Staphylococcus epidermidis - virulence factors and innate ... - Munin

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3.2.1 Species identification...................................................................................................................................... 49 3.2.2 Biofilm analysis.............................................................................................................................................. 49 3.2.3 Antimicrobial susceptibility testing ................................................................................................................ 50 3.2.4 Detection of resistance and virulence genes ................................................................................................... 50 3.2.5 Phylogenetic analysis...................................................................................................................................... 50 3.2.6 Ex vivo whole blood sepsis model .................................................................................................................. 51 3.2.6 Titration of anti-PIA IgG antibodies............................................................................................................... 57 3.3 Statistics...................................................................................................................................................58 4. SUMMARY OF THE MAIN RESULTS ................................................................................. 59 Paper I ..........................................................................................................................................................59 Paper II.........................................................................................................................................................60 Paper III: ......................................................................................................................................................61 5. GENERAL DISCUSSION.......................................................................................................... 62 5.1. Arginine Catabolic Mobile Element (ACME) - a new virulence factor?...................................................62 5.2 The Ex vivo whole blood sepsis model – advantages and limitations..........................................................64 5.3 S. epidermidis biofilms and the inflammatory response.............................................................................66 5.4 The neonatal versus the adult innate immune response ............................................................................69 5.5 Crosstalk in the innate immune system ....................................................................................................71 6. MAIN CONCLUSIONS.............................................................................................................. 73 7. FUTURE ASPECTS.................................................................................................................... 74 REFERENCE LIST......................................................................................................................... 76 2
List of papers Paper I Hildegunn Norbakken Granslo, Claus Klingenberg, Elizabeth Gladys Aarag Fredheim, Arild Rønnestad, Tom Eirik Mollnes, Trond Flægstad. The Arginine Catabolic Mobile Element is associated with low antibiotic resistance and low pathogenicity in Staphylococcus epidermidis from neonates. Pediatric Research 2010; 68: 237-41 Paper II Elizabeth G. Aarag Fredheim, Hildegunn Norbakken Granslo, Trond Flægstad, Yngve Figenschau, Holger Rohde, Irina Sadovskaya, Tom Eirik Mollnes, Claus Klingenberg. Staphylococcus epidermidis Polysaccharide Intercellular Adhesin Activates Complement FEMS Immunology and Microbiology 2011; 63: 269–280 Paper III Hildegunn Norbakken Granslo, Claus Klingenberg, Elizabeth Aarag Fredheim, Ganesh Acharya, Tom Eirik Mollnes, Trond Flægstad. Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilms induce lower complement activation in neonates compared to adults. Submitted to Infection and Immunity October 27 th 2011. Appendix Hildegunn Granslo, Karianne W. Gammelsrud, Elizabeth A. Fredheim, Trond Flægstad, Claus Klingenberg. Coagulase-negative staphylococci- biofilm and antibiotic resistance. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen. 2008; 128: 2746-9. In Norwegian 3
Page 1: Staphylococcus epidermidis - virule
Page 5 and 6: 1. Introduction 1.1 Clinical releva
Page 7 and 8: The innate immune system, also know
Page 9 and 10: For neonates to survive the transit
Page 11 and 12: 41). There is cross-talk between th
Page 13 and 14: ecently published two reviews on th
Page 15 and 16: (IgM and IgG) are the only groups o
Page 17 and 18: levels in plasma are: i) generation
Page 19 and 20: Levels of factor B (153, 164) and p
Page 21 and 22: Neutrophils are short lived cells,
Page 23 and 24: activating transcription factors an
Page 25 and 26: In contrast, other authors describe
Page 27 and 28: 1.2.7 Inflammation When danger is o
Page 29 and 30: affecting the whole body is a doubl
Page 31 and 32: due to the increasing use of broad-
Page 33 and 34: these findings are applicable to cl
Page 35 and 36: Table 2: Immune modulating strategi
Page 37 and 38: 1.3.6 Biofilm Biofilms are microorg
Page 39 and 40: Figure 6: Formation of S. epidermid
Page 41 and 42: (335, 342, 371). Proteins such as A
Page 43 and 44: of anionic AMP protection is still
Page 45 and 46: ACME is divided into three allotype
Page 47 and 48: 3. Material and methods 3.1. Materi
Page 49 and 50: Paper III The regional committee fo
Page 51 and 52: indistinguishable strains and isola
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the substance inert (29). This NaIO
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times with PBS/0.1% Tween (also use
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were then analyzed on a FACS Calibu
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4. Summary of the main results Pape
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Paper III: • Both S. epidermidis
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methicillin resistant and -sensitiv
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increase in serum somewhat later an
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knock-out mutant was treated as a n
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5.4 The neonatal versus the adult i
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iofilms with a longer incubation ti
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6. Main conclusions The Arginine Ca
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Animal models It is a long way from
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(15) Zarember KA, Godowski PJ. Tiss
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(41) Shaw MH, Reimer T, Kim YG, Nun
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(68) Gahr M, Speer CP, Damerau B, S
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(95) Bexborn F, Andersson PO, Chen
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(120) Riedemann NC, Neff TA, Guo RF
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(145) Thurman JM, Holers VM. The ce
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(171) Frakking FN, Brouwer N, van E
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(197) Wynn JL, Levy O. Role of inna
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(224) Schultz C, Temming P, Bucsky
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type 1 and T cytotoxic type 1 cell
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(275) Vuong C, Otto M. Staphylococc
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hematological malignancies during t
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(323) Avila-Figueroa C, Goldmann DA
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(347) Christner M, Franke GC, Schom
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(374) Hennig S, Nyunt Wai S, Ziebuh
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(397) Miragaia M, de Lencastre H, P
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for the quantification of complemen
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importance of surface hydrophobicit
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Paper 1
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Paper 3
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ISBN xxx-xx-xxxx-xxx-x
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