Guideline Sentencing: An Outline of Appellate Case Law on ...

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This outline identifies significant developments in federal appellate court decisions on the <strong>Sentencing</strong> <strong>Guideline</strong>s and the 1984 <strong>Sentencing</strong> Reform Act, as amended. It is based largely on cases that have been summarized in <strong>Guideline</strong> <strong>Sentencing</strong> Update. The outline does not cover all issues or all cases—it is an overview <strong>of</strong> selected issues that should be <strong>of</strong> interest to judges and others who use the guidelines. This outline replaces all previous Center outlines under this title. It includes Supreme Court decisions through June 30, 2000, a comprehensive survey <strong>of</strong> appellate court cases up to March 31, 1999, and selected additional cases through April 30, 2000. Brackets at the end <strong>of</strong> a citation give the volume and issue numbers for cases that were summarized in <strong>Guideline</strong> <strong>Sentencing</strong> Update through volume 10, number 8. Denials <strong>of</strong> petitions for certiorari and per curiam references are omitted. Because policy statements are, for the most part, treated like guidelines, we have not added “p.s.” after the section number <strong>of</strong> policy statements unless that status seems significant. Note that recent amendments to the guidelines may affect some <strong>of</strong> the issues reported here as case law develops. Amendments that have been proposed to take effect Nov. 1, 2000, are noted in the appropriate sections. I. General Application Principles A. Relevant Conduct Effective Nov. 1, 1992, significant clarifying amendments were made to the relevant conduct guideline, §1B1.3, including how to attribute conduct in jointly undertaken criminal activity and definitions <strong>of</strong> “same course <strong>of</strong> conduct” and “common scheme or plan.” Some <strong>of</strong> the cases that follow apply to prior versions <strong>of</strong> §1B1.3. Note that many <strong>of</strong> the cases concerning relevant conduct are covered under the pertinent subject headings, such as II.A. Drug Quantity, III. Adjustments, and IX.A.1. Plea Bargaining—Dismissed Counts. 1. Jointly Undertaken Criminal Activity “[I]n the case <strong>of</strong> a jointly undertaken criminal activity . . . all reasonably foreseeable acts and omissions <strong>of</strong> others in furtherance <strong>of</strong> the jointly undertaken criminal activity” are used to set a defendant’s <strong>of</strong>fense level. USSG §1B1.3(a)(1)(B). The 1992 amendment to Application Note 2 states that any conduct <strong>of</strong> others attributed to defendant must be both “(i) in furtherance <strong>of</strong> the jointly undertaken criminal activity; and (ii) reasonably foreseeable in connection with that activity.” Note 2 adds that “the scope <strong>of</strong> the criminal activity jointly undertaken by the defendant . . . is not necessarily the same as the scope <strong>of</strong> the entire conspiracy, and hence relevant conduct is not necessarily the same for every participant.” Thus, the sentencing court “must first determine the scope <strong>of</strong> the criminal activity the particular defendant agreed to jointly undertake (i.e., the scope <strong>of</strong> the specific conduct and objec- 1
Page 1 and 2: Guideline
Page 3 and 4: Contents I. General Application Pri
Page 5 and 6: Contents 4. Drug “Steerers,” Mi
Page 7 and 8: Contents c. Setting terms o
Page 9: Contents 1. Requirement for Governm
Page 13 and 14: Section I: General Application Prin
Page 31 and 32: E. Amendments 1. General Section I:
Page 33 and 34: 3. Multiple Counts Section I: Gener
Page 45 and 46: K. Juvenile Sentencing</str
Page 47 and 48: Section II: Offense Conduct fenses,
Page 49 and 50: Section II: Offense Conduct c. Amou
Page 51 and 52: Section II: Offense Conduct 2. Rele
Page 53 and 54: Section II: Offense Conduct causes;
Page 55 and 56: Section II: Offense Conduct cocaine
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Section II: Offense Conduct as coca
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Section II: Offense Conduct Acosta,
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Section II: Offense Conduct directl
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Section II: Offense Conduct maceuti
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Section II: Offense Conduct mum sen
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Section II: Offense Conduct tion fo
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Section II: Offense Conduct gram);
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Section II: Offense Conduct comment
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Section II: Offense Conduct c. Chal
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Section II: Offense Conduct <strong
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Section II: Offense Conduct Several
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Section II: Offense Conduct b. Manu
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Section II: Offense Conduct In a pr
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Section II: Offense Conduct the org
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Section II: Offense Conduct v. Khan
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Section II: Offense Conduct would u
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Section II: Offense Conduct 172, 17
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Section II: Offense Conduct v. Smit
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Section II: Offense Conduct all cas
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Section II: Offense Conduct cause a
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Section II: Offense Conduct whateve
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Section II: Offense Conduct not fac
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Section II: Offense Conduct cording
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Section II: Offense Conduct running
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Section II: Offense Conduct v. Pre-
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Section II: Offense Conduct 975 F.2
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Section II: Offense Conduct to whic
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Section II: Offense Conduct dresses
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Section III: Adjustments (“find[i
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Section III: Adjustments defendant
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Section III: Adjustments 764, 771 (
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Section III: Adjustments v. White,
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Section III: Adjustments Newman, 96
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Section III: Adjustments Park, 988
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Section III: Adjustments not say th
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Section III: Adjustments U.S.S.G.
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Section III: Adjustments (remanded:
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Section III: Adjustments is require
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Section III: Adjustments d. Mitigat
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Section III: Adjustments 1997) (rem
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Section III: Adjustments users, but
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Section III: Adjustments The Eleven
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Section III: Adjustments The First
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Section III: Adjustments 8. Abuse <
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Section III: Adjustments ii. Victim
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Section III: Adjustments bers <stro
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Section III: Adjustments Similarly,
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Section III: Adjustments 116 F.3d 1
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Section III: Adjustments actually u
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Section III: Adjustments elements <
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Section III: Adjustments justice.
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Section III: Adjustments 1069, 1071
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Section III: Adjustments The Ninth
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Section III: Adjustments e. Flight
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Section III: Adjustments were requi
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Section III: Adjustments 1992); U.S
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Section III: Adjustments Gonzalez,
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Section III: Adjustments does not a
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Section III: Adjustments though thi
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Section III: Adjustments ing invest
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Section III: Adjustments remains th
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Section III: Adjustments confusion
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Section III: Adjustments of
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Section III: Adjustments There is s
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Section III: Adjustments E. Accepta
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Section III: Adjustments one factor
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Section III: Adjustments erly refus
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Section III: Adjustments ing the ev
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Section III: Adjustments cere remor
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Section III: Adjustments ment, she
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Section III: Adjustments the govern
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Section III: Adjustments Purchess,
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Section III: Adjustments The Ninth
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Section III: Adjustments after thei
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Section III: Adjustments defendants
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IV. Criminal History A. Calculation
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Section IV: Criminal History (Nevad
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Section IV: Criminal History wise t
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Section IV: Criminal History Commis
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Section IV: Criminal History Bleike
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Section IV: Criminal History not le
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Section IV: Criminal History the al
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Section IV: Criminal History ment t
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Section IV: Criminal History histor
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Section IV: Criminal History ris, 9
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Section IV: Criminal History Note t
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Section IV: Criminal History Some c
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Section IV: Criminal History discus
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Section IV: Criminal History After
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Section IV: Criminal History court
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Section IV: Criminal History “in
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Section IV: Criminal History C. Cri
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Section IV: Criminal History found
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Section IV: Criminal History refere
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2. Pending State Sentences Section
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Section V: Determining the Sentence
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VI. Departures A. Criminal History
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Section VI: Departures b. Remote co
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Section VI: Departures on the basis
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Section VI: Departures Myers, 41 F.
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Section VI: Departures h. Disciplin
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Section VI: Departures of</
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Section VI: Departures ture, but fo
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Section VI: Departures render moot
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Section VI: Departures fense levels
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Section VI: Departures Cir. 1992) (
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Section VI: Departures 914 F.2d 134
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Section VI: Departures to compare O
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Section VI: Departures engaging in
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Section VI: Departures i. Specific
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Section VI: Departures 3. Upward De
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Section VI: Departures c. Mental he
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Section VI: Departures time to §5K
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Section VI: Departures plays a cruc
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Section VI: Departures certain emot
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Section VI: Departures robbery by a
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Section VI: Departures noting that
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Section VI: Departures On the other
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Section VI: Departures d. Extreme v
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Section VI: Departures asthma becau
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Section VI: Departures that impriso
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Section VI: Departures child is in
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Section VI: Departures extraordinar
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Section VI: Departures manded: may
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Section VI: Departures with drugs s
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Section VI: Departures §5K2.12. U.
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Section VI: Departures nipulation
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Section VI: Departures fered by Col
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Section VI: Departures ing, outrage
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Section VI: Departures ecution afte
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Section VI: Departures departure ba
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Section VI: Departures parture unde
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Section VI: Departures 88 (9th Cir.
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Section VI: Departures (affirming d
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Section VI: Departures recommend pr
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Section VI: Departures creased sent
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Section VI: Departures separate cri
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Section VI: Departures (remanded) [
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Section VI: Departures v. Brown, 91
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Section VI: Departures the district
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Section VI: Departures imprecisions
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Section VI: Departures and that a g
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Section VI: Departures make motion
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Section VI: Departures courts have
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Section VI: Departures hold the mot
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Section VI: Departures 1997) (court
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Section VI: Departures The Third Ci
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Section VI: Departures either a §5
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Section VI: Departures more restric
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Section VI: Departures sentence was
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Section VI: Departures G. Notice Re
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Section VI: Departures The reasons
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Section VII: Violation of</
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Section VIII: Sentencing</s
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Section IX: Sentencing</str
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Section X: Appellate</stron
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Aquilera-Zapata, 901 F.2d 1209 (5th
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Boyd, 885 F.2d 246 (5th Cir. 1989)
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Chen, 127 F.3d 286 (2d Cir. 1997) 2
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Deane, 914 F.2d 11 (1st Cir. 1990)
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Fisher, 58 F.3d 96 (4th Cir. 1995)
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Graham, 72 F.3d 352 (3d Cir. 1995)
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Houser, 70 F.3d 87 (11th Cir. 1995)
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Kimble, 107 F.3d 712 (9th Cir. 1997
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Mackbee, 894 F.2d 1057 (9th Cir. 19
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Mills, 959 F.2d 516 (5th Cir. 1992)
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O’Neil, 118 F.3d 65 (2d Cir. 1997
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R R.L.C., 112 S. Ct. 1329 (1992) 35
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Rust, 976 F.2d 55 (1st Cir. 1992) 1
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Smith, 929 F.2d 1453 (10th Cir. 199
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Trujeque, 100 F.3d 869 (10th Cir. 1
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Williams, 103 F.3d 57 (8th Cir. 199
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