Road To Hel - Rune Web Vitki

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viii PREFACE Professor and Mrs. Chadwick I owe more than can be easily expressed: the discovery of both the inspiration and discipline of research, and unfailing help, both with practical advice and encouragement, the whole of the way. I would like also to thank Mr. and Mrs. J. M. de Navarro and Mr. G. N. Garmonsway for many suggestions and for their sympathetic interest; and Miss G. D. Willcock, who read the book in manuscript, and Miss <strong>Hel</strong>en Brown, who read the proofs and assisted with the index, for their helpful criticism and support. Finally my thanks are due to the Syndics of the University Press for undertaking the publication of this book, despite the difficulties of war-time, and to its Staff for the courtesy and efficiency they have shown throughout. December 1942 H. R. ELLIS ABBREVIATIONS A .f.n.O. Aarböger for nordisk OIdkyndighed og Historie. Ark.ƒ.n.F. Arkiv for nordisk FiIologi. Ebert Reallexicon der Vorgeschichte. Berlin, 1924-32. F.A.S. Fornaldar Sögur Nordrlanda. Ásmundarson: Reykjavik. Litt. Hist. F. Jónsson, Oldnorske og Oldislandske Litteraturs Historic. Copenhagen, 1894. Lndn. Landanámabók. Ásmundarson : Reykjavik, 1902. M.o.M. Maal og Minne. Norske Studier. Saxo Saxo Grammaticus, Danish History, I-IX (trans. Elton. London, 1894). Z.d. V.ƒ. V. Zeitschrift der Vereins für Volkskunde.
INTRODUCTION ‘Have you no desire to be like that king who was victorious against all whom he fought, who was handsome also, and accomplished in all things, so that in all the northern lands there was never his like? He who could grant victory to others in battle as well as to himself, and who found poetry came as easily to him as speech to other men?’ Then the king sat up and seized a prayer-book on the bed, and made to hurl it at the stranger’s head, exclaiming Least of all would I be like you—you wicked Othin!’ Óláfs Saga <strong>Hel</strong>ga: Flateyjarbók, II, 56.) It is typical of Old Norse literature that King Olaf Tryggvason and his successor Olaf the Holy, striving hard to establish the Christian faith firmly in Norway, had many such interviews as this with the old gods recorded of them. Even in the eleventh century the power of the gods was not destroyed, and both the might and the beauty of the old religion still remained a potent force in men’s minds. This one-eyed stranger, of whom we are told, won his way to the king’s bedside by the wisdom of his speech and by the wealth of stories which he could tell of the rulers and heroes of old time, and it is the irresistible fascination which the storied past held for the men of Scandinavia in the centuries following the Conversion that has resulted in the rich treasury of heathen traditions which Old Norse literature has preserved for us. Even such an earnest young fanatic as King Olaf the Holy could not close his ears entirely to the blandishments of Othin. Yet for all the rich poetry and humour of the mythology, for all the information vouchsafed to us about heathen practices and beliefs, the pre-Christian religion of Scandinavia remains paradoxically a subject about which we know very little, It is true that Christianity came late into the north and was only accepted by the Icelandic Assembly in the year A.D. 1000, four centuries after the coining of St Augustine to Kent and considerably more than four centuries after the time when the first missionaries reached Scotland and Ireland. It is true also that the devotion to the past which is so characteristic of Norse literature has left us such a record as is offered by no other early literature in North-West Europe. But against this must be set the fact that those who recorded the prose and poetry of Scandinavia were men who lived after the coming of Christianity,
Page 1 and 2: THE ROAD TO HEL A Study of the Conc
Page 3 and 4: Contents Preface Abbreviations INTR
Page 5: PREFACE In the literature of Old Sc
Page 9 and 10: INTRODUCTION 3 have been recorded,
Page 11 and 12: INTRODUCTION 5 of traditions, memor
Page 13 and 14: Chapter 1 FUNERAL CUSTOMS: THE EVID
Page 15 and 16: 9 THE EVIDENCE OF ARCHAEOLOGY form
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51 THE EVIDENCE OF LITERATURE Death
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53 THE EVIDENCE OF LITERATURE makes
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55 THE EVIDENCE OF LITERATURE once
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57 THE EVIDENCE OF LITERATURE befor
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59 THE EVIDENCE OF LITERATURE THE F
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61 THE EVIDENCE OF LITERATURE metho
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63 THE EVIDENCE OF LITERATURE too;
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Chapter III THE CONCEPTION OF THE F
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67 THE CONCEPTION OF THE FUTURE LIF
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THE CONCEPTION OF THE FUTURE LIFE 8
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Chapter IV THE CULT OF THE DEAD Ear
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101 THE CULT OF THE DEAD nection ma
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103 THE CULT OF THE DEAD to state h
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105 THE CULT OF THE DEAD are mixed
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107 THE CULT OF THE DEAD that the i
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109 THE CULT OF THE DEAD in composi
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111 THE CULT OF THE DEAD the flat t
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113 THE CULT OF THE DEAD being desc
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115 THE CULT OF THE DEAD similar ma
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117 THE CULT OF THE DEAD when Þorh
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119 THE CULT OF THE DEAD from the d
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Chapter V THE CONCEPTION OF THE SOU
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123 THE CONCEPTION OF THE SOUL King
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125 THE CONCEPTION OF THE SOUL (LIX
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127 THE CONCEPTION OF THE SOUL has
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129 THE CONCEPTION OF THE SOUL stan
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131 THE CONCEPTION OF THE SOUL appe
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133 THE CONCEPTION OF THE SOUL him
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135 THE CONCEPTION OF THE SOUL Agai
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137 THE CONCEPTION OF THE SOUL Hara
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139 THE CONCEPTION OF THE SOUL the
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141 THE CONCEPTION OF THE SOUL Ther
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143 THE CONCEPTION OF THE SOUL anot
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145 THE CONCEPTION OF THE SOUL Olaf
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147 THE CONCEPTION OF THE SOUL chan
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149 THE CONCEPTION OF THE SOUL have
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Chapter VI NECROMANCY 0, that it we
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153 NECROMANCY which Balder journey
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155 NECROMANCY of the dead, though
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157 NECROMANCY and uttered spells o
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159 NECROMANCY Finally, in connecti
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161 NECROMANCY In this story it is
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163 NECROMANCY mancy. In this form
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165 NECROMANCY CONCLUSION Reviewing
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167 NECROMANCY dead in the grave-mo
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169 NECROMANCY reluctance of the de
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171 JOURNEY TO THE LAND OF THE DEAD
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199 CONCLUSION about one local cult
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201 CONCLUSION Norse mantic practic
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204 INDEX Draumr Þorsteins Síðu-
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206 INDEX Latvia, ship-form graves
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208 INDEX Víga-Styrs Saga, 95 Völ
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