Inhalant Abuse: A Volatile Research Agenda, 129

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chemical properties. Sometimes the substances are listed on the container with or without the proportion of each. Because of the diversity and complex composition of different products, there are often incorrect references to which particular solvents are being abused. Toluene, for example, is often cited as the substance involved when other substances may also be present and may contribute to the problem, or even be the primary substance at issue. Also, some reports associating toluene with a particular syndrome may have missed the substance that is the actual cause of that syndrome. To correctly identify the substance, it is critical that clinical measures of body fluids be conducted to correlate a clinical syndrome with a particular substance(s). Clues may be derived from containers, but that is often not helpful as many products do not identify all the substances and may often only refer to ingredients as “nontoxic hydrocarbons.” Some of the possible substances found in different products are listed in table 1. Sociocultural Factors The practices of “sniffing,” “snorting,” “huffing,” “bagging,” or otherwise inhaling to get high describe various forms of inhalation abuse. If the substance is glue or some other dissolved solid, the user will empty the product’s contents into a plastic bag, hold the bag to the nose, and inhale (“bagging”). Another method is to soak a rag with the mixture and then stick the rag in the mouth and inhale the fumes (“huffing”). A simple but more toxic approach is to spray the substance directly into the oral cavity. <strong>Abuse</strong>rs can be identified by various telltale clues, including organic chemical odors on the breath or clothes, stains on the clothes or around the mouth, empty spray paint or solvent containers, and the presence of unusual paraphernalia. These telltale clues may point to a serious problem of solvent abuse, that may, in turn, lead to a serious health problem or death. The bases for inhaling solvents are well described, as Sidney Cohen did a decade and a half ago (Cohen 1977). These substances are widely available, readily accessible, cheap, and legally obtained. As with other recreational substances they may make users temporarily forget their problems and relieve boredom—providing a quick high, with a rapid dissipation and a minimal hangover. Subjects who use heavily over short periods often complain of 3
Table 1. Chemicals commonly found in inhalants Adhesives Airplane glue Other glues Special cements toluene, ethyl acetate hexane, toluene, methyl chloride, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl butyl ketone trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene Aerosols Spray paint Hair spray Deodorant; air freshener Analgesic spray Asthma spray Fabric spray PC cleaner butane, propane (U.S.), fluorocarbons, toluene, hydrocarbons, [“Texas shoe shine,” a spray containing toluene] butane, propane (U.S.), CFCs butane, propane (U.S.), CFCs chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) butane, trichloroethane dimethyl ether, hydrofluorocarbons Anesthetics Gaseous Liquid Local nitrous oxide halothane, enflurane ethyl chloride Cleaning Agents Dry cleaning Spot remover Degreaser tetrachloroethylene, trichloroethane xylene, petroleum distillates, chlorohydrocarbons tetrachloroethylene, trichloroethane, trichloroethylene 4
Page 1 and 2: National Institute on Drug Abuse RE
Page 3 and 4: ACKNOWLEDGMENT This monograph is ba
Page 5 and 6: As a psychopharmacologist, Sid was
Page 7 and 8: I respectfully conclude this tribut
Page 9 and 10: It is hoped that this monograph wil
Page 11 and 12: Contents (Continued) Section III So
Page 14 and 15: Introduction to Inhalant Abuse Char
Page 18 and 19: Table 1. (Continued). Chemicals com
Page 20 and 21: exemplified by cases of asthma inha
Page 22 and 23: Research Monograph 15. Rockville, M
Page 24: Author Charles W. Sharp, Ph.D. Nati
Page 27 and 28: The term “inhalants,” however,
Page 29 and 30: Figure 1. Lifetime prevalance for h
Page 31 and 32: this substance will be widespread b
Page 33 and 34: Another pattern that commonly occur
Page 35 and 36: since a great deal of research has
Page 37 and 38: differences tend to be largest at t
Page 39 and 40: gradually increasing, although ther
Page 41 and 42: percent, 12.5 percent, 9.8 percent
Page 43 and 44: use three times higher than those f
Page 45 and 46: street youths, and the lifetime and
Page 47 and 48: and it may well be that the researc
Page 49 and 50: More data are needed on the economi
Page 51 and 52: Carlini-Cotrim, B., and Carlini, E.
Page 53 and 54: (ADM)87-1527. Rockville, MD: Nation
Page 55 and 56: Acknowledgment Preparation of this
Page 57 and 58: use. When we designed the Texas Sch
Page 59 and 60: Poppers, Locker Room, Rush, Medusa,
Page 61 and 62: way as “inhalants” or “volati
Page 64 and 65: Epidemiology of Inhalant Abuse: A C
Page 66 and 67:
ignored by those doing the research
Page 68 and 69:
among those getting drug abuse trea
Page 70:
abuse, remains to be studied. The r
Page 73 and 74:
from families with alcohol and/or d
Page 75 and 76:
The inhalant users themselves often
Page 77 and 78:
with only 3 percent of a control gr
Page 79 and 80:
thought disorders. Further, if the
Page 81 and 82:
(Gilbert 1983; Guitierrez et al. 19
Page 83 and 84:
those most susceptible to inhalant
Page 85 and 86:
It also suggests that the value of
Page 87 and 88:
Basic Epidemiology Once a problem h
Page 89 and 90:
forms of data. The theoretical cons
Page 91 and 92:
cause it is more available, because
Page 93 and 94:
An example of trying to transfer a
Page 95 and 96:
Figure 2. Model for an agenda for p
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niches? Are they scapegoats, the bu
Page 99 and 100:
tempting. For example, initiation a
Page 101 and 102:
Inhalant users consistently show hi
Page 103 and 104:
The underlying theme of psychosocia
Page 105 and 106:
Beauvais, F.; Oetting, E.R.; and Ed
Page 107 and 108:
Jacobs, A.M., and Ghodse, A.H. Deli
Page 109 and 110:
Reed, B.J.F., and May, P.A. Inhalan
Page 112 and 113:
Ethnomethodology, Psychosocial Meas
Page 114 and 115:
all too well that each individual r
Page 116 and 117:
questionnaire items we can conceiva
Page 118 and 119:
ethnic minority substance abuse res
Page 120 and 121:
conceived, ethnic identity consists
Page 122 and 123:
Forbes, J.D. The manipulation of ra
Page 124 and 125:
Comments on Psychosocial Characteri
Page 126 and 127:
With regard to resources, it seems
Page 128:
strategies used to reduce HIV infec
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turning to drowsiness, disinhibitio
Page 133 and 134:
fact, comes from documented cases o
Page 135 and 136:
some solvents may create additional
Page 137 and 138:
accident (Cherry et al. 1982). Alth
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et al. 1988; Husman and Karli 1980,
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neuropathy seen in the most severel
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into complete remission with prolon
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abnormal in 3 of 11 individuals, an
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ilaterally over the ensuing 2 to 3
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Methylene chloride (dichloromethane
Page 151 and 152:
are associated with hypoxic encepha
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elate to the psychological dependen
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al. 1988). In addition, an intersti
Page 157 and 158:
However, a recent report may have i
Page 159 and 160:
This methemoglobinemia is the major
Page 161 and 162:
Antti-Poika, M.; Juntunen, J.; Mati
Page 163 and 164:
Brown, B.R., and Gandolfi, A.J. Adv
Page 165 and 166:
Ehyai, A., and Freemon, F.R. Progre
Page 167 and 168:
Gamberale, F., and Hultengren, M. M
Page 169 and 170:
Haverkos, H.W, Pinsky, P.F.; Drotma
Page 171 and 172:
Keogh, A.M.; Ibels, L.S.; Allen, D.
Page 173 and 174:
Lindstrom, K., and Wickstrom, G. Ps
Page 175 and 176:
Mirvish, S.S., and Haverkos, H.W. B
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Plaa, G.L. Experimental evaluation
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Sagawa, K. Transverse lesion of the
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Spencer, P.S., and Schaumburg, H.H.
Page 183 and 184:
Valpey, R.; Sumi, S.M.; Copass, M.K
Page 186 and 187:
Clinical/Biophysiologic Aspects of
Page 188 and 189:
where (Cavanagh 1983). The gold sta
Page 190 and 191:
chologic morbidity and the effects
Page 192 and 193:
Fornazzari, L.; Wilkinson, D.A.; Ka
Page 194 and 195:
Death Among Inhalant Abusers James
Page 196 and 197:
The inhalants identified in all cas
Page 198 and 199:
Deaths Resulting From Inhalant Abus
Page 200 and 201:
This analysis provides a new perspe
Page 202 and 203:
The role of other factors, such as
Page 204:
Marshall, B.E., and Wollman, H. Gen
Page 207 and 208:
experimented with inhalant abuse (J
Page 209 and 210:
typewriter correction fluids freque
Page 211 and 212:
Interviews with friends and school
Page 213 and 214:
Litovitz, T.L.; Schmitz, B.F.; and
Page 216 and 217:
Treatment of Volatile Solvent Abuse
Page 218 and 219:
have experimented with them for a b
Page 220 and 221:
the cluster with a more constructiv
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is more likely that family members
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1. Extensive involvement of the fam
Page 226:
Carroll, L.T., eds. Voluntary Inhal
Page 229 and 230:
and its role in the general psychos
Page 231 and 232:
consistent with the high rate of le
Page 233 and 234:
The major reasons youths gave for u
Page 235 and 236:
fourth had experienced suicidal tho
Page 237 and 238:
along with education about the grow
Page 239 and 240:
Oetting, E.R., and Beauvais, F. Pee
Page 242 and 243:
Treatment and Prevention Research I
Page 244 and 245:
make a controlled evaluation by ran
Page 246 and 247:
Animal Research on Solvent Abuse Go
Page 248 and 249:
with prolonged exposure. However, b
Page 250 and 251:
Drug Self-Administration The princi
Page 252 and 253:
had been suppressed by punishment (
Page 254 and 255:
cols were still geared to the indus
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with the exception of n-hexane (Pry
Page 258 and 259:
Table 1. Signs and symptoms most fr
Page 260 and 261:
Figure 1. Centroids of groups of ra
Page 262 and 263:
Other solvents were examined for th
Page 264 and 265:
dams. Clearly the issue of in utero
Page 266 and 267:
Howd, R.A.; Bingham, L.R.; Steeger,
Page 268 and 269:
Pryor, G.T.; Dickinson, J.; Howd, R
Page 270 and 271:
Repko, J.D. Neurotoxicity of methyl
Page 272 and 273:
Basic Science Solvent Abuse Researc
Page 274 and 275:
Levels of Analysis Drug abuse is a
Page 276 and 277:
Animal Research as a Guide to Regul
Page 278 and 279:
against its abuse liability and ris
Page 280 and 281:
versa. In this respect, it seems th
Page 282 and 283:
unfamiliar environments, and in ind
Page 284 and 285:
imply a moral or personality defect
Page 286 and 287:
Wood, R.W. Reinforcing properties o
Page 288 and 289:
An Industrial/Economic Perspective
Page 290 and 291:
fatal.” The industry label was ap
Page 292 and 293:
that time and money had been spent
Page 294 and 295:
What are the costs to the Nation of
Page 296 and 297:
Flowers, H.C.; Hand, R.C.; and Hora
Page 298:
Author Robert P. Giovacchini, Ph.D.
Page 301 and 302:
Table 1. Chlorofluorocarbons—prop
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Table 3. CFCs and alternatives Curr
Page 305 and 306:
Table 6. Toxicological summary of c
Page 307 and 308:
Table 9. PAFTT proposed toxicity te
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Table 12. Present toxicity testing
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Table 15. Comparative toxicity of C
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Recommendations The focus of the co
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tions on inhalants. At a minimum, v
Page 318 and 319:
and other disease factors affecting
Page 320 and 321:
26. Studies are needed to examine t
Page 322 and 323:
methods for good work adjustment ha
Page 324 and 325:
While limited supplies last, single
Page 326 and 327:
80 NEEDLE SHARING AMONG INTRAVENOUS
Page 328 and 329:
98 THE COLLECTION AND INTERPRETATIO
Page 330 and 331:
NTIS PB #92-146216 Paperback $43.00
Page 332:
National Institute on Drug Abuse NI
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