IN PRAISE OF ILLITERACY - Big Foot Union High School
IN PRAISE OF ILLITERACY - Big Foot Union High School
IN PRAISE OF ILLITERACY - Big Foot Union High School
Create successful ePaper yourself
Turn your PDF publications into a flip-book with our unique Google optimized e-Paper software.
1<br />
<strong>IN</strong> <strong>PRAISE</strong> <strong>OF</strong> <strong>ILLITERACY</strong><br />
by Hans Magnus Enzensberger<br />
Can we dispense with the written word? That is the question. Anyone who<br />
poses it will have to speak about illiteracy. There’s just one problem: the<br />
illiterate is never around when he is the subject of conversation. He simply<br />
doesn’t show up; he takes no notice of our assertions; he remains silent. I<br />
would therefore like to take up his defense.<br />
Every third inhabitant of our planet manages to get by without the art of<br />
reading and without the art of writing. This includes roughly 900 million<br />
people, and their numbers will certainly increase. The figure is impressive<br />
but misleading for Humanity comprises not only the living and the unborn<br />
but the dead as well. If they are not forgotten, then the conclusion<br />
becomes inevitable that literacy is the exception rather than the rule.<br />
It could occur only to us, that is, to a tiny minority of people who read and<br />
write, to think of those who don’t as a tiny minority. This notion betrays an<br />
ignorance I find insupportable.<br />
I envy the illiterate his memory, his capacity for concentration, his<br />
cunning, his inventiveness, his tenacity, his sensitive ear. Please don’t<br />
imagine that I am speaking not about romantic phantoms but about<br />
people I have met. I am far from idealizing them. I also see their narrow<br />
horizons, their illusions, their obstinacy, their quaintness.<br />
You may ask how it comes about that a writer should take the side of<br />
those who cannot read. But it’s obvious: it was illiterates who invented<br />
literature. Its elementary forms—from myth to children’s verse, from fairy
2<br />
tale to song, from prayer to riddle—all are older than writing. Without oral<br />
tradition, there would be no poetry; without illiterates, no books.<br />
"But" you will object, "what about the Enlightenment?" No need to tell me!<br />
Social distress rests not only on the ruler’s material advantages but on<br />
immaterial privilege as well. It was the great intellectuals of the eighteenth<br />
century who discerned this state of affairs. The people had not come of<br />
age, they thought, not only because of political oppression and<br />
economic exploitation but also because of their lack of knowledge. From<br />
these premises, later generations drew the conclusion that the ability to<br />
read and write belongs to any existence fit for a human being.<br />
However, this suggestive idea underwent a succession of noteworthy<br />
reinterpretations in the course of time. In the twinkling of an eye the<br />
concept of enlightenment was replaced by the concept of education. "In<br />
terms of the education of the populace," according to Ignaz Heinrich von<br />
Wessenbergm, a German schoolmaster in Napoleon’s time, "the second<br />
half of the eighteenth century marks a new epoch. The knowledge of<br />
what was accomplished in this regard is joyous news to any friend of<br />
mankind, encouraging to the priests of culture, and highly instructive for<br />
the leaders of the commonwealth."<br />
As far as the project of literacy goes, we’ve made great strides. Here, it<br />
seems, the philanthropists, the priests of culture, and the leaders of the<br />
commonwealth have scored triumphantly. By 1880, the illiteracy rate in<br />
Germany had fallen below one percent. The rest of the world has also<br />
made enormous progress since UNESCO raised its flag in the fight against<br />
illiteracy in 1951. In short: Light has conquered darkness.
3<br />
Our joy over the triumph has certain limits. The news is too good to be true.<br />
The people did not learn to read and write because they felt like it, but<br />
because they were forced to do so. Their emancipation was controlled by<br />
disenfranchisement. From then on learning went hand in hand with the<br />
state and its agencies: the schools, the army, the legal administration. The<br />
goal pursued in making the populace literate had nothing to do with<br />
enlightenment. The friends of mankind and the priests of culture, who<br />
stood up for the people, were merely the henchmen of a capitalist<br />
industry that pressed the state to provide it with a qualified workforce. It<br />
was not a matter of paving the way for the "writing culture", Let alone<br />
liberating mankind from its shackles. Quite a different kind of progress was<br />
in question. IT consisted in taming the illiterates, this "lowest class of men,"<br />
in stamping out their will and their fantasy, and in exploiting not only their<br />
muscle power and skill in handiwork, but their brains as well.<br />
For the unlettered human to be done away with, he had first to be<br />
defined, tracked down, and unmasked. The concept of illiteracy is not<br />
very old. Its invention can be dated with some precision. The word<br />
appeared for the first time in a French publication in 1876 and quickly<br />
spread all over Europe. At about the same time, Edison invented the light<br />
bulb and the phonograph, Bell the telephone, and Otto the gasoline<br />
motor. The connection is clear.<br />
Furthermore, the triumph of popular education in Europe coincides with<br />
the maximum development of colonialism. And this is no accident. In the<br />
dictionaries of the period we can find the assertion that the number of<br />
illiterates "as compared with the total population of a country is a<br />
measure of the people’s cultural condition." And they do not fail to
4<br />
instruct us that "men stand on a level higher, on the average, than<br />
women.”<br />
This is not a matter of statistics, but a process of discrimination and<br />
stigmatization. Behind the figure of the illiterate we can discern Hitler’s<br />
concept of der Untermensch, the subhuman who must be eliminated. A<br />
small, radical minority has reserved civilization for itself and now<br />
discriminates against all those who will not dance to its tune.<br />
Today we find that the illiteracy we smoked out has returned. A new figure<br />
has conquered the social stage. This new species is the second-order<br />
illiterate. He has come a long way: his loss of memory causes him no<br />
suffering; his lack of will makes life easy for him; he values his inability to<br />
concentrate; he considers it an advantage that he neither knows nor<br />
understands what is happening to him. He is mobile. He is adaptive. He<br />
has a talent for getting things done. We need have no worries about him.<br />
It contributes to the second-order illiterate’s sense of well-being that he<br />
has no idea that he is a second-order illiterate. He considers himself wellinformed;<br />
he can decipher instruction s on appliances and tools; he can<br />
decode pictograms and checks. And he moves within an environment<br />
hermetically sealed against anything that might infect his consciousness.<br />
That he might come to grief in this environment is unthinkable. After all, it<br />
produced and educated him in order to guarantee its undisturbed<br />
continuation.<br />
The second order illiterate is the product of a new phase of<br />
industrialization. An economy whose problem is no longer production but<br />
markets has no need of a disciplined reserve of an army of workers. The<br />
rigid training to which they were subjected also becomes redundant, and
5<br />
literacy becomes a fetter to be done away with. Simultaneous with the<br />
development of this problem, our technology has also developed an<br />
adequate solution. The ideal medium for the second-order illiterate is<br />
television.<br />
The educational policy of the state will have to align itself with the new<br />
priorities. By reducing the library budget, a first step has already been<br />
taken. And innovations are to be seen in school administration as well.<br />
You can go to school now for eight years without learning German, and<br />
even in the universities this German dialect is gradually acquiring the<br />
status of a poorly mastered foreign language.<br />
Please do not suppose that I would want to polemicize against a situation<br />
of whose inevitability I am fully aware. I desire only to portray and, as far<br />
as I can, explain it. It would be foolish to contest the second-order<br />
illiterate’s raison d etre, and I am far from begrudging him on the<br />
pleasures or his place in the sun.<br />
On the other hand, it is safe to say that the project of the Enlightenment<br />
has failed: the slogan "Culture for Everyone" begins to sound comical. And<br />
a classless culture is even further from view. On the contrary: we can look<br />
forward to a situation in which cultural castes will become more and more<br />
distinct. But these castes can no longer be described by using the<br />
traditional Marxist model, according to which the ruling culture is the<br />
culture of the rulers. Indeed the divergence between economic position<br />
and consciousness will continue to grow.<br />
It will become the new rule to see second-order illiterates occupying the<br />
top positions in politics and in business. In this connection, it is sufficient to
6<br />
indicate the current president of the United States and the current<br />
chancellor of the Federal Republic. On the other hand, you can easily<br />
find whole hordes of cabdrivers, newspaper hawkers, manual laborers,<br />
and welfare recipients whose thoughtfulness, cultural standards, and<br />
wide-ranging knowledge should have taken them far in any other society.<br />
But this kind of comparison falls short of portraying the true state of affairs,<br />
which admits of no clear analysis. For even among the unemployed you<br />
can find zombies; even in the presidential office there are people who<br />
can read and write and even think productively. But this also means that<br />
in questions of culture social determinism has become obsolete. The socalled<br />
privileges of education have lost their fearfulness. If both parents<br />
are second-order illiterates, even the wellborn child has no advantage<br />
over the worker’s son. One’s cultural cast will henceforth depend on<br />
personal choice, not origin.<br />
For all this I conclude that culture in our country has come to an entirely<br />
new situation. As for the perennial claim that culture provides a common<br />
denominator for all people—that we can simply forget. The rulers, mostly<br />
second-order illiterates, have lost all interest in it. As a result, culture<br />
cannot, and need not any longer, serve the interests of a ruling class. It no<br />
longer legitimates the social order. It has become useless—but there is a<br />
kind of freedom in that. Such a culture is thrown back on its own resources<br />
and the sooner it realizes this, the better.<br />
Where does all that leave the writer? For some time now it has not been a<br />
class privilege—or requirement to be concerned with literature. The<br />
victory of the second-order illiterate can only radicalize literature. When it<br />
has lost its value as a status symbol, as a social code, as an educational
7<br />
program, then literature will be noticed only by those who can’t do<br />
without it.<br />
Whoever wants to can bemoan all this. I have no such desire. Weeds<br />
have always been a minority, and every city gardener knows how hard it<br />
is to do away with them. Literature will continue to thrive as long as it<br />
commands a certain agility, a certain cunning, a capacity for<br />
concentration and a good memory. As you recall, these are the features<br />
of the true illiterate. Perhaps he will have the last word, since he requires<br />
no other media than a voice and an ear.