Freshwater Crabs - IUCN
Freshwater Crabs - IUCN
Freshwater Crabs - IUCN
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INTEGRATION OF FRESHWATER BIODIVERSITY INTO AFRICA’S<br />
DEVELOPMENT PROCESS:<br />
MOBILIZATION OF INFORMATION AND DEMONSTRATION SITES<br />
Demonstration project of the Gambia River Basin<br />
Mobilization of Information and Demonstration Site<br />
Training of Trainers module<br />
Demonstration Project of the Gambia On River Basin (West Africa)<br />
<strong>Freshwater</strong> crabs<br />
Dr. Ndiaga THIAM & Anis DIALLO<br />
September 2010
INTEGRATION OF FRESHWATER BIODIVERSITY INTO AFRICA’S<br />
DEVELOPMENT PROCESS:<br />
MOBILIZATION OF INFORMATION AND DEMONSTRATION SITES<br />
Demonstration project of the Gambia River Basin<br />
Training of Trainers module<br />
on<br />
<strong>Freshwater</strong> <strong>Crabs</strong><br />
Wetlands International Afrique<br />
Rue 111, Zone B, Villa No 39B<br />
BP 25581 DAKAR-FANN<br />
T EL. : (+221) 33 869 16 81<br />
FAX : (221) 33 825 12 92<br />
EMAIL : wetlands@orange.sn<br />
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Table of Content<br />
Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................. 4<br />
Goal and objectives of the module ....................................................................................................................... 5<br />
Module content .................................................................................................................................................... 6<br />
Training needs ...................................................................................................................................................... 7<br />
Expected results ................................................................................................................................................... 8<br />
Topic 1. Presentation of the study area ................................................................................................................... 9<br />
Topic 2. general information on crabs .................................................................................................................. 11<br />
2.1.- Classification of crabs ................................................................................................................................ 11<br />
2.2.- Origin of crabs ........................................................................................................................................... 11<br />
2.3.- Morphology and anatomy .......................................................................................................................... 12<br />
2.3.1.- General organization of a crab ........................................................................................................... 12<br />
2.3.2.-Circulatory System ............................................................................................................................. 13<br />
2.3.3.- Respiratory System ............................................................................................................................ 14<br />
Topic 3. Eco- biology of crabs .............................................................................................................................. 15<br />
3.1.- biological diversity of crabs in the gambia river basin .............................................................................. 15<br />
3.2.- Reproduction and life cycle ....................................................................................................................... 16<br />
3.3.- feeDing behavior of crabs .......................................................................................................................... 17<br />
Topic 4. Importance of crabs ................................................................................................................................ 19<br />
4.1.- economical importance .............................................................................................................................. 19<br />
4.2.- intermediate host ........................................................................................................................................ 19<br />
4.3.- Toxicity ...................................................................................................................................................... 19<br />
Topic 5. protocol to monitor crabs in the gambia river basin ............................................................................... 20<br />
1. Materials ............................................................................................................................................... 20<br />
5. 1.1.- Scientific team .................................................................................................................................. 20<br />
5.1.2.- Collection material ............................................................................................................................. 20<br />
5.1.3.- Sample periods .................................................................................................................................. 21<br />
5.1.4.- Study site ........................................................................................................................................... 21<br />
5. 2.- Methods ..................................................................................................................................................... 21<br />
5.2.1.- Study and collection methods ............................................................................................................ 21<br />
5.2.2.- Data processing .................................................................................................................................. 22<br />
bibliography .......................................................................................................................................................... 23<br />
ANNEXES ............................................................................................................................................................ 24<br />
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INTRODUCTION<br />
The Gambia River Basin Development Organization (OMVG), which is composed of The<br />
Gambia, the Republic of Guinea, Guinea Bissau and Senegal, plans to build a dam on the<br />
Sambangalou site. The construction of this dam will involve a significant disturbance to<br />
biodiversity as proven by the impact studies conducted by OMVG. In order to mitigate the<br />
negative impact of this project, and to simultaneously improve on those that are positive,<br />
Wetlands International Africa, in partnership with the <strong>IUCN</strong>-Species Survival Commission<br />
and the OMVG, through Phase 2 entitled "Demonstration Project of the Gambia River (West<br />
Africa)" within the program "Integration of <strong>Freshwater</strong> Biodiversity into Africa’s<br />
Development Process: Mobilization of Information and Demonstration Sites", agree on the<br />
implementation of a plan to monitor the biodiversity of freshwater ecosystems in the Gambia<br />
River basin.<br />
To this end, Wetlands International, in collaboration with its partners, is interested in<br />
developing this educational module on malacologic fauna within the framework of<br />
biodiversity monitoring in the Gambia River basin.<br />
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GOAL AND OBJECTIVES OF THE MODULE<br />
This module is designed for the state’s technical services, NGOs and the local<br />
communities of the Gambia River Basin for practical implementation of a<br />
preliminary monitoring plan of freshwater biodiversity of the Gambia River basin.<br />
It offers a precise and operational methodology to monitor the status and<br />
dynamics of freshwater crabs. The development of this type of course involves<br />
choices that must eventually be adjusted in the field. Ultimately, this course will<br />
enable:<br />
• Provision of general information (on the systematics, eco-biology of crabs,<br />
etc.).<br />
• Grasping of general concepts related to the ecology of freshwater crabs;<br />
• Strengthening of the capacity of trainers in the monitoring of species for the<br />
conservation of species biodiversity;<br />
• Provision of information on the impacts of the construction of the Sambangalou<br />
hydroelectric dam;<br />
• Establishment of a plan for the monitoring of crab biodiversity;<br />
• Evaluation of the educational means and training duration of target groups.<br />
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MODULE CONTENT<br />
It contains various chapters presented as topics.<br />
• Topic 1 provides a general introduction of the study area and the issue.<br />
• Topic 2 provides general information on freshwater crabs.<br />
• Topic 3 discusses the eco-biology of freshwater crabs<br />
• Topic 4 presents the importance of freshwater crabs<br />
• Topic 5 describes the methodology that should be used to monitor<br />
freshwater crabs in the Gambia River basin<br />
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TRAINING NEEDS<br />
Human resources:<br />
- 1 facilitator (specialist that will provide the training)<br />
- People in charge of ecosystem conservation in the countries that share<br />
the Gambia River basin<br />
Needs in material<br />
- Room (training site)<br />
- Training support (PowerPoint format)<br />
- Copies of the course<br />
- Maps on the area’s status, study sites and maps on the distribution of key<br />
species;<br />
- Boards to identify key species;<br />
- Video projector<br />
- Flip chart and writing support<br />
- Notebooks, pens, pencils, erasers.<br />
Financial resources<br />
- Facilitator fees<br />
- Participants’ perdiem<br />
- Other organization-related expenses<br />
Timing of the course<br />
The time required for the training is 15 hours and is broken down as follows:<br />
- Introduction and presentation of the study area (3 h)<br />
- General information on crabs (3 h)<br />
- Eco-biology of freshwater crabs (3 h)<br />
- Importance of freshwater crabs (2 h)<br />
- Monitoring plan of crabs in the Gambia River basin (4)<br />
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EXPECTED RESULTS<br />
The main expected outcomes in developing this module are the training of<br />
technicians and the provision of a method to monitor freshwater crabs:<br />
1.- Expected outcomes in biodiversity monitoring<br />
- Listing and mapping of species is elaborated;<br />
- The community structure of specific sites is well defined;<br />
- The spatial and temporal distribution of crabs is known;<br />
- The comparative study of the specific composition upstream and downstream<br />
of the dam is effective;<br />
- The study of species’ weight is done.<br />
2.- Expected outcomes of the training session<br />
After the training session, the future trainers will:<br />
• Know the biological and abiotic impacts generated by the dam;<br />
• Have mastered the methodology for monitoring crabs’ biological diversity;<br />
• Have the ability to train other targeted groups for wider dissemination on<br />
the need for biodiversity conservation and valorization of collected species.<br />
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TOPIC 1. PRESENTATION OF THE STUDY<br />
AREA<br />
The Gambia River has its source in the high rainy mountains of the Fouta Djallon in the<br />
northern part of Guinea’s central region. The total amount of water leaving Guinea for<br />
Senegal is estimated at around 3 km³ / year. The river then flows north to enter The Gambia in<br />
the country’s extreme east. The total area of the Gambia River Basin (Figure 1) is 77,850 sq.<br />
km. There is a large fluctuation in river flow between the wet (2,000 m 3 / s) and dry season<br />
(10 m 3 / s). Due to this reason, and given the flat topography of The Gambia, salt water can be<br />
found at about 70 km upstream during the rainy season and 250 km upstream in the dry<br />
season. This has an effect on the distribution of species and habitats at the river’s mouth. All<br />
changes in river flow have an effect on the composition and structure of zones near the river’s<br />
mouth.<br />
Three main types of wetlands can be found in the basin namely mangroves near the mouth,<br />
small flood zones in the middle, and thick riparian forests in the mountains of Guinea. These<br />
wetlands provide habitats to about 1,500 species of plants, 80 species of mammals, 330<br />
species of birds, 26 species of reptiles, about 150 species of freshwater fish and 481 other<br />
species found in coastal lagoons. Several endangered species such as chimpanzees, crocodiles<br />
and the Egyptian plover can still be found in these regions.<br />
There are about 3 million people living in the Gambia basin, who are involved chiefly in<br />
agriculture (70 to 90% of the population). Other activities include fishing, livestock, forestry<br />
and trade.<br />
The Gambia River Basin Development Organization (OMVG) was founded in 1978 to foster<br />
the development of the basin for the provision of irrigation and hydroelectric power. In order<br />
to meet the ever increasing need for clean energy production, a feasibility study was<br />
conducted for the construction of a dam on the upper Gambia River. The construction of a<br />
hydroelectric dam has recently been approved in a location near Sambangalou. The dam will<br />
have an impact on the hydrological, ecological and biotic aspects of the river. The main<br />
impacts are:<br />
• The reduction of maximum flood flow by 50 to 60%<br />
• The reduction of the water depth to an overall average of about 10 cm<br />
• The intrusion of saline water in a range of 150 km, resulting in:<br />
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- The loss of animal biodiversity and mangroves along the river bank<br />
- Possible changes in the configuration of morpho-sedimentation and<br />
microbiology<br />
- A decrease in irrigation water levels<br />
- A decline in fish production<br />
There will be a significant impact on freshwater biodiversity, not only on commercial fish<br />
species but also on endangered animals such as the West African manatee. As recommended<br />
in the assessment of environmental impacts, compensation must be given to local<br />
communities for the loss of income due to changes in the environment. Changes must be<br />
monitored continuously in order to detect any obvious change in biodiversity that requires a<br />
management response.<br />
Figure 1: Gambia River basin<br />
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TOPIC 2. GENERAL INFORMATION ON<br />
CRABS<br />
2.1.- CLASSIFICATION OF CRABS<br />
<strong>Crabs</strong> belong to the kingdom Animalia and further to the phylum Arthropoda (from the<br />
Greek arthron "articulation" and podos "foot", also called "articulated") which groups<br />
together invertebrate animals. Arthropods bodies are composed of articulated segments (or<br />
metameres), covered with a rigid cuticle, which forms an exoskeleton that, in most cases, is<br />
made of chitin. The phylum Arthropoda has by far the most species and individuals of all the<br />
animal kingdom (80% of known species). There are over a million and a half current species<br />
of arthropods. <strong>Crabs</strong> are part of the huge class known as crustaceans (2 pairs of antennae,<br />
essentially aquatic and gill-breathing), of the subclass Malacostraca (higher crustaceans), the<br />
superorder Acaridae, the order Decapoda , and the suborder Brachyura. <strong>Crabs</strong> have antennas<br />
the first pair of which is oral appendages turned into mandibles. That is the reason why it is<br />
part of the group Mandibulata. They have several families.<br />
2.2.- ORIGIN OF CRABS<br />
More than 6,800 living species and nearly 1,800 fossils have been described so far (De Grave<br />
et al., 2009) spread over the entire planet. <strong>Crabs</strong> colonize a wide variety of environments:<br />
aquatic of course, but also continental, some species spend almost their entire lifecycle<br />
outside of water. It is especially in the tropical zones that one finds, indiscriminately, marine<br />
crabs, freshwater crabs and land crabs.<br />
The appearance of crabs goes back to the secondary era, the oldest fossil crab known dating<br />
from the Mid-Jurassic about 170 Ma ago.<br />
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2.3.- MORPHOLOGY AND ANATOMY<br />
2.3.1.- General organization of a crab<br />
One distinguishes Brachyura, true crabs (Figure 2), from Paguroidea or hermit crabs.<br />
Brachyuran are crustaceans with five pairs of legs, the first being modified to form a pair of<br />
claws, a rather flat shell and a short and broad abdomen under the thorax.<br />
The body of a brachyuran typically possesses a large cephalothorax, depressed and housing<br />
all the organs. The cephalothorax consists of the head (pre-oral lobe + 4 segments) and<br />
pereion (8 segments). The whole is enveloped in a continuous shell formed by pleurae of the<br />
last cephalic segment and the pereion tergites. The pereion (7 segments) is reduced and folded<br />
under the cephalothorax. The first 3 segments of the pereion are merged with the head their<br />
appendages are mouthparts or maxillipeds associated with mouthparts (mandibles, maxillules,<br />
maxillae). The appendages of the last 5 segments of the pereiopods are pereion. The first pair<br />
of pereiopods are the chelipeds (claw bearing), and are usually well developed. The claw<br />
includes mobile digits articulated on the propodus composed of the manus and the polex. The<br />
other pereiopods are locomotory. The appendages of arthropods are usually biramous<br />
composed by a more powerful ventral endopodite and a more delicate dorsal exopod, often<br />
foliaceous and having a role in respiration. These two branches are supported by a basal<br />
segment, the protopodite, which in crustaceans, is divided into the precoxopodite, the<br />
coxopodite and the basipodite (having an exo-and endopodite). Among the brachyurans, the<br />
exopodite of the pereiopods are housed in the gill cavities located in portions of the<br />
cephalothorax.<br />
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Figure 2 : The body plan of a crab (Brachyura): fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fichier:Crabe_anatomie.jpg<br />
2.3.2.-Circulatory System<br />
In crustaceans, the heart is located in the cephalothorax and is suspended in a pericardial<br />
pouch (the pericardium is a membrane that surrounds the heart). The blood which enters<br />
through small holes called ostioles is sent into the arteries that branch off to different organs.<br />
Flowing then in a system of lacunae (That is to say, in the empty spaces between cells and<br />
organs), it is taken to the gills and then is brought into the pericardial cavity.<br />
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2.3.3.- Respiratory System<br />
Like many aquatic animals, crustaceans (and crab) have gills. The gills are precisely the most<br />
efficient structures to capture oxygen in water.<br />
The crab’s ventilation is via its aquatic gill. Movements of the mouthparts circulate and<br />
refresh water in the gill cavities that are formed by the cephalothoracic carapace on either side<br />
of the body; water enters through an inhalation orifice at the base of the claws and exits<br />
through an exhalation orifice located on either sides of the mouth.<br />
It can withstand long emersions as long as the gills remain moist. Also, in the mediolittoral<br />
zone, changes in tides force these organisms to tolerate dry low tide zones. The crab has<br />
therefore developed specialized structures enabling it to consume gaseous O 2 . The crab’s<br />
breathing apparatus allows consumption of dissolved or gaseous O 2 .<br />
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TOPIC 3. ECO- BIOLOGY OF CRABS<br />
3.1.- BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY OF CRABS IN THE GAMBIA RIVER<br />
BASIN<br />
Very few species of freshwater crabs have been reported in the area, which seems quite<br />
normal, given the natural distribution of this group, which is far better represented at sea and<br />
in brackish water. Thus, only two species have been recorded, including Potamautes ecorssei<br />
Liberonautus latidactylus and both belong to the Potamonautidae family. These typical<br />
freshwater species have been identified in Niokolo Koba Park (Figure 2). It seems that the<br />
first species is more widespread in the area. It would be interesting to do an inventory to have<br />
a much more comprehensive listing of the number of crab species in the Gambia River basin.<br />
One must also note that some species can move from freshwater habitats into brackish water<br />
environments.<br />
Figure 3 : Distribution of crabs in the Gambia River basin<br />
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3.2.- REPRODUCTION AND LIFE CYCLE<br />
<strong>Crabs</strong> molt regularly in order to grow. Once the female molts, its skeleton falls off. It can lay<br />
thousands of eggs that get attached under its belly until they hatch.<br />
Most brachyuran are gonochoric, only a few species are hermaphroditic. For many species of<br />
crabs, internal reproduction is only possible after the female molts. Fertilized eggs remain<br />
attached to the female’s pleopods. The abdomen is then "detached" from the cephalothorax<br />
and provides a protective space to lay eggs. The eggs are incubated for a duration, which<br />
varies according to the species, then hatch at the protozoea or zoea stage; the number of zoeal<br />
stages varies among species. After the last zoea stage, the crab goes through a final larval<br />
stage, which is also pelagic, the megalope<br />
; its morphology is intermediate between the zoe shape and that of the crab. After a certain<br />
period of time, the larva migrates to the substrate where it performs its last larval molt that<br />
leads to the first crab stage (Figure 4). The duration of larval life varies, for instance it is 65 ±<br />
11 days on average for the Cancridae crabs and 29 ± 16 for the family Ocypodidae. However,<br />
there are times of larval development that are much longer, 4 to 12 months for Cancer<br />
magister, or much shorter for Tunicotheres moseri for which the development lasts between 3<br />
and 7 days. Finally, direct development, where the individual coming out of the egg<br />
resembles a miniature adult, is rare. This occurs, for example, in crabs in the Xanthidae of the<br />
family: Pilumnus lumpinus, P. novaezelandiae, and P. vestitus.<br />
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Nauplius de balane<br />
Zoé de crabe<br />
Mégalope de crabe<br />
Crabe brachyoure<br />
Figure 4: Different stages of crab development<br />
3.3.- FEEDING BEHAVIOR OF CRABS<br />
Most crab species are predatory and/or scavengers. However, there are also species that are<br />
herbivores, omnivores and scavengers. They eat meat (fish, shellfish, mussels, etc.), but also<br />
food left over by fish.<br />
At different stages of its life, the blue crab is both prey and consumer of plankton, fish, plants,<br />
molluscs, crustaceans, and organic debris.<br />
In macrophages, the food is picked up with the chelipeds that transfer it to the 3rd pair of<br />
maxillipeds; the maxillipeds push the food further towards the mandibles and maxillae, which<br />
shred it before swallowing. For macrophages, the food sample is filtered. This can be<br />
achieved by the bristle combs located in certain appendages, such as those at the level of<br />
maxillipeds in the case of Pinnotheridae. The filtered particles are then turned in towards the<br />
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mouth. The filter is either active (mouthparts), due to the beating of one of its appendages<br />
(scaphognathite ), or passive, using a natural water stream or one generated by the host if the<br />
crab is symbiotic. Depending on the crab’s food behavior, chelipeds may have varying<br />
morphologies. Thus, crabs that eat encrusting algae have spoon-shaped claws to scrape and<br />
collect food. Carnivore/scavenger crabs, such as Cancer pagurus (Linnaeus, 1758), which eat<br />
shellfish, have blunt crusher claw, reminiscent of the grinding surface of molars, adapted for<br />
crushing shells. Others have sharp pincer claws, in the shape of a blade, enabling flesh<br />
cutting.<br />
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TOPIC 4. IMPORTANCE OF CRABS<br />
4.1.- ECONOMICAL IMPORTANCE<br />
<strong>Crabs</strong> are an important food resource for men and are therefore the object of highly developed<br />
economic activity. In the Mediterranean basin, the rock crab (green crab) is often one of the<br />
components of traditional recipes such as fish soup. As for the edible crab it is generally<br />
caught in Britain. The crab can be eaten just like a molting crab.<br />
One estimates the global catch of crabs to 1.2 million tons per year (2003 data). However, it<br />
should be emphasized that the coastal crab being an animal that is easily caught, this figure<br />
does not include individual fishing and artisanal fishing, especially in poor countries, where<br />
the crab represents a very economical source of protein. On the coast of equatorial Africa,<br />
children easily catch blue crabs that they simply roast over charcoal.<br />
4.2.- INTERMEDIATE HOST<br />
The discovery of larvae and pupae of Simuliidae living in association with river crabs dates<br />
back to 1928, as Edward pointed out the presence of what he thought was a simple variety of<br />
Ethiopian species Simulium hirsutuin on the Potamon niloticum crab. He found resemblances<br />
of the "complex neavei” (S. neavei S., S. nyasalandium), vectors of human onchocerciasis<br />
fixed on freshwater crabs (Grenier & Moucher, 1958).<br />
4.3.- TOXICITY<br />
Some species are toxic especially very colorful crabs of the Xanthidae group. Some crab<br />
species are poisonous and one must be careful. The crab with a white shell of the Cook<br />
Islands and the reef crab from tropical regions for instance, are considered the most<br />
poisonous.<br />
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TOPIC 5. PROTOCOL TO MONITOR CRABS<br />
IN THE GAMBIA RIVER BASIN<br />
The monitoring of crabs in the Gambia River Basin will be focused on the riverbed. This<br />
monitoring could be done through a stock assessment of crabs present in the area.<br />
1. MATERIALS<br />
5.1.1.- Scientific team<br />
The ideal scientific team will consist of at least one expert researcher who will be assisted by<br />
an experienced general systematic crab technician.<br />
5.1.2.- Collection material<br />
In order to conduct this study, two types of traps can be used. These traps are "kavel" cylinder<br />
shaped and conical traps (Figure 5) of greater volume, each of which being well weighted for<br />
stabilization. Moreover, most crabs are caught in traps. In some areas, it is the only authorized<br />
form.<br />
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5.1.3.- Sample periods<br />
Figure 5: Conical trap<br />
Sampling will be carried out both during the water increase and decrease and take into<br />
account the circadian rhythm of crabs in different study sites.<br />
5.1.4.- Study site<br />
The study sites will be on the riverbed.<br />
5.2.- METHODS<br />
5.2.1.- Study and collection methods<br />
The evaluation will be conducted both during water increase and decrease. The circadian<br />
rhythm of crabs will be taken into account. The assessment of will focus on the areas<br />
upstream and downstream from the dams.<br />
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Stratified random sampling will be adopted. In light of previous work conducted in Africa, the<br />
distance between traps will be set at 70 m. In general, in other species, it appears that for<br />
immersion time of 12 hours, the radius of attraction for a trap is 35 m (Miller, 1975).<br />
The choice of trapping depths will be based on knowledge of the depth distribution of<br />
targeted crabs.<br />
The traps will be dropped in the evening, then recovered in the morning after roughly 12<br />
hours of immersion. They will then be replaced in the morning, and recovered in the evening,<br />
and so on so forth.<br />
For each retrieved trap, a number of parameters will be collected (trap number, trapping site,<br />
station, etc. species, specific weight, overall weight, etc.).<br />
5.2.2.- Data processing<br />
The data collected will be entered and processed by data processing software (Excel, SPSS,<br />
etc.). The results will be compared in terms of locations, stations, time, etc.<br />
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BIBLIOGRAPHY<br />
- Brusca (R.C.), Brusca (G.J.) 2003.- Invertebrates (2 éd.). Sinauer Associates. 702<br />
p.<br />
- David, M. & Steven, M. 1978. Principles of Paleontology (2 éd.). W.H. Freeman and<br />
Co.. pp 4-5.<br />
- Edward, F . W. 1928. Siinuliurn larva and pupa found on a crab. Entomologist. ,<br />
61,42 p.<br />
- Grenier, P. & Mouchet, J. 1958. Premières captures au Cameroun d’une simulie du<br />
complexe Neavei sur des crabes de rivières et Simulium berneri sur des larves<br />
d’éphémères. Remarques sur la signification biologique de ces associations.<br />
Bul. soc. path. exo. Tome 5, N° 6, pp 968-980.<br />
- Lecointre, G. & Le Guyader G. 2006. Classification phylogénétique du vivant, 3 e<br />
édition, Belin, Paris.<br />
- Miller, 1975.- Density of the commercial spider crab, Chionoecetes opilio, and<br />
calibration of effective area fished per trap using bottom photography. J. Fish.<br />
Res. Board Can., 32: 761-768.<br />
- Romaric, F. 2006. « Malacologie », Dico de Bio, 2e éd. De Boeck Université.<br />
- Ruppert, E.E., Fox, R.S., and Barnes, R.D. (2004). Invertebrate Zoology (7 eme éd.).<br />
Brooks / Cole. pp 367-403.<br />
- UICN, 2008. Biodiversité des eaux douces – une ressource cachée et menacée.<br />
Commission de la sauvegarde des espèces<br />
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ANNEXES<br />
Annex 1 – Approximate budget<br />
The approximate training budget is three million one hundred ninety six thousand FCFA<br />
Francs.<br />
DESIGNATION<br />
Number<br />
AMOUNT/<br />
UNIT (fcfa)<br />
TOTAL<br />
AMOUNT (fcfa)<br />
- Course support (Module) 20 20,000 400,000<br />
- Edition of identification boards<br />
and data collection cards<br />
01 500,000 500,000<br />
- Copy of boards 20 25.000 500,000<br />
- Copy of data collection cards 100 50 5,000<br />
- Markers 06 1,000 6,000<br />
- Conservation liquid 10 50,000 50,000<br />
- Computer rental (09 X 3) 15,000 270,000<br />
- Rental of Power light (01 X 3) 20,000 60,000<br />
- Facilitator’s fee 05 65,000 325,000<br />
- Per Diem (participants) (18 X 3) 20,000 1,080,000<br />
TOTAL 3,196,000<br />
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