Editorial. Notice" Waterfordte Quaker Comuity 1650 - 1800. Part 1 ...

Editorial. Notice"
Waterfordte Quaker Comuity 1650 - 1800. Part 1,
by Wily Bennis.
The Light of Other Days - 1727, by Ton Ryan.
Falldore of Licketstown, From the Late Edward Lldsh.
The Walls & Defenceo of Waterford,ParL A, By J. 3. Carroll.-
Nates on Buricls in the Frcnch Church,Part l,by J~fiiztr! C.
Walton.
Williw Redmond and the Irish Frcc State, Part 1,
By Brian A. Reynolds.
County Waterford Lam-lrtowners ,100 yearn U ~ G , by John
Mulhollanrl.
3pring Pmgrsmne of Old Waterford Soci~ty
.

Pir~tlx, the editorial Colmitt?e sincerely wiehes to thank aJJO
ow' cohtributors. , We feel of course that as yet the -full .
pot~ntial 02 our Society has not been totally reflecked in 'lDecicsw
so we would hope that' many rat3t~b& would coue forward with uatqrial.
Do pot hesitate to send us my inZorua$4on no wattor how brief or
unimportmt you wy consider it to be. If you feel you havo nct
got time to put infomation in writing pleese hme a chat with one
of the editorial Carmittec.
same valuntary help for the
Wa shad3 be very glad to ~;rt
firoduction of fYlecicafl. The Labour ia unakiUeQ. and the $anent
Iiw evl,r, we do think it is a worthwhile ,cause and in time
ia nil.
we would hope to hmrt a tam to devote a lj_iritsd c~t.tount o P tiac to
each isoue. If you havc any auggcetiona to make about q feoturb
of the magazine or it's fut&, please let us know.
Des Cawman, ICnocl:mc, Annestown .( 96157)
Sr . Pirainla, Ferrybank. Convent 3 4112)
Noel Caeeidy ff~isaculfi, Marian Park (3130)
. -*.. --. .
U extraortiinmy goncr;il meeting i ~ -Wc; f Old ;lutc;rford Society
held on Priai4y 14th J~utui~ry, at the . . -.ieczlcharf a Centre, Ths Hall.
A revision of the- ~oastitutioli-'had becn rcqucstea iit the. Annual .. - .
Grnerd Net.ting lust yrur. At it aubsu~urst ~ord~~ittcc mkrting an '
"ad hocv comnittct was appc~int~d to coi1sie1c.r the re-draYtl:~g :~f the
Constitution.
Thc redraft., was presented to. thc ColrmF-ktct? in l?ovecllher. It '
was printed r'or' circulaidon. and acslt to mL.lbc?ra three wc&o in
advmc~ of thi: datc ac$ mido for thu Sp(xi:~l Piecting.

WATE23FORDtS QUAKER COMMUNITY : 1650 - 1800
By Emilie Bonnis
Early Years of Persecution:
In the early 1650's the first small groups of followers of George
Fox began to arrive in the ports of Munster. They were not well
received by the Puritan Governor of Waterford, and on 30th January,
1656 the order went out to Itapprehend forthwith all persona who re~ort
there under the name of Quakersff that they may be- shipped from Waterford
or Passage to BristolI1. (quoted in Downey, ttStory of Waterfordrl).
It seeme that many Quakers were thus deported but that they
gradually returned. Over the following twenty years, they continued to
be permcutad. There was, for instance, Richard Roper, who with a
companion visited Waterford on the 4th day of the week for "having a
(public) Meeting. On the 5th day there ie the Judges sermon and
Richard Roper goea to the Steeplehouee, spiake to the prieata and i8
thrown into prison1!. Nuverthel~aa they haUi I1liberty to go to Heeting
but Gaollar @an goes withi; thumV1, and they',llhave an*upper room and want
for nothing. Friends very dear and tender mar us If. (from Besee,
"Book of Suf feringsll, Vol.ll),
Beeee also mentions 'the following who suffered by imprisonment,
finca, confiscation of goods, cattle money etc. in Waterford :
W.chard Waller, imprisoned 1657 . Eleanor Tatlack ,1660: imprieoned
in Bridewell and later with her husband turned out of the City from
family. Mculgaret Blanch, 1660: imprisoned for preaching at a funeral.
She and her husband excommunicated by Bishop Gore. General strict
imprisonment throughout the country especially Waterford in1661.
Yllliam Blanch, Wm. Wright,Som Mnaom and others in 1661,imprisoned far
Meeting and fined S580 at Assizes. William Wright imprisoned 1663,
for opening his ahop on a ao-called holidayft.
BOWLING GREZN LANE MF&IING HQUSES:
r
The earliest Friende Meetings were probably hold in privato houaea
but in 1694 a Meeting Houee wae procured off Bowling Qreen Lane (on
the site of Christian Brotherm present achool in Manor Strest). A
new MeBting House was then built in Bowling Qreen Alley fa 1703,apparan-
, tly to serve the South East Region. A minute fraa the meeting of the
Munater Province held in Clonmel in 1701 statee:
"Friends,of Waterford adv'iaeth they are like to contribute towards
building a new Meeting Houae as diocoursed at the last meeting ,
I if it goes forward, hiends of Tipperary are desired to confer
with Friends of Waterford",,
Thie Meeting Houee is also mentioned in a further Minute (quoted in
I
' W.,B.E.A.J. ) :-
I
"13.10 manth, commonly called December, 1703 John Dennis of Cork,
Rebecca Dan of Waterford, leaeed to Samuel Cooke of Clomel,
Bkinner, Stephen Coller of Clonmel, merchant,and David Butchinaon
of Clonmel & Waterford,Juyner, a parcol of gr~und with an
entrance to the same from Bowling Qreen Lane", for the uee of
"the Society of the People called Quakers in the City and
County of Watsrford and elsewberetto

The Society must have been growing in these early yeare of the
18th Century , as tho Meeting Housu had to be exparzded a few years
later. Apparently, it wae rather ma inadequate structure because
wiehin 60 yanre it had to be completely rebuilt. A minute of 1761
reads, " Our Meeting House. being in bad order and judged not worth
repairing, tho following Friends,........ are appointed ta apply
immediately t o Friends for tiubscriptione for re-building the
aame next Sumer and they likewise are. desired to assiat
Benjamin Hoore in making an estimate of the coet attending "
By 3 month, 1762 , "the eubscriptioa for re-building the
Meetling House is completed and Benjamin-Moore i s desired to
proceed in getting thre work carried on with expaditian3'. In 1764
Benjamin Moore sent In hie ltccaunt for re-building which exceeded Frisn'de
subecriptions for that purpose by S34.11.0. and three melnbers were
appointed to call upon Friends for a new subecription. This lasted
another 30 yams nntil R new site was bought in King Stbiast (we below).
BURIAL WOUNDS :
Tho first burial grounds were un a etrip of land on Johnftit Lane
noar the meet in^ Houae. Little detail, however emerges from the
minutee until 1764 when we read that :
'The Friends appointed aro desired to get the requisite leqses
and Declaration of Trust rospocting Burying Ground Lately
taken for the use of Friends of th,is Mesting finitlhedn.
Then three months later n Friend, Edward Ifowies, negotiated with a
Uilliara Herchat for "his intarcat in the garden and tenements lately
purchaered by' order and for aocirmmodntion of the MeetingsI8. Subscriptions
are called lor to gay, the charges of drawing lease8 and repairing the
tenemant8 and laying-but the grounds. Two friends were aggointsd to
see thiit B u T ~ A w&' ~ ~ lfconducted orderlyfr ,' and to be of aaaistsnce to
the family in which a decease happened.
faaac Jacob, who as a boy wont tu b i fathor'e ~ funeral writes :
"1 followed the remaina of my father along the Quay of Waterford
to hie laet mating glace in a forlorn cemutary of the rriends,
off Manur Street where he lies without a 'Htone.. *.The disml
encloeure is overrun with weeds and relieved by not one aolitary
ahrub or treo of any kindt1,
A later minute reads that " :
Samuel. Davis, John Strangman are qpointed to have the walls
and gate of the Graveyard put into psaper canditiun and havo
a ceule over both the Berial Grounds to keep them in good order",
Thi~ Burial Ground, continued in uet! up to 1828 when a new tma at Nektawn
waa opened.
THE MINUTES:
Most of the infurmation fer this article was taken from the Minutes
sf the Waterford Monthly Mooting of Ftiends. These are preserved in
tho Historic Libr,ary of the Friends Mcoting House, in Eustaco Street,
i Dublin. Those records are want and rather difficut to read up.to .
about 1760. In them tho Quaker mothod uf datkn~ is used., Months are
I nunbored rather than named. Narch wae thm the first month, making
December for in~tance the tenth nonth. Similarly, weekdays are
, numbered beginning with Sunday.

These minutes reveal fascinating detailasnot alone about Heeting
Nouaes and Burial Grounds a8 we have seen, but about human and domeetic
detail. For instance the Quakers T B ~ U B on ~ principle ~ to pay Tithes
and so had their posaeasione seized, A sub-committee was set up to
record such confiecationn and to help those distressed. So we find
the following confiscations in the 4th Month 1792:
Ben jamin Moore
Wm. Barnee
Mary Howes
Thornae Hutchinson
Isaac Wood
George Pearose
Arch. Balfour
St'rahgman & Gone
Thamaa White
Sam. Willeon
Ricliard,Ieaac & Thomas
Jacob
John Strangman
Jacob
John Firth
A. Balfour
ghomas Jacob
7 Kalf deals
2 Brasa Candlesticks
7 Lba. sue;ar
3 bundlsa of ho~ps
Bacon, value 10/lO
Butter
1 copper kettle
1 cask butter
Tea, value 12/=
1 pair shoea
Soap , valuel)/.'
1 load of hay
barley in sheaf
Loaf sugar, value 16/6
23 knives,23 forks
2 cheeses
Tot a1 value : $25.19.3
There are also problame over the behaviour of anme, ueually the
younger members and older ones are ap.pointed to treat with them. There
was for instance one Samuel White who fteince last Meeting has given
fresh aad public occaeion of repraach by hin frequenting Alehoaaea and
entering inta a quarrel therein on a First day of the'week; tvo Priends
are desixed to treat wieh him". And ' "John Glayton, an apprentice.,
reaovsd to the 1sland.caLled St. Johns on the coast of'North Amorica
having married conerary to our rule8 is disowned". (To be married
by a prieet wae considered dreadful). Another apprentice,Thomas Pim
defrauded his master, Swnuel Cherry :-
"to a considerable aqiount most part of which' w t ~ found in his
pox though he attempted to cover his wickednoas with lyes. .. two
of' the overeeera-had opportunity with him and' laid before him the
nature of his.crirne vhick;though acknowled ed, he did not appear
aa much affected w-ith eorrowness as they cou B d have wished1'
Be waa di eowne d,
The Hen's Meeting on 12th Month 1789 received s mesaage from the
Women'e Meeting that -
Wlizebtth White, daughter of Francis White, bath eloped from
her harentfa home with a young mau and robbed them of money
and clothes fo a considerable amount, Thu Overseers are
desired to procure.information where she ia gone, write to
her Meeting ah9 may be in the -compaea of, to treat with her
and return amount $0 next Meeting"
The Hisutes of 3rd of the following month record, -
tiwrote to twd Friends of Co, Carlou where Elizabeth White was
within ccrnpasa of ... but ham not yet received an answer".
Three weeka later the minutes state :--
At the atop of laat Firat Jay Meeting, the overeeera produced
a Letter from a Friend of Carlow who had been written to

aspecting Elizabeth mite setting forth that, three Friands
br?loncin~ t2 their Meeting had paid her a visit and
. rrclcnv *w4>d to l3y I:sfar~# hdr thu atruci uusnuss of her
guilt which shct did no+ Jmy, but they could not pcrceive
any sign of repentance in her, or dispo~iti~n
tu maks
reatutfon t3 her injured parents"
She was dieownnd, though she 'Ilntar showed A disp~aitoon tc ackn~wledge
piiltPfL
Another aspect frequently mentioned in tho Minutes are "vi6itingsV
As Quakere would not have had many sacial contacts in Waterford, there
were regular comings and goings between the Hcetinga in Munster.Clanme1,
Cahir, Limerick and Youghal are now mewtianud. Alsa, well knuvn
Quakers travollod Lhroueh England and Ireland viaiting Neetinge.
Fur instanlu, in 1716 Thamns Stury, a leading English Quaker, whose
bruther vaa Dean of Limorick, came to Watcrfurd and hold a public
Maetine which wa8 "attended by all kinds of peoplet1. William Penn an
hie way from Now Roee to daterford had trouble about his harm uhsn
getting on thd boat, as no Quaker was allowed to oun a horse valwed
over E5.
In 1765, thc Waterford Meeting was visited by Friands from Ulster,
Lainster and Munater, and it is recurdud that therz were flaccasions
of conplaint in reapcct to tho great decencrncy amongst us1'. !
If n nembcr felt a FC~~R~OUS
concern to vieit he brou~ht it before
hie own Muutin~, and if thu-Maetine wacr in aympathy with it, they gave
him ,1 travelling minute or certificate- One woman whose name c.umes up
several times is Susanna Hattun. Bho had visited Philadelphia., a~rl in
1774 laid a conccrh before the Meeting to viait Friende "in the+ Northein
part of thie Kingdomv. Latcs she and a Qwaker, Thamns Li&tfoot,who
had come from Paansylvania and sattlud in Waterford, came before: tho
Meeting to declare their intention of marriage. They got "clearanceff
for this and uerc married. SD& ycsars Latw they removed tr*
Pennsylvania.
In 1785 wu find two American Quakers Erexu Pennsylvania, Thomas 808s
and John Pemberton "on a religious viait tl~ their brethren in professiun,
the people called Quakers and other inhabitants 09 this island,
respectfully prus~nt the Mayor and other Mag stratas of the City of .
Matexforti with n botlklef; @ntrrrl by Matt Yawer, Uwksellcr, '5road Strzet
Waterford of Extracts of Pious Men exposing tho evi1,perniciuus effect
of Stage playa and ather vain amusemuntsmtt
Although Qnkke~s rurc in&cnd nt and kept to their beliefs in
spite of persecutiori and suffering they upheld just lows and Authority,
Several timoa thoro are records of thorn sending nddrussza to visitinc
Lord Lieutenants. In 1787 Prince William Honry visited Watsrfdrd and
he is eent a "humble addraes frum the Pwplc cnllwd CJuokcrsfl of welcome
and gratitude tc, himself and his Ruyal Pn~ciktn,m~ntioning the present
%ild syetem af Govcrnmentv. Thcy r~ceived tho reply:-
It
Gsntlemcn,
I shall havc ~rcat ylcwsurc in cornnunicatinc tu his
Majesty yuur exprsasitn~ of Loyalty ,and 1 hupu to meet y~ur good
wishes towards mc?.
William.
(To the Quakers of th+! City of Watcrfw:!, in his own handwriting). I I

(Tom Ryan]
A coincidence of anniversaries prompts me to offer in the
first 2977 issue of DECIES an account of what 1 believe
to be the first scheme of public (street) lighting for
Waterford City. This is the Golden Jubilee year of the
establishment by the Electricity [Supply) Act 1927 of a
National Electricity Board. It is the centenary of the
invention of the carbon lamp, soon after su erceded by the
incandescent lamp, which raalised the possi ilities of
electricity as an illuminant. This story is concerned,
however, with 250 years ago. The fuel was oil - rape oil,
the same which the Corporation was using in the harbour lights
[the establishment of the Harbour Board was still almost
a century away).
In January 1727, at the instigation of Aldermen Mason and
Newport, the corporation resolved - that this Board are for
having 'lamps erected and that Mr'. Mayor, Ald. Barker,
Aid.. Aikenhead, Ald. Bcnj. Morris, Ald. Moore, Ald. John
Morris, Ald. Alcock, Ald. Henry Mason, Ald. Congrevc,
Ald. Weeks, the Sheriffs, Mr. Boyd or any five of them with
such other members as will attend do meet this evening to
draw up a letter to our Representatives* after what manner
the said lams u. shall be erected and supported.
. (*Par1 iementary ~e~reseniatives)
By 29th October 172?', the Corporation had made a commitment
to "join in the expense of obtlaining an' Act of' Parliament for
having lamps in this Townq9; and in March 1732 a Sub-
Committee Of ten was appointed- to draw up a lrproper scheme!'
FOP students of things Municipal, perhaps the most
interesting fatotof the enterprise is tho survey of all
houses in the City at the time (1732) ,conducted with a view
to levying ithe cost. of the scheme. Arthur Taylor was paid
Sf + his assistant William Boch 30/- for carrying out the
survey.
On the ba-sis of thc survey report, it was decided that
a11 houses paying rent under 40/- per annum should be exempt from
any tax towards the publicck) lamps
all houses paying rent from 40/: to 13 per annwn should contribute
one shilling per housc per annum
all houses paying rent from E3 to E5 per annum should contribute
18 pence por annum and
all houses paying rent from E5 upwards per annum should contribute
two shillings per house per annum.
Thc application of this assesment was as fallows:
208 houses at a shilling S10. 8. 0
190 houses at 18 pence 14. 5. 0
440 houses at two shillings 44. 0, 0
838 houses (Cabbins excepted] 168.13. 0

This sum (S63.13.0d) was reckoncd svfficfcnt to sustain 150
lamps; thc initial expensa of making and erecting the lamps
- $75 - was to be bomc by the Corporation out of City
Revenues.
Peter St. ,i,&ger. was appointed to construct the Imps;
Thomas ~icock nominated to care for them and scc them duly
suyK1ird ; and the period during which the lamps were to be
lig ted fixed as between Au~ust 20th and May 1st.
Within a year (in July 17321, a Sub-Committee of the
Co+p~ration.found that "theto are sixty-eight additional
lamps wanting; without allowing any lamp.out of tho Gates,
making in al'l tho hundred and eighteen lamps"; in this rasc
31~0 the cost,oE
-
milking snd erecting the extp lamps -.
=32. 6. 0. to ... fall .on tho City Rcven~es.
Thomas Alccck war .appointed as a "prapet person to collect the
money due #or said' lamps within ti:o City .the cnruing year, out
of which he is tb' pay Ear the Qylc and that ilc bc also sllowedt
thereout 158 for said year for his trouble nnd for servants
wages attending said lamps to Light and clean them and that he
accawt upon oath st thc year's end For what he receives from the
Inhabitantsa'. He was to be allowed interest on his autgo*intr,s
"till he bc rcimbursed by this City or out of thc lamp moneytt.
It would be nice to finish this account by recording that
everything worked smoothly as planned. Hot so entire1y;in
1733, we f~nd the Corporatian having to pay Thomas Alcock
S30. 9. 6 l+b~lancc due to him for keeping the lamps lighted
for the year 1732 many of the inhabitants rcfusing to pay for
the lamps, not being put up according lo law which disables
his distrsining for the samc" -
Still, the lamps were still lighting in 1740, in tcstimony
whereof faurtoen hoggshsads a5 Rape Qyle were bought in that
year at the dxpanse of thc City Rovfinu~.........~.....
Volurle 8 of the Ro~a3, Geological &cicty of Ircland -Journal
(1886) lists the following ninerals as occurring in. South Kilkemy :
Lead at Dkmkitt; lead and ailvcr ( "a very ancitmt 13ine:'j at Flood
Hall, E;nocktopher; Copper near Ihxktophcr Village; Ircn at
Grenan, Thcamastown; Silver (early Celtic - sLlver shields made
here accordiw to Annals), and lead iiL Ballygallon,In&gtipa;e. ,
C m anybody ,ple;raa, laca.3~ those ..;iacs, a.r indicat, :
extent to which they were worked '? ,

ORIGINS OF TIZL -Y1hC'J!IOIiS
Outbreaks of fighting at races, fairs, hurling FJR~C~~S
and patterns
had been quite comon in the 18th century. After 1800, however, it became
more organiscd and widespread in the aaatern part of Hunst~?r especially
in Co. Waterford. It is difficult to discover exactly why this should have
occured at thia particular time but it seen8 that it wae in sorre way connected
with the competition for land which wss intensified by tho increasing population
and by the subdivision of holdings. Tillage had received a ereat
inpetus from Poater'a Corn Laws of 178.4 end the remov~l of duties on corn
exporta to Uritain in 1006 had openod up a new n~arket for Irish corn. lo
a result of the god prices aveilablo during tho Napoleonic wara tillage on
small holdings becane a viable proposition. Hence the increasing competition
for land. Under such circumstances the old Whiteboy systen of terror,
which was chiefly directed against landlords and their agents, waa not a6
effective as before, whon it cane to regulating rents, preventing "grabbing"
etc. If a group of people, related or otherwise, were willing to support
a person who had broken tho Whiteboy ''laws", trouble wae in~vitsble.
If was u situation like this at Ardrnayle near Cashel in lW5 that gave
us tho nauee Carabhat (cravat) and Seanbhuiat (~hitu b~inin jsckot), A
heal man who had taken B fanu froa which a widow had baen eviotad, was
nurdered by tho Whiteboys. The dead man's relatives informud .the authorftfes
and Banley, the Whiteboy leader, was publically hanged for the crime. Just
bofore his execution ho throw his white cravat mow hia followera shouting
defiance to the infoner and his relatives. I'he informer, Paidin Gearr
OJDonaill, usually woro a white bainin jacket hence the nslllo Seanabhsf at.
&my bitter fights followed between these two groups, one fience battle in
parti. cular at Coolnine Races, Clonnel, in 1810 during which several people
were badly injured.
I Slowly the factions epread southwards and by 1808 they were firmly
eat~blished.fn Co. Waterford. The coast from Traraore to Dungarvan, the
Drum Bills south of Dungarvan and the Touranaena area on the main
Dungarvan .- Clonmel road were Carablrnt strollgholda . The Setmobhef ets
were nainly co~centrated in the area north of Kilmacthomaa towards CarrickonSuir
and Portlaw and f? Wedeligo wd hffane near Cappoquin. Tho mcmbern
were uauelly small famera and workuan but sometifags big farnere also took
pert- .
'The faction leader wds feared and respected In the locality and many
are celebrated in Deiae songs, e.g. Tonas 0 Toghlu from Sliabb gCua and
Ruairi 0 SSeSeasta from (Jlonea. These leadera could call out up to a
hundred followers at short notice.
Fights were nearly always prearranged and took place at fairs or uarkets.
The prfncigal places of combat were Windgap,near Carrick-onauir, Knockboy
near Sliabh gCua, Sleady . in the pariah of Mobeliga, Kilgobnet north of
hqam+n md Bnllykerogue near Durmu. Intensive preparation. were mda
for the blg day, like cutting arhplants a d blackthorn sticks, sharpening'
roytbes and billhooks, end eonetimes gentlenon's houses were nttacked at
nlghtime in ae~rch of firoarns.

the day of the Eight those that lived fer away fro3 thu fair ueually
stole horacs to carry them. Tho Sliabh gCua Carabhats.,srrlvsrZ at Ballykerogue
fai An 1811 an stolep horses fnllawsd by c~rtloads of ashplarits aad other
7
weapons. As the faction nen arrived much shouting- of abuse ot thc: 0pp0aing
group took placn, b~ttle cries Hero raivad and the preliminar~! challenge was
given. This was dane by the leader vhn 'did e YFE1ee1" by treiling hfs Coat
along the gmund. Tha otkea side fomally took up the challenge by stand- '
ing an the coat and a free' for all ensma in which bptanders also took part,
Thei women aokutinos put stones into their stockings and wedt tn to blp their
nsnfoUc. The Caravste being the stra~er f~ctioa mually won suck fights.
Both sides mm often than not auffexed s&~iaus Pnjury Bnrt sorsetims Qne
reads accounts of people baing killed.
-
4 silk oravat end .rhite band on their hata were tho distinctiva narks
of Carabhata: "Ta cnuta deaa im haCu Is Carabhat don sioda daor Hura
trea na sceach~ libh sen Carabhat a gheobhaidh an chraabh." Tho Seanabheists
OF V~steena BB they were popularly kn.hwn only wore a white flannel waistcoatc
Tha Carabhats of course ncldo no bttcrot of the fact that they cansidaed themsalvos
nuperior aa they were the ones who were carrying on th6 old traditionr
of the Whiteboys. A burdun or rtrfrafn fmm tho Sliabh &ua area lllustrtlteo
this point:
hem we see Yesteens conaidored as zmn dressed in lice infsated flannel.
Tho f-actions too live on in mu&c and song "Buscbaill 0 Chluain Meala",.
"Taineu in Chadhladhn rmi Ruoiri Aluinn am all aoaociated with then and the
Whiteboy air "Caidhp sn Chuil Bird" ( ~ i ~ kCaul t C R was ~ also a distinctive
faction tune. The Sliabh gCua era eapooially bpi tho faction ah%& alive
well into this centuzy, Many of these ataries and songs ware gatherad by
Padralgh OPIileadha and Lebhras madhls. This ts also true of Cho Drum Hilla
perbps to a luaser extent because nany of the older peaple in this area had
stories as lata aa 196U of fighte at Kielys Crws arrd Old Parish and
tbate- notices by Cerabhata to farnexs in Toar, Mountatuart area.
ZIPPIKLDATI OI'i BY FACTIONS :
HQW~VW, it would b& unfair to look upon them groups purely as fightingnen
bemuas they also took a keen intarest in l d affairs; bailiff@ and
'krabbera" were severely punished, rents WE;^ mp;uZat@d and whon food was
scarce prices were fix&. Housea and crops ware ometinrze destroyed in an
effort to drive "grabberaw off land %hey hd aceup,ied. TAom that holped
such people wrs threatened arrd &&%a arid warnla notices lib this one
from Amintore, we= postad in pub1is placeat ''Therefore take your firat and
last wgming. If you ox anyone else have ari call to Cotursellor Peagels
l a you may be shure of your dahth. Beither relation nor friends will be
sblw to save you from us. We will code in the day and ahuto my horw
found at work there an3 beat ye to dwth".. Sometines these gmups went
as fsr 813 ox~luding out@i&rtrs from areas where work was scarce; Kerry
Spailgins in particuler aften net with a hokjtile mception bocauea they
were willing to work lo= hours at 1mar retes tbm thaw Wwded de~anded
by the secmt aooie$ies or factioris.
The author* ties naturally were q:li te worrLe*d by this snddm ouT%mak

of lawleeensea rn can be acten from the amount of correspondence which reached
the UnderSecretary in Dublin. In those days the law v ~ administered by
magiatrates who had power to call upon temporary pollee and on the amy to:
assist them. This spten had been raaaonably successful in the past agdinat
tho Whiteboys and on this occasion the magistrates had a much better chance
of abtaining infomation as one gruup waa sometimes willing to inforn on the
other and furthemore Whiteboyisn in its true tsenae had never been strong
in Co. k'aterford.
In 1811 there wsre five regiments of raldiars in Waterfwd - stationed
in the following places: Goneva Barracks, Waterford hestown, Carrick-on-
Suir and Cappoquin. As well as those roginonts, there were otmpaniea of
militia in Calltir, Corraghmora and Maho~brfdgo. The outlyln~: areaa of
Sliabh gCua and krdnore provod to be the mast difficult tb watch. At one
atwe a group of Carabhata actually broke into Richard Hmble's (the rnagiatratd)
house In Claebo~
andvforced him to awecr an oath to free several of their
meabera whom he had lodged in Waterford Goal.
Othar nagistrates like 3.S. Cole in'hnestorm, Richard English id .
Cappoquin and Edward Elliot in Dungarvan nera more active. Princiy-lly due
to their afforta many of the worst offendera were arrested. This, however,
often proved quite ineffective aa it was virtually impossible to get witnesses
willing to testify in court. Becauae of this othm Megietratee offee the
factian men a pardon $f, they. took an oath to keep the peace and were 3iZTl~ng
to giva up any offensive weagna. TMs plan however, only met with lbnitea
succeaa aa both group% distrusted each other. ather occasione'the
authoritim wsre left with no choice but to release the prisoners unpunished,
althorn we do read of inetmces of public whipping through the maf n street's
of a town like that carried out in Dungarvan in 18131,
After three yeara of alrnoet continuous ffghtiw the efforts of the
authorities caeemad to be achieving little. Tho faction fight8 continued .
while the prisons wore full of people who had been arrestod for dioturbing
the peace of hi^ Ihjesty'a Realm and nobody was willing to Bive evidence in
court against them. While people were satisfied to inform the awistrate.
'%WAttly it xaa quite another mattor altogether "to BWOar on the bogk in
'
court1' ("An leabhar do dhearbhu sa chuirtw). That, to the @eeanta, was
an unpnrdonabl e c rine .
The County Grmd Jury realissd that far more stringent measures were
requimd and they accordingly petitioned the Gqverment for a Special
Conrmistjion to. try those in prison. This ma sent to the ;met in 18ll'with
the,infamous Lqrd Norbury aa the presiding judge. Punishment was neted out
without nexay; several prisoners were sentenced to death while others
received pxblic whipping8 and. further terns of imprisonnent. Two yeare of
conparatire peaue followed but by 1813 magistrates were wain complaidog
that faction8 had been reorganiaad. H. S. Cole the Annestown magiatrate
wanted the Licences withdrawn from public houses in hie area becauee in his
opinion theywrft beb,g used as mueking placea far the Carabhsts fate et
night.
TEE
OP THE FACTIONS:
This time the Government's reaction to this and other disturbances wes
much more efficient. Sir Robert Peel established a pernanent palioe force
in 1814 and a further Peace Preservation Act was passed in thc same year,
deeigned to strengthen the powera of search and arrest given to this new
farce. The policu proved to be very active against the factions, many of

the leadem were arrested atme uf whoa wore sleacslted in Durymvan in 1815,
Thw prieata often felt it was their duty to speak out against the fac-ticms
degpite the risk of being fdentffisd with tho authoritioa. Sme psople
realfsed that the Catholic Clergy aould echieve more k b the zosk severe
Iswe: "the priests could do nore in quelling the a~turbatlcas than d l the
arniea fa the Klngdum" one magistrate informt3d the Govament. A few
prfee;ts warit es far aa reading th.~ nmw of trouble~ak~m frcm the eltar.
ThLa practice a~metbss proved to be mare of an advatwe ta the Carahhats
thaa to the law aa those nentioned migrated to her lo^ before the police
coUd rtct. Fr. Walsh P.P. af drdwre exprassed hie sorrow at rsesing Irishmen
fighting aach other without any r+gard for tho law of the land or the
law of God:
By 1815 the diaturbnnces had ~ubeidad ao~ewhat, principally due to the
efforta of the new police force. The factions atill continwd to have
occasional skfmi~hea - on n mch lesser scale however, svnetimoa they assunad
diffennt mates euch as Poi1 and hibhne in the Rathgdmack - Clonea area I
in the 18'jO's. Ilichael. Dohony nentions then in 1848 and they were still
active in the Irish speaking areas in the Dmun Etills a d in Madeligo nuch
later in the last century. The rmaining areas of Go. Waterford did not
axpe~ience euch ssrious disturbances &gain.- Factions atill remained active
in other parta of Munater - "Ruskrrvalla Boya" in Tipperary and "Black Mulvihilla"
in North Kurry, to mention. but a few.
SOtJRCES
1. State of the Country Papers Series & Lmd 11, (I.s.P.o.)
9, Irish Statutes (P.R.o.)
, Pr~emane Journal 1805 - lUl5
5. Report on 19 Special Conmisaion 1811 (~ol.1~ Pamphl~ta - l4at.Lib.j
7. Be~loideas Q No. ?.
8. Par1 Papers - Heport of Sel Corn on Disturbances 1025 (20)
9. O'Brien G. The Economic History of Ireland from the Union to the
Famine andon on 1921)
In the following Irioh phrnsss ( ;11 iil Mneenfs ~ictioncrry);
what appears to be the River 31ir is used to connotstk 5;ternity.
Is therc:sorne legend behind this ?. Vor ever" is exprassed as
"1 gaaithomh (or ic suol) nn 3uirott : lltill Judgexqnt Day is
I1Go La ( - or brnthach) na 3uir.c:".

The Parish of Kilrnacow, just north of the City of Waterford, had, at
the start of the 19th century, a total of 11 flour and corn mills plue
three linen milla. The best known of these mills ia, without doubt,
c:roenville Mills or ,"Bromis Mills". as it is better known to generations
of neighbouring farmers. It is also the only mill in South Kilkemy which
ia still working after almost 200 years in continuous use.
This mill was originally a simple 4 storey Flour Mill, built probably
about 1790; it was one of nine mills built by Greenea of Gresnville, the
local landlords. It was driven by a water wheel af 17 feet diameter rith
7 ft. wide buckets. The water was drawn frorn the nearby River Blaokuater.
The head-race was about t mile in length, and was about 30 feet lower ,than
the present one. The wheel was breast shot and had 'a -17 foot fall of
water.
The mill had 4 gaira of mill stones, which were 4 ft. 6 ins. wide, and
1 pair of E'rench Burra. One pair of atones, which can still be seen ih
the mill, was used up to tha late L920m to grind wheatmeal for farmers.
The remainder were incorporated in the laying of the floora of the stablea
in 1885. The machinery in the original mill consisted of :
2 sets of Elevators
2 barrel screens
2 flour machines
1 separator
1 winnowing fan
The mill also had a second wheel of 13 feet diameter.. Thie was used
oooneionally for making woollen rolls four months in the yeer. Two tan
hour shifts were worked daily.
The Greeno family leased the mill to a family named Cadogan, who came
:from Newbawn, Co. 'tlexford, As well. a8 working Creenville Hill, they alao
owed a mill at Mullinderry, Clongaen, Co. Wexford.
Tha Csdogan family during their 70 yanra here beeme active In the
Parish.. ?Patrick Cadogan is recorded aa being'chairaran of the Catholio
Emancipation branch in Kilmacow. During the famine, the mill was on# clf
the aentrea from which food naa distributed to tho medy.
After leaving here in the 1856s, some of the family took over the rUnning
of 'SCaletown M'ill, blew Roes, Tichael a d Thomas Cadogan, dsnoerrdants
of the family, am atill living in , C.0. Wsrford, Another member of the
family, Anthony C~dogan, becane Hagor of Waterfard hn1893.
As a reault of the Famink, John Greene, M.P., the owner, wea foroed
to sell #e mill togethfmwith 51 acres adjoinirng, through the &manhered
Estates in 1850, to an Eleonor Forristal of Xnockane Cottage, Co.Waterford.
She in turn leaaed At Co a merchant of George's Struet, w~terford,
named 1-iatthew Devereaux, at s yearly ~ent a9 ElW-6-2d, p.8. Six yeam
later the dl3 was bought by n miller named John kwn of CXaehganna nflla,
Co. Carlaw.

John drown, who served his apprenticeship in the Ballyragget H ill
(which was situate on the bank of the River Nore on land now owned by
nearby Avomore ~reaaeries) cRme to Kilmacow full of ambitious plrins for
his newly acquired mill.
Heretofors soft wheat was ground between two mill stones. Thio
was ho+ as atone ground end was tho only way know since skco biblical
times. Uauever thl? grinding of whr32t: by using steel roller mills was
oommancing in Europe about thia titab. In 1885, John Brown invested large
sums of money inatnlli~
thia new system of grinding flour. Thia entoiled
the raising of the existing mill, plus the installatian of blading
silos, which gave Nm in tu& tho ability to blend varioua 'varieties of
wheat for the manufacture of both bdcere and household flour,
To uae the water more acuno~ically, he instnlle& a water turbim of
110 h.p. with 'a 110 h-p. with n 41 foot head of watcr. To supplement
the water In smertlme, a steam e~ino was also erected, which incidentally
used one ton of ~681 a day. To get thie new increased fall of
watsr, a oanal. was cut starting a mile further up the river. t large
nuuber of local men were emplayed to dig this headrace with pick end
abovel. The headrace emptied itself into a squsre stora~a pond, and
fmm there the water was taken by metal acqunduct onto the turbine.
fhia tdc, which is still in perfect working order was cast in sections
by Ben Graham in hia foundry at Waterferil. Great stone pillnra support
the t d which wns erected in 1885.
With the increased output of about 144 sacka of flour a day,
work force increased drtmatically. The mill now worked 3 X 8 hour
ahifts daily. A Hark force af 24 horse and cart8 made deliveries of
flour to Waterford and had backloader of wheat from 1Iclla on +heir return
journey. Extra horses were often hired. Thia large number of horeas
needed conatant care. X blacksmith's forge was built nearby to keep
the horses shod and the steel bande on the cart whuela renewed, '?=he
advent of power-driven vehicle8 reduced the horse traffic, until finally
it died out completely. The forge which was nuz by the well-known
McGrath family is now in rmina.
John Brown, the owner died about 1900, and two of hia soas took
over the running of the mill. Fmm an old wage8 sheet, dated 1905, it
can be saen that upward8 of 38 men were @mpl~y~d in Brownla Mill.
The
total wage bill. for the mill workers came to s38-7-s. per six day week.
Tho average wage being about 15/- weekly. Together with ~tsady emplop
ment, eight of the workera lived in cottegen omad by the; owners for
which 6d. (&) per week was deducted frors their wages.
About 1910 bualness besame slack, through the Saportation of Engli?h
flour, with dire reaults for the rsziatiry~ mills. Ak34, John Brown's ,
aona were not shrawd busbeeraman like their father. Businass slackened
arid the property had to be auctioned in 1914. It was bought by a
consortium of millers - Ardwhe- of Potd.drqW, GO. haterford, Cbing & Smith
of Cahir, kases af Bennattsbridge and Pflsworths of Thomastawn. They
never mufactwed flohr, their nim beiw to keep out other competitors,
Ilawever, duriw tEe war yearer (1939/45), l'amere' own wheat wna manufactured
fur their own uao exclusivel,~~.
Three of the partners gradually dropped.out, leaving Pilawortha of
Th~mastown the sole ownera. In 1937, the Pilev-orth family forned a
Limited Company md traded as John Brown 8- Co. Ltd, The continued in
JA 7nFT3 L.L..~ -C.-A-..->. -0 &LA a--lA-A-- ------ -m LL- r- -n L'
-r.al

Conpony, Mr. Hn. J. Pilsworth, the busin8sa was wound up and sold to
filmacow Co-op. Three years later, the Co-op, together with the mill
was absorbed into the Lvomore Creameries Group, and so it stends to-day.
Lt now menufacturos conpound feeding stuffs and crinds barley and
nniie meal. A 8t:ff of six are now employed in the mill.
-
Fro& ' t!?e Jht F: Bdwanl Wsllsh
(Before the vcsit di th'e 0. W. 3. -to ~ickt:tstown(re~ortcd in Decies
3) , on 4th July 1976, thr 1a.f.x Rr. Ldr~crrd W doh h d kindly given
us this itctn ol" follclorc fro,: th.- WCL~ which we LUX now pleased to
publish as a t ributc to hia. j
As the C~u~nwellian ar.sy p:m:icil from Vutr~rl'urtl -i;o Clomel they
livod off the yeoplts , and w h ~tl~rry didt nt uonsul~rc tl!rry dvotroyt>tl
by a scorched earth policy. 33 d ~ burnt y the crupa and
slaughtered the cuttlc.
Now the Powtzs, who wort lnrds (if Uat~rfoxd :at -l;lir: t irw, hud
sufforod snmewhst and decided .lo aiock-up ugain 3:~ raiding across
thc Suir into thr. County Kilkenw. Several tililco bctwcn 1650
and 1660 they croaacd. near Fiddown and drova 311 '\rfori them to
Moonveen whcrr they crossed again. At last the ,~~-opls. from
Mooncoin to Glr?ngr:int decid~:d to oppooe theg.
The battle started at; 3:lllamrc: (this means, t;hLj big Cow -
gicld), opposite thc prnaent Tttch. mrt proceeded through
RatUieran and Portnascully to B..il.lygorr?;y ( "tho bloody towneland"
ae it was called after that fight; it used to be 3 townalunda
c~tllcd Bmrabhaile , Punabhailr! ~llld Culabhailn) . ik~i,: them,
Power and his rnen wwe driven UY the Ballygorey knocks to tllittlo
field which is still called Knocknagcupall. It waa there that
Power watered his horses.
Frow there, the battle prooesded towards M~or~cen, but in a
field ca3lod Bul. a coime ("the laat atand") between there and
Glen grant Power was defeated. He headed up the hoonveen Knock
rod ahd down to the 3uir at a pl;zctl which to this day is called
Power-aige-snaah ( ''whe~e Power swam across1?)
. On his way
crossing thc river he put up hi3 hand and suLd "Hcidh la v ile a.g
dtl Paor " - " Power has livnd to fight another c12yu, bnt he
nevcr agnin was sccn in South Xilk~nw.

It is reasonable to suraise that the marauding Norsemen who
founded ~Yaterford in the 9th or early 10th Century were on the
lookout for ta Landing place in sheltered water that could be
c~nvuniently defended from the hostile Irish. The site thoy
chose was six miles up a navigable river from a wall-protected
natural harbour at a paint where an extensive area of marshland
and a tidal tributary offered protection on the East and South-
Hast side6 end where there was a tidal stream or pill an the
dost. ;of their lmmediatta naads they chose wall. \!hen tho
firrt barriers of oppasition were broken down and when they began
to leed a more settled life they were able to trade with those
who dwelt or held sway along the banks 43f the three great rivers
that flaw into waterford Hsrb~ur,
Their sdttlemant comprised an area of only abgut 20 acres
and was roughly the shape of an equilateral triangla. It must
have baen obvious td them from the start that, even in the
absence ~f open hostility, permanent defence works would be
ensontie1,since raiding and counter-raiding pLayed so large a
part in contemp~rary Irish life. 'Their first farm of perimeter
fence would almost certainly have been of timber but, fn th.e
thr.8.e centuries or so that they wera here befbra the Normans
came , they had plenty of time t3 replace them by something better
- perhaps edrthworks and paligades. A t any rate, there seems
to be 1.ittle doubt that by the timz the city was assaulted by
the Normans under Str~ngbow (11701, they had stone walls, and
good onee at that, seeing that the attackers were twice repulsed
and pnly succeeded in carrying the assault after cutting down a
pr'bp which supported a house which , in callapsinp, carried part
of the wall' wlth it.
'de are t)old that a tower stood at each apex of tne triangle
and that those a t the*' East and (Yest ends of the river front were
called Rzgina?d's Tower and Turgesiusl.Tower, respectively.
These names, which persistad under &he N qrrnan r>ccupation,proclaim
their Viking origin. Turgeoius (a Satinised corruption of
Thorgil) was a prominent leader of those of the N.lrscnzn who
sousht to colonise the coastal parts ~f treland aftdr having
plundered and slafn their inhabitants since thsir first ap2earance
in the year 794. Reginald, (or Ragnaud,) appears to have been
the local ~orse'ruldr about a century-ahd-a-half- later and the
erection, in 1003, oF the tower which be2rs hi; hame is ascribed
to him. Geraldus Carnbrensis tells us that Strohgbow captuxed
and executdd Sitric (or Syctara~) in "Turris Rzqirlsldi", a
fact which shoius that a t least 'there was a tower so-named at: the
time of the invasion. It may nat.have been even on the slte
of the present tower or it may have been on the site but later
demolished. Again, it may well be that the lower vertical -
walled portion of the present tower is of the Norse period,
but 'it is most unlikely that the upper (battered wall )saction
is of earlier than ?3tli C~ntury date,

dhat~ver Eurm the Norse dcfencds may have taken, or what -
ever th~lr' extent, the conquering Normans lost na timu in
expelling'both Norse and. Irish inhabitants and in Qrecting
further, Halls to keep .them out. T h2 La%,, 12th and u ~ r l y 13th
Century was a period of great building activity through~ut
Norman-occupied Ireland and daterford was nq exception to this
rule. The iiorman walls took in J great deal more than the old
Norse town which, by then, had probably expanded well beyond
i t ' s original Ycstcrn S~unanry. This, the N~r~n~ns procs~dtld to
taka down. Thcy built a new wall along the Quay, and .i new
one on the L~st ~idc, both prssumably Dn thc lines of thu old
Norse walls, but they extended the Eastcrn w.311 long the edge
of the marsh as far as the site af t h present ~
Xailway Square,
than ran it dcr;t~~~rd t, thd French T ower dnu rdturnou it Northward
to the quay, taking in abgut 53 acres.
This crork was d ~ n e under the authority oF charters granted
by King Johna(!199-1216) dnd Kin5 H cnry LL1 (1216-1272) .
These ~hartors enabled the May.~r .t3 Levy tax 7n w.~terbaxne
merchandise for the construction and upkeep of the city walls.
Subscquont PL~nt~ganet monarchs also showed similar fabours to
Naterfoxd.
The city was fraquontty under attack by the Powers, the .
tlalshs sfid the OIDrisc>!!s during tho first few c ~ n t ~ r of i ~ s
Anglo- Ncrman rula. Following a serics of such attacks, Richard
11, in 1394, on tha occasion of his first visit to .datcrford,
duthosiscd the strengthening and improvement of the walls.
Alang the line of the _walls there were several gata.s,flsnkad
by defensive towers, and several other towers at strateqis points.:
N one Ean say -with certainty when thase usre built. The
c 1 nstruction of the walls themselves is said to have been begun
in 1211, St,.dhhn's Gate and St. Patrick's Gate probably data
from this time-also, since thay Led to the areas where the dis -
possessed' No~se and Irish hed rerpac$ively settled, 1.a. .
Bsllytruckl'e and the prese,nt-day Ballybrickijni
A recanstru~tion mapaf 1673 shows.no fwwgr than 23 towerr
on the line af the walls* apart from 'ather dctfensive works.
This checks with Sir Thmas Phillip's map of 1685 which was one
of a sexfes pr.epare

of Tur esius' f owcr snd Goose Gate iowcr,f~ast side of Henrietta
Stre!et 3 ,both of which were rect~lngular. From the rear corner
af t'he Goose Gate T3wer the wall ~3ntinued eastward in a second
straight stretch* but in a slightly less squtherly dfractign,
as far as the angle at Tritschlexs~, From this angle the
third stxaight brought the wall to Reginald's T owcr, Thus,
while T urgssiusf Tower was behind the wall, Goose O.tte Tower
formed a bastion on it.
The line.of the wall alcng the Quay was some distance back
from the present frontage , especially between aarr~nstrand St,
and Conduit Lane and ~gdin butwudn Exchange St, and Keysar St.
From Henrietta St, eastward it caincfdsd with the frontage. A
sectirrn of the wall from Grayfriars to tho angle at ~ritschldr&''
remained intact until 1834 or possibly Later. There were water
gates st Condu'it Lane and Exchange St. and one in between. There
was another at Henrtatta St. and a fifth at the feat of Bailey's
New Street.
Inside the wall there was a relatively ~ i d e street From
about Howard's to Henrietta St,, where it narrbwed ta a pasFaga . '
way that ran behind the entire circufc af the.walls. At the
other end the street turned into Balyts (or BaiLey's) Lane,-now
Cathedral Lano - the houses facing which had their backs to the
city wall.
The present Exchange St. did not run right dswn to the Quay
but was a Lane, known as The Shambles, that extended only about
10t3''below High Street, where it opened into an open space about
153' deep and of roughly the same width. This* .apparently, was
where butchering was originally carried out. Later it + became
the Corn Mdrkut, and, before the middle of the lath Century it
had become the sits of two elegant public buildings, namely, the
Exchahgo and the Custom House, as may be seen In the Van der
Hagen painting of 1736,
The Ordnance Survey naps bh3w dn historic site symbol at ;he
foot of Keyser St. and mark it as' "Site of Keyserfs Castleff.
H owever, I have failed to find any evidence ~f a tower in such
a Location on any map - either that of 1673 or Phillip's
accurate survey of 1685. A correspanding pasition at the foot
of Henrlatta St. would ba roughly c~rrect for the tower whichp2-
far want of a better narno, I hava called Goose Gate Taker, sineL
thd former name of Henrietta St. wds G~TOS& Gate Lano. Incidentqlly
the street now called Keyser St. Is a bit of a mystery, The
name appears in the Danish towns .~f Dublin and Waxford 8190,. and
..
is a Norse word meanfng, apparkntly, the street of the ship - .
wharves. So much fox "Keysex's CastleH. But in the Civil
Survey of 1653 and on thk Richards ~ n Scale' d map of 2764 it
is Kernpsonls Lantf:'' By 1841, when thd first Waturfard city map
by the Ordnance Survey appearad, It had became Keyscr's Lanc.
1 cannot offer any explanation either for the rnisZocation of
t he castle site ox for the street name.
CONTINUED in UECIES 5

. .
Luko hddidg's .Baeord f 1635 :
Thm following burial8 rrr tlken fro. Volumr 111 of t'Anaels
Thr iatmrior of the Holf QhomL Friaky, corronlr called
the 'huh Chu~~h", ohowing .buri.ll roniuonts in

& Nicholas of Waterford:, a keen hoLy maa who predicted to the brethren
the day of his death.
. The founder is said to bave been the illustrious Sir Hum Po~ceLlus,
apd this is 7lainly confirmed by a fragment oi an old masnuacript
of tho convent which says ; at the right hand side of the high
altar is ehe burial place of Sir Hue> Poreellue, wha was the -
fouader of thi~ convent '.
This Sir Hugh PurcelL waa the son of Walter Pwcell, who came to
Irelend with the Earl Marshal and died about la?Q. He married
Beatrix, dauater of Theobald YalOer. 1. (~ounder of the Butler
family), who brou~ht him as her dowry the laqde of Inughrnoe,Couurtg
Tippsrarg. Theg were the founders of the P rcells, Barons of
Laughmoe .
Pr.8umably the old manuscript referred ho by Wadding (alao by Mooney)
in tba l i m t 6f medieval burials refarfed to below. Actudly this
lirt sayn that Purcell wae buried on the left hand side of the high
altar, not the right. I euppose it all depends on which way the
writer faces, Anyway, the Gospel side of the high altar waa the
traditionhl burial place for founders and that no doubt is where
Purcell wet6 buried-
Be is certafnly nut there now. AC what stage was he removed 7
Meehante ''Rise and Fall of the Fretnciacan Monasteries in Irelandtb
wrttten in 1878 uhich purports td be a ltfaithful paraphraserf of
Moonsy'a 1617( "De Provincia Hiberniae Sancti FTancisci~'pub1i~hsd
Aaelectta Hibernica Vlr accaunt but is actually no such tug,states
that P~oell~s~~recurnbent effigy may etLl1 be seen in our much -
injured churchtt, This is, implicitly contradioked by both.Moaney
himaelf and Wadding, who bath had ta rely on the ancient Hmuecript
for knowledge of the tomb's whereaboutm; if it had been there before
their egee, thia would hardly have been neceseary.
Waddin8 aleo etatee that Sir Nicholala Wdah, who died two yeare
before Mooney's visit, was buriad on the Gospel sido of the High
A l t u ,"in tho fwadera tomb". do that pronumbly rettled rrhatever
wan left of Purcell and his munument.
RylandtHistory of Matorford 18241 ,thouat that an effigy found by
Smith,(Eistory of Waterford 17461,in w cellar was th~ tombstohe of
Purcell;houever, he failed to find it,and Egan (1894) correctly
paints aut that the csat af arms described by Smith is not that of
Purcsll.
There one would bavo expected the matter to rest(literally), but
Cmon Power has something extraurdinary to say un the subject;
Speaking of the pillar at ths West end of the Lady Chapel,he says:
"About 18ft. from this pillar,rneasurin~ from the street,and at the
depth of 14ft.benaath the auxface df the ground,Mr. Mylas Baillie,
Builder, states that a few yuare since,he discovered the tomb of
the founder. The Contractor's workmen were excavating at the time.
for the foundation of the houses which nsw face the atreet. So
Little interest was taken in the discovery that the houses ware
actually built over the tomb, Mr. Baillie atates emphatically that
the elab bearing the inscription was massive and very heavy, and
that it bare the date 1240 and the name Hugo Purcsll in raised
Roman Capitals . The inscription , ha adds, was in Latin .
It is exceedingly to be regretted that, before the

not taken to remove or even examine the tomb8 unearthed, as another
ogpurtunity for doing either will not occur for a centurytf.
.. .
. -
If the tomb discovered was indeed a contempor&ry.monument to Sir
Hugo Purcell,,then,$t is the oldest dated.tombstone in Ireland !
How did it get into the Lady.Chape1 7 Whatever the truth of the
matter, it seems that the workmen did unearth something, and if
ever the Corporation decides to demolish the houses build round
the Lady Chapel, I hope they will investigate before erecting any
new ones.
Another holy man, Brother John Luker, was interred here in secret A
His body was originally buried in St. Mary's Church, -"on the aite
of the prcsunt Franciscan Friary, but was exhumed many years later
by a member of his Order, together with a devout aocular priest and
a pious matron, as he himself had roqueeted when on the point of
death. Thip incident happenod to interest me when I v ~ s a young
man, and I heard that tho corpsc had been found in perfect condition
and the clothes and sandals intzc t",
Other sourcoa tell us that Luker died in 1597, and that he was not
buried in thc church of his Order because of the religious persecution
at the timc. A chalice which he caused to be made in 1595
was dimovered in an old well, and is now proaerved in Braeanz~.
House, Carlaw, the residence of the Bishops of Hildare and L~ighlin.
"Here also is the resting-place of Brother Donatus Dalncus, who in
his younger days suffered many tribulations for the Catholic faith.
He entered the Franciscan Order and died in 1614, leaving behind
him throughout the kingdom a reputation of wonderful integrity ,
aingular wisdoin and,laudable ianoccnce. May more things could be
said of him ".
In the main chapel, on the Epistle aide, reat the bodies of the most
illu&riaue Lord Richard Paer, Barm af Currnghmor, an ardent
sagporter of the Catholic faith and of his wife, Catherine da Barry
danetar of the Great Barry, Vfaeount of Bu'tivania~t.
Richard, 4th Lord Power and Cur~agbmoro, succeeded to the title in
1542 and died 8th.~ughet 1607. Notwithstanding Wadding's eulogy
of him, he waa loyal $0 the ~ngidsh'administratibn~rind wae instrumerrtal
in causing hi8 rebel' 'kinsmen to submit to the Crown. Canon
Power rightly say% of him: "That Lord Richard acted betimes the role
of Vicar'of Bray smmms clear from the fact that John Davys,Attorney
General, writing to Cecil, styles him a 'well - affected Pratestant'
while Wadding describes him as 'an active defender of the Catholic
faith'. I Canon Power also telle us that when Hyhs Baillie's workmen
allegedly discovered the tomb of Sir Hugh Pureall, they also found
two other slabs beside it, one af which bare an inscription in
English whiclkincluded tho name Richard Power.
ItQn the Gospel side, in Lhe tomb of' the founder, was recantly
buried the most illustrious Sir Nicholas Valesiua, Knight, one
of the principal judges of the kingdom and chiaf of the Court of
Common Pleas.

Sir Nicholae Mas born in Waterford and was preswably r~lated to
the founder of the Holy Ghost Hospital. He was an ambitious and
energetic supporter of tbs English regime, especially during the
Deputy ahip of Perrott. He raa Speaker of the Irish Parliament
in 1585 and later became Lord Chief J+e$ice of the Common Pleaa an:i
a Knight. He died 12th April 1615. He had the reputation of
being the ri~heat commaner in Munster.
Don Fpilip O'Sullivan Beare did not share WaddingVe admiration
for dir Nich~xaa, of whom he wrote in .his ''Bistory of the
Catholics in Irelandtt: "Then died Nicholas Walsh, a notable Judge
of the heretics in Ireland, rho because he was a heretic and
behaved savagely towards the Irieh, obtained a poaition of great
dignity among the Englitsh. Growing old, and fearing the approach
of death, he obtained with tears the mercy of the Cathalio Church".
Why he had s right to be buried in the founder's tonib is anyoneVs
guess; but with Sir Nicholas Walsh on the Gospel side of-tlie High
altar, and Richard Lord Paww on the Epistle side, the cross of
Chriet-wauld appear - to . have stood onca again between two thieves.
. .-- . --I-.-- ._-
4 ,
.i3 :, .
a ( '
3.. "In the grpat chapkl -;,f the ~e'cand church, or ~hee? qf the .blessad
Virgin, arc the darvd. pthc squlchrcis of the moe$ 'illuetrious
lords - Barone of Cunile and KilmedanG , fmnders af tho 'Chapeln.
This is confirmud by the Funvral entry in the Genealogical Office
of Micholns Power, LBrd'of Kilmaiden, which ways that he was buried
in the "Hospital .of Waterfdrdtt on 3rd Aw-iJ, -J&3,kd . -
- 4 .
J
"In the middle of the same chap1 (i. c. 'the Lady chap1 1, to' the "'
right aa you enter or on the Epistle side, iq erccted in a recess
.
&the r~ll 'the tomb of tho Waddings, in which, 1
.
remember, wne
laid the illustrious Thomae Wadding, my worthy: pi~ternnl uncle, .whose
memory is blessed among'us hnd always will be,' on~nccount of his
great liberality to the .poor, his ready and open hospitality to a11
the devout and to the chrgy,' and-also the dutiea he fulfilled far
the Christian state.
''Next to him lie William my other unclc and Walter my devout father
to whom 1 :un indebted not only for my birth but marc particularly
for his assiduous attention to my Chrietian training and his very
great concern for my proper education. He wdk divided in death
from his loving wife, our mother Ana8tasia Larnbards, who woe
carried off by a severe and deadly plague ,,on accoun* of which
he was not allowed to rest ~ it her huibaild but Y ~ buried B in the
monastery of St. Catarine outside the City....r1 (on the diteaf the
preeont Courthouse).
CONTINUCD in DECICS 5

WILLIAM UDMOND AND T IRISH FREE STATE
In nost histories Willi~it Hedmnd's political career rstea little nore
than a footnote.
political force.
The onca great Irish Parlimentarj P~rty was a apent
During the turbulent period after 1922 other individuals,
and their organizations, e~narged into the limelight.
ronains an interesting, if forgottm, figure.
Rednond, nevertheless,
It certainly could be a r~ed
that he remained the stevldard bearer of netionalist thought throughout the
period 1922 - 1932.
Joe Devlin waa in the North separated by t he border.
John Dillon had rutired from active politics after hia defe~t in the 1918
election. And Tim Kealy's position as governor-general isolated hin from
1 .
active politica.
Redmond'e attitude towards the atate provides an insight into a change
in $olitidal allegtance. In fact, during those ten years, he novod from
beiw an interested byst~nder to leader of the National League, end finally
ending as a loyal supportor of the Cmann na nGsedhoa1 party. Ris actions
wirror the trend in Erish politics which hns destroyed most third partfee
and reduced the nuqber of independent deputies to n mare shadaw of their
fomer strength. Therefore, this article will attenpt to shed some light
yn why Radmond followed the course he did end whet were the reasons behind
his conversion to the pro-Trenty Cunsnn nn nGaadheal novenent.
6 natural starting point for such an osaay is the tnqlo-Irish Treaty
**
09 1921. This dacunent ushsrer! in *hat has largely baen n tvc party ayetee.
Deqf t e* proportional rapresent at ion no pali tick hovoment haa bem able to
challenge the streqth of the twb parties bcrn out of the l&aty and civil
war Conflict. 2
Perhopa it would have been natural for tho Irish Parliauentary party
to become a contender for the sinews of power, After all, tba nenbera of
that party had far more explrience than either pro ar anti Tr~aty Sinn Fein. 3
A atandard interpretation of why this thseet did not nstexialiaa is that the
IPP ma aa badly boaton in 1918 that it no longer was a political force t o
worry about.4
Hororcr, Brim Famll haa dispelled thia argulmt by poidt-
iw out that' tho nationalists maintained, if -not incraased, their auppoit at
that election. 5

Roduond contended that nationdista staod dm at the 1922 election in or5er
to allow tha peuplo to,dscide between the two winga of Sinn Fein. He masonsd
that the conflict over tha Treaty mast be settlod at the ballot bar and
the best chance to reach such zl dscUfun wae to "place no obatacle in its
path."6 Rebond' a attitude is similar to that adopted by the Irish Labour
party et the 1918 general electioL Of oourse, such aegions are easily
crittciaed. In both the case of Labour and the IPP, standing dorm at the
election may have been the noble thing to do but it allowed Sinn Fein to
strangthen its hold on tho palitical systen.
Certainly, flednond ' s attitude is backed by a look at .-tbg .c-~didstes
that went forward at the 1922 general election. Out of the 173 that went
fornard only 4. had been farnsr Westminister M.P.'s. Neverthelelsa, the
split between pra and anti Sinn Fein waa not closed but widenad into a bitter
civil war.
The wonts af 1922 and 1923 convinced Redmond, slow' with other
nationalists, that a return to active politics wae necessary.
377 oandidatofi th~t went forward, tham were 10 formor R.P.'s.
however none were affiliated to either winp of Sinn Frrin.
Out of the
standing
Almost all of
the nationalists ran either. as independenba or Faxnorat condidatee.
It is inportant at this stage to streas that the pro-treaty Cwann na
nGaedheal government was made up alnorat ontiraly of forner Sinn Fein nembera.
?hie factor largely explaina the actfans and attitudes adopted by tho nationaliats,
in general, and Rsdnond in particular. The period 1922 till 1927 is
markrtd by a conatant conflict centering not only on the Treaty split but also '
on Sinn rein policy. Briefly, fhmmn na nGaedheal was assailed both inside
and outside the Deil aa being anti-republican. The government, quito
naturally, resented an atteapt to link it with the old Irish Paxlianantary
Party.
Perhaps thu nost famous incident of t his conflict occurod during thc
boundary detjato in December af 1925.
Labour. nlong wftb aevcrai Independantx,
charged that the government had acconpliahed less than John Rednond waa able
to achieve in 1914 md for his troubles he
life."
been "houndad out of pubLjc
Willinn Rednond hatly defondsd the uctiaw of the 'lP3 ~ut gcvem-
nent deputies eslled him a "Pon'kiua PilateV+nnd yelled that t h rrationalist::
~
had fostered
In one of the must unruly debates ever asen in
the Dail, the Ceann Conbairle, PUchaeZ Hayes, had to aaqure nationalists
that "no deputy in this Houau abused tho marnary of Jab Redmotid" while warning
thd govemunt that "1 shalf, dot allow anybadg to abuse the uemoq of.. ..

The govern~ent's attitude convinced Hedmond that sn alternative
political party waa neaeaeary.
Thonae OtI)onnell, fomed the Nationdl League.
In Septmber of 1926 Rednml, dong with
Lt would be difficult to
equate tha National League as anythiw but an atteapt to re-introduce the
Irish Parliamentary Party back into Irish Politics.
noted that Redrlond denied that this was the case.
Ilawever, it ehuvld be
Inatend he argued that
tho new party was aimiw at "a vary larg~ section of'the 1risI.I people that
have for the past aix yeam had no voice and have taken no part in the government
of the country. lJl
TEE NiiTIONkL ZEiGUE AND TB3 1927 ELECTION:
There were two main groups which Rodclond sought support from, ex-
Britieh serviceman & town tenant associations.
Redmond argued that the
contr%butions made by Irish eoldiers during the war had played a art in
freeing Ireland .and their services had b'g8n *ignbred by t'he gov~rnmbnt.
12
Moreover, he had, in 1926, lad the fight for inproved and lasting legislation
which-'woUd' safeguard tenant's rights. l3 ~nfortunstely for ~ obnd ha..
the town tenants and British Ex-servicemenfs organla_atiopa were split, with
group8 in Gorey , Tullemore, Dublin end Wioklow in f avow. of the IstiaU
League while other sectione, auch as Kerry
14
oppoa~d.
Perhapa Rebond ' s brkeat at and during the election campaign concerned
tho Irish language.
Both wigns of Sinn Fein were firmly co~aittod to a
compulsory language policy. Redmond armed that although in favour of a
1
revival he was totally opposed to cornpulaive legislation which would force
people to learn Irish. l5
At thia tins the government' B policy ram not
merely canfined to the schoala but there ;are attempt.
- ..
to inoludo lmguqp
.- - - -.
requirenenta for public sector jobs, as wall ae both medical and judieral
appointments.
-. - -
Redmond'e 8tance made him a marked man by Irieh enthueiasta
who actively uorked a&al~t hia party. 16
Time and space daea not pernit a detailed analyeis of tho eloctipn
campaign. l7 Boxever, it.-xduld ' be iciioesible to underatand Redrnond1 s later
attitude to the Coegrave government without tauchiw on the election campaign.
C m na nGaedhea1 saw Rednsnd's new party aa a threat to its electoral
. ,.
support. With hindaight no know that this challenge fdled to naterialise.
But in 1927, no one really knew how much support a natiormlist party,led bp
Redmond would be able t o nuater.
Moreover, the National League waa pledged
to the Treaty and would take votes fro= Cumann na nGaedheal rathar than Sim

Pein or Pianna Fail. Therefore the govement spent a good dsal of the
election campaign attacking Redmond and the Irish Parliamentary Party.
(TO be continued in Deciea 5)
Sources :
l~illiam OtBrian papars, letters from HceLy to O'Brisn tend to stresa this
point.
2~hd Irieh Labour party has ~urviwd throughoh the period ; however, it
ahoud be remembered that the party had as mmy mats in June 1927 as it
'
did in 1965.
Brim A. Reymlds. William T. Cosgrave &d the Foundation of the Irish
blme State, unpnblished master's thesis, 1971
b h m bmmt a-p~o
p. 266-67
w,
of this attitude cornea from Dorothy Hamardle, The Iris
5~rim Farnll, The.Foundiw of Dail him-, pp. 45-50
,10 rpi.h, March 11, 1927
.1 A, March 25, 1927
121 riab !&me, April 6 th, 1927 -
- t
'13~eotm&th Examiner, December, 25th. 1926
1 4 ~ April , 50, 1927 ai WY do-
~ a ad, y 1927
'1have previausly covered this question in ay address: !William Redmond
an& Bormation of the Nationetl League1*, Old Watmord S-, dov. -. 7,1975;
much of this talk was reprinted in the Munster Exprese Nov. 14 - 21,1975.
'CASTLES OF WATLHY~RTJ :
Does anybody know whether there is a list available of castles in County
'daterford-,? Can anytiody, for instance clarify whether -there were two castles'
in Tourin, in Bollyheny, and maybe in Butlerstown ? What about the caatle of
Mountain Castle indicated in Smith's map . The historian of the O'Driana,
tracing the Comeragh Branch, nentions "Pierce O'drien, living in 1887 at
Ballyeighteragh Castle, County Wnterford". There's not even .a ruin on this
tomland now - what happened the castle P

-. .---
BY John Mulholland
In 1876 a totaidof 814 pebple owed all the land in the County ,
of thcse, 214 oIw'K&d-h.U?itqp. trf- .Eeae tha~ onc acre in cxtznt. The
remaining 99,186 inhabitants owned neither rod,pols nor perch of
their native soil. The "tap twenty" landowners ownod over half the
County. These were, in descending ilrdcr of size, ns follawa : -
The Marquess of Waterford,of Curraghaore : 39,883 Acres (over 60 8q.
Miles)
Lord Stuart de ~Ccies of Dromana
. - .
. 30,822 (~edj-56
aq. miles)
The Duke 09 Duvonshiro ,of Liarnore Castle : 27,483 '' (over 40 Bq.
Hilea!
Richard A.
Chearnloy of Salterbridge
E.de la Poer of Gurteen
3. Palliser of Cornragh
Lord Ashtawn of Wuodlaun,Co, Qalway
Sir J. H. Keene of Cappoquin
Sir R,J.
Musgrave of Tourin
Earl of Dartrcy uf Monnghan
Hun. CoWoMm Srnyth of Ballinatray
Cagt. J. Bury of Mg Collop Castle
Sir C.E.B. Kjnnedy of J~hnstown,Co.Dublin :
Viscount Donernile of'Drmeraile Co. Cork :
Earl of Huntingdon of Qaultior cottage
Sir J,N.Humhle
Sir H.P.2.
Ms. C.1,
of Cloncoekeran

OLD WATERFORD
SOCIETY
FRIDAY 11th March:
FRIDAY 1st April:
"Richard I1 in Ireland".
A Lsctura by Mrs. Margaret Phelon,
In CENTRAL ~ECI~HICAL INSTITWE
Parnell St., at 8,OU p,r.
Annual General lleetinp.
TEACI-iERS C3T:TRE st 8 m00 p.~.
- ,PRIQAY 22119 April: Georgian uratcrford.
A*
Lecture by Vr. Georpc Gossip,
In TEACFSRS CENTRE 8.00 p.m.
t
b
MY: Publication c I ' DECIEG! 5,
the following - -
This will includc part 11 of
The Ylalls and Defences zf 1''aterford [will include map of
"LII-I--C----I-I-"---IIILL"--
€fiZ'Zi€irc defences hnd descriptior
of walls l~avinp south
fros the river)
Fiznn. F3 il and then ~umknn
na nGael>