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G. Qualitative Analysis (chart) VIII. Complex ion equilibria A. Complex ions are charged species consisting of a t4/ÿ surrounded by i ÿÿoÿ . A ligand is a Lewis bcÿoeÿ ion -a
molecule or ion having a lone electron pair that can be donated to an empty orbital on the metal ion to form a G0xt-0.ÿz4-,ÿ bond. g. C. Common ligands: Number of ligands attached to the metal ion is called the @_2xÿ . The most common coordination numbers are : ÿl ÿ t (o .. D° Metal ions add ligands one at a time in steps characterized by equilibrium constants called formation constants or stability constants. 1. Consider when solutions ofAg÷ and NH3 molecules are mixed, the following reactions take place ° Calculating the concentrations of all these components can be complicated, however usually the total concentration of the ligand is much larger than the total concentration of the metal ion, and approximations can greatly simplify problems. . Example: a. Consider a solution prepared by mixing 100.0 mL of 2.0 M NH3 with 100.0 mL of 1.0 X 10-3 AgNO3. Before any reactions occurs, the mixed solution contains the major species: We know that the reaction that will occur is: However, we are interested in the reaction between NH3 and Ag+ to form complex ions and since the position of the preceding equilibrium lies fax to the left (Kb for NH3 is 1.8 X 10-5), we can neglect the amount of NH3 used up in the reaction with water.
Page 1 and 2: 9 %ct,ss: q,z×ÿO-ÿxÿOO = 3,ÿox
Page 3 and 4: go+,t h0,4 wgll i ; . j D. 1. Examp
Page 5 and 6: F. Another buffer solution example:
Page 7 and 8: III. Buffer Capacity A. Objectives:
Page 9 and 10: U) g. Preparing a Buffer 1. pH of a
Page 11 and 12: @ . Example: Neutralization Reactio
Page 13 and 14: @ Point A: No NaOH has been added.
Page 15 and 16: Graph of Progess: Point A: No NaOH
Page 17 and 18: Point C: 25.0 mL (total) of 0.10 M
Page 19 and 20: Point G: 7. Compare two graphs a. S
Page 21: Beyond the equivalence point: 1. Ex
Page 24 and 25: VI. Solubility Equilibria A. Object
Page 26 and 27: -ÿ- q--,.o x t o-ÿ D° Example: C
Page 28 and 29: Each of these solids dissolves to o
Page 30 and 31: 1. A solution is prepared by adding
Page 34: f,ÿlJ ¢ /,ÿÿ 2, S4

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