(kassel, hessen) and its engravings
(kassel, hessen) and its engravings
(kassel, hessen) and its engravings
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THE ZÜSCHEN I MEGALITHIC MONUMENT<br />
(KASSEL, HESSEN) AND ITS ENGRAVINGS<br />
ANIMAL TRACTION, PLOUGHS, CARTS<br />
AND WAGONS IN NEOLITHIC EUROPE<br />
EMMANUEL ANATI AND MÁRIO VARELA GOMES<br />
2013
THE ZÜSCHEN I MEGALITHIC MONUMENT<br />
(KASSEL, HESSEN) AND ITS ENGRAVINGS<br />
ANIMAL TRACTION, PLOUGHS, CARTS<br />
AND WAGONS IN NEOLITHIC EUROPE<br />
EMMANUEL ANATI AND MÁRIO VARELA GOMES<br />
Lisbon<br />
2013
TITLE:<br />
The Züschen I Megalithic Monument (Kassel, Hessen) <strong>and</strong> <strong>its</strong> Engravings. Animal Traction,<br />
Ploughs, Carts <strong>and</strong> Wagons in Neolithic Europe<br />
AUTHORS:<br />
Emmanuel Anati<br />
Mário Varela Gomes<br />
PHOTOGRAPHS:<br />
Mário Varela Gomes<br />
RECORDS:<br />
Emmanuel Anati<br />
Mário Varela Gomes<br />
DESIGN:<br />
Joana Gonçalves<br />
Mário Varela Gomes<br />
TRANSLATION AND REVISION:<br />
Tânia Manuel Casimiro<br />
Kierstin Doreen Hamilton<br />
PRINTING AND BINDING:<br />
Ulzama Digital - Navarra - España<br />
Print-run: 200 copies<br />
ISBN: 978-84-7956-121-5<br />
Legal Deposit: Z 1493-2013<br />
Distribution: Pórtico Librerías, S.A. · Muñoz Seca, 6 · 50005 Zaragoza (España) · distrib@porticolibrerias.es ·<br />
www.porticolibrerias.es<br />
© Instituto de Arqueologia e Paleociências & Authors<br />
Sponsors:
INDEX<br />
1. DISCOVERY AND PROBLEMATICS 1<br />
2. NATURAL AND CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT 13<br />
3. 1974 SURVEY 15<br />
4. ARCHITECTURE 17<br />
5. ARCHAEOLOGICAL FINDS 23<br />
6. MEGALITHIC ART – ANALYTICAL STUDY 27<br />
6.1. SIDE A 27<br />
6.2. SIDE B 39<br />
6.3. HEAD STONE SLAB (C1) 64<br />
6.4. ENTRANCE STONE SLAB (D1) 69<br />
6.5. ENGRAVED FRAGMENTS (KASSEL MUSEUM) (E1 AND E2) 76<br />
7. ICONOGRAPHY 83<br />
7.1. STONES SURFACES 83<br />
7.2. REPRESENTATION TECHNIQUES 83<br />
7.3. ICONOGRAPHIC REPERTORY 84<br />
7.4. ASSOCIATIONS 89<br />
8. CHRONO-STYLISTIC EVOLUTION 101<br />
8.1. EMPIRIC INFORMATION 101<br />
8.2. CONTEXT 105<br />
9. CULTURAL INTEGRATION 113<br />
9.1. THE ANIMAL TRACTION COMPLEX 113<br />
9.2. PLOUGHS AND YOKES 115
9.3. TRIBULA AND SLEDGES 119<br />
9.4. CARTS AND WAGONS 119<br />
9.5. WHEEL TRACKS AND PLANK PATHS 122<br />
10. EUROPEAN ROCK ART COMPLEXES WITH BUCRANIA, PLOUGHS AND WAGONS 125<br />
10.1. MAGOURA CAVE 126<br />
10.2. CAMONICA VALLEY 126<br />
10.3. MONT BEGO 130<br />
10.4. SARDINIA 132<br />
10.5. IBERIAN PENINSULA 133<br />
10.6. SCANDINAVIAN PENINSULA 141<br />
11. PALEOETHNOLOGIC INTERPRETATION 143<br />
11.1. FOOD PRODUCING ECONOMIES AND THE SACRED 143<br />
11.2. HOMES FOR THE DECEASED 145<br />
11.3. SOCIAL AND RELIGIOUS ICONOGRAPHY 148<br />
11.4. TERRITORY AND SOCIETY 155<br />
11.5. THE FIRST EUROPEAN WHEELED VEHICLES 156<br />
12. CONCLUSIONS 165<br />
REFERENCES 169<br />
SITE INDEX 179
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