Guideline Sentencing: An Outline of Appellate Case Law on ...

Contents
c. Definition <strong>of</strong> “plant”, 63
d. Other, 63
3. Cocaine and Cocaine Base, 64
a. Conversion <strong>of</strong> cocaine to cocaine base, 64
b. Definition, 65
c. Challenges to 100:1 ratio, 67
4. Estimating Drug Quantity, 67
a. Conspiracies and attempts, 68
b. Manufacturing, 73
c. Evidence from prior sales or records, 75
d. Using averages to estimate, 76
C. Possession <strong>of</strong> Weapon by Drug Defendant, §2D1.1(b)(1), 78
1. Burden <strong>of</strong> Pro<strong>of</strong>, 78
2. Possession by Codefendant, 80
3. Relevant Conduct, Proximity <strong>of</strong> Weapon to Drugs, 82
4. Miscellaneous, 84
D. Calculation <strong>of</strong> Loss, 85
1. Offenses Involving Property, 85
2. Offenses Involving Fraud and Deceit, 87
a. Actual versus intended or probable loss, 88
b. Check kiting/bank fraud, 90
c. Fraudulent loan applications, 91
d. Calculation and sentencing, 93
i. General loss calculation, 93
ii. Gain, 94
iii. Adjustments to loss, 95
iv. Interest, 98
v. Pre-guidelines conduct, 99
3. Bribery and Extortion, 99
4. Relevant Conduct, 100
E. More Than Minimal Planning, 101
1. More Planning Than Typical, 102
2. Steps to Conceal Offense, 102
3. Repeated Acts, 103
4. Procedural Issues, 104
III. Adjustments, 106
A. Victim-Related Adjustments, 106
1. Vulnerable Victim (§3A1.1(b)), 106
a. Application and definition, 106
b. Relevant conduct, 110
c. Age, physical or mental condition, 111
d. Susceptibility to the <strong>of</strong>fense, 113
2. Official Victim (§3A1.2), 115
3. Restraint <strong>of</strong> Victim (§3A1.3), 117
B. Role in the Offense (§3B1), 118
1. Base on Relevant Conduct, 119
2. Requirement for Other Participants, 121
a. Number <strong>of</strong> participants, 121
b. Must be “criminally responsible”, 122
c. Control <strong>of</strong> persons or property, 123
d. Mitigating role for sole “participant”?, 127
3. “Otherwise Extensive”, 127
iv