 2003). Post- harvest steaming treatments prior to
milling were also effective in reducing splitting and other growth stress related defects in E. dunnii
(Severo and Tomaselli, 2000).
Shrinkage and collapse
Shrinkage of wood is a further quality attribute with some correlation with growth stress. Ten year
old E. nitens with low growth stress had less shrinkage (Chauhan and Walker, 2004), while Yang and
Pongracic (2004) found a weak negative relationship between tangential shrinkage and growth stress
of ten year old E. globulus. A strong relationship existed between growth stress and the difference in
shrinkage between heartwood and sapwood of E. nitens (Chauhan and Walker, 2004). Shrinkage of E.
globulus sapwood was typically low at about half that of outer heartwood (Yang and Pongracic, 2004).
It is clear the relationship between growth stress and shrinkage requires further research.
Bootle (2005) lists tangential shrinkage of mature native forest E. dunnii of an unknown age to be 10%
and radial shrinkage at 5%, giving a ratio between tangential and radial shrinkage of 2.0. Lower
shrinkage ratios are desirable as cupping of boards during drying would be reduced with more uniform

shrinkage ratios. Older plantation grown E. dunnii have comparable shrinkage to mature trees noted in
Bootle (2005). Tangential shrinkage of 10.2% and radial shrinkage of 6.2% were found in 20 year old
Brazilian plantation E. dunnii, giving a lower ratio between tangential shrinkage and radial shrinkage
of almost 1.5 (Calori and Kikuti, 1997). Shrinkage after re-conditioning to recover collapse of 29
year old E. dunnii at Chichester, NSW was 8.4% tangentially and 3.2% radially (Joe, unpublished
data), while shrinkage after re-conditioning to recover collapse of 6 year old E. dunnii was 6.2%
tangentially and 2.2% radially (Joe, unpublished data). These shrinkage values are less than the
Brazilian trees, but in each case the ratio between tangential and radial shrinkage was higher at 2.6 for
the 29 year material and 2.8 for the 6 year old material. Collapse in the NSW plantation material
accounted for about 4% of the un-recovered tangential shrinkage but less than 1% of the radial
shrinkage (Joe, unpublished). Recovery of this collapse could lead to checking and be detrimental to
appearance grade products (Harwood et al., 2005).
Shrinkage in 9 year old age plantation-grown E. dunnii from NSW has also been examined on 12 mm
diametric (bark to bark) pseudo cores (Bandara, 2006). Tangential shrinkage was 7.1% while collapse
was found to be 10% (Bandara, 2006). No data are available of radial variation in these shrinkage or
collapse values. However, Henson et al., (2004) report tangential and radial shrinkage of boards
obtained from this material and dried quickly to exacerbate distortion to be 11.7% and 3.1%
respectively. This corresponds to a ratio of tangential to radial shrinkage of 3.8, a value higher than in
other reports.
The high ratio of tangential to radial shrinkage for NSW plantations is of concern as sawn material
will be under differential stresses while drying, which may lead to drying related defects such as
cupping (Harwood et al., 2005). Harwood et al. (2005) and Bandara (2006) noted a high percentage
of boards sawn from 9 year old material displayed cupping after drying. Following reconditioning
27% of these boards had unrecoverable collapse (shrinkage) related defects on an average of 60% of
their length, while surface checking was visible on less than 0.1% of the board length (Harwood et al.
2005; Bandara, 2006).
It is interesting to note that the higher ratio of tangential to radial shrinkage in NSW plantation
material is different to both the older native forest resource and the 20 year old Brazilian plantation
material. This suggests this difference is not solely related to age of the material. The higher ratio in
the NSW plantation material is due more to proportionally much lower radial shrinkage in the NSW
plantation material than to differences in tangential shrinkage between the two sources of trees.
Differential transverse shrinkage can be due to many factors including gross anatomical structures
such as cell lumen size or cell wall thickness, or presence of wood rays, or more detailed structure
such as cell wall microfibril angle, or composition of the middle lamella (Kollman and Cote, 1977).
Clearly the higher ratio of tangential shrinkage to radial shrinkage of NSW plantation grown E. dunnii
needs to be addressed. Gains could be made through greater use of improved genetic material as it has
been shown that wood traits are highly heritable, and that for E. pilularis tangential and radial
shrinkage and their ratio is under genetic control (Pelletier, 2006; Henson Pers Comm).
A simple regression between basic density and tangential shrinkage of mean values for the 3 NSW
plantation-grown E. dunnii gave a positive relationship (Figure 3). This is not unexpected as others
(eg. Kollman and Cote, 1977; West, 2006) have noted that the thicker cell walls of denser wood tend
to contain larger amounts of water than cells of less dense wood, which makes denser wood subject to
more shrinkage. The corresponding values for mature trees provided by Bootle (2005) agree with the
correlation developed using NSW plantation grown E. dunnii.

Tangential shrinkage (%)
12
10
8
6
4
2
R 2 = 0.9997 n=3
0
300 400 500 600 700
Basic density (kg m-3)
NSW
Mature
Non NSW
Linear (NSW)
Figure 3. Tangential shrinkage after re-conditioning of plantation grown E. dunnii as a function of basic
density. Means of three experiments using NSW plantation material of different ages (solid square). The
regression relationship uses these three data. Non-NSW data are shown as solid triangle. Mature native forest
tree are shown as solid circle.
Mechanical Properties
Hardness, modulus of rupture (MOR) and modulus of elasticity (MOE) are the principal mechanical
properties dictating uses of solid wood.
Hardness
Wood hardness is a measure of resistance to indentation, and provides an indication to how well the
wood performs to wear and marking. It is an important quality trait for flooring and furniture, and is
less important for other solid wood products. Phenotypic correlations between hardness and density of
eucalypts including E. dunnii have been shown to be positive (eg. Dickson et al., 2003). The
regression of hardness and density, and hardness and tree age using site means of NSW plantation
grown E. dunnii were positive (Figure 4). Data from mature E. dunnii and E. dunnii grown in Brazil
agree with these relationships, suggesting hardness will increase with plantation age because density
will increase with plantation age. Predicted hardness for other NSW E. dunnii plantations aged 12, 16
and 32 years are shown. Basic densities of these trials were predicted from relationships between
pilodyn and density.

Hardness
Hardness
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
R 2 = 0.90 n=5
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Age (years)
R 2 = 0.94 n=5
300 400 500 600 700
Basic density (kg m-3)
NSW
Mature
Non NSW
Predicted from Density
Linear (NSW)
NSW
Mature
Non NSW
Predicted from Age
Linear (NSW)
Figure 4. Hardness of E. dunnii as a function of basic density and of age. NSW plantation material are shown
as solid square and the regression equation was calculated using these data. Non-NSW data are shown as
solid triangle. Mature native forest tree are shown as large solid circle, and an age of 34 years was selected
for ease of graphic display. Hardness predicted for 3 plantations using the relationship with density are shown
as open circles, while hardness predicted from the relationship with plantation age are shown by open squares.
Modulus of Rupture, Modulus of Elasticity
Modulus of rupture was found to be related to density and to age in plantation-grown E. dunnii (Figure
5). Both relationships were positive with correlation coefficients greater than 0.9 for the relationship
with basic density and 0.67 for the relationship with tree age. The data for mature native forest
sourced E. dunnii was similar to experimental data (Bootle, 2005).

MOR (MPa)
MOR (MPa)
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
R 2 = 0.67 n=5
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Age (years)
R 2 = 0.91 n=5
300 400 500 600 700
Basic density (kg m-3)
NSW
Mature
Predicted from Density
Linear (NSW)
NSW
Mature
Predicted from Age
Linear (NSW)
Figure 5. Modulus of rupture (MOR) of E. dunnii as a function of basic density and of age. NSW plantation
material are shown as solid square and the regression equation was calculated using these data. Mature native
forest tree are shown as large solid circle, and an age of 34 years was selected for ease of graphic display.
Predicted MORs for 3 plantations aged 12, 16 and 32 years using the relationship with density are shown as
open circles, while MORs predicted from the relationship with plantation age are shown by open squares.
Modulus of elasticity measures stiffness of wood. It is less of a problem with hardwoods than pine
although juvenile wood from plantations may potentially have unacceptable MOE. MOE increased
with density in five NSW plantation E. dunnii, while the relationship with tree age was less accurate
(Figure 6). The linear relationships of tree age or basic density with both MOE and MOR may not be
the most appropriate relationship as logarithmic functions could also be used. In both cases the data
show both MOR and MOE increase over time, and that neither tree age nor basic density is a wholly
satisfactory explanatory variable (except in the case of the MOR basic density relationship). MOE is
influenced by density and microfibril angle, with microfibril angle accounting for more variation than
density (Evans and Ilic, 2000; Yang and Evans, 2003). In combination, density and microfibril angle
can account for over 90% of MOE in plantation eucalypts (Evans and Ilic, 2000; Yang and Evans,
2003). The relationship between MOE and density of mature native forest E. dunnii differs from the
relationship developed using plantation E. dunnii (Figure 6). MOE of mature E. dunnii was higher
than predicted using plantation E. dunnii despite similar basic density (Figure 6). As microfibril angle
typically declines with tree age (eg. Lindstrőm et al. 1998), and as large gains in MOE are realized
with relatively small changes in microfibril angle (eg Yang and Evans, 2003), it seems likely that

MOE of mature native forest material is likely to be more heavily influenced by lower microfibril
angle than younger plantation material, despite similar basic densities.
MOE can also be predicted from acoustic measurements such as FAKOPP. Of three acoustic
instruments tested, Henson et al. (2004) found FAKOPP gave the most accurate predictions of MOE.
Predicted MOE of older E. dunnii plantations using a linear relationship between MOE and FAKOPP
showed MOE to be greater than 14 GPa in stands aged 12 years or older.
MOE (GPa)
MOE (GPa)
25
20
15
10
25
20
15
10
5
0
5
0
R 2 = 0.36 n=5
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Age (years)
R 2 = 0.63 n=5
300 400 500 600 700
Basic density (kg m-3)
NSW
Mature
Predicted from Density
Predicted from FAKOPP
Linear (NSW)
NSW
Mature
Predicted from Age
Predicted from FAKOPP
Linear (NSW)
Figure 6. Modulus of elasticity (MOE) as a function of basic density, and of age of E. dunnii. NSW
plantation material are shown as solid square and the regression equation was calculated using these data.
Mature native forest tree are shown as large solid circle, and an age of 34 years was selected for ease of
graphic display. Predicted MOEs for 3 plantations aged 12, 16 and 32 years using the relationship with
density are shown as open circles, while MOEs predicted from the relationship with plantation age are shown
by open squares, and MOEs predicted from FAKOPP are shown as open triangles.
Acoustic instruments have been successfully used to predict log quality for other purposes. Dickson et
al. (2005) successfully used a DIRECTOR to segregate logs into three stiffness classes. Plywood
MOE produced from veneers peeled from each of these three classes was positively related to acoustic
velocity, once again showing the importance of MOE for structural timber and the use of acoustic
measurements to predict end product quality.

Strength Group (SD)
MOR and MOE have a major impact on wood utilisation. Under the Australian strength classification
system using AS/NZS2878:2000 (Standards Australia 2000), species are classified into ‘strength
groups’ based on minimum mean MOR and MOE values. Individual sawn boards are then assigned Fgrades
depending on the size and type of defects present. For seasoned timber, there are eight strength
groups for SD1 to SD8 in descending order of strength. Figure 7 shows the strength group of E. dunnii
improving with age. The predictive equation indicates a tree age of 22 years before SD4 is attained,
and 30 years for SD3. Material selected from a progeny trial at age 9 years for high density had a
superior strength group (SD 3) than the overall relationship. It would be assumed that this material
would maintain its overall stronger SD rating age, thus showing the value of Tree Improvement
programs in developing plantation forestry.
SD group
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
y = -0.1369x + 7.1108
R 2 = 0.8407
R 2 = 0.84 n=4
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Age (years)
NSW plantation
Selected high density NSW material
Mature
Linear (NSW plantation)
Linear (NSW plantation)
Figure 7. Strength (SD) group as a function of age for E. dunnii grown in NSW plantations (solid square)
with 9 year old material selected for high density shown as a solid diamond. Only the four data points of non
selected material were used to develop the regression relationship. Mature native forest tree are shown as
large solid circle, and an age of 34 years was selected for ease of graphic display.
Conclusion
Wood from Eucalyptus dunnii plantations show increasing basic density as stands age. Basic density
was correlated, although perhaps not causally related to many other wood quality traits. These traits,
including shrinkage and structural characteristics such as hardness, MOE and MOR, showed linear
increases with both basic density and stand age. The increasing MOR and MOE corresponded to
increased strength and reduced strength grade (SD grade), highlighting its higher quality. As these
traits, along with growth characteristics such as tree volume and diameter, heavily influence end
product recovery and value, then it should be realised that plantation material which is usually
harvested at younger ages than native forest material may be of different quality.

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