Traditionally Using Antidiabetic Medicinal Plants In ... - URP Journals

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International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical and Biosciences
Universal Research Publications. All rights reserved
Original Article
TRADITIONALLY USING ANTIDIABETIC MEDICINAL PLANTS IN
TAMIL NADU.
B.JAYAPRASAD, D.THAMAYANDHI and P.S.SHARAVANAN*
Department of Botany, Annamalai University
Chidamabaram, Tamil Nadu, INDIA
E-mail id- drpssharavanan@yahoo.co.in
Mobile No- 9443939852
Received 28 June 2011; accepted 22 July 2011
Abstract
Herbal medicine is gaining popularity both in developing and developed countries because of their natural origin. The
herbal drugs with antidiabetic activity are yet to be commercially formulated as modern medicines, even though they have
been acclaimed for their therapeutic properties in the traditional systems of medicine. The present article gives a brief idea
about diabetes mellitus and its treatment by using herbal remedies. A survey have been done in various place of Tamilnadu
and communicated with the traditional healers, Siddha and Ayurvedha doctors, regarding the herbs that control diabetes.
List of those medicinal plants and their common name, botanical name, family and various uses has been discussed in this
article. This article may help the forth coming researcher’s work in diabetes.
© 2011 Universal Research Publications. All rights reserved
Key words: Antidiabetic, Medicinal plants, Traditional healers, Diabetes and its types.
Introduction:
In the last few years there has been an exponential growth
in the field of herbal medicine and these drugs are gaining
popularity both in developing and developed countries
because of their natural origin. Many traditional medicines
in use are derived from medicinal plants, minerals and
organic matter (7). Number of medicinal plants,
traditionally used for over 1000 years named rasayana are
present in herbal preparations of Indian traditional health
care systems (16). In Indian systems of medicine most
practitioners formulate and dispense their own recipes (17).
The World Health Organization (WHO) has listed 21,000
plants, which are used for medicinal purposes around the
World. Among these 2,500 species are in India, out of
which 150 species are used commercially on a fairly large
scale. India is the largest producer of medicinal herbs and is
called as Botanical garden of the World (17 a). Ayurvedha
and other Indian literature mention the use of plants in
treatment of various human ailments. India has about
45,000 plant species and among them, several thousands
have been claimed to possess medicinal properties.
Research conducted in last few decades on plants
mentioned in ancient literature are used traditionally for
diabetes has shown anti-diabetic property. It is estimated by
World Health Organization (WHO) that at least 80% of
human population rely on traditional systems of medicine
for their primary health needs and these systems are largely
medicinal plant based. The rich Indian plant wealth has
made a good contribution to the development of ancient
Materia Medica (11). Today traditional societies
throughout the World possesses a wealth of indigenous
knowledge which they have accumulated during prolonged
interactions with the nature, which remains fundamental to
their physical, spiritual and social well being (2). Ethno
botanists, throughout the World are busy to collect,
document and conserve the indigenous medicinal plants. In
the last two decades, many reports on medicinal plants used
to cure different common as well as severe diseases have
been published from the various states of India (1).
Diabetes:
Diabetes is a chronic disorder of carbohydrate, fat and
protein metabolism characterized by increased fasting and
post prandial blood sugar levels. The global prevalence of
diabetes is estimated to increase from 4% in 1995 to 5.4%
by the year 2025. WHO has predicted that the major burden
will occur in developing countries. Studies conducted in
India in the last decade have highlighted that not only the
prevalence of diabetes high but also that it is increasing
rapidly in the urban population (15). It is estimated that
there are approximately 33 million adults with diabetes in
India. This number is likely to increase to 57.2 million by
the year 2025. Diabetes mellitus is a complex metabolic
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International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical and Biosciences 2012, 2(1) 1-8

disorder resulting from either insulin insufficiency or
insulin dysfunction. Most of the food we eat is broken
down into simple sugar called glucose. This glucose is the
main source of fuel to get energy for the body. After
digestion the glucose reaches our blood stream where it is
available for body cells to utilize for energy. But insulin is
needed for the glucose to get into the cells. Insulin is a
hormone secreted by the pancreas. It is the duty of the
pancreas to secrete the adequate amount of insulin, to
transport glucose from blood into different cells of the
body. If the said pancreas does not produce enough insulin
or the produced insulin does not work properly, the glucose
cannot get into the body cells. So glucose stays in the
blood. This makes blood sugar level become high causing
diabetes. Diabetes is a chronic disorder of metabolism in
which a person has high blood sugar, either because the
body does not produce enough insulin, or because cells do
not respond to the insulin that is produced. This high blood
sugar produces the classical symptoms of polyuria
(frequent urination), polydipsia (increased thirst) and
polyphagia (increased hunger).
Types of Diabetes:
Type 1 diabetes is sometimes called Insulin-Dependent
Diabetes Mellitus (IDDM), immune-mediated or juvenileonset
diabetes. It is caused by an auto-immune reaction
where the body’s defense system attacks the insulinproducing
cells. This disease can affect people of any age,
but usually occurs in children or young adults. People with
this form of diabetes need injections of insulin every day in
order to control the levels of glucose in their blood.
Typeu2cdiabetes is sometimes called Non-Insulin
Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (NIDDM) or adult-onset
diabetes, and accounts for at least 90% of all cases of
diabetes. It is characterized by insulin resistance and
relative insulin deficiency, either of which may be present
at the time that diabetes becomes clinically manifest. The
diagnosis of type 2 diabetes usually occurs after the age of
40 but can occur earlier, especially in populations with high
diabetes prevalence. It is characterized by insulin resistance
and impaired beta cell function.
Gestational diabetes (GDM) is a form of diabetes
consisting of high blood glucose levels during pregnancy. It
develops in one among 25 pregnancies worldwide and is
associated with complications in the period immediately
before and after birth. GDM usually disappears after
pregnancy but women with GDM and their offspring are at
an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes later in life.
Approximately half of women with a history of GDM go
on to develop type 2 diabetes within five to ten years after
delivery.
Herbs for diabetes treatment are not new. Since ancient
times, plants and plant extracts were used to combat
diabetes. Though pathophysiology of diabetes remains to
be fully understood, experimental evidences suggest the
involvement of free radicals in the pathogenesis of diabetes
(10) and more importantly in the development of diabetic
complications (9). Free radicals are capable of damaging
cellular molecules, DNA, proteins and lipids leading
to altered cellular functions. Many recent studies reveal
that antioxidants capable of neutralizing free radicals are
effective in preventing experimentally induced diabetes in
animal models (12) as well as reducing the severity of
diabetic complications. For the development of diabetic
complications, the abnormalities produced in lipids and
proteins are the major etiologic factors. In diabetic patients,
extra-cellular and long lived proteins, such as elastin,
laminin, and collagen are the major targets of free radicals.
These proteins are modified to form glycoproteins due to
hyperglycemia. The modification of these proteins present
in tissues such as lens, vascular wall and basement
membranes are associated with the development of
complications of diabetes such as cataracts,
microangiopathy, atherosclerosis and nephropathy (8).
During diabetes, lipoproteins are oxidized by free radicals.
There are also multiple abnormalities of lipoprotein
metabolism in very low density lipoprotein (VLDL),low
density lipoprotein (LDL), and high density lipoprotein
(HDL) in diabetes. Lipid peroxidation is enhanced due to
increased oxidative stress in diabetic condition. Apart from
this, advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are formed
by non-enzymatic glycosylation of proteins. AGEs tend to
accumulate on long-lived molecules in tissues and generate
abnormalities in cell and tissue functions (6). In addition,
AGEs also contribute to increased vascular permeability in
both micro and macrovascular structures by binding to
specific macrophage receptors. This results in formation of
free radicals and endothelial dysfunction. AGEs are also
formed on nucleic acids and histones and may cause
mutations and altered gene expression. As diabetes is a
multifactorial disease leading to several complications, and
therefore demands a multiple therapeutic approach. Patients
of diabetes either do not make enough insulin or their cells
do not respond to insulin. In case of total lack of insulin,
patients are given insulin injections. Whereas in case of
those where cells do not respond to insulin many different
drugs are developed taking into consideration possible
disturbances in carbohydrate-metabolism. Although several
therapies are in use for treatment, there are certain
limitations due to high cost and side effects such as
development of hypoglycemia, weight gain, gastrointestinal
disturbances, liver toxicity etc (5). Based on recent
advances and involvement of oxidative stress in
complicating diabetes mellitus, efforts are on to find
suitable antidiabetic and antioxidant therapy. Medicinal
plants are being looked up once again for the treatment of
diabetes. To date, over 400 traditional plant treatments for
diabetes have been reported, although only a small number
of these have received scientific and medical evaluation to
assess their efficacy. The hypoglycemic effect of some
herbal extracts has been confirmed in human and animal
models of type 2 diabetes. The World Health Organization
Expert Committee on diabetes has recommended that
traditional medicinal herbs be further investigated. A
survey have been done in various place of tamilnadu and
communicated with the traditional healers, Siddha and
Ayurvedha doctors, regarding the herbs that control
diabetes. List of those medicinal plants are given in this
article.
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International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical and Biosciences 2012, 2(1) 1-8

Materials and method
In this article we have collected information from traditional healers, Siddha and Ayurvedha doctors all over Tamil nadu
regarding herbs that can control diabetes. List of those plants with their various therapeutic activity have been given below.
S.no
Vernacular
name
Botanical name
Family
Extracts of the
plant parts used
Local and therapeutic
uses
1. Devil’s cotton Abroma augusta Stericulaceae Young fruit
2. Thuthi Abutilon indicum Malvaceae Seeds
3. Velvellam Acacia leucophloea Mimosaceae Resin
4. Nauruvi Achyranthus aspera Amaranthaceae Root
5. Aanaipuli Actinodaphne hookeri Amaranthaceae Leaf
6. Mayil kondai Adiantum incisum Adiantaceae Whole plant
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International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical and Biosciences 2012, 2(1) 1-8
Uterine tonic,
Emmenagogue,
Urinary trouble and
Bronchitis.
Cough and
Fever.
Astringent,
Cough and
Inflammation.
Kidney stone,
Piles,
Haemorrhagia,
Diuretic and
Snake bite.
Diaphoretic,
Antipyretic and
Dysentry.
Asthma,
Antibiotic,
Spasmogenic and
Skin disease.
7. Malati Aganosma calycina Apocynaceae Whole plant Bile disorder.
8. Konda vagai Albizia procera Mimosaceae
Leaves,
Flower and Pod.
Liver disorder.
10. Garlic Allium sativum Lilliaceae Bulb
11. Indian alder Alnus nepalensis Betulaceae Stem bark
12. Onion Allium cepa Lilliaceae Bulb
13. Sitharathai Alpinia calcarata Zingiberaceae Root
14. Periya elakkai Amomum subulatum Zingiberaceae Rhizome
Anti-inflammatory,
Anticancer,
Rheumatism and
Bronchitis.
Hypoglycemic and
Spasmogenic.
Anti malarial,
Antirheumatic,
Antibacterial,
Appetizer and
Night blindness.
Skin disease,
Rheumatism and
Bronchitis.
Antifungal,
Stimulant and
Purgative.
15. Gopuramthangi Andrographis echioides Acanthaceae Whole plant
Diuretic and
Jaundice.
16. Vellaikadamba
Anthocephalus
Dyspepsia and
Rubiaceae Stem bark
chinensis
Anthelmentic.
17. Nilavembu
Chikenguinea,
Andrographis
Acanthaceae Leaf and seed Swine flu and
paniculata
Typhoid.
18. Thalaisuruli Aristolochia indica Aristolochiaceae Leaf Liver disorder.
19. Niirbrahmi Bacopa monnieri Scrophulariaceae Whole plant
Tranquilizer,
Muscular relaxant,

20. Calcutta cane Bambusa nutans Poaceae Whole plant
21. Janti Barleria cristata Acanthaceae Whole plant
22 Hinjor Barrington acutangula Lecythidaceae Root
23. Kadalthengai Barringtonia racemosa Barringtoniaceae Seed
24. Indian Barberry Berberis aristata Berberidaceae Root
25. Jhallapustipa Biophytum sensitivum Oxalidaceae Leaf
26. Pissumar
Boenninghausenia
albiflora
Rutaceae
Whole plant
27. Kungli Boswellia serrata Burseraceae Stem and root
Antispasmodic,
Spasmogenic and
Anticancer.
Anticancer and
Hypoglycemic.
Anaemic,
Cough,
Inflammations and
Spasmogenic.
Cholera,
Tooth ache,
Liver trouble and
Antiprotozoal.
Insecticide,
Antimalarial and
Antidote.
Eye complaint,
Bile disorder and
Anticancer.
Antibacterial,
Rheumatism and
Ant excitement.
Insecticide,
Antibacterial and
Spasmogenic.
Epilepsy,
Leucoderma and
Snake bite.
28. Kottargovai Casearia zeylanica Samydaceae Root
29. Avaram Cassia auriculata Caesalpiniaceae Seed
30. Konnei Cassia fistula Caesalpiniaceae Stem bark
31. Sarakonrai Cassia fistula Caeslpinaceae Bark
32 Mudakathan
33.
Cardiospermum
halicabium
Sapindaceae
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International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical and Biosciences 2012, 2(1) 1-8
Leaf
Ponaavarai Cassia siameae Caesalpiniaceae Tender leaves
34. Nithyakalyani Catharanthus roseus Apocynaceae
Leaves and
flower
35. Devadaru Cedrus deodara Pinaceae Bark
36. Carab tree Ceratonia siliqua Caesalpiniaceae Pods
37. Kovai Coccinia grandis Cucurbitaceaae Fruit and leaf
Astringent,
Cathartic and Piles.
Astringent,
Skin disease,
Anthelmentic and
Opthalmia.
Purgative,
Skin disease,
Antiviral,
Anticancer and
Antifungal.
Diabetes and
Liver disorder.
Hypotensive,
Spasmolytic,
Depressant and
Antibacterial.
Purgative,
Intestinal worms and
Anticonvulsant.
Anticancer.
Anticancer,
Astringent and
Diarrhea.
Purgative and
Astringent.
Skin disease,
Fever and
Asthma.

38. Maramaneal Coscinium fenestratum Menispermaceae Stem
39. Mavilangam Cretaeva nurvala Capparaceae
Root leaves
Bark flowers
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International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical and Biosciences 2012, 2(1) 1-8
Anti inflammatory,
Anodyne and
Ophthalmic.
Antilithic,
Anti-inflammatory and
Antiseptic.
40. Kilu killupai Crotalaria retusa Fabaceae Aerial parts. Skin disease.
41.
Nillapanaikilang
u
Curculigo orchiodes Hypoxidaceae Rhizome Gastric Problem.
42. Jeeragam Cuminum cyminum Apiaceae Seeds
Carminative,
Digestive and
Appetizer.
43. Mull Vellarikai Cucumis sativus Cucurbitaceae Fruit Whooping cough.
44. Nilapani Curculigo orchiodes Hypoxdaceae Whole plant
45. Arugampull Cynodon dacytylon Poaceae Grass
46. Karungalli Diospyras ebenum Ebenaceae Leaf
Filarial,
Venereal disease and
Anticancer.
Gastric ulcer,
Bleeding,
Convulsion,
Diuretic,
Skin disease and
Asthma.
Improves nutrition and
Appetizer.
47. Punnukilangu Dioscorea bulbifera Dioscoreaceae Aerial Parts Antifungal.
48. Kavalakodi Dioscorea oppositifolia Dioscoreaceae Whole plant Skin disease.
49. Karisilangani Eclipta alba Asteraceae Leaves and root
Skin disease and
Eye problem.
50. Nellikai Emblica officinalis Euphorbiaceae Fruits Blood Purifier.
51. Vellarugu
Enecostema
hyssopitolium
Gentianaceae Leaf and seeds Antioxidant.
52.. Maavilangam Eretaeva nurvala Capparaceae Root Skin disease.
53. Lavangam Eugenia aromatic Bark
Pain killer,
Carminative and
Anthelmentic.
54. Thillai chedi Excoecaria agallocha Euphorbiaceae Root
55. Aalamaram Ficus benghalensis Moraceae
Leaf, root and
bark
Sores ,
Leprosy,
Anticancer,
Antibacterial and
Antiviral.
Tooth aches.
56. Vendhayam Foeniculum vulgare Apiaceae Seeds
Stomach disorder and
Cooling agent.
57. Sarkarai kolli Gymnema sylvestre Asclepiadaceae Leaves
Diabetes and
Liver disorder.
58. Sembaruthi Hibiscus rosa sinensis Malvaceae Flower
Hair growth and
Increase memory.
59. Kudasapalai Holarrhena pubscens Apocynaceae Seed
Anthelmentic,
Diarrhea and
Skin disease.
60. Dharbai pull Imperata cylindrical Poaceae Stem and Roots Cooling agent.
61. Pushkaramulam Inula racemosa Asteraceae Roots Skin disease.
62.
Sarkaravalikilang
u
Ipomoea batatas Convolvulaceae Roots and tubers Food supplement.
63. Avarakai Lablab purpureus Fabaceae Seeds
Anticholesterolemic and
Antidote.
64. Odhiya maram Lannea coromandelica Anacardiaceae Bark Anticancer,

Narcotic,
Dyspepsia and
Gout.
65. Aarakeerai Marsilia quadrifilia Myrsiliaceae Leaves Food supplement.
66. Vembu Melia azadiracta Meliaceae Leaves
Stimulant,
Insecticide,
Leprosy and
Antibacterial.
67.. Thotachurungi Mimosa pudica Mimosaceae Leaf and stem
Antidepressant and
Skin disease.
68. Karuvepilai Murraya koenigii Rutaceae Leaf and Bark
Hair growth and
Skin disease.
69. Puunaikaalli Mucena pruriens Fabaceae Leaves
Parkinson’s disease,
Stimulates growth and
hormone.
70. Sadhipathiri Myristica fragrans Myristicaceae Seeds
Skin disease,
Aphrodisiac and
Rheumatism.
71. Jadhipathiri Myristica fragrsans Myristicaceae Root Antioxidant.
72. Mahavilvam Naringi crenulata Rutaceae Leaf
Body pain,
Colic and
Dysentery.
73. Venthamarai Nelumbium album Nelumbonceae Flower and leaf
Abdominal cramps and
Bloody discharge.
74. Pugayilai Nicotiana tobacum Solanaceae Leaf Anesthetic.
75. Thulasi Ocimum sanctum Lamiaceae Leaves
Cough ,
Cold and
Fever.
76. Nayi thulasi Ocimum americanum Lamiaceae Leaves
77.
Elumicham
thulasi
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International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical and Biosciences 2012, 2(1) 1-8
Mosquito repellent
and Antibacterial.
Ocimum gratissimum Lamiaceae Leaves Flavour.
78. Kasakasa Papaver somniferum Papaveraceae Bark
Analgesic,
Anodyne and
Antitussive.
79. Peramutti Pavonia colorata Malvaceae Root Apetizer.
80. Keezhanelli Phyllanthus amarus Euphorbiaceae Root and seeds Jaundice.
81. Devadaru Pinus roxburghii Pinaceae Leaf Stomach disorder.
82. Thipilli Piper longum Piperaceae Rhizome
83. Siriyanangai Polygala chinensis Polygalaceae Leaf
84. Madhulai Punica granatum Puniceae
Leaf and fruit
husk
85. Maasikai Quercus infectoria Fabaceae Seed husk
86. Kadal alinjil Salacia chinensis Hippocrateaceae Leaf
87. Sarkaraivembu Scoparia dutcis Scophularaceae Leaf
88. Paadhiri
Stereospermum
personatum
Bignoniaceae
Root
Stomach ache and
Bronchitis.
Expectorant and
Stimulant.
Blood purifier and
Skin infection.
Wound and
Anti-inflammatory.
Rheumatism,
Gonorrhea and
Skin disease.
Cold fever,
Enteritis,
Beriberi and
Edema.
Antimicrobial,
Antipyretic and
Ear problem.
89. Thetrankottai Strychnos potatotum Strchnaceae Seeds Increases body weight.
90. Naval Syzigium cumini Myrtaceae Seed and leaves Food supplement

and Appetizer.
91. Thalisapathiri Taxus baccata Taxaceae seeds Cardiac remedy
92. Marudha maram Terminalia arjuna Combretaceae Bark Skin disease
93. Thandrikai Terminali bellnica Combretaceae Fruits Apetizer
94. Erumaikainjori Tragia plukeneteii Euphorbiaceae Root
Antitumor,
Antioxidant and
Anticancer.
95. Sirunerungil Tribulus terrestris Zygophyllaceae Seed Skin infection
96. Sittirappadalai Uraria picta Fabaceae Whole Plant Antibacterial
97. Pulichan Uvaria narum Annonaceae Aerial Parts Stomach disorder
98. Pineymaram Vateria indica Dipetrocarpaceae Aerial Parts Skin disease
99. Ulundhu Vigna mungo Fabaceae Seeds Food supplement
100. Pasi payiru Vigna radiate Fabaceae Seeds Food supplement
101. Niirnochii Vitex trifolia Verbenaceae Aerial Parts Cooling agent
102. Amukran Withania somnifera Solanaceae Whole plant Male infertility
103. Maruloomathum Xanthium strumarium Asteraceae
Roots
Seeds
Antispasmodic
104. Makka solam Zea mays Poaceae Styles Food supplement
Inji Zingiber officinale Zingiberaceae Rhizome
Apetizer and
Stomach disorder.
105. Ellandai Ziziphus mauritiana Rhamnaceae Leaves Blood purifier
RESULTS
All together, 105 plants belonging to 64 different families
have been documented for their Antidiabetic properties and
their other medicinal uses have been given. The collected
information’s are arranged in the alphabetic order of the
plant Botanical name with the local (or) common name,
family name and therapeutic use for each plant. Some of
these plants have been already mentioned in “Medicinal
plants in India (vol-1) (3), Dictionary of medicinal plants
(4), Poorvega maruthuva nool kalanjiyam (13) and
Antidiabetic medicinal plants of India” (14).
DISCUSSION
Among the plants used for the diabetes, Gymnema sylvestre
(Retz et al.,) Melia azadiracta (L.) Bacopa monnieri (L.)
and Achyranthus aspera (L.), seems to be most common
plants used to treat diabetes and are available everywhere.
Along with these Tragia plukenetii, Polygala chinensis and
Scoparia dulcis are the major traditional drugs used for
treating this disease. The detailed natural plants not only
used for the treatment of diabetes but also treated for other
ailments also.
The claims from the present survey need to be
subjected to phyto chemical studies in order to discover
their true potential, as it is very difficult to judge the
effectiveness of herbal medicine. The main purpose is not
to prescribe any remedies for any of the diseases but to
document the uses and draw the attention of
pharmacognosist, botanist, phytochemist and
pharmacologist for further scientific research in this area.
CONCLUSION
Thus many different plants have been used individually or
in formulations for treatment of diabetes and its
complications. One of the major problems with this herbal
formulation is that the active ingredients are not well
defined. It is important to know the active component and
their molecular interaction, which will help to analyze
therapeutic efficacy of the product and also to standardize
the product. Efforts are now being made to investigate
mechanism of action of some of these plants using animal
models.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:
I wish to express my sincere gratitude to
Dr.R.Panneerselvam, Professor and Head Department of
the Botany of Annamalai University for encouraging me in
research work. My hearty thanks to my research supervisor
Dr.P.S.Sharavanan Assistant Professor in Department of
Botany Annamalai University for his marvelous guidance
and constant encouragement. My deep thanks to
Dr.Pulavar Vinayagam, Dr.B.Jayagowri BAMS and
Dr.Loganathan Ph.D, for timely help. I wish to express my
profound appreciation and sincere thanks to Mrs. Jayanthi
Balasubramanian, Mr. Chander, Mr.Ramakrishnan and all
the traditional healers who gave us these data’s. I extend
my thanks to Mr.Tamilkalaivendan, Mr. M.Balakrishnan
and S.Sabarinathan for their continues support.
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Source of support: Nil; Conflict of interest: None declared
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