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254 Current Topics in Menopause, 2013, 254-314
CHAPTER 10
New Insights into Pathology of Endometrial Carcinoma at
Menopause
Efthimios Sivridis * and Alexandra Giatromanolaki
Department of Pathology, Democritus University of Thrace Medical School, and
University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Greece
Abstract: The risk for endometrial carcinoma is directly related to age, with most cases
occurring after the menopause. At this age group, the synthesis of estrogens continues,
despite the decline of ovarian function. Androgen metabolism, in particular, is
accelerated postmenopausally in all women, with the conversion of androstenedione to
estrone. The reaction increases with increasing body weight. Thus, estrone, while a
weak estrogen, by acting continuously and over a long period of time in its target tissue,
the endometrium, may elicit the same biological response as does a potent estrogen such
as estradiol in premenopausal women. This is evidenced by the fact that the
postmenopausal endometrium, whilst atrophic, not only is potentially capable of giving
genesis to endometrial carcinoma, but it does show a dramatic increase in the incidence
of endometrial cancer during these years. Hence, endometrial carcinomas should no
longer be regarded as “estrogen dependent” (Typed I carcinomas occurring in
premenopausal women) or “estrogen independent” (Typed II carcinomas developing at
menopause), but rather as neoplasms of high and low hormone dependency. Despite a
general belief to the contrary, 55% of endometrial neoplasms occurring during
menopause are G1 endometrioid adenocarcinomas, and almost 20% are G2-G3. A G1
endometrioid adenocarcinoma developing in a postmenopausal woman, however, has
the same favorable prognosis as does an adenocarcinoma of similar type and grade
originating in young pre-menopausal women. On the other hand, Grade 3 endometrioid
adenocarcinomas together with serous papillary and clear cell carcinomas (which by
definition are also Grade 3) are of poor prognosis. Hence, is neither the state of the nonneoplastic
endometrium (atrophic or hyperplastic) nor the menopausal status that
determines the behaviour of an endometrial tumor, but rather is the histological type
(whether endometrioid or non endometrioid) and the degree of tumor differentiation
(whether low or high grade) that matters. On this basis, it is believed that the malignant
potential of endometrial carcinomas can be defined precisely.
Keywords: Adenocarcinoma, endometrium, menopause, pathogenesis, aetiology,
androgens, histological type, endometrioid, non endometrioid, histological grade,
prognosis, autophagy.
*Address correspondence to Efthimios Sivridis: Department of Pathology, Democritus University of
Thrace Medical School, and University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Alexandroupolis 68100,
Greece; Tel: 0030-25510 75119; Fax: 0030-25510 30440; Email: esivrid@med.duth.gr.
Volodymyr Dvornyk (Ed)
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