Road To Hel - Rune Web Vitki

8
FUNERAL CUSTOMS
is, Period I of Montelius. At this time the practice of burying groups of people together in
one grave was giving place to that of separate burials, with the bodies laid in the earth in
crouched position. In the first phase of the middle Bronze Age (Montelius II) coffins of
stone or oak were much used, but throughout all this period while inhumation was the
prevailing rite, the normal form of grave was a stone cist within a barrow. Then in Period
III came an abrupt change, and in certain districts the dead were burned and not buried.
The new custom was destined to live long in Scandinavia, for not until the conversion of
the North to Christianity, about two thousand years later, did it die out altogether. It
appears to have come northward through Germany, spreading slowly but with such
startling thoroughness that finally the old practice of inhumation which had so long been
the only one was, in Period III b of Montelius, completely replaced by the new. 1 When
cremation first appeared (Period III a) the burnt remains were still placed in a man-length
stone cist; but during the next period (III b), as cremation became the universal rite, the
grave altered accordingly, and the stone chamber which had held the body now shrank to
a smaller, box-like stone cist to contain the urn. Mounds, when erected, were smaller;
sometimes the urns were placed in barrows of an earlier period, and sometimes in the late
Bronze Age (Montelius IV onwards) buried in flat graves.
But although at the end of the Bronze Age the change from burial to burning seemed to
be complete, certain graves which date from the transition period between the Bronze and
Iron Ages prove a puzzling exception to the general rule, and show that in certain parts
burial of the dead had either never been entirely abandoned or that it was now introduced
again. In Gotland certain graves of early Iron Age date have been found to hold unburned
bodies; 2 it is thought that these may be due to Celtic influence, but since they were never
scientifically excavated no definite conclusions can be reached. A few similar graves
from the late Bronze Age have been found on the East Baltic coast in Estonia, 3 and there
is a probable one from Billerbeck in Pomerania. 4 Most puzzling of all are the ship-form
graves found in Gotland. 5 Sonic of these are cremation and some inhumation graves, but
in either case the remains, in urn, stone cist or coffin, are laid in a grave enclosed by
upright stones in the
1 M. Ebert, Praehistorische Zeitschrift, 1922, XIII-XIV, p 15
2 O. Almgrcn, Die ältere Eisenzeit Gotlands (Stockholm, 1923), p. 3.
3 Ebert, XIII, p. 5.
4 Ibid. II, p. 23 f.
5 Ibid. IV, p. 408 f.