Ελένη Παπαγαρουφάλη* Η ΣΥΝΕΝΤΕΥΞΗ ΩΣ ΣΩΜΑΤΙΚΗ ...

EappleÈı. KÔÈÓ. EÚ¢ÓÒÓ, 107, 2002, 29-46
∂ϤÓË ·apple·Á·ÚÔ˘Ê¿ÏË*
∏ À¡∂¡∆∂À•∏ ø øª∞∆π∫∏ ∂π∫√π¡ø¡π∞
∆ø¡ À¡√ªπ§∏∆ø¡ ∫∞π √§§ø¡ ∞§§ø¡
EPI§HæH
ÔÏÏÔ› ·ÓıÚˆappleÔÏfiÁÔÈ ‰È·¯ˆÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙË «ÁψÛÛÈ΋-Û˘Ì‚ÔÏÈ΋» ·Ó·apple·Ú¿ÛÙ·ÛË ÌÈ·˜
ÂÌappleÂÈÚ›·˜ ·applefi ÙËÓ «appleÚ·ÁÌ·ÙÈο ‚Ȉ̤ÓË» ÂÌappleÂÈÚ›·. ÙÔ ¿ÚıÚÔ ·˘Ùfi ·ÓÙÈÎÚÔ‡ˆ
ÙËÓ ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ‰È·ÊÔÚ¿ ÌÂٷ͇ «ÁÏÒÛÛ·˜» Î·È «ÂÌappleÂÈÚ›·˜» ˘appleÔÛÙËÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·˜ fiÙÈ
Î·È Ë ÁÏÒÛÛ· Â›Ó·È appleÚ·ÎÙÈ΋ ÂÌappleÂÈÚ›· ‹ habitus. K·Ù¿ Û˘Ó¤appleÂÈ·, ÔÈ ·ÊËÁ‹ÛÂȘ appleÔ˘
Û˘Ó·ÏÏ¿ÛÛÔ˘Ì Û ÌÈ· Û˘Ó¤ÓÙ¢ÍË-Û˘ÓÔÌÈÏ›· Â›Ó·È appleÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈο Î·È ¯ÚÔÓÈο ÂappleË-
Ú·Ṳ̂Ó˜ ۈ̷ÙÈΤ˜ appleÚԉȷı¤ÛÂȘ ‹ appleÚ·ÎÙÈΤ˜. ŸÙ·Ó Û˘ÓÔÌÈÏÔ‡ÌÂ, ‚ÈÒÓÔ˘Ì ÙȘ
Û¯¤ÛÂȘ appleÔ˘ ›¯·ÌÂ, ¤¯Ô˘ÌÂ Î·È ı¤ÏÔ˘Ì ӷ ¤¯Ô˘Ì Ì appleÚ·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ Î·È Ê·ÓÙ·ÛÙÈ-
ÎÔ‡˜ ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜, Î·È ÔÈ Ôappleԛ˜ Â›Ó·È ˘apple‡ı˘Ó˜ ÁÈ· ÙȘ «ÏÂÎÙÈΤ˜ ¯ÂÈÚÔÓƠ̂˜» Ì·˜,
ηٿ ÙË Û˘Ó¤ÓÙ¢ÍË. °È’ ·˘Ùfi Î·È ÙÔ ÓfiËÌ· Ù˘ Û˘ÓÔÌÈÏ›·˜ ‰Â ‚Ú›ÛÎÂÙ·È appleÔÙ¤ ÂÍ
ÔÏÔÎÏ‹ÚÔ˘ ÛÙË Û˘ÓÔÌÈÏ›· ηı·˘Ù‹Ó. ªÂ ¿ÏÏ· ÏfiÁÈ·, Ë Û˘Ó¤ÓÙ¢ÍË ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ¤Ó·
›‰Ô˜ apple·ÚÔÓÙÈ΋˜ ·ÏÏËÏÔ-·Ó·apple·Ú¿ÛÙ·Û˘ ‹ ·ÏÏËÏÔ-apple·Ú·Ù‹ÚËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ Û˘ÓÔ-
ÌÈÏÔ‡ÓÙˆÓ ·ÏÏ¿ appleÔÏ˘·ÈÛıËÙËÚȷ΋ Î·È Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÂÌappleÏÔ΋ ÛÙÔÓ ÎfiÛÌÔ.
∏ °§ø∞ ø HABITUS
∆· ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· ¯ÚfiÓÈ·, ·ÚÎÂÙÔ› ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔ› ·ÓıÚˆappleÔÏfiÁÔÈ, ÛÙËÓ appleÚÔÛapple¿-
ıÂÈ¿ ÙÔ˘˜ Ó· ˘appleÂÚ‚Ô‡Ó ÙË ÛÙ·ÙÈ΋ ·Ê·ÈÚÂÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· Ù˘ ‰ÔÌÈÛÙÈ΋˜ ·ÓıÚˆappleÔÏÔÁ›·˜,
¤‰ˆÛ·Ó ȉȷ›ÙÂÚË ¤ÌÊ·ÛË ÛÙËÓ ·ÊËÁËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ηٷÛ΢‹ Ù˘
ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ appleÚ·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜. √ Bruner Ì¿˜ ϤÂÈ fiÙÈ ÔÈ ·ÊËÁ‹ÛÂȘ ÈÛÙÔ-
ÚÈÒÓ ‰ÂÓ ·ÓÙ·Ó·ÎÏÔ‡Ó Ô‡Ù ·appleÏÒ˜ Û¯ÔÏÈ¿˙Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ appleÚ·ÁÌ·ÙÈ-
ÎfiÙËÙ·, ·ÏÏ¿ ÙËÓ Î·Ù·Û΢¿˙Ô˘Ó, ηٿ ÙË ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ ·ÊË-
* KÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ·ÓıÚˆappleÔÏfiÁÔ˜, Eapple›ÎÔ˘ÚË K·ıËÁ‹ÙÚÈ· ÛÙÔ TÌ‹Ì· KÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ AÓıÚˆappleÔ-
ÏÔÁ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ ·ÓÂappleÈÛÙËÌ›Ô˘ AÈÁ·›Ô˘.

30
∂§∂¡∏ ∞∞°∞ƒ√Àº∞§∏
ÁËÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ appleÚ¿ÍÂˆÓ appleÔ˘ ÂappleÈÙÂÏÔ‡ÓÙ·È ·applefi ¿ÙÔÌ· ÌÂ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓË ÎÔÈÓˆ-
ÓÈ΋ ı¤ÛË, ÛÂ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ ¯ÚÔÓÈÎfi Î·È appleÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈÎfi appleÏ·›ÛÈÔ. 1 øÛÙfiÛÔ,
Ûapple‡‰ÂÈ Ó· ‰È¢ÎÚÈÓ›ÛÂÈ fiÙÈ «... fï˜ ‰ÂÓ appleÚ¤appleÂÈ Ó· Û˘Á¯¤Ô˘Ì ¤Ó· ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜
Ì ÙËÓ ·Ê‹ÁËÛ‹ ÙÔ˘». 2 ·›ÚÓÔÓÙ·˜ ÁÈ· apple·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· ÙȘ «‚ÈÔ-ÈÛÙÔڛ˜»,
˘appleÔÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÈ fiÙÈ ·˘Ù¤˜ ÔÈ ·ÊËÁ‹ÛÂȘ Â›Ó·È ·Ó·apple·Ú·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ‚›ˆÓ Î·È fi¯È Ë
˙ˆ‹ fiappleˆ˜ ÙË ‚ÈÒÓÔ˘Ì ÛÙËÓ appleÚ·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·, ‰ÈfiÙÈ Ë ˙ˆ‹ appleÔ˘ ‚ÈÒÓÔ˘ÌÂ
·appleÔÙÂÏÂ›Ù·È ·applefi ÂÈÎfiÓ˜, ·ÈÛı‹Ì·Ù·, Û˘Ó·ÈÛı‹Ì·Ù·, ÂappleÈı˘Ì›Â˜, ÛΤ„ÂȘ
Î·È ÓÔ‹Ì·Ù· «ÁÓˆÛÙ¿ ÌfiÓÔ ÛÙÔ ¿ÙÔÌÔ appleÔ˘ Ù· ˙ÂÈ», ÂÓÒ Ë ˙ˆ‹ «appleÔ˘ ·ÊË-
Áԇ̷ÛÙÂ... Â›Ó·È ÌÈ· ÈÛÙÔÚ›· ÂappleËÚ·Ṳ̂ÓË ·applefi ÙȘ [Âapple›ÎÙËÙ˜] ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜
·ÊËÁËÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ Û˘Ì‚¿ÛÂȘ, ·applefi ÙÔ ·ÎÚÔ·Ù‹ÚÈÔ Î·È ·applefi ÙÔ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfi appleÏ·›-
ÛÈÔ». 3 ∂Ó ÔÏ›ÁÔȘ, ηٿ ÙÔÓ Bruner Î·È appleÔÏÏÔ‡˜ ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜ ·ÓıÚˆappleÔÏfiÁÔ˘˜, 4
ÌÈÏÒÓÙ·˜ ‹ Û˘ÓÔÌÈÏÒÓÙ·˜ ÁÈ· Ù· ˘appleÔÎÂÈÌÂÓÈο Ì·˜ ‚ÈÒÌ·Ù·, «¯¿ÓÔ˘Ì»
¤Ó· appleÔχ appleÈÔ «¿ÌÂÛÔ» Î·È «appleÏÔ‡ÛÈÔ», 5 appleÈÔ «‚·ÛÈÎfi» Î·È «appleÈÔ ·˘ıÂÓÙÈ-
Îfi» 6 ˘ÏÈÎfi, ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ÙËÓ «ÂÌappleÂÈÚ›·» ‹ Î·È «ÙȘ appleÚ·ÁÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ appleÚ¿ÍÂȘ...
fiappleˆ˜ ÙȘ ۈ̷ÙÈΤ˜ ÎÈÓ‹ÛÂȘ Î·È ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ». 7 ªÈ· Ù¤ÙÔÈ· apple·Ú·‰Ô¯‹ fï˜
ÛËÌ·›ÓÂÈ fiÙÈ Ë ÁÏÒÛÛ· ¤¯ÂÈ ÌÈ· ¯ÚÔÓÈ΋ Î·È ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ‰È·ÊÔÚ¿ ·applefi ÙËÓ
ÂÌappleÂÈÚ›· appleÔ˘ ·Ó·apple·ÚÈÛÙ¿: ¤appleÂÙ·È Ù˘ ÂÌappleÂÈÚ›·˜ ηÈ, ·ÓÙ›ıÂÙ· appleÚÔ˜ ·˘Ù‹,
‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È «ÛˆÌ·ÙÈ΋» ‹ «·ÈÛıËÙËÚȷ΋», 8 ·ÏÏ¿ Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÂÙ·È Ì ÙÔ ÓÔ˘, ÙË
ÛΤ„Ë, ÙË Û˘Ó›‰ËÛË. 9 ªÂ ¿ÏÏ· ÏfiÁÈ·, Â›Ó·È ÏÔÁÈ΋, ÁÚ·ÌÌÈ΋, Î·È ·appleÔχ-
Ùˆ˜ ηıÔÚÈṲ̂ÓË ·applefi ÙȘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ Û˘Ì‚¿ÛÂȘ, ÁÈ’ ·˘Ùfi appleÔχ appleÈÔ «Î·Ù·-
Û΢·Ṳ̂ÓË», appleÈÔ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋-Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈ΋ Î·È appleÈÔ Û˘Ì‚ÔÏÈ΋-·Ó·apple·Ú·ÛÙ·-
ÙÈ΋ ·applefi ÙËÓ appleÚˆÙÔÁÂÓ‹, appleÚÔÛˆappleÈ΋, «‚·ıÈ¿ ̤¯ÚÈ Ù· ÛˆıÈο» ÂÌappleÂÈ-
Ú›·. 10 °È· ÙÔ˘˜ apple·Ú·apple¿Óˆ ÏfiÁÔ˘˜, fï˜, Ë ÁÏÒÛÛ·/ÏfiÁÔ˜ ıˆÚÂ›Ù·È ·Ó·-
1. Bruner, 1984, Û. 5.
2. Ÿapple.apple., Û. 6., ¤ÌÊ·ÛË ‰È΋ ÌÔ˘.
3. Ÿapple.apple., Û. 7, ¤ÌÊ·ÛË ‰È΋ ÌÔ˘.
4. ÙÔ ›‰ÈÔ Ì‹ÎÔ˜ ·̷ÙÔ˜ ÎÈÓÔ‡ÓÙ·È fiÛÔÈ ·Ûapple¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ıˆڛ· appleÔ˘ ‰È·-
¯ˆÚ›˙ÂÈ ÙËÓ È‰ÈˆÙÈ΋ ÂÌappleÂÈÚ›· ·applefi ÙÔ ‰ËÌfiÛÈÔ ÓfiËÌ· (apple.¯., Geertz, 1973, 1983) ηıÒ˜ ηÈ
ÙË ÛËÌÂȈÙÈ΋ ıˆڛ· appleÔ˘ ‚Ú›ÛÎÂÈ ÙÔ ÓfiËÌ· Û ·ÊËÚË̤ӷ ÛËÌ›·, ۇ̂ÔÏ· Î·È appleÚÔÙ¿ÛÂȘ
(Âapple’ ·˘ÙÔ‡, ‚Ï.White, 1992, Û. 40).
5. Kvale, 1996, ÛÛ. 50, 54.
6. Wikan, 1991, Û. 300.
7. Bourdieu, 1977, Û. 117-118.
8. Okely, 1994, Û. 45.
9. ÷ڷÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎfi apple·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· Ù˘ Ù·‡ÙÈÛ˘ Ù˘ ÁÏÒÛÛ·˜ Ì ÙÔ ÓÔ˘, ÙË ÛΤ„Ë Î·È ÙË
Û˘Ó›‰ËÛË ·appleÔÙÂÏ› Ô Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÎfi˜ ÙfiÌÔ˜ ÙˆÓ Foster Î·È Brandes (1980), ·ÏÏ¿ ‚Ï. Î·È ÙÔÓ
ÊÚÔ¸‰È·Ófi ·ÓıÚˆappleÔÏfiÁÔ Bateson (1972), ηıÒ˜ Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ Bourdieu, 1977Ø Comaroff, 1985Ø
Tambiah, 1990, ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· Û ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜.
10. Okely, 1994, fiapple.apple..

∏ À¡∂¡∆∂À•∏ ø øª∞∆π∫∏ ∂π∫√π¡ø¡π∞ ∆ø¡ À¡√ªπ§∏∆ø¡
31
Áη›Ô ̤ÛÔÓ ·Ó·apple·Ú¿ÛÙ·Û˘ Î·È «ÂappleÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋˜» ÌÂϤÙ˘ Ù˘ ¿ÚÚËÙ˘
ÂÌappleÂÈÚ›·˜11 Î·È Û˘Á¯ÚfiÓˆ˜ ÙÔ Ì¤ÛÔÓ ¤ÎÊÚ·Û˘ ÙÔ appleϤÔÓ «‰È·ÛÙÚ‚ψÙÈ-
Îfi», 12 «appleÂÚÈÔÚÈÛÙÈÎfi», 13 «ÂappleÈΛӉ˘ÓÔ» 14 Î·È «Î·Ù·ÛÙÚÔÊÈÎfi». 15
•ÂÎÈÓÒÓÙ·˜ ÙËÓ ¤ÚÂ˘Ó¿ ÌÔ˘ ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ «¢ˆÚËÙ¤˜ ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÓ ‹ ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜
ÌÂÙ¿ ı¿Ó·ÙÔÓ», Ì˘‹ıËη ÛÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ıˆڛ· Ù˘ «ÂÓۈ̿وÛ˘» ηÈ
·Ó·Î¿Ï˘„· ÙÚfiappleÔ˘˜ Ó· ·apple·ÏÏ·ÁÒ ·applefi ÙË ˙ÔÊÂÚ‹ ÂÈÎfiÓ· ÙÔ˘ «¯¿ÛÌ·ÙÔ˜»
appleÔ˘ ˘appleÔÙ›ıÂÙ·È fiÙÈ ˘apple¿Ú¯ÂÈ –Î·È ¿Ú· appleÚ¤appleÂÈ Ó· Î·Ï˘Êı›– ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙËÓ
«appleÂÚÈÁÚ·ÊÈ΋ ÁÏÒÛÛ· Î·È ÙËÓ appleÚ¿ÍË appleÔ˘ appleÂÚÈÁÚ¿ÊÂÙ·È ÏÂÎÙÈο» 16 ‹ ·Ó¿-
ÌÂÛ· ÛÙË «ÁÏÒÛÛ· Î·È ÙËÓ ÂÌappleÂÈÚ›·». 17 ∞ÎÔÏÔ‡ıËÛ· ÌÈ· appleÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈ΋-
Ê·ÈÓÔÌÂÓÔÏÔÁÈ΋ appleÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË appleÔ˘ appleÚÔÛapple·ı› Ó· Û˘ÓÂÓÒÛÂÈ ÙËÓ ¤ÓÓÔÈ· Ù˘
ۈ̷ÙÈ΋˜ appleÚfiÛÏ˄˘, ÙÔ˘ Ê·ÈÓÔÌÂÓÔÏfiÁÔ˘ Merleau-Ponty, Î·È ·˘Ù‹Ó
Ù˘ ۈ̷ÙÈ΋˜ appleÚ·ÎÙÈ΋˜, ÙÔ˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÔÏfiÁÔ˘ Bourdieu. 18 ‡Ìʈӷ ÌÂ
·˘Ù‹ ÙËÓ appleÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË, ÙÔ ÏÂÁfiÌÂÓÔ «ÛÒÌ·» ‰Â ‰È·¯ˆÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ·applefi ÙÔ ÏÂÁfi-
ÌÂÓÔ «appleÓ‡̷»/«ÓÔ˘» Ô‡Ù ·appleÔÙÂÏ› ÂÍ·Ú¯‹˜ «·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓÔ» Ù˘ ÓÔËÙÈ΋˜
Ì·˜ ·ÓÙ›Ï˄˘. ÙË ı¤ÛË ÙÔ˘˜ ˘apple¿Ú¯ÂÈ Ô ÛˆÌ·ÙÈο appleÚÔÛÏ·Ì‚¿ÓˆÓ ·˘Ùfi˜
ˆ˜ fiÏÔÓ, appleÔ˘ ‰Ú· ÂÍ·Ú¯‹˜ Î·È Û˘Ó¯Ҙ «Ì¤Û· ÛÙÔÓ ÎfiÛÌÔ»Ø Â›Ó·È, ‰ËÏ·‰‹,
ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈο ÂappleËÚ·Ṳ̂ÓÔ˜, ÂappleËÚ·˙fiÌÂÓÔ˜, ÂappleËÚ¿˙ˆÓ. M ¿ÏÏ· ÏfiÁÈ·,
·ÓÙÈÏ·Ì‚·ÓfiÌ·ÛÙÂ Î·È ‰ÚÔ‡ÌÂ Û˘Ó¯Ҙ Ì fiϘ ÙȘ appleÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈο ÂappleËÚ·-
Ṳ̂Ó˜ ·ÈÛı‹ÛÂȘ Î·È Û˘Ó·ÈÛı‹Ì·Ù·. ∫·È ÔÈ appleϤÔÓ «ÓÔËÙÈΤ˜» Î·È «·ÙÔÌÈ-
Τ˜» appleÚ·ÎÙÈΤ˜, fiappleˆ˜ Ë Ê·ÓÙ·Û›·, Ë ÌÓ‹ÌË, Ë ‰È·›ÛıËÛË, Â›Ó·È ÊÙÈ·Á̤Ó˜
Î·È ÊÙÈ¿¯ÓÔÓÙ·È ·applefi ÙȘ ·ÈÛı‹ÛÂȘ Î·È ÌÂ Û˘Ó·ÈÛı‹Ì·Ù· appleÔ˘ ÌÔÈÚ·Ûًη-
Ì ÛÙȘ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ Ì·˜ Ì ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜ ÛÙÔ apple·ÚÂÏıfiÓ, ÌÔÈÚ·˙fiÌ·ÛÙ ‹ ‰Â ÌÔÈÚ·˙fi-
Ì·ÛÙ ÛÙÔ apple·ÚfiÓ Î·È appleÔ˘ ÂappleÈı˘ÌÔ‡ÌÂ/ۯ‰ȿ˙Ô˘Ì ‹ ‰ÂÓ ÂappleÈı˘ÌÔ‡ÌÂ/Û¯Â-
‰È¿˙Ô˘Ì ӷ ÌÔÈÚ·ÛÙԇ̠ÛÙÔ Ì¤ÏÏÔÓ. µ¿ÛÂÈ ·˘ÙÒÓ, Î·È Ë ÁÏÒÛÛ· (ˆ˜
Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ÛËÌ›ˆÓ ‹ Û˘Ì‚fiψÓ, ˆ˜ ÏfiÁÔ˜, ‰È¿ÏÔÁÔ˜, ÌÔÓfiÏÔÁÔ˜, ·Ê‹ÁËÛË
11. Bourdieu, 1977, Û. 120.
12. Okely, 1994, Û. 62.
13. Jackson, 1994, Û. 220.
14. Bloch, 1991, Û. 183.
15. Bourdieu, 1977, Û. 117. øÛÙfiÛÔ, Ô Bourdieu ıˆÚ› ÙË ÁÏÒÛÛ· ÙÔ˘ ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜, ÙËÓ
ÔappleÔ›· Ù·˘Ù›˙ÂÈ Ì ÙÔ habitus, «·Û‡ÁÎÚÈÙ· appleÈÔ ‰ÈÊÔÚÔ‡ÌÂÓË Î·È appleÈÔ appleÚÔηıÔÚÈṲ̂ÓË ·applefi ÙȘ
appleϤÔÓ appleÚÔηıÔÚÈṲ̂Ó˜ ¯Ú‹ÛÂȘ Ù˘ ηÓÔÓÈ΋˜ ÁÏÒÛÛ·˜» (1977, Û. 120). ·Ú¿ ÙË ¯ÚËÛÈ-
ÌfiÙËÙ· Ù˘ apple·Ú·Ù‹ÚËÛ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ (ηıfiÙÈ Ë ÁÏÒÛÛ· ÙÔ˘ ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ ıˆÚÂ›Ù·È Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜ appleÈÔ
‰ËψÙÈ΋ ·applefi ÙË ÏÂÎÙÈ΋ ÁÏÒÛÛ·), Ô Bourdieu ·appleÏÒ˜ ·Ó·apple·Ú¿ÁÂÈ ÙÔ ‰È·¯ˆÚÈÛÌfi Ù˘ ÁÏÒÛ-
Û·˜ ·applefi ÙËÓ ÂÌappleÂÈÚ›·.
16. Diaz de Rada Î·È Cruces, 1994, Û. 109, ¤ÌÊ·ÛË ‰È΋ ÌÔ˘.
17. Kirmayer, 1992, Û. 335, ¤ÌÊ·ÛË ‰È΋ ÌÔ˘.
18. µÏ. Û¯ÂÙÈο, ΢ڛˆ˜, Csordas, 1990, 1993, 1994 a, b, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Crossley, 1995, ηÈ
Kirmayer, 1992.

32
∂§∂¡∏ ∞∞°∞ƒ√Àº∞§∏
Î.Ïapple.) ‰ÂÓ ·appleÔÙÂÏ› ·appleÏÒ˜ ÌÈ· «ÓÔËÙÈ΋» ηٷÛ΢‹ appleÔ˘ ¤ÛÙˆ ηٷÛ΢¿-
˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ appleÚ¿ÍË appleÔ˘ ÂappleÈÙÂÏÂ›Ù·È ·applefi «ÓÔ‹ÌÔÓ·» ·ÏÏ¿ «·ÛÒÌ·Ù·» ‰ÚÒ-
ÓÙ· ˘appleÔΛÌÂÓ·. ∏ ›‰È· Ë ÁÏÒÛÛ· Â›Ó·È ÌÈ· ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈο ÂappleËÚ·Ṳ̂ÓË
«ÏÂÎÙÈ΋ ¯ÂÈÚÔÓÔÌ›·», «ÌÈ· ·applefi ÙȘ appleÔÏϤ˜ ‰˘Ó·Ù¤˜ ¯Ú‹ÛÂȘ [‹ ÁÏÒÛÛ˜]
ÙÔ˘ ÛÒÌ·Ùfi˜ Ì·˜», 19 Â›Ó·È ÌfiÓÔ Ì›· ·applefi ÙȘ appleÔÏϤ˜, ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈΤ˜ «ÂÌappleÂÈ-
ڛ˜» 20 appleÔ˘ ˙Ô‡ÌÂ Û˘Ó¯Ҙ ̤۷ ÛÙÔÓ ÌË ÁÚ·ÌÌÈÎfi ¯ÚfiÓÔ.
∂¿Ó, ηْ ·˘Ù‹ ÙËÓ appleÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË, ÙfiÛÔ Ë ˙ˆ‹ appleÔ˘ ‚ÈÒÓÔ˘Ì fiÛÔ Î·È Ë
·Ê‹ÁËÛ‹ Ì·˜ ÁÈ’ ·˘Ù‹ Â›Ó·È «ÂÌappleÂÈڛ˜», ÙfiÙ ÙÈ Â›Ó·È ÂÌappleÂÈÚ›·; 21 ∫·Ù¿
ÙÔÓ Csordas, ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ÌÈ· Û˘Á¯ÚÔÓÈ΋ ÛÙÈÁÌ‹ ÙÔ˘ ÂıÓÔÁÚ·ÊÈÎÔ‡ apple·Úfi-
ÓÙÔ˜, ·ÏÏ¿ ÌÈ· «ÈÛÙÔÚÈο/¯ÚÔÓÈο ÂappleËÚ·˙fiÌÂÓË [appleÔÏ˘-]·ÈÛıËÙËÚȷ΋
[Î·È Û˘ÁÎÈÓËÛȷ΋] apple·ÚÔ˘Û›· Î·È ÂÌappleÏÔ΋ [ÛÙÔÓ ÎfiÛÌÔ]», Ë ÔappleÔ›· Á›ÓÂÙ·È
Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜ ·ÈÛıËÙ‹ ˆ˜ ·‰È·ÌÂÛÔÏ¿‚ËÙË, ÁÈ’ ·˘Ùfi ¿ÌÂÛË ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ·Û·Ê‹˜,
ηıfiÙÈ Û˘Ó›ÛÙ·Ù·È «Û ¤Ó· ÚÂappleÂÚÙfiÚÈÔ appleÚÔ-·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌÂÓÈÎÒÓ [fi¯È fï˜
appleÚÔÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ] ÓÔËÌ¿ÙˆÓ». 22 ªÂ ·˘Ù‹ ÙËÓ ¤ÓÓÔÈ·, ÂÌappleÂÈÚ›· Â›Ó·È Î·È
·˘Ùfi appleÔ˘ Ô Bourdieu ÔÓÔÌ¿˙ÂÈ habitus ‹ ¤ıÔ˜: ∆Ô ÈÛÙÔÚÈο Î·È ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔ-
ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈο ÂappleËÚ·Ṳ̂ÓÔ Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ÛÙ·ıÂÚÒÓ, ÌÂÙ·ı¤ÛÈÌˆÓ ‰È·ı¤ÛˆÓ, 23
19. Csordas, 1990, Û. 25, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Das, 1998, Û. 185.
20. Csordas, 1994·, Û. 245.
21. ˘Ó‹ıˆ˜, Ë ¤ÓÓÔÈ· «ÂÌappleÂÈÚ›·» ‹ «‚›ˆÌ·» ‰ÂÓ ÔÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ·applefi ÙÔ˘˜ ·ÓıÚˆappleÔÏfiÁÔ˘˜,
‰ÈfiÙÈ Ë ÛËÌ·Û›· Ù˘ ıˆÚÂ›Ù·È ‰Â‰Ô̤ÓË (Âapple’ ·˘ÙÔ‡, ‚Ï. Abrahams, 1986). ¿ÓÙˆ˜, ÚËÙ¿ ‹
¿ÚÚËÙ·, Ë «ÂÌappleÂÈÚ›·» apple·Ú·apple¤ÌappleÂÈ Û fiÏ· fiÛ· ˙ÂÈ ÙÔ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfi ¿ÙÔÌÔ, ηٿ ÙȘ ηıËÌÂÚÈÓ¤˜
ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ appleÚ¿ÍÂȘ ÙÔ˘, Ì ¤Ó·Ó fï˜ ·˘ıfiÚÌËÙÔ, ¿ÌÂÛÔ, Ï›ÁÔ-appleÔχ appleÚÔÛˆappleÈÎfi ÙÚfiappleÔ.
°ÂÓÈο, Ë ÂÌappleÂÈÚ›· Ù·˘Ù›˙ÂÙ·È Ì ÙËÓ ˘appleÔÙÈı¤ÌÂÓË ˘ÏÈÎfiÙËÙ· Ù˘ ·appleÙ‹˜ appleÚ¿Í˘ ‹ ηÈ
¯Ú‹Û˘ (ÛÙËÓ appleÂÚ›appleÙˆÛË Ù˘ ÁÏÒÛÛ·˜ ˆ˜ ÂÌappleÂÈÚ›·˜, ‚Ï., apple.¯., Das, 1998), ÁÈ’ ·˘Ùfi Î·È appleÔÏ-
Ϥ˜ ÊÔÚ¤˜ Û˘Óԉ‡ÂÙ·È ·applefi ÙÔ Âapple›ıÂÙÔ «appleÚ·ÁÌ·ÙÈ΋ [ÂÌappleÂÈÚ›·]» ÁÈ· Ó· ÂappleÈÙ·ı› Ë ˘ÏÈÎfi-
ÙËÙ¿ Ù˘ Î·È fi¯È ÁÈ· Ó· ·ÓÙÈapple·Ú·ÙÂı› Û ÌÈ· «ÌË-appleÚ·ÁÌ·ÙÈ΋» ÂÌappleÂÈÚ›· – ·Ó Î·È ÌappleÔÚ›
Ó· ·ÓÙÈapple·Ú·‚ÏËı› Û ÌÈ· ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚÔ appleÚ·ÁÌ·ÙÈ΋ appleÚ¿ÍË, ÙËÓ ·Ê‹ÁËÛË Ù˘ ÂÌappleÂÈÚ›·˜.
22. Csordas, 1994b, Û. 10.
23. ∫·Ù¿ ÙÔÓ Bourdieu, ÔÈ «‰È·ı¤ÛÂȘ» appleÔ˘ Û˘ÓÈÛÙÔ‡Ó ÙÔ habitus ‹ ¤ıÔ˜ Â›Ó·È ¿ÚÚËÙ˜
ÁÓÒÛÂȘ ‹ ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ˜ «ÓÔËÙÈÎÔ‡» Î·È «ÛˆÌ·ÙÈÎÔ‡», ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ÎÈÓ·ÈÛıËÙÈÎÔ‡ ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú·, appleÔ˘
¤¯Ô˘Ó ·appleÔÎÙËı› ‹ ÂÓۈ̷وı› Ì ÙË Ì›ÌËÛË Î·È ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜ ·ÈÛıËÙËÚÈ·ÎÔ‡˜ Ì˯·ÓÈÛÌÔ‡˜ ηÈ
¤¯Ô˘Ó ηٷϋÍÂÈ Û «ÙÚfiappleÔ˘˜ ˙ˆ‹˜, ÂıÈÛÌÔ‡˜ (΢ڛˆ˜ ۈ̷ÙÈÎÔ‡˜) Î·È Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ Û appleÚÔ-
‰È·ı¤ÛÂȘ, Ù¿ÛÂȘ, ÎÏ›ÛÂȘ ‹ ÚÔapple¤˜» (1977, Û. 22, ¤ÌÊ·ÛË ÛÙÔ appleÚˆÙfiÙ˘appleÔ). °È· apple·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·,
Ë «·›ÛıËÛË Ù˘ ÙÈÌ‹˜» ÛÙÔ˘˜ ∫·‚‡ÏÈÔ˘˜ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ÌÈ· ·ÊËÚË̤ÓË «·Ú¯‹» ‹ «Î·ÓfiÓ·˜» appleÔ˘
·ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÔ‡Ó ·ÏÏ¿ ÌÈ· ÂÓۈ̷و̤ÓË, ηıfiÙÈ Î·ÏÏÈÂÚÁË̤ÓË ·applefi Ù· apple·È‰Èο ¯ÚfiÓÈ·,
appleÚԉȿıÂÛË appleÔ˘ οÓÂÈ Ù· ¿ÚÚÂÓ· ̤ÏË Ù˘ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤Ó˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ Ó· Ù›ÓÔ˘Ó Ó· ÂÓÂÚÁÔ‡Ó
·ÓÙ·ÁˆÓÈÛÙÈο ÎÈ ·˘Ùfi ̤۷ ·applefi ¿appleÂÈÚ˜ ÂappleÈÓÔ‹ÛÂȘ appleÔ˘ ‰Â Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÔÓÙ·È Ì ÙȘ ÛÙÂÚÂfiÙ˘apple˜
·Ó·ÌÂÓfiÌÂÓ˜ ÙÂÏÂÙÔ˘ÚÁÈΤ˜ appleÚ¿ÍÂȘ (fiapple.apple., Û. 15). Ú¤appleÂÈ Ó· ÛËÌÂȈı› fiÙÈ appleÔÏϤ˜
ÊÔÚ¤˜ Ô Bourdieu ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔappleÔÈ› ·ÓÙ› ÙÔ˘ habitus ÙËÓ ¤ÓÓÔÈ· «ÓÔËÙÈο Û¯‹Ì·Ù·», Ù· ÔappleÔ›·
‰ÂÓ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ηÌÈ¿ Û¯¤ÛË Ì ηÓfiÓ˜, Ù‡appleÔ˘˜, ÌÔÓ٤Ϸ. ∞ÓÙ›ıÂÙ·, ÂÓÒ Â›Ó·È «ÂÍ·ÈÚÂÙÈο ·Î·-
ıfiÚÈÛÙ· ÛÙËÓ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÙÔ˘˜» (fiapple.apple.), fiappleˆ˜, ÁÈ· apple·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, ÔÈ appleÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈÎÔ› ‰È·¯ˆÚÈÛÌÔ›

∏ À¡∂¡∆∂À•∏ ø øª∞∆π∫∏ ∂π∫√π¡ø¡π∞ ∆ø¡ À¡√ªπ§∏∆ø¡
33
ÙÔ ÔappleÔ›Ô, appleÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÔÓÙ·˜ apple·ÚÂÏıÔ‡Û˜ ÂÌappleÂÈڛ˜, ‰È·ÙËÚÂ›Ù·È ÛÙÔ
apple·ÚfiÓ Î·È Ù›ÓÂÈ Ó· ‰È·ÈˆÓ›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ Ì¤ÏÏÔÓ ˆ˜ Ì‹ÙÚ· ÙˆÓ appleÚÔÛÏ‹„ˆÓ,
ÂÎÙÈÌ‹ÛˆÓ, appleڿ͈Ó, Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Î·È ÛΤ„ÂÒÓ Ì·˜, Î·È ÙÔ ÔappleÔ›Ô
Û˘ÓÙÂÏ› ÛÙËÓ Âapple›Ù¢ÍË ¿appleÂÈÚˆÓ ÂÓÂÚÁÂÈÒÓ, ¯¿ÚË Û ·Ó·ÏÔÁÈΤ˜ ÌÂÙ·ı¤-
ÛÂȘ Û¯ËÌ¿ÙˆÓ appleÔ˘ ÂappleÈÙÚ¤appleÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ Âapple›Ï˘ÛË apple·ÚfiÌÔÈ· ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁË̤ӈÓ
appleÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ, ηıÒ˜ Î·È ¯¿ÚË ÛÙȘ ·‰È¿ÎÔapple˜ Âapple·ÓÔÚıÒÛÂȘ ÙˆÓ ·appleÔÙÂ-
ÏÂÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÙˆÓ ÂappleÈχÛˆÓ. 24
 ·ÓÙ›ıÂÛË fï˜ Ì ÙÔÓ Bourdieu appleÔ˘ ‰È·¯ˆÚ›˙ÂÈ ÚËÙ¿ ÙÔ ¤ıÔ˜ ·applefi
ÙÔÓ ÏfiÁÔ, ÙȘ ϤÍÂȘ Î·È ÙË Û˘Ó›‰ËÛË, 25 ÂÌ›˜ ‚ϤappleÔ˘Ì ÙËÓ ›‰È· ÙË ÁÏÒÛ-
Û· (ʈÓÔÏÔÁÈο, Û˘ÓÙ·ÎÙÈο, ÛËÌ·ÛÈÔÏÔÁÈο) ˆ˜ habitus ‹ «ÛˆÌ·ÙÈ΋
appleÚԉȿıÂÛË» 26 ‹ «ÛˆÌ·ÙÈ΋ appleÚ·ÎÙÈ΋» 27 : ˆ˜ ÂÓۈ̷و̤ÓË, appleÔÏ˘·ÈÛıË-
ÙËÚȷ΋ Î·È Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÁÓÒÛË ‹ ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ· appleÔ˘ ¤¯ÂÈ ÊÙÈ·¯Ù› ηÈ
ÊÙÈ¿¯ÓÔ˘ÌÂ Î·È ÌÔÈÚ·˙fiÌ·ÛÙ Ì ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜ ›Ù ·Û˘Ó›‰ËÙ·, fiÙ·Ó (ÓÔÌ›˙Ô˘-
Ì fiÙÈ) ΢ÚÈÔÏÂÎÙԇ̠̠«ÓÂÎÚ¤˜ ÌÂÙ·ÊÔÚ¤˜», 28 Ì ÏÂÎÙÈΤ˜ ÂÈÎfiÓ˜ ηÈ
ÂӉ›ÎÙ˜, Î·È ‰Â ÓÈÒıÔ˘Ì ÙËÓ ·Ó¿ÁÎË ÂappleÂÍËÁ‹ÛˆÓ, ›ÙÂ Û˘ÓÂȉËÙ¿, 29
·ÚÛÂÓÈÎfi/ıËÏ˘Îfi, ·Ó·ÙÔÏ‹/‰‡ÛË, ̤ÏÏÔÓ/apple·ÚÂÏıfiÓ, apple¿Óˆ/οو, ‰ÂÍÈ¿/·ÚÈÛÙÂÚ¿, ÔÚÁ·ÓÒ-
ÓÔ˘Ó Î·È Û˘ÛÙËÌ·ÙÔappleÔÈÔ‡Ó (fiapple.apple., Û. 8) ÙȘ «ÌË ÂÌappleÚfiıÂÙ˜ ÂÊ¢ڤÛÂȘ ÙˆÓ appleÚÔۯ‰ȷ-
ÛÌ¤ÓˆÓ ·˘ÙÔۯ‰ȷÛÌÒÓ» Ì·˜ (fiapple.apple.,. Û. 7, ¤ÌÊ·ÛË ÛÙÔ appleÚˆÙfiÙ˘appleÔ). (°È· ÙË ¯ÚËÛÈÌfiÙËÙ·
ÙˆÓ ÓÔËÙÈÎÒÓ ‹ ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎÒÓ Û¯ËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÛÙËÓ ·ÓıÚˆappleÔÏÔÁ›· Î·È Û ۯ¤ÛË Ì ÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋
ÌÓ‹ÌË, ‚Ï., apple.¯., Bloch, 1991, Î·È Schrauf, 1997. ∂apple›Û˘, ÁÈ· ÌÈ· ı·˘Ì¿ÛÈ· Û‡ÓÔ„Ë ÙÔ˘ ı¤Ì·-
ÙÔ˜ ·˘ÙÔ‡ ÛÙ· ÂÏÏËÓÈο, ‚Ï. ·Ú·‰¤ÏÏ˘, 1999).
24. Bourdieu, 1977, ÛÛ. 82-83 Î·È 93-94, ‰È΋ ÌÔ˘ ÌÂÙ¿ÊÚ·ÛË.
25. √ Bourdieu Ù·˘Ù›˙ÂÈ ÙÔ habitus Ì ÙËÓ «appleÚ·ÎÙÈ΋ ηٿÎÙËÛË», apple.¯. ÂÓfi˜ appleÔÈ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜,
‰ËÏ·‰‹ Ì ÙËÓ ·Û˘Ó›‰ËÙË Î·È ÂÍ ·ÎÔ‹˜ ÌfiÓÔÓ ÂÍÔÈΛˆÛË-ÂÎÌ¿ıËÛË ÙÔ˘ appleÔÈ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜, Î·È ÙË
‰È·ÎÚ›ÓÂÈ ·applefi ÙË «Û˘Ì‚ÔÏÈ΋ ηٿÎÙËÛË» –ÙÔ˘ appleÔÈ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜– ÙËÓ ÔappleÔ›· Ù·˘Ù›˙ÂÈ Ì ÙË
«Û˘ÓÂȉËÙ‹ ·Ó·ÁÓÒÚÈÛË Î·È ÙË ÏÂÎÙÈ΋ ¤ÎÊÚ·Û‹» ÙÔ˘ (1977, Û. 88, ¤ÌÊ·ÛË ‰È΋ ÌÔ˘). ÙËÓ
appleÚÒÙË appleÂÚ›appleÙˆÛË Ì·ı·›ÓÔ˘Ì ¯ˆÚ›˜ Ó· ¤¯Ô˘Ì ÙËÓ ·›ÛıËÛË fiÙÈ Ì·ı·›ÓÔ˘ÌÂ Î·È fiÙÈ ¯ÂÈ-
ÚÈ˙fiÌ·ÛÙ ÙÔÓ ¤Ó· ‹ ÙÔÓ ¿ÏÏÔ Ù‡appleÔ: ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈ·ԢÌ ÙÔ Ú˘ıÌfi, ÙË ÌÂψ‰›· Î·È ÙÔ ÓfiËÌ·
Û˘Á¯ÚfiÓˆ˜, ¯ˆÚ›˜ Ó· Ù· appleÚÔÛ¤¯Ô˘Ì Âapple›Ùˉ˜ (fiapple.apple.). ªÂ ¿ÏÏ· ÏfiÁÈ·, ÙÔ habitus ÙÔ˘
Bourdieu Â›Ó·È ¿ÚÚËÙÔ (‹ ÌË Û˘Ì‚ÔÏÈÎfi) Î·È ·Û˘Ó›‰ËÙÔ, ÂÓÒ Ë Ú‹ÛË appleÚÔ¸appleÔı¤ÙÂÈ Û˘ÓÂȉËÙ‹
appleÚÔÛÔ¯‹. ÙÔ ¿ÚıÚÔ ·˘Ùfi ˘appleÔÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È fiÙÈ Î·È Ë Û˘ÓÂȉËÙ‹ appleÚÔÛÂÎÙÈ΋ ÔÌÈÏ›·, ·ÎfiÌË Î·È
Ô ÏÂÎÙÈÎfi˜ ·˘ÙÔۯ‰ȷÛÌfi˜, Â›Ó·È habitus, ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ηٷÛ΢¿˙ÂÙ·È Î·È ÂÊ·ÚÌfi˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙË ‚¿ÛË
ÁÂÓÈÎÒÓ Î·È ·appleÚÔÛ‰ÈfiÚÈÛÙˆÓ, ·ÏÏ¿ ηıÔ‰ËÁËÙÈÎÒÓ ÚËÙÒÓ Î·È ¿ÚÚËÙˆÓ, appleÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈÎÒÓ Û¯Ë-
Ì¿ÙˆÓ (‚Ï. Î·È ÛËÌ. 23, ηıÒ˜ Î·È ÛËÌ. 34, apple·Ú·Î¿Ùˆ).
26. Kirmayer, 1992, Û. 343.
27. Diaz de Rada Î·È Cruces, 1994, Û. 101.
28. Kirmayer, 1992, Û. 332.
29. ÃÚËÛÈÌÔappleÔÈÒ ÙËÓ ¤ÓÓÔÈ· Ù˘ Û˘ÓÂȉËÙ‹˜ ÏÂÎÙÈ΋˜ appleÚ·ÎÙÈ΋˜ fi¯È Ì ÙËÓ ¤ÓÓÔÈ· Ù˘
ÏÔÁÈ΋˜ «Û·Ê‹ÓÂÈ·˜» (apple.¯., Bourdieu, 1977, Û. 94Ø Comaroff, 1985, Û. 5), ÂappleÂȉ‹, ‰‹ıÂÓ, Ë
ÏÂÎÙÈ΋ ÁÏÒÛÛ· ·appleÔÙÂÏ› ÙÔ Î·Ù’ ÂÍÔ¯‹Ó ̤ÛÔÓ apple·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹˜ Û˘ÓÂȉËÙÒÓ ‰ËÏÒÛÂˆÓ Î·È ÓÔË-
Ì¿ÙˆÓ, ·ÏÏ¿ Ì ÙË Ê·ÈÓÔÌÂÓÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ¤ÓÓÔÈ· Ù˘ appleÚfiıÂÛ˘/ÛÎÔappleÈÌfiÙËÙ·˜ ÙÔ˘ Csordas

34
∂§∂¡∏ ∞∞°∞ƒ√Àº∞§∏
fiÙ·Ó ÙËÓ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌÂÓÔappleÔÈÔ‡ÌÂ, ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ÂappleÈÓÔÔ‡ÌÂ Î·È ÂappleÈÙÂÏԇ̠Ӥ˜
ÌÂÙ·ÊÔÚ¤˜, ÓÂÔÏÔÁÈÛÌÔ‡˜, Ê·ÈÓÔÌÂÓÈο appleÚˆÙfiÁÓˆÚ˜ appleÚ·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ˜,
ÂÊfiÛÔÓ ‚¤‚·È· ÔÈ Û˘ÓÔÌÈÏÔ‡ÓÙ˜ ›̷ÛÙ apple·ÚfiÌÔÈ· appleÚԉȷÙÂıÂÈ̤ÓÔÈ Ó·
ÙÔ Î¿ÓÔ˘ÌÂ, ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ÌÔÈÚ·˙fiÌ·ÛÙ apple·ÚfiÌÔÈ· ۈ̷ÙÈ΋ ÁÓÒÛË ‹ ÂÌappleÂÈڛ˜.
∞Ó fi¯È, ÓÈÒıÔ˘ÌÂ Î·È Ï¤Ì fiÙÈ ÌÈÏ¿Ì ¿ÏÏË ÁÏÒÛÛ·. 30
∏ À¡∂¡∆∂À•∏ ø øª∞∆π∫√ ∆ƒ√√ ƒ√√Ã∏
‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙËÓ appleÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈ΋-Ê·ÈÓÔÌÂÓÔÏÔÁÈ΋ appleÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË appleÔ˘ appleÚÔÙ›ÓÂ-
Ù·È Â‰Ò, Ë Û˘ÓÔÌÈÏ›· appleÔ˘ ‰È·Ì›‚ÂÙ·È, ÁÈ· apple·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, Û ÌÈ· Û˘Ó¤ÓÙ¢ÍË,
Â›Ó·È ¤Ó·˜ «ÛˆÌ·ÙÈÎfi˜ ÙÚfiappleÔ˜ appleÚÔÛÔ¯‹˜», ÌÈ· appleÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈο ÂappleÂÍÂÚÁ·Ṳ̂-
ÓË ÌÔÚÊ‹ appleÚÔÛÔ¯‹˜ Ì ÙÔ ÛÒÌ· Ì·˜ Î·È appleÚÔ˜ ÙÔ ÛÒÌ· ÙÔ ‰ÈÎfi Ì·˜ ηÈ
·˘ÙÒÓ appleÔ˘ Ì·˜ appleÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔ˘Ó Ì ÙË Ê˘ÛÈ΋ ‹ ÌË apple·ÚÔ˘Û›· ÙÔ˘˜. 31 ∞˘Ùfi
ÛËÌ·›ÓÂÈ ‰‡Ô appleÚ¿ÁÌ·Ù·. ÚÒÙÔÓ, fiÙÈ ÙÔ ÓfiËÌ· ηٷÛ΢¿˙ÂÙ·È ÌfiÓÔ ‰È˘appleÔÎÂÈÌÂÓÈο
Î·È apple¿ÓÙ· ̤ۈ appleÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈο ÂappleÂÍÂÚÁ·ÛÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÛˆÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ,
ÏÂÎÙÈÎÒÓ Î·È ÌË, appleÚԉȷı¤ÛˆÓ. ¢Â‡ÙÂÚÔÓ, fiÙÈ, ÂappleÂȉ‹ ÙÔ ÏÂÁfiÌÂÓÔ ÛÒÌ·
Â›Ó·È «apple¿ÓÙ· Î·È ÂÍ·Ú¯‹˜» ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈο ÂappleËÚ·Ṳ̂ÓÔ, ÙÔ Ó· appleÚÔÛ¤ÍÂȘ ÌÈ·
ÏÂÎÙÈ΋ ‹ ¿ÏÏË ¯ÂÈÚÔÓÔÌ›· ‰ÂÓ ÛËÌ·›ÓÂÈ fiÙÈ ÙËÓ apple·Ú·ÙËÚ›˜ Û·Ó Ó· ‹Ù·Ó
¤Ó· ͯˆÚÈÛÙfi ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓÔ, ·ÏÏ¿ fiÙÈ ÛÙÚ¤ÊÂÛ·È appleÚÔ˜ ÙËÓ Î·Ù¿ÛÙ·Û‹ Ù˘
̤۷ ÛÙÔÓ ÎfiÛÌÔ, fiÙÈ ‰ËÏ·‰‹ appleÚÔÛ¤¯ÂȘ ‹ apple·Ú·ÙËÚ›˜ Î·È ÂÈο˙ÂȘ ÙÔ ‰È˘appleÔÎÂÈÌÂÓÈÎfi
appleÏ·›ÛÈÔ appleÔ˘ apple·Ú‹Á·Á ·˘Ù‹ ÙË ¯ÂÈÚÔÓÔÌ›·. ªÂ ·˘Ù‹ ÙËÓ
¤ÓÓÔÈ·, ÁÈ· apple·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, Ë ÔappleÙÈ΋ appleÚÔÛÔ¯‹ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ·appleÏÒ˜ ÌÈ· ÁÓˆÛÙÈ΋
ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· ‹ ¤Ó· ·ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ ·ÛÙÚ·appleÈ·›Ô ‚ϤÌÌ· ·ÏÏ¿ ÌÈ· appleÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈο ÂappleÂ-
ÍÂÚÁ·Ṳ̂ÓË ÛˆÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÂÌappleÏÔ΋ Û ÎfiÛÌÔ˘˜ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÔappleÔ›Ô˘˜ ›̷ÛÙ ϛÁÔ
ˆ˜ appleÔχ ‹ Î·È Î·ıfiÏÔ˘ ÂıÈṲ̂ÓÔÈ. 32 ‡Ìʈӷ ÏÔÈapplefiÓ Ì ·˘Ù‹ ÙËÓ appleÚÔ-
Û¤ÁÁÈÛË appleÔ˘ ‰ÂÓ ‰È·ÎÚ›ÓÂÈ ÙË ÁÏÒÛÛ·/ÓÔ˘ ·applefi ÙÔ ÛÒÌ·, Ù· ÏÂÁfiÌÂÓ·
(1994a, Û. 380) Î·È ÙÔ˘ Bourdieu: ·˘Ù‹˜ appleÔ˘ ÌappleÔÚ› Î·È Ó· ÍÂÎÈÓ¿ÂÈ ˆ˜ ÂÌappleÚfiıÂÙË/ÛÎfiappleÈ-
ÌË ·ÏÏ¿ appleÔ˘ ˘appleÔÛÎÂÏ›˙ÂÙ·È ÂÓ Ì¤ÚÂÈ ·applefi ÙËÓ «·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌÂÓÈ΋ appleÚfiıÂÛË» appleÔ˘ Â›Ó·È ÂÓÛˆ-
̷و̤ÓË ÛÙ· ÏfiÁÈ·-habitus ÙÔ˘ ÔÌÈÏËÙ‹. µÏ., Âapple›Û˘, ÙÔÓ White appleÔ˘ ˘appleÔÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÈ fiÙÈ «ÙÔ
ΛÓËÙÚÔ ‰ÂÓ appleÚ¤appleÂÈ Ó· Ù·˘Ù›˙ÂÙ·È Ì ÙË Û˘ÓÂȉËÙ‹ ÛÎÔappleÈÌfiÙËÙ·» (1992, Û. 28).
30. ∆Ô fiÙÈ ‰ÂÓ ·ÏÏËÏÔ-ηٷϷ‚·ÈÓfiÌ·ÛÙ Û ÌÈ· Û˘ÓÔÌÈÏ›· ‰ÂÓ ÔÊ›ÏÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ·Ê·È-
ÚÂÙÈ΋ (appleÚ·ÁÌÔappleÔÈËÙÈ΋/·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌÂÓÔappleÔÈËÙÈ΋) ʇÛË Ù˘ ÁÏÒÛÛ·˜ ·˘Ù‹˜ ηı·˘Ù‹Ó, Ô‡Ù ÛÙÔÓ
«appleÏÔ‡ÙÔ» Ù˘ ÂÛÒÙÂÚ˘ ·ÙÔÌÈ΋˜ ÂÌappleÂÈÚ›·˜, appleÔ˘ ‰ÂÓ ÌappleÔÚ› Ó· ·appleÔ‰Ôı›, ηıfiÏÔ˘ ‹
Âapple·ÚÎÒ˜, «Ì ÏfiÁÈ·», ·ÏÏ¿ ÛÙËÓ ¤ÏÏÂÈ„Ë ÎÔÈÓÒÓ ÂÌappleÂÈÚÈÒÓ, ÎÔÈÓ‹˜ ۈ̷ÙÈ΋˜ ÁÓÒÛ˘. £·
ÌappleÔÚÔ‡Û·Ì ӷ οÓÔ˘Ì ¤ÚˆÙ· ‹ Ó· apple·Ï‡ԢÌÂ Î·È Ó· ÌËÓ «Ù· ‚Ú›ÛÎÔ˘Ì» ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ›‰ÈÔ
ÏfiÁÔ: ÁÈ·Ù› ‰ÂÓ ¤¯Ô˘Ì ÎÔÈÓ¤˜ ÂÌappleÂÈڛ˜ ‹ ‰ÂÓ ¤¯Ô˘Ì ·ÎfiÌË ÊÙÈ¿ÍÂÈ ÎÔÈÓ¤˜ ÂÌappleÂÈڛ˜/ÎÔÈÓ‹
ۈ̷ÙÈ΋ ÁÓÒÛË.
31. µÏ. Csordas, 1993, Û. 138-139.
32. Ÿapple.apple..

∏ À¡∂¡∆∂À•∏ ø øª∞∆π∫∏ ∂π∫√π¡ø¡π∞ ∆ø¡ À¡√ªπ§∏∆ø¡
35
«apple·Ú·ÁψÛÛÈο Ù¯ӿÛÌ·Ù·» 33 ‰ÂÓ ÌÂÛÔÏ·‚Ô‡Ó ÁÈ· Ó· ÂappleÈÙ¢¯ı› Ë Û˘-
ÁÎÈÓËÛȷ΋ appleÏÂ˘Ú¿ Ù˘ ‰ËψÙÈ΋˜ ·Ï‹ıÂÈ·˜, ·ÏÏ¿ Â›Ó·È Ë ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈο ÂappleË-
Ú·Ṳ̂ÓË ·ÈÛıËÙËÚȷ΋-Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ˘Ê‹ Ù˘ ÁψÛÛÈ΋˜ ÂÌappleÂÈÚ›·˜
·˘Ù‹˜ ηı·˘Ù‹Ó: ÌÈÏ¿Ì Ì ϤÍÂȘ appleÔ˘ Â›Ó·È ÔÈ ›‰È˜ ۈ̷ÙÈΤ˜ appleÚԉȷı¤-
ÛÂȘ Î·È fi¯È οÙÔappleÙÚ· ۈ̷ÙÈÎÒÓ ‰È·ı¤ÛÂˆÓ ÛÙ· ÔappleÔ›· «appleÚÔÛÙ›ıÂÓÙ·È»
Ù· Û˘Ó·ÈÛı‹Ì·Ù·. 34 ∞applefi ÙËÓ ¿ÏÏË, ÂappleÂȉ‹, ηْ ·˘Ù‹Ó ÙËÓ appleÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË, ÙÔ
ÏÂÁfiÌÂÓÔ ˘appleÔÎÂÈÌÂÓÈÎfi/·ÙÔÌÈÎfi Â›Ó·È ÂÍ·Ú¯‹˜ Î·È apple¿ÓÙ· ‰È˘appleÔÎÂÈÌÂÓÈÎfi,
Û¯ÂÛÈ·Îfi, ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfi, Ë Û˘ÓÔÌÈÏ›· Á›ÓÂÙ·È ¤Ó·˜ Ê·ÈÓÔÌÂÓÈο ÌfiÓÔÓ ÔÚ·-
Ùfi˜, ·appleÙfi˜, Û˘Á¯ÚÔÓÈÎfi˜ Î·È Û˘ÌÊÚ·ÛÙÈÎfi˜ ÙfiappleÔ˜ ηٷÛ΢‹˜ ÓÔËÌ¿ÙˆÓ,
ηıfiÙÈ apple¤Ú· ·applefi ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ˘˜ Û˘ÓÔÌÈÏËÙ¤˜ Î·È Ì¤Ûˆ ÙˆÓ ÏÂÎÙÈ-
ÎÒÓ ¯ÂÈÚÔÓÔÌÈÒÓ ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¤¯Ô˘Ó appleÔÏÏÔ› ¿ÏÏÔÈ Ê˘ÛÈο ·applefiÓÙ˜, ÓÂÎÚÔ›
Î·È ˙ˆÓÙ·ÓÔ› ‹ Ê·ÓÙ·ÛÙÈÎÔ› Û˘ÓÔÌÈÏËÙ¤˜. ªÂ ¿ÏÏ· ÏfiÁÈ·, Ù· appleÂÚ›ÊËÌ·
«Û˘ÌÊÚ·˙fiÌÂÓ·», ›Ù appleÚÔ¸apple¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ÙÔ˘ ‰È·ÏfiÁÔ˘ ›Ù ηٷÛ΢¿˙ÔÓÙ·È
·applefi ·˘ÙfiÓ, 35 Â›Ó·È appleÈÔ appleÔÏ˘appleÚfiÛˆapple· Î·È ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚÔ ·appleÙ¿ ·apple’ fiÛÔ ÓÔÌ›-
˙Ô˘ÌÂ, Ù· ‰Â ÓÔ‹Ì·Ù· appleÔ˘ ηٷÛ΢¿˙ÔÓÙ·È Â›Ó·È appleÈÔ appleÔÏ˘ÊˆÓÈο ηÈ
‰È¿Ûapple·ÚÙ· ¯ˆÚÔ¯ÚÔÓÈο, ·apple’ fiÛÔ ı¤ÏÔ˘Ì ӷ appleÈÛÙ‡ԢÌÂ. 36 √È Û˘ÓÔÌÈÏË-
33. ∫·Ù¿ ÙÔ˘˜ Foster Î·È Brandes, «…∏ Û˘ÁΛÓËÛË, ÙÔ Î›ÓËÙÚÔ, Ë ‰È¿ıÂÛË ‰È·appleÂÚÓÔ‡Ó
ÙË ÁÏÒÛÛ· Î·È ÂappleËÚ¿˙Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ÂÚÌËÓ›· ÙÔ˘ ‰ËψÙÈÎÔ‡ ÌËӇ̷ÙÔ˜ ̤ۈ apple·Ú·-ÁψÛÛÈÎÒÓ
Ù¯ӷÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ, fiappleˆ˜ Ô ÙfiÓÔ˜ Ù˘ ʈӋ˜, Ë ¤ÓÙ·ÛË Ì ÙËÓ ÔappleÔ›· ÂÎʤÚÔÓÙ·È ÔÈ Û˘ÏÏ·‚¤˜, Ô
Ú˘ıÌfi˜ Ì ÙÔÓ ÔappleÔ›Ô ÔÈ ÏÂÎÙÈΤ˜ ÂÓfiÙËÙ˜ ÙÔappleÔıÂÙÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÛÙÔ ¯ˆÚfi¯ÚÔÓÔ Î·È [ÔÈ ÂappleÈÏÂÎÙÈÎÔ›
¯ÂÈÚÈÛÌÔ› ÙˆÓ Ï¤ÍÂˆÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÊÚ¿ÛˆÓ]. ŒÙÛÈ, Ô ÔÌÈÏËÙ‹˜ apple·ÚÂÌ‚¿ÏÏÂÈ ÙÔÓ ›‰ÈÔ ÙÔ˘ ÙÔÓ
·˘Ùfi Î·È Ù· Û˘Ó·ÈÛı‹Ì·Ù¿ ÙÔ˘ ÁÈ· Ù· ÁÂÁÔÓfiÙ· ÛÙÔ ÓfiËÌ· ÙÔ˘ ÌËӇ̷ÙÔ˜ appleÔ˘ ÛÙ¤ÏÓÂÈ»
(1980, Û. 4).
34. ÙË ‰È·appleÏÔ΋ ÁÏÒÛÛ·˜ Î·È ÂÌappleÂÈÚ›·˜ ¿ÏÏÔÈ ·ÓıÚˆappleÔÏfiÁÔÈ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ‰ÒÛÂÈ ¤ÌÊ·ÛË
΢ڛˆ˜ ‹ ÌfiÓÔ ÛÙ· Û˘Ó·ÈÛı‹Ì·Ù· (apple.¯., White, 1992Ø Lutz Î·È Abu-Lughod, 1990) Î·È ¿ÏÏÔÈ
΢ڛˆ˜ ÛÙȘ ·ÈÛı‹ÛÂȘ (apple.¯., Csordas, 1983, 1994a). §ÈÁfiÙÂÚÔÈ Â›Ó·È ·˘ÙÔ› appleÔ˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó
‰ÒÛÂÈ ¤ÌÊ·ÛË Î·È ÛÙ· ‰‡Ô (apple.¯., Jenkins Î·È Valiente, 1994). °ÂÓÈο ÔÈ ·ÓıÚˆappleÔÏfiÁÔÈ appleÔ˘
¤¯Ô˘Ó ·Û¯ÔÏËı› Î·È Ì ÙË ÁÏÒÛÛ· ‰ÂÓ ‰¤¯ÔÓÙ·È ÙË ‰È¿ÎÚÈÛË ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· Û appleÚÔ- ‹ apple·Ú·-ÁψÛ-
ÛÈο Î·È Â͈-ÁψÛÛÈο Ù¯ӿÛÌ·Ù· (‚Ï., apple.¯., Diaz de Randa Î·È Cruces, 1994, Û. 114, ηÈ
Jackson, 1994).
35. O ∆ÛÈÙÛÈapple‹˜ ÂappleÈÎÚ›ÓÂÈ ÙÔ˘˜ ıÂÙÈÎÈÛÙ¤˜ appleÔ˘ ‚ϤappleÔ˘Ó ÙÔ Û˘ÌÊÚ·˙fiÌÂÓÔ «ˆ˜ Â͈ÁÂ-
Ó¤˜ ÙÔ˘ apple·Ú·ÁfiÌÂÓÔ˘ ÏfiÁÔ˘ appleÔ˘ ÙÔÓ Û˘ÌappleÏËÚÒÓÂÈ» Î·È fi¯È ˆ˜ apple·Ú·ÁfiÌÂÓÔ Î·È ÌÂÙ·Û¯Ë-
Ì·ÙÈ˙fiÌÂÓÔ ·applefi ÙË ÁψÛÛÈ΋-ÂappleÈÎÔÈÓˆÓȷ΋ apple·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹ (1998, Û. 83).
36.  apple·ÚfiÌÔÈÔ Û˘Ìapple¤Ú·ÛÌ· ÌappleÔÚ› ηÓ›˜ Ó· Êı¿ÛÂÈ Ì¤Û· ·applefi ÙË Ìapple·¯ÙÈÓÈ΋ ıˆڛ·
Ù˘ ÂÁÁÂÓÔ‡˜ ‰È·ÏÔÁÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ Ù˘ ÁÏÒÛÛ·˜ Î·È Ù˘ appleÔÏ˘ÊˆÓÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ ÙˆÓ Ï¤ÍˆÓ: «¢ÂÓ
˘apple¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó Ô˘‰¤ÙÂÚ˜ ϤÍÂȘ… ŸÏ˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÙË Á‡ÛË ÂÓfi˜ Âapple·ÁÁ¤ÏÌ·ÙÔ˜, ÂÓfi˜ ›‰Ô˘˜, ÌÈ·˜
Ù¿Û˘, ÌÈ·˜ ÔÌ¿‰·˜, ÌÈ·˜ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤Ó˘ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜, ÂÓfi˜ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ˘ appleÚÔÛÒappleÔ˘, ÌÈ·˜
ÁÂÓÈ¿˜, ÌÈ·˜ ËÏÈÎȷ΋˜ ÔÌ¿‰·˜… ∫¿ı ϤÍË ¤¯ÂÈ ÙË Á‡ÛË ÙˆÓ Û˘ÌÊÚ·˙fiÌÂÓˆÓ ÛÙ· ÔappleÔ›·
¤¯ÂÈ ˙‹ÛÂÈ ÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ˙ˆ‹ Ù˘» (Bakhitin, 1981, Û. 293). øÛÙfiÛÔ, ı· appleÚ¤appleÂÈ Ó· ÙÔÓÈÛı›
fiÙÈ «ÔÈ ÊˆÓ¤˜ appleÔ˘ appleÂÚÈÎÏ›ÂÈ Ë Ï¤ÍË Ì¤Û· ÛÙÔ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfi Û˘ÌÊÚ·˙fiÌÂÓÔ ¯Ú‹Û˘ Ù˘» (∆ÛÈ-

36
∂§∂¡∏ ∞∞°∞ƒ√Àº∞§∏
Ù¤˜ Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¤¯Ô˘Ó Ô Î·ı¤Ó·˜ Ì ÙȘ ‰ÈΤ˜ ÙÔ˘ appleÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈο ÂappleËÚ·Ṳ̂Ó˜
ÂÈÎfiÓ˜, ÂӉ›ÎÙ˜ Î·È Û‡Ì‚ÔÏ· appleÔ˘ ‰ÂÓ ·Ó·apple·ÚÈÛÙÔ‡Ó ÂÛÒÙÂÚ˜ ȉ¤Â˜
ȉˆÌ¤Ó˜ Ì ÙÔ Ì¿ÙÈ ÙÔ˘ ÓÔ˘, ·ÏÏ¿ Û˘ÓÈÛÙÔ‡Ó ·ÈÛıËÙËÚȷΤ˜-Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·-
ÙÈΤ˜ ÂÎÙÈÌ‹ÛÂȘ, Û¯fiÏÈ·, ·Ó·ıˆڋÛÂȘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ Î·È appleÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ Û¯¤ÛÂ-
ˆÓ appleÔ˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ‚ÈÒÛÂÈ, ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ÌÔÈÚ·Ûı›, ÛÙÔ apple·ÚÂÏıfiÓ Î·È ÙÔ apple·ÚfiÓ, ‹
Î·È appleÔ˘ ı¤ÏÔ˘Ó ‹ ‰Â ı¤ÏÔ˘Ó Ó· ‚ÈÒÛÔ˘Ó-ÌÔÈÚ·ÛıÔ‡Ó ÛÙÔ Ì¤ÏÏÔÓ, Ì ˘apple·Ú-
ÎÙÔ‡˜ ‹ Ê·ÓÙ·ÛÙÈÎÔ‡˜, ÂÓÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˘˜ ‹ Ê·ÈÓÔÌÂÓÈο ·ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˘˜ ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜ –
‰ËÏ·‰‹ Ì appleÚfiÛˆapple·, appleÚ¿ÁÌ·Ù·, ıÂÛÌÔ‡˜. √È ¿appleÂÈÚ˜ ÌÂÙ·ÊÔÚ¤˜ Âapple› ÌÂÙ·-
ÊÔÚÒÓ, ÌÂÙˆÓ˘Ì›Â˜ Âapple› ÌÂÙˆÓ˘ÌÈÒÓ, apple·ÚÔÌÔÈÒÛÂȘ Âapple› apple·ÚÔÌÔÈÒÛˆÓ
Á‡Úˆ ·applefi ¤Ó· ı¤Ì· ‰ÂÓ Û˘ÁηχappleÙÔ˘Ó, ·ÏÏÔÈÒÓÔ˘Ó, ·ÎÈÓËÙÔappleÔÈÔ‡Ó
ÂÌappleÂÈڛ˜, ·ÏÏ¿ fiÓÙ·˜ Ù· ›‰È· ·˘Ù¿ ·ÏÏËÁÔÚÈο Û¯‹Ì·Ù· ÂÌappleÂÈڛ˜ ‹ Ûˆ-
Ì·ÙÈΤ˜ appleÚԉȷı¤ÛÂȘ ·appleÔηχappleÙÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ÈÛÙÔÚÈÎfiÙËÙ·, Ú¢ÛÙfiÙËÙ·, apple·-
ÚÔ‰ÈÎfiÙËÙ· Î·È ÌÂÚÈÎfiÙËÙ· Ù˘ ÏÂÎÙÈ΋˜ ‰È·ÏÔÁÈ΋˜ ÂÌappleÂÈÚ›·˜ – fiappleˆ˜ ηÈ
οı ¿ÏÏ˘ ÂÌappleÂÈÚ›·˜.
°È· apple·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, appleÔÏÏÔ› ÌÂÏÏÔÓÙÈÎÔ› ‰ˆÚËÙ¤˜ ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÓ, «appleÏ·ÈÛȈ̤-
ÓÔÈ» ·applefi ÙË Û˘Ó¤ÓÙ¢ÍË appleÔ˘ ÙÔ˘˜ «¤ÛÙËÛ·», ·Ó·ÁοÛÙËÎ·Ó Ó· ÂappleÈÛÙÚ·-
Ù‡ÛÔ˘Ó ÙÔ ·applefiıÂÌ· ÙˆÓ appleÚÔ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌÂÓÈÎÒÓ ÓÔËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ‹ habitus ÙÔ˘˜ ÁÈ·
Ó· ÌÔ˘ appleÂÚÈÁÚ¿„Ô˘Ó «Ì ÏfiÁÈ·» appleÒ˜ ÓÈÒıÔ˘Ó –‹ «‚ϤappleÔ˘Ó»– ÙÔ ÛÒÌ·
ÙÔ˘˜ Û ۯ¤ÛË Ì ÙÔ ÌÂÏÏÔÓÙÈÎfi ÙÔ˘˜ Û¯¤‰ÈÔ Ó· ‰ˆÚ›ÛÔ˘Ó ¤Ó· ̤ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘:
«∂›Ó·È ÙÔ ˘ÏÈÎfi Î¿Ï˘ÌÌ· Ù˘ „˘¯‹˜ appleÔ˘ Â›Ì·È ÂÁÒ, οÙÈ Û·Ó Ó·fi˜, Û·Ó
ÎÔ˘Ù›... Â›Ó·È Ô ÊÔÚ¤·˜ Ù˘ „˘¯‹˜ ÌÔ˘, Ë ÂÈÎfiÓ· Ù˘ apple¿Óˆ ÛÙË ÁË... Â›Ó·È ÙÔ
Ûapple›ÙÈ ÌÔ˘ ÎÈ ·Ó ÙÔ ‰ÒÛˆ ÛÙÔ ·Ó·ÙÔÌÂ›Ô [ˆ˜ ‰ˆÚ¿ ÔÏfiÎÏËÚÔ˘ ÙÔ˘ ÛÒÌ·-
ÙÔ˜] ı· Â›Ó·È Û·Ó Ó· ÍÂappleÔ˘Ï¿ˆ Ù· ¤appleÈappleÏ¿ ÌÔ˘… ·Ó ηÈ, ηο Ù· „¤Ì·Ù·,
ͤڈ fiÙÈ fiÙ·Ó appleÂı¿Óˆ... ÙÈ Ûapple›ÙÈ Î·È ÙÈ ¤appleÈappleÏ·… £·’ Ó·È ¤Ó· Ù›appleÔÙ· appleÔ˘
‰ÂÓ ·Í›˙ÂÈ fiÏ· ·˘Ù¿ Ù· ¤ÍÔ‰· Îˉ›·˜ Î.Ïapple… ∞ÏÏ¿, Ó·, ¤ÙÛÈ ÁÈ· Ó· ˘apple¿Ú-
¯ÂÈ Î¿ÙÈ ·applefi ̤ӷ Î·È Ó· appleËÁ·›ÓÔ˘Ó Ó· ÙÔ ‚ϤappleÔ˘Ó, Ó· ÙÔ˘ ÌÈÏÔ‡Ó...». ¢Â
ÌÔ˘ ‰›ÓÂÙ·È ÔÚÈÛÙÈÎfi˜ ÔÚÈÛÌfi˜ (ÙÔ˘ ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜) Î·È ÁÈ’ ·˘Ùfi ·Ó·Áο˙ÔÌ·È
Ó· ·appleԉ¯ıÒ fiϘ ·˘Ù¤˜ ÙȘ ÌÂÙ·ÊÔÚ¤˜ Î·È ÙȘ apple·ÚÔÌÔÈÒÛÂȘ. Ÿappleˆ˜ appleÔχ
fiÌÔÚÊ· ϤÓ ÔÈ Jenkins Î·È Valiente, Û ÌÈ· Û˘ÓÔÌÈÏ›·, «Ë ·ÏÏËÁÔÚÈ΋
ΛÓËÛË... ·applefi ÙÔ appleÚÔ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌÂÓÈÎfi ÛÙÔ ÂÍ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌÂÓÔappleÔÈË̤ÓÔ ‰ÂÓ ¤¯ÂÈ ÙË
ÌÔÚÊ‹ ÙÔ˘ ¤Ó·- appleÚÔ˜-¤Ó·», ·ÏÏ¿ ÙËÓ ÂÈÎfiÓ· Ù˘ ÂÎΛÓËÛ˘ «·applefi ÙËÓ appleÚÔ·-
ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌÂÓÈ΋ ·appleÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚÈÛÙ›· Û ¤Ó· ·ÓÂÍ¿ÓÙÏËÙÔ ÚÂappleÂÚÙfiÚÈÔ [ÏÂÎÙÈÎÒÓ
Î·È ¿ÏψÓ] ·ÏÏËÁÔÚÈÒÓ». 37 ∞˘Ùfi˜ Ô ÌÂÙ·ÌÔÓÙ¤ÚÓÔ˜ ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú·˜ Ù˘ ÁËÁÂ-
ÙÛÈapple‹˜, 1998, Û. 132) ÌappleÔÚ› Ó· appleÚÔ¤Ú¯ÔÓÙ·È fi¯È ÌfiÓÔ ·applefi ÙÔ apple·ÚÂÏıfiÓ, «ÙËÓ appleÚfiÙÂÚË
¯Ú‹ÛË Ù˘ [Ϥ͢]» (fiapple.apple., Û. 133), ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ·applefi ÙÔ Ì¤ÏÏÔÓ, ·˘Ùfi appleÔ˘ ÌappleÔÚ› Ó· ˘ÏÔappleÔÈËı›
ÎÈ ·˘Ùfi appleÔ˘ ‰ÂÓ ¤¯ÂÈ Î·Ì›· Ù¤ÙÔÈ· appleÈı·ÓfiÙËÙ·, ÁÈ·Ù› Â›Ó·È Ê·ÓÙ·ÛÙÈÎfi.
37. Jenkins Î·È Valiente, 1994, Û. 170.

∏ À¡∂¡∆∂À•∏ ø øª∞∆π∫∏ ∂π∫√π¡ø¡π∞ ∆ø¡ À¡√ªπ§∏∆ø¡
37
ÓÔ‡˜ ÂÍ‹ÁËÛ˘ ·Ó·Áο˙ÂÈ Î·È Â̤ӷ, ÙËÓ ÂÚ¢ӋÙÚÈ·, Ó· Á›Óˆ ÌÂÙ·ÌÔÓÙ¤Ú-
Ó· Î·È Ó· ·Ê‹Ûˆ ÙȘ «¤ÓÓÔȘ - ÎÏÂȉȿ» ÛÙËÓ applefiÚÙ· ÌÔ˘!
øÛÙfiÛÔ, ÓÈÒıˆ appleÔχ ÌappleÂÚ‰Â̤ÓË Ì ÙËÓ ÂÈÎfiÓ· ÂÓfi˜ ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ (·˘ÙÔ‡
appleÔ˘ ÁÓˆÚ›˙ˆ Î·È ÂÁÒ!) appleÔ˘ Â›Ó·È (ÙÒÚ·) ‹ ı· ‹Ù·Ó (ÌÂÙ¿ ı¿Ó·ÙÔÓ)
«Ûapple›ÙÈ», Î·È ı· Â›Ó·È (ÌÂÙ¿ ı¿Ó·ÙÔÓ) «Ù›appleÔÙ·» ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È «Î¿ÙÈ ·applefi Â̤ӷ».
¢ÂÓ ÌÔ˘ Â›Ó·È ¿ÁÓˆÛÙ˜ ·˘Ù¤˜ ÔÈ «·applefi„ÂȘ» –˙ˆ ÛÙËÓ ›‰È· ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· ÌÂ
ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÓÔÌÈÏËÙ¤˜ ÌÔ˘– ·ÏÏ¿ Ô‡ÙÂ Î·È ÁÓˆÛÙ¤˜ – ‰ÂÓ ÓÈÒıˆ/‚Ϥappleˆ ¤ÙÛÈ ÙÔ
ÛÒÌ· ÌÔ˘ ÙÒÚ· Ô‡Ù ÌÂÙ¿ ı¿Ó·ÙÔÓ. Ôχ ÁÚ‹ÁÔÚ· Ìapple·›Óˆ ÛÙÔÓ appleÂÈÚ·ÛÌfi
Ó· ‚¿Ïˆ ÌÈ· Ù¿ÍË «Ì ÙÔ ÓÔ˘ ÌÔ˘» ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÒÓÙ·˜ ÙËÓ ÎÏ·ÛÈ΋ Ô‰fi: Ó·
·appleÔÌÔÓÒÛˆ Î·È Ó· ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›Ûˆ ÙȘ «¤ÓÓÔȘ» ·˘Ù¤˜ «·ÓÙÈÊ·ÙÈΤ˜» ηÈ
Ó· ÙȘ ·ÓÙÈÛ͈ٛ ·Ó¿ ˙‡ÁË ÁÈ· Ó· ÙȘ Û˘Ó‰¤Ûˆ Ì ‚·ı‡ÙÂÚ˜, ÎÂÓÙÚÈÎfiÙÂ-
Ú˜, ·ÏËı¤ÛÙÂÚ˜ ¤ÓÓÔȘ Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ appleÔ˘ ˙Ô‡ÌÂ. ∏ appleÔÚ›· Ù˘ Û˘ÓÔÌÈ-
Ï›·˜ fï˜ ‰ÂÓ ÌÔ˘ ÙÔ ÂappleÈÙÚ¤appleÂÈ ÙÂÏÈο. ˘ÓÂȉËÙÔappleÔÈÒ fiÙÈ ÔÈ Û˘ÓÔÌÈÏËÙ¤˜
ÌÔ˘, ÌÈÏÒÓÙ·˜, «Ìapple·ÈÓÔ‚Á·›ÓÔ˘Ó» Û apple·ÚÂÏıÔ‡Û˜, apple·ÚÔÓÙÈΤ˜ Î·È ÌÂÏÏÔ-
ÓÙÈΤ˜ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ, ¯ÒÚÔ˘˜, ηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ (ÁÂÓÈο ÁÓˆÛÙ¤˜ Û’ Â̤ӷ ÂappleÂȉ‹ ˙ˆ
ÛÙËÓ ›‰È· ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·) ηÈ, ·Ó·ÏfiÁˆ˜ Ì ÙÔ appleÒ˜ ÙȘ ‚ÈÒÓÔ˘Ó ‹ Û˘Ó·ÈÛı¿ÓÔ-
ÓÙ·È, ‚ϤappleÔ˘Ó ‹ ÓÈÒıÔ˘Ó Î·È ÙÔ ÛÒÌ· ÙÔ˘˜ ›ÙÂ Û·Ó Ûapple›ÙÈ, ›ÙÂ Û·Ó Ù›appleÔÙ·
Î.Ô.Î.. ŒÙÛÈ, fiÙ·Ó ÌÈÏ¿Ó ıÂÙÈο ÁÈ· ÙË ıÚËÛΛ· ÛÙËÓ ÔappleÔ›· appleÈÛÙ‡ԢÓ
–ÛÙÔ ¯ÚÈÛÙÈ·ÓÈÛÌfi Î·È Û ¿ÏϘ ·Ó·ÙÔÏÈΤ˜ ıÚËÛΛ˜–, ϤÓ ÙÔ ÛÒÌ·
ÙÔ˘˜ «Ûapple›ÙÈ», «Ó·fi», «ÊÔÚ¤· Ù˘ „˘¯‹˜» ÙÔ˘˜. ŸÙ·Ó ÂappleÈÎÚ›ÓÔ˘Ó ÙȘ
appleÔÏ˘¤Íԉ˜ ÙÂÏÂÙ¤˜ appleÔ˘ «ÂappleÈ‚¿ÏÏÂÈ Ë √Úıfi‰ÔÍË ∂ÎÎÏËÛ›·» Î·È appleÔ˘
«ÂÎÌÂÙ·ÏχÔÓÙ·È Ù· ÁÚ·Ê›· ÎˉÂÈÒÓ», ÙÔ ÛÒÌ· ÙÔ˘˜ Á›ÓÂÙ·È «Ù›appleÔÙ·».
ŸÙ·Ó ÌÈÏ¿Ó ÁÈ· ÙÔ ıÂÛÌfi Ù˘ ‰ˆÚ¿˜, ÙÔ ÛÒÌ· Ù·˘Ù›˙ÂÙ·È Ì ÙË «ÊÏfiÁ·»
appleÔ˘ ÌÂÙ·Ï·Ìapple·‰Â‡ÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ ˙ˆÓÙ·Ófi Ï‹appleÙË. ŸÙ·Ó ÂappleÈÎÚ›ÓÔ˘Ó ÙÔ ÂÌapplefiÚÈÔ
ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÓ, ÙÔ ÛÒÌ· Á›ÓÂÙ·È «Û¿Úη [·applefi ÙË Û¿Úη ÌÔ˘]». ŸÙ·Ó Ê·ÓÙ¿˙Ô-
ÓÙ·È applefiÛÔ Ï˘appleË̤ÓÔÈ ı· Â›Ó·È ÔÈ Û˘ÁÁÂÓ›˜ ÙÔ˘˜ fiÙ·Ó appleÂı¿ÓÔ˘Ó, ÙÔ ÓÂÎÚfi
ÛÒÌ· ÙÔ˘˜ ÌÂÙ·ÙÚ¤appleÂÙ·È Û «Î¿ÙÈ ·applefi ̤ӷ». ŸÙ·Ó ÌÈÏ¿Ó Ì ÂÓıÔ˘ÛÈ·-
ÛÌfi ÁÈ· Ù· Û¯¤‰È¿ ÙÔ˘˜ Ó· ˙ËÙ‹ÛÔ˘Ó Ó· ÙÔ˘˜ ·appleÔÙÂÊÚÒÛÔ˘Ó, ÙfiÙ ÙÔ ÛÒÌ·
Á›ÓÂÙ·È «·Èı¤Ú·˜»! Èڛ˜ Ó· apple·Ú·ÌÂÏÒ ÙÔ apple·ÚÔÓÙÈÎfi appleÏ·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ Û˘Ó¤-
ÓÙ¢Í˘ Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ appleÂÚÈÔÚÈÛÌÔ‡˜ appleÔ˘ ÂappleÈ‚¿ÏÏÂÈ ˆ˜ appleÚÔ˜ ÙÔ ÙÈ Ï¤ÁÂÙ·È Î·È
ÙÔ appleÒ˜ ϤÁÔÓÙ·È ·˘Ù¿ appleÔ˘ ϤÁÔÓÙ·È, ·Ê‹ÓÔÌ·È Î·È Û ÂÈηۛ˜ appleÔ˘ appleÚÔ-
ηÏÔ‡Ó ÔÈ «ÏÂÎÙÈΤ˜ ¯ÂÈÚÔÓƠ̂˜» ‹ ÙÔ ÁψÛÛÈÎfi habitus ÙˆÓ Û˘ÓÔÌÈÏÈÙÒÓ
ÌÔ˘. ŒÙÛÈ, ÂÓÒ ·˘ÙÔ› ÌÔ˘ ÂÍËÁÔ‡Ó appleÒ˜ ÓÈÒıÔ˘Ó «ÙÔ ÛÒÌ·» ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È ÂÓÒ
ÂÁÒ «‰È·ÊˆÓÒ» Ì·˙› ÙÔ˘˜, ÛȈappleËÚ¿ Î·È ÌË, Û˘Á¯ÚfiÓˆ˜ ‚ÈÒÓˆ ÙȘ ¢ڇÙÂ-
Ú˜ ÎÔÈÓ¤˜ ÂÌappleÂÈڛ˜ ÌÔ˘ Ì ·˘ÙÔ‡˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ·ÓıÚÒappleÔ˘˜ ÙȘ «ÁÂÓÈο ÁÓˆÛÙ¤˜
Û ̤ӷ ÁÈ·Ù› ˙ˆ ÛÙËÓ ›‰È· ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·». ∂ÓÒ ·˘ÙÔ› Ê·ÈÓÔÌÂÓÈο ÂappleÈÎÂÓÙÚÒ-
ÓÔÓÙ·È ÛÙÔ ı¤Ì· Ì·˜, ÂÁÒ ÙÔ ·appleÔÎÂÓÙÚÒÓˆ Î·È ·appleÔÎÂÓÙÚÒÓÔÌ·È.
ª¤Û· ·applefi ÌÈ· Ù¤ÙÔÈ· ÔappleÙÈ΋, Ë Û˘ÓÔÌÈÏ›·-Û˘Ó¤ÓÙ¢ÍË Á›ÓÂÙ·È ÌÈ·
appleÔχappleÏÔÎË ·ÏÏ¿ Û˘Á¯ÚfiÓˆ˜ ·appleÂÏ¢ıÂÚˆÙÈ΋ ÂÌappleÂÈÚ›· ÁÈ· ÙÔ Û˘ÓÔÌÈÏËÙ‹-

38
∂§∂¡∏ ∞∞°∞ƒ√Àº∞§∏
ÂÚ¢ÓËÙ‹. ∫·Ù’ ·Ú¯¿˜, ·appleÔηχappleÙÂÙ·È Ô ¯ÚÔÓÈÎfi˜, ¿Ú· ¯ˆÚÔ¯ÚÔÓÈο ‰È¿-
Ûapple·ÚÙÔ˜, Î·È Ô Û¯ÂÛÈ·Îfi˜, ¿Ú· appleÔÏ˘appleÚfiÛˆappleÔ˜ Î·È ÂappleÔ̤ӈ˜ ÌË Û˘ÓÙÂÙ·Á-
̤ÓÔ˜, ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú·˜ Ù˘ ÁψÛÛÈ΋˜ Û˘ÓÔÌÈÏ›·˜. ∫·Ù¿ Û˘Ó¤appleÂÈ·, ÎÏÔÓ›˙ÂÙ·È
Ë ˘appleÂÚ‚ÔÏÈ΋ ÂÌappleÈÛÙÔÛ‡ÓË appleÔ˘ ›¯Â ‰Â›ÍÂÈ Ô Û˘ÓÂÓÙ¢ÎÙ‹˜-·ÓıÚˆappleÔÏfiÁÔ˜
(Î·È Ô ·ÓıÚˆappleÔÁψÛÛÔÏfiÁÔ˜) ÛÙËÓ ˘appleÔÙÈı¤ÌÂÓË ˘ÏÈÎfiÙËÙ· Ù˘ ÁÏÒÛÛ·˜-
ˆ˜-«appleÚ¿Í˘», ÙˆÓ «Î·Ù¿ appleÂÚ›ÛÙ·ÛË Û˘ÌÊÚ·˙Ô̤ӈӻ Î·È ÙÔ˘ «appleÏ·ÈÛ›Ô˘»
Ù˘ ÏÂÎÙÈ΋˜ «ÂappleÈÙ¤ÏÂÛ˘», Ì ÛÎÔapplefi ÙÔÓ appleÔÏ˘applefiıËÙÔ ÂÓÙÔappleÈÛÌfi Î·È ÙË
Û˘ÁΤÓÙÚˆÛË «ÔÚ·ÙÒÓ» Î·È «·appleÙÒÓ», Î·È «¿ÌÂÛˆÓ» Î·È «ÎÂÓÙÚÈÎÒÓ»
ÛËÌ·ÛÈÒÓ. 38 ∞appleÂÏ¢ıÂڈ̤ÓÔ˜ ·applefi ÙÔ Êfi‚Ô fiÙÈ ·Ó ‰ÂÓ ÂÓÙÔapple›ÛÂÈ/ÂappleÈÛËÌ¿-
ÓÂÈ fiÏ· Ù· ‰˘Ó·Ù¿ ÓÔ‹Ì·Ù· Â‰Ò Î·È ÙÒÚ·, ı· ¯¿ÛÂÈ ÙËÓ ÂappleÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ ÙÔ˘
Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ·, Ô ÂÚ¢ÓËÙ‹˜ ÂappleÈÙÚ¤appleÂÈ ÛÙÔÓ Â·˘Ùfi ÙÔ˘ Ó· ÂÎÙÂı› ÛÙÔÓ ¿ÏÏÔ
·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Ó· ηÏapple¿ÛÂÈ Ì ÙË Ê·ÓÙ·Û›· ÙÔ˘ Î·È ‰È·ÈÛıËÙÈο Û ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚÔ
appleÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚ›ÛÈÌ· Î·È Â˘Ú‡ÙÂÚ· appleÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈο Û¯‹Ì·Ù· ‹ ÔÚ›˙ÔÓÙ˜, 39 appleÔ˘
Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜ apple·Ú·ÌÂÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È – ·ÊÔ‡ appleÚÔËÁÔ˘Ì¤Óˆ˜ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛıÔ‡Ó ˆ˜
«ÂıÓÔ„˘¯ÔÏÔÁ›·» ‹ «·˘Ùfi¯ıˆÓ ÁψÛÛÈ΋ ‰È·›ÛıËÛË», 40 ˆ˜ «ÂÓ‰fiÌ˘¯Ë
Û¯¤ÛË» 41 ‹ «·Û˘Ó›‰ËÙ˜ Î·È ·˘ÙfiÌ·Ù˜ Ó‡ÍÂȘ», 42 ˆ˜ «Ì˘ÛÙËÚÈÒ‰ÂȘ ÂÓ-
Û·ÚÎÒÛÂȘ» 43 ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ˆ˜ ‚·ıÈ¿ «ÚÈ˙ˆÌ¤Ó˜… ȉÂÔÏÔÁÈΤ˜ ·Ú¯¤˜». 44 ’
38. ∫·Ù¿ ÙË ÁÓÒÌË ÌÔ˘, Ë appleÚfiıÂÛË appleÔÏÏÒÓ ·ÓıÚˆappleÔÁψÛÛÔÏfiÁˆÓ Ó· apple¿Ó apple¤Ú·
·applefi ÙË ‰ËψÙÈÎÔ-·Ó·ÊÔÚÈ΋ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· Ù˘ ÁÏÒÛÛ·˜ ¤¯ÂÈ Ô‰ËÁ‹ÛÂÈ Û ÌÈ· ˘appleÂÚ‚ÔÏÈ΋ ¤ÌÊ·-
ÛË ÛÙË Ê·ÈÓÔÌÂÓÈο ¿ÌÂÛË ÛËÌ·Û›· Ù˘ «ÏÂÎÙÈ΋˜ appleÚ¿Í˘» Î·È ÙˆÓ ÌË ÏÂÎÙÈÎÒÓ «Û˘Ì-
ÊÚ·˙Ô̤ӈӻ, Ì ·appleÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· Ó· ÂÎÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÔÓÙ·È Î·È Ù· ‰‡Ô ˆ˜ ¯ˆÚÔ¯ÚÔÓÈο «Î·ıËÌÂÚÈÓ¿»,
apple·ÚÔÓÙÈο, Âapple› ÙfiappleÔ˘ ηٷÓÔ‹ÛÈÌ·, ÌË apple·Ú·appleÏ·ÓËÙÈο. ∆· «ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈο Û˘ÌÊÚ·˙fiÌÂÓ·»
ÂÍ·ÛÊ·Ï›˙Ô˘Ó ÛÙÔÓ ÂÚ¢ÓËÙ‹ ÙÔ Û›ÁÔ˘ÚÔ ÂÓÙÔappleÈÛÌfi ÎÂÓÙÚÈÎÒÓ ÛËÌ·ÛÈÒÓ ÙˆÓ ÂÎʈÓËÌ¿-
ÙˆÓ Î·È ·˘Ùfi˜ apple·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È Î˘Ú›·Ú¯Ô˜ ÙÔ˘ ˘ÏÈÎÔ‡ ÙÔ˘, ·ÊÔ‡ ·ÎfiÌË Î·È Ë appleÔÏ˘ÊˆÓÈ-
ÎfiÙËÙ· Ù˘ οı Ϥ͢ Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È Ó· ÌappleÔÚ› Ó· ÂÓÙÔappleÈÛı› ÛÙÔ apple·ÚÔÓÙÈÎfi ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfi Û˘Ì-
ÊÚ·˙fiÌÂÓÔ Ù˘ ¯Ú‹Û˘ Ù˘. ∂›Ó·È appleÈı·ÓfiÓ ·˘Ù‹ Ë Ù¿ÛË Ó· ÔÊ›ÏÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ fiÙÈ Ë ·ÓıÚˆappleÔ-
ÁψÛÛÔÏÔÁ›· ÌÂÏÂÙ¿ «ÙÔ ›‰ÈÔ ÙÔ ÁψÛÛÈÎfi appleÚÔ˚fiÓ», fiappleˆ˜ ÛˆÛÙ¿ ÂappleÈÛËÌ·›ÓÂÈ Ô ∆ÛÈÙÛÈapple‹˜
(fiapple.apple., Û. 118) Î·È fi¯È ÙË ÁÏÒÛÛ·/ÏfiÁÔ ÁÂÓÈο, apple.¯. ˆ˜ Ì˯·ÓÈÛÌfi ·appleÔÎÏÂÈÛÌÔ‡ ‹ ˆ˜
Û˘Ì‚ÔÏÈÎfi ÎÂÊ¿Ï·ÈÔ. øÛÙfiÛÔ, Â›Ó·È Û›ÁÔ˘ÚÔ fiÙÈ ¤¯ÂÈ ˘appleÂÚÙÔÓÈÛı› Ë «·ÌÂÛfiÙËÙ·» Ù˘ «appleÚ¿-
͢» Î·È Ù˘ «¯Ú‹Û˘» Ù˘ ÁÏÒÛÛ·˜ Î·È ¿Ú· Ë appleÂappleÔ›ıËÛË fiÙÈ ÙÔ ÓfiËÌ· ÌÈ·˜ ‰È·ÏÔÁÈ΋˜
Û˘Ó·ÏÏ·Á‹˜ ‚Ú›ÛÎÂÙ·È ÛÙË Û˘Ó·ÏÏ·Á‹ ·˘Ù‹ ηı·˘Ù‹Ó – οÙÈ appleÔ˘ ·ÓÙÈ‚·›ÓÂÈ ÛÙË ıˆڛ· Ù˘
appleÚ·ÎÙÈ΋˜.
39. √ «·appleÚÔÛ‰ÈfiÚÈÛÙÔ˜ ÔÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·˜» Â›Ó·È fiÚÔ˜ appleÔ˘ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔappleÔÈ› Ô Ê·ÈÓÔÌÂÓÔÏfiÁÔ˜
Merleau-Ponty (1962, Û. 30) Î·È appleÔ˘ ÌappleÔÚ› οÏÏÈÛÙ· Ó· Ù·˘ÙÈÛÙ› Ì ÙÔ habitus ÙÔ˘
Bourdieu (Âapple’ ·˘ÙÔ‡, ‚Ï. Papagaroufali, 1999) ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Ù· «Û¯‹Ì·Ù·» (‚Ï. ÛËÌ. 28 Î·È 34).
40. Koven, 1998, ÛÛ. 423, 422,
41. Das, 1998, Û. 185, ‰È΋ ÌÔ˘ ¤ÌÊ·ÛË.
42. Gal, 1989, Û. 352, ‰È΋ ÌÔ˘ ¤ÌÊ·ÛË.
43. Diaz de Rada Î·È Cruces, 1996, Û. 103, ‰È΋ ÌÔ˘ ¤ÌÊ·ÛË.
44. ∆ÛÈÙÛÈapple‹˜, 1998, Û. 64, ‰È΋ ÌÔ˘ ¤ÌÊ·ÛË.

∏ À¡∂¡∆∂À•∏ ø øª∞∆π∫∏ ∂π∫√π¡ø¡π∞ ∆ø¡ À¡√ªπ§∏∆ø¡
39
·˘Ù‹ ÙËÓ appleÂÚ›appleÙˆÛË, Ô ÂÚ¢ÓËÙ‹˜-Û˘ÓÔÌÈÏËÙ‹˜ Â›Ó·È appleϤÔÓ appleÚÔÂÙÔÈÌ·Ṳ̂-
ÓÔ˜ Ó· ·appleԉ¯ı› ÙË ÛËÌ·ÛÈÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ·‚‚·ÈfiÙËÙ· Î·È ·appleÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚÈÛÙ›·, Ù·
ÂÚˆÙËÌ·ÙÈο Î·È ÙȘ ÂÎÎÚÂÌfiÙËÙ˜, ˆ˜ ·Ó·applefiÛapple·ÛÙÔ Ì¤ÚÔ˜ Ù˘ ‰È·ÏÔÁÈ-
΋˜ ¤ÚÂ˘Ó¿˜ ÙÔ˘, fi¯È fï˜ ÂappleÂȉ‹ Ë ÁÏÒÛÛ· Â›Ó·È ÊÙˆ¯‹ Î·È «·Î›ÓËÙË» ÛÂ
Û‡ÁÎÚÈÛË Ì ÙËÓ appleÚ·ÁÌ·ÙÈ΋, «ÎÈÓÔ‡ÌÂÓË» ÂÌappleÂÈÚ›·, 45 ·ÏÏ¿ ÂappleÂȉ‹ Î·È Ë
ÁÏÒÛÛ· Â›Ó·È ÂÌappleÂÈÚ›· appleÔ˘ ‚ÈÒÓÂÙ·È ‰È¿Ûapple·ÚÙ· ̤۷ ÛÙÔÓ appleÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈο
ÂappleËÚ·Ṳ̂ÓÔ ¯ˆÚfi¯ÚÔÓÔ. ∂appleÔ̤ӈ˜, ‰ÂÓ ·ÓËÛ˘¯Â› fiÙÈ ı· «¯¿ÛÂÈ» ˘ÏÈÎfi,
Âapple› ÙfiappleÔ˘ ‹ ·ÚÁfiÙÂÚ· Ì ÙËÓ ·appleÔÌ·ÁÓËÙÔÊÒÓËÛË, 46 ‰ÈfiÙÈ ÁÓˆÚ›˙ÂÈ fiÙÈ
·˘Ùfi appleÔ˘ οÓÂÈ Î·Ù¿ ÙË Û˘Ó¤ÓÙ¢ÍË Â›Ó·È ‹‰Ë ÌÂÚÈÎfi Î·È apple·ÚÔ‰ÈÎfi. Ÿappleˆ˜
fiÙ·Ó ‚ÈÒÓÔ˘Ì οÙÈ ÌË ÏÂÎÙÈο Û˘Ì‚·›ÓÂÈ ·ÓÂappleÈÛÙÚÂappleÙ› Î·È ‰ÂÓ ÌappleÔÚÔ‡ÌÂ
Ó· ÙÔ ·Ó·‚ÈÒÛÔ˘Ì ˆ˜ ·ÎÚÈ‚Ò˜ ›‰ÈÔ, ¤ÙÛÈ Î·È fiÙ·Ó ÌÈÏ¿Ì ÁÈ· οÙÈ appleÔ˘
˙‹Û·Ì ‰ÂÓ ÌappleÔÚԇ̠ӷ ÙÔ ·Ó·apple·Ú·ÛÙ‹ÛÔ˘Ì ·ÎÚÈ‚Ò˜. ŸÏ˜ ·˘Ù¤˜ ÔÈ
ÂÌappleÂÈڛ˜ ‰È·Ê¤ÚÔ˘Ó ¯ÚÔÓÈο Î·È fi¯È ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁÈο. Ÿappleˆ˜ appleÔχ fiÌÔÚÊ·
ϤÂÈ Ô Ricoeur, «‰ÂÓ ¤¯Ô˘Ì ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈΤ˜ ÂΉԯ¤˜ ÈÛÙÔÚÈÒÓ ·ÏÏ¿ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂ-
ÙÈΤ˜ ÂΉԯ¤˜ ÙÔ˘ ¯ÚfiÓÔ˘, ÔÈ Ôappleԛ˜ ÊÙÈ¿¯ÓÔÓÙ·È ·applefi ÙȘ ÈÛÙÔڛ˜ appleÔ˘
‚ÈÒÓÔ˘Ì», 47 – Ì·˙› Ì ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜, ÏÂÎÙÈο Î·È ÌË ÏÂÎÙÈο!
À¡√ªπ§ø¡∆∞ ª∂ ∆√À ¢À¡∏∆π∫√À ¢øƒ∏∆∂ ∫∞π
√§§√À ∞§§√À
∏ ∫·ÙÂÚ›Ó· ÌÔ‡ ϤÂÈ fiÙÈ ·appleÔÊ¿ÛÈÛ ӷ Á›ÓÂÈ ‰ˆÚ‹ÙÚÈ· ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÓ ÎÈ fi¯È
ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ (ÛÙÔ ·Ó·ÙÔÌ›Ô) ÁÈ·Ù› «Í¤ÚÂÈ Î·Ï¿ ÙË Ì¿Ó· Ù˘»: ÏÈappleÔı˘Ì¿ÂÈ ÛÙË
ı¤· ÙÔ˘ appleÙÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ (ÌÔ˘ ·ÊËÁÂ›Ù·È appleÒ˜ ÏÈappleÔı‡ÌËÛ fiÙ·Ó appleÚÈÓ ÌÂÚÈο ¯Úfi-
ÓÈ· apple¤ı·ÓÂ Ë ÁÈ·ÁÈ¿ Ù˘ Î·È Ô Û·ÏÔ˜ Ù˘) Î·È ·Ë‰È¿˙ÂÈ Ì ÙË Ì˘ÚÔ˘‰È¿
ÙÔ˘ ˆÌÔ‡ ÎÚ¤·ÙÔ˜ (‰ÂÓ ·ÓÙ¤¯ÂÈ ÙËÓ «ÎÚ·ٛϷ» ÙÔ˘ ÎÚÂÔappleˆÏ›Ԣ Î·È ÛÙ¤Ï-
ÓÂÈ ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜ Ó· Ù˘ „ˆÓ›˙Ô˘Ó ÎÚ¤·˜). ∂appleÔ̤ӈ˜, ‰Â ı· ’ıÂÏ ӷ ÙËÓ Î¿ÓÂÈ
Ó· ÙË ‰ÂÈ/Ì˘Ú›ÛÂÈ ¤ÙÛÈ fiÙ·Ó ·˘Ù‹ appleÂı¿ÓÂÈ (Î·È apple¿ÂÈ ÛÙÔ ·Ó·ÙÔÌ›Ô). ∂‰Ò
¤¯ÂÈ ‹‰Ë ·Ú¯›ÛÂÈ ÙÔ ¯¿Ô˜. ∏ ›‰È· Ë ∫·ÙÂÚ›Ó· ϤÂÈ fiÙÈ ‰ÂÓ ·ÈÛı¿ÓÂÙ·È ÙÔ
›‰ÈÔ ˆ˜ appleÚÔ˜ Ù· appleÙÒÌ·Ù· (·Ó Î·È ‰ÂÓ ¤¯ÂÈ ‰ÂÈ appleÔÙ¤ ·ÓıÚÒappleÈÓÔ appleÙÒÌ·!)
Ô‡Ù ˆ˜ appleÚÔ˜ ÙË Ì˘ÚÔ˘‰È¿ ÙÔ˘ ÎÚ¤·ÙÔ˜. ∂ÁÒ ı˘Ì¿Ì·È applefiÛÔ Ì ·Ë‰È¿˙ÂÈ Ë
ÎÚ·ٛϷ ÙÔ˘ „˘Á›Ԣ ÙÔ˘ ÎÚÂÔappleÒÏË Î·È ÓÔÌ›˙ˆ fiÙÈ Î·Ù·ÓÔÒ/Û˘Ó·ÈÛı¿-
ÓÔÌ·È Ì¤Û˜-¿ÎÚ˜ ÙË ÛÙ¿ÛË Ù˘ Ì¿Ó·˜ Ù˘ ∫·ÙÂÚ›Ó·˜. ˘Ó¯›˙ÔÓÙ·˜, Ë
∫·ÙÂÚ›Ó· ÌÔ‡ ϤÂÈ fiÙÈ ı· appleÚÔÙÈÌÔ‡Û ӷ ÙËÓ Î¿„Ô˘Ó apple·Ú¿ Ó· ÙË ı¿„Ô˘Ó,
ÁÈ·Ù› «·apple¯ı¿ÓÂÙ·È ÙË Ì˘ÚÔ˘‰È¿ ÙÔ˘ ˘ÁÚÔ‡ ¯ÒÌ·ÙÔ˜», ÙËÓ «appleÂÈÚ¿˙ÂÈ ÙÔ
45. µÏ., apple.¯., ∆ÛÈÙÛÈapple‹, 1998, Û. 119-120.
46. µÏ. ∆ÛÈÙÛÈapple‹, fiapple.apple., Î·È Kvale, 1996, Û. 50.
47. ∞ӷʤÚÂÙ·È ÛÙÔÓ Mitchell, 1981, Û. πÃ.

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∂§∂¡∏ ∞∞°∞ƒ√Àº∞§∏
ÏÈ‚¿ÓÈ», «ÊÔ‚¿Ù·È Ù· Û·ÚÎÔ‚fiÚ· ÛÎÔ˘Ï‹ÎÈ·», «Û˘ÁÎÈÓÂ›Ù·È Ì ٷ ÎÏ¿Ì·-
Ù·» Î·È ÙËÓ «ÂÎÓ¢ڛ˙Ô˘Ó Ù· ÌÔÈÚÔÏfiÁÈ· ÙˆÓ apple·apple¿‰ˆÓ»! ˘ÓÂȉËÙÔappleÔÈÒ
fiÙÈ, ÂÓÒ ‰Â Ì’ ¤¯ÂÈ ·apple·Û¯ÔÏ‹ÛÂÈ appleÔÙ¤ Ô ı¿Ó·Ùfi˜ ÌÔ˘ Î·È ÙÔ ÙÈ ı· Û˘Ì‚Â›
ÛÙËÓ Ù·Ê‹ ÌÔ˘, ‰Â ı· ’ıÂÏ· appleÔÙ¤ Ó· Î·Ò ‹ Ó· ο„ˆ ÙÔ˘˜ ÁÔÓ›˜ ÌÔ˘, fiappleˆ˜
ÌÔ˘ ›apple·Ó Î·È ¿ÏÏÔÈ ‰ˆÚËÙ¤˜. ∞Ó·ÙÚȯȿ˙ˆ ÛÙË ÌÓ‹ÌË ÙÔ˘ η̤ÓÔ˘ appleÔ‰ÈÔ‡
ÙÔ˘, ÓÂÎÚÔ‡ Û‹ÌÂÚ·, apple·Ù¤Ú· ÌÔ˘ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ‹¯Ô˘ ÙÔ˘ „·ÏȉÈÔ‡ Ì ÙÔ ÔappleÔ›Ô Ô
ÁÈ·ÙÚfi˜ ÙÔ‡ ¤ÎÔ‚Â ÙÔ Î·Ì¤ÓÔ ÎÚ¤·˜ οı ÊÔÚ¿ appleÔ˘ ÂÚ¯fiÙ·Ó ÛÙÔ Ûapple›ÙÈ Ì·˜.
§¤ˆ ÛÙËÓ ∫·ÙÂÚ›Ó· fiÙÈ ÂÁÒ ‰ÂÓ ı· ÌappleÔÚÔ‡Û· appleÔÙ¤ Ó· Î·Ò Î·È, Û˘ÁÎÈÓË-
̤ÓË, Ù˘ ·ÊËÁÔ‡Ì·È ÙËÓ ÂÌappleÂÈÚ›· ÌÔ˘, ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔappleÔÈÒÓÙ·˜ ‰È¿ÊÔÚ˜ ÌÂÙ·-
ÊÔÚ¤˜ Î·È ÂÈÎfiÓ˜ (η̤ÓÔ ÎÚ¤·˜ ÛÙËÓ Î·ÙÛ·ÚfiÏ·, η̤ӷ ÎÔÚÌÈ¿ ÛÙËÓ
ÙËÏÂfiÚ·ÛË) ÁÈ· Ó· Ù˘ ÙË ÌÂٷʤڈ fiÛÔ appleÈÔ «Î˘ÚÈÔÏÂÎÙÈο» Á›ÓÂÙ·È. ∂ÓÒ
Ë ∫·ÙÂÚ›Ó· Ì¿ÏÏÔÓ Î·Ù·ÓÔ›/Û˘Ó·ÈÛı¿ÓÂÙ·È ÙÈ Ù˘ Ϥˆ, Û˘Á¯ÚfiÓˆ˜ appleÚÔ-
Ûapple·ı› Ó· Ì apple›ÛÂÈ «applefiÛÔ ˆÚ·›· ı· Â›Ó·È Ë Î·‡ÛË [ÌÔ˘/Ì·˜]» (ÙÔ ¤¯ÂÈ ‰ÂÈ
ÛÙÔÓ ÎÈÓËÌ·ÙÔÁÚ¿ÊÔ!), ·Ó Î·È «Ô‡Ù ÏfiÁÔ˜», fiappleˆ˜ ÂÁÒ Î·È ·˘Ù‹, ÙÔ˘˜
ÁÔÓ›˜ Ù˘ appleÚÔÙÈÌ¿ Ó· ÙÔ˘˜ ı¿„ÂÈ (·ÓÙ› ο„ÂÈ) ÁÈ· Ó· ÌappleÔÚ› Ó· appleËÁ·›ÓÂÈ
«Ó· ÙÔ˘˜ ‚ϤappleÂÈ Î·È Ó· ÙÔ˘˜ ÌÈÏ¿ÂÈ» fiappleÔÙ ÙÔ ÂappleÈı˘Ì›! ªÔ˘ ·appleÔηχappleÙÂÈ
fiÙÈ «Ë ȉ¤· Ù˘ η‡Û˘ Ù‹˜ ¤¯ÂÈ Î·Úʈı› ÁÈ· Ù· ηϿ» (ۯ‰ȿ˙ÂÈ Ó·
οÓÂÈ ‰È·ı‹ÎË fiappleÔ˘ Ó· ˙ËÙ¿ÂÈ ·applefi ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÁÁÂÓ›˜ Ù˘, ·ÊÔ‡ Ù˘ apple¿ÚÔ˘Ó
Ù· fiÚÁ·Ó·, Ó· ÌÂٷʤÚÔ˘Ó ÙÔ ÓÂÎÚfi ÛÒÌ· Ù˘ ÛÙÔ Â͈ÙÂÚÈÎfi Î·È Ó· ÙÔ
·appleÔÙÂÊÚÒÛÔ˘Ó), ·ÊfiÙÔ˘ ¿Ú¯ÈÛ ӷ Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¤¯ÂÈ ÂÓÂÚÁ¿ Û ÌÈ· ΛÓËÛË
ÈÓ‰Ô˘˚ÛÙÈÎÔ‡ appleÚÔÛ·Ó·ÙÔÏÈÛÌÔ‡: ·ÛÎÂ›Ù·È ÛÙÔ ‰È·ÏÔÁÈÛÌfi, «appleÈÛÙ‡ÂÈ ÛÙË
ÌÂÙÂÓÛ¿ÚΈÛË» Î·È «¤¯ÂÈ ·Ú¯›ÛÂÈ Ó· ‚ϤappleÂÈ ·ÏÏÈÒ˜ appleÈ· ÙÔ ÛÒÌ· [Ù˘]».
«Ò˜ ·ÏÏÈÒ˜»;
ªˆÚ¤, ¤¯Ô˘Ì appleÔÏÏ¿ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈο ÛÒÌ·Ù·... ‰ËÏ·‰‹, ÂÌ›˜ ϤÌÂ
«ÛÒÌ·» Î·È ÙÈ ‚ϤappleÔ˘ÌÂ; ∆Ë Û¿Úη appleÔ˘ appleÈ¿ÓÔ˘ÌÂ... ŸÌˆ˜, Û˘Á¯ÚfiÓˆ˜, ÁÈ·
appleÔχ ÎfiÛÌÔ, ˘apple¿Ú¯ÂÈ ÙÔ ¤Ì„˘¯Ô ÛÒÌ·, ÙÔ ·ÛÙÚÈÎfi ÛÒÌ·, ÙÔ ıÂ›Ô ÛÒÌ·...
¢ËÏ·‰‹, ‰ÂÓ ˘apple¿Ú¯ÂÈ ÌfiÓÔ ÙÔ ÛÒÌ· appleÔ˘ ‚ϤappleÔ˘Ì ÂÌ›˜. ∂Ì›˜ ‚ϤappleÔ˘ÌÂ
·˘Ùfi ÁÈ·Ù› ÙÔ ¤¯Ô˘Ì ̿ıÂÈ, ÙÔ ¤¯Ô˘ÌÂ Û˘ÓËı›ÛÂÈ ¤ÙÛÈ, ·ÏÏ¿ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ÌfiÓÔ
·˘Ùfi. ¿Ú [ÁÈ· apple·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·] ÙÔ˘˜ ÁÈfiÁÎÈ. ŸÛÔ appleÈÔ appleÔχ ·Ó‚·›ÓÔ˘Ó Ù·
Âapple›apple‰· Û˘Ó›‰ËÛ˘ Ì ÙÔ ‰È·ÏÔÁÈÛÌfi ÙfiÛÔ appleÈÔ appleÔχ Êı¿ÓÔ˘Ó Û ¤Ó·
ÛËÌÂ›Ô appleÔ˘ ÙÔ ÛÒÌ· ÙÔ˘˜ ‰ÂÓ ˘apple¿Ú¯ÂÈ! ∆Ú¤ÊÔÓÙ·È Ì’ ¤Ó· ÌappleÈÛÎfiÙÔ ÙÔ
¯ÚfiÓÔ ÁÈ·Ù› ¤¯Ô˘Ó ˘appleÂڂ› ÙÔ ÛÒÌ· appleÔ˘ ϤÌ ÂÌ›˜, ‰ËÏ·‰‹, ÙÔ ˘ÏÈÎfi, ÙÔ
Û·ÚÎÈÎfi ÛÒÌ·, Î·È ·˘ÙÔ› appleÈ¿ÓÔ˘Ó ¿ÏÏ· Âapple›apple‰·...
∂ÓÒ «appleÚÔÛ¤¯ˆ» Ù· ÏfiÁÈ· Ù˘ ∫·ÙÂÚ›Ó·˜, ·applefi ÙË ÌÈ· appleÏÂ˘Ú¿, ‰ÂÓ ÌÔ˘
ϤÓ ٛappleÔÙ·: ÌÔ˘ Â›Ó·È ¿ÁÓˆÛÙ· Û·Ó ÛˆÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ appleÚ·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ‹ ‰È·ı¤ÛÂȘ,
Û·Ó habitus. ∞applefi ÙËÓ ¿ÏÏË, ‰ÂÓ ÌÔ˘ Â›Ó·È Î·È ÙÂÏ›ˆ˜ ¿ÁÓˆÛÙ·: Û˘Ó·Ó·-
ÛÙÚ¤ÊÔÌ·È ÎfiÛÌÔ appleÔ˘ ·ÎÔ‡ˆ fiÙÈ Î¿ÓÔ˘Ó yoga ‹ apple¿Ó ÛÙËÓ πÓ‰›·, ¤¯ˆ ‰È·-
‚¿ÛÂÈ ÁÈ’ ·˘Ù¿, Ù· ¤¯ˆ ‰ÂÈ ÎÈ ÂÁÒ ÛÙÔÓ ÎÈÓËÌ·ÙÔÁÚ¿ÊÔ Î·È ÛÙËÓ ÙËÏÂfiÚ·-
ÛË, Ì’ ·Ú¤ÛÂÈ Ó’ ·ÁÔÚ¿˙ˆ ÈÓ‰Èο ÚÔ‡¯· Î·È Í¤Úˆ appleÒ˜ Ì˘Ú›˙Ô˘Ó ÂΛӷ Ù·

∏ À¡∂¡∆∂À•∏ ø øª∞∆π∫∏ ∂π∫√π¡ø¡π∞ ∆ø¡ À¡√ªπ§∏∆ø¡
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ÏÂappleÙ¿ ÎÂÚÈ¿ appleÔ˘ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔappleÔÈÔ‡Ó ÔÈ «ÈÓ‰Ô˘ÈÛÙ¤˜» Û ÈÂÚ¤˜ ÛÙÈÁ̤˜! ∂ÓÒ
ÏÔÈapplefiÓ ‰È·ÊÔÚÔappleÔÈÔ‡Ì·È –·Ó fi¯È ‰È·ÊˆÓÒ– Û ۯ¤ÛË Ì ÙËÓ ∫·ÙÂÚ›Ó·,
Û˘Á¯ÚfiÓˆ˜ ÍÂÎÈÓÒ ¤Ó· Ì·ÎÚ‡ Ù·Í›‰È appleÚÔ˜ Ì·ÎÚÈÓÔ‡˜ ÔÚ›˙ÔÓÙ˜ ̤۷ ·applefi
ÂΛÓÔ ÙÔ «ÂÌ›˜» Î·È ÙÔ «Û·ÚÎÈÎfi ÛÒÌ·». ∞˘Ù¤˜ ÔÈ Û˘Ó¯›˜ Ó‡ÍÂȘ, ηٿ
ÙË ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· Ù˘ Û˘Ó¤ÓÙ¢Í˘, ÁÈ· ÙÔ ÛÒÌ· Ì·˜ Î·È ÙÔ ÛÒÌ· ÙˆÓ ‰ÈÎÒÓ Ì·˜
Û·Ó «ÎÚ¤·˜» Î·È «Û¿Úη» Ì οÓÔ˘Ó Ó· ‰È·ÈÛı·ÓıÒ/ηٷÓÔ‹Ûˆ fiÙÈ Â›Ì·È
ÎÈ ÂÁÒ Ì¤Û· ÛÙÔ «ÂÌ›˜» appleÔ˘ «‚ϤappleÔ˘Ì ÙÔ ÛÒÌ· Û·Ó Û¿Úη appleÔ˘ appleÈ¿ÓÔ˘-
Ì» – ∂Ì›˜ ÔÈ ŒÏÏËÓ˜; √È √Úıfi‰ÔÍÔÈ ÃÚÈÛÙÈ·ÓÔ›; ∂Ì›˜ appleÔ˘ ÏfiÁˆ ÁÂ-
ÓÈ¿˜ «appleÂÚ¿Û·Ì» ·applefi ÙÔ Î·Ù˯ËÙÈÎfi Î·È ÌÂÙ·Ï¿‚·Ì ÙÔ ∞›Ì· Î·È ÙÔ ÒÌ·
ÙÔ˘ ÃÚÈÛÙÔ‡; ∂Ì›˜ appleÔ˘ ÎÈ ·Ó ·ÎfiÌ· ‰ËÏÒÓÔ˘Ì ¿ıÂÔÈ appleËÁ·›ÓÔ˘Ì ÛÙËÓ
∆·Ê‹ Î·È ÙËÓ ∞Ó¿ÛÙ·ÛË ÙÔ˘ ∂ÓÛ·ÚΈ̤ÓÔ˘ £ÂÔ‡; ∞˘ÙÔÌ¿Ùˆ˜ Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¤¯ˆ
·ÈÛıËÙËÚȷο Î·È Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈο Û apple·ÚÂÏıfiÓÙ·, apple·ÚfiÓÙ·, ̤ÏÏÔÓÙ·
ۈ̷ÙÈο appleÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙ·-Û˘ÓÔÌÈϛ˜ Ù˘ ∫·ÙÂÚ›Ó·˜ Î·È ‰ÈΤ˜ ÌÔ˘ ÌÂ
«¿ÏÏÔ˘˜», Î·È Ê·ÓÙ¿˙ÔÌ·È applefiÛÔ Î·È appleÒ˜ Û˘Ó¤‚·Ï·Ó Î·È Û˘Ì‚¿ÏÏÔ˘Ó ÛÙËÓ
ηٷÛ΢‹ ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ˘ appleÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙÔ˜-Û˘ÓÔÌÈÏ›·˜ Ì·˜ Î·È ÙˆÓ
Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÁψÛÛÈÎÒÓ Î·È «apple·Ú·ÁψÛÛÈÎÒÓ» appleÚ·ÎÙÈÎÒÓ – ·Ú¯›˙ˆ
Î·È Û˘ÓÂȉËÙÔappleÔÈÒ, ÁÈ· appleÚÒÙË ÊÔÚ¿, applefiÛÔ Û·ÚÎÈÎfi˜ Ì¿ÏÏÔÓ apple·Ú¿ appleÓ¢-
Ì·ÙÈÎfi˜ Â›Ó·È Ô ¯ÚÈÛÙÈ·ÓÈÎfi˜ ÔÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·˜ ÛÙÔÓ ÔappleÔ›Ô Ì¿ı·Ì ӷ ˙Ô‡ÌÂ! 48
∆Ô ›‰ÈÔ Î¿ÓÂÈ Î·È Ë ∫·ÙÂÚ›Ó·. ¢ÂÓ ÂÎappleÏ‹ÛÛÔÌ·È –Û ·ÓÙ›ıÂÛË appleÚÔ˜ ·˘Ù‹Ó–
fiÙ·Ó ÛÙË Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ· Ù˘ Û˘˙‹ÙËÛ‹˜ Ì·˜ ‚Á·›ÓÔ˘Ó «·ÏËıÈÓ¿» appleÔÏÏ¿ ·applefi
·˘Ù¿ appleÔ˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ì ‰È·ÈÛı·Óı› Î·È Ê·ÓÙ·Ûı› Ë ÌÈ· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ¿ÏÏË. ∏ ‰È·›-
ÛıËÛË Î·È Ë Ê·ÓÙ·Û›· Â›Ó·È ÛˆÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÁÓÒÛË. ªÂ ÙËÓ ∫·ÙÂÚ›Ó·, fi¯È ÌfiÓÔ
Ù˘¯·›ÓÂÈ Ó· ¤¯Ô˘Ì apple·ÚfiÌÔÈÔ habitus ÙÔ ÔappleÔ›Ô ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌÂÓÔappleÔÈԇ̠ηٿ
¤Ó· Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ ÙÚfiappleÔ ÂappleÂȉ‹ ›̷ÛÙ ̷˙› ÂΛÓË ÙËÓ ÒÚ·, ·ÏÏ¿ Û˘Á-
¯ÚfiÓˆ˜ ·appleÔÎÙԇ̷̠˙› ÌÈ· Û˘ÛÛˆÚ¢ÙÈ΋ ÎÔÈÓ‹ ۈ̷ÙÈ΋ ÁÓÒÛË Î·ıÒ˜
appleÚÔ¯ˆÚԇ̠ÙË ÏÂÎÙÈ΋ Î·È ¿ÏÏË ÂÌappleÂÈÚ›· Ù˘ Û˘Ó¤ÓÙ¢Í˘. 49 ªÂ ¿ÏÏ·
ÏfiÁÈ·, ‰Â ‚ϤappleÔ˘Ì ·appleÏÒ˜ Ë ÌÈ· ÙËÓ ¿ÏÏË Ì ٷ Ì¿ÙÈ· ÙÔ˘ ·ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˘ ÓÔ˘
48. °È· ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiappleÔ Ì ÙÔÓ ÔappleÔ›Ô Û ÌÈ· Û˘Ó¤ÓÙ¢ÍË-Û˘ÓÔÌÈÏ›· «ÔÈ ÏÂÎÙÈΤ˜ Ó‡ÍÂȘ ÂÓÂÚ-
ÁÔappleÔÈÔ‡Ó ÁÓˆÛÙÈο Û¯‹Ì·Ù· Î·È appleÚÔÛˆappleÈΤ˜ ·Ó·ÌÓ‹ÛÂȘ Û¯ÂÙÈΤ˜ Ì ·˘Ù¿ Ù· Û¯‹Ì·Ù·» (‹
ÔÚ›˙ÔÓÙ˜ ‹ habitus), ‚Ï. Schrauf, 1997, Û. 443. °È· ÙÔÓ «Û·ÚÎÈÎfi ÔÚ›˙ÔÓÙ· ‹ habitus» appleÔ˘
·Ó·Î¿Ï˘„· ̤ۈ ÙˆÓ Û˘ÓÂÓÙ‡ÍÂˆÓ Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ‰ˆÚËÙ¤˜ Î·È appleÔ˘ ÂappleȂ‚·›ˆÛ· ÂÎ ÙˆÓ ˘ÛÙ¤ÚˆÓ,
̤۷ ·applefi ÙËÓ ·ÓıÚˆappleÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ‚È‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·Ê›·, ‚Ï. Papagaroufali, 1999.
49. °È· Ó· Û˘Ì‚Â› ·˘Ùfi ÛÙÔÓ appleÂÚÈÔÚÈṲ̂ÓÔ ¯ÚfiÓÔ ÌÈ·˜ ‹ ¤ÛÙˆ appleÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚˆÓ Û˘ÓÂ-
ÓÙ‡ÍÂˆÓ Ì ¤Ó· ¿ÙÔÌÔ, appleÚÔ¸appleÔÙ›ıÂÙ·È ÌÈ· Ï›ÁÔ ˆ˜ appleÔχ ÎÔÈÓ‹ ÁÏÒÛÛ·-habitus ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ·
ÛÙÔÓ Û˘ÓÂÓÙ¢ÎÙ‹ Î·È ÙÔÓ Û˘ÓÔÌÈÏËÙ‹, Ë ÔappleÔ›· fï˜ ÌappleÔÚ› Î·È Ó· ·appleÔÎÙËı› ̤ۈ Ù˘
Ì·ÎÚÔ¯ÚfiÓÈ·˜ Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯È΋˜ apple·Ú·Ù‹ÚËÛ˘ (‚Ï. Bloch, 1991). ªÂ ¿ÏÏ· ÏfiÁÈ·, ‰ÂÓ ·ÚΛ Ë
ÏÂÍÈÏÔÁÈ΋ Î·È ÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÈÎÔ-Û˘ÓÙ·ÎÙÈ΋ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ· ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÓÂÓÙ¢ÎÙ‹ Û ÌÈ· ÁÏÒÛÛ· (Âapple’
·˘ÙÔ‡, ‚Ï. Î·È ∆ÛÈÙÛÈapple‹, 1998, ΢ڛˆ˜ ÛÛ. 35 Î·È 146). °È· apple·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, Ë Koven, fiÙ·Ó ÌÂϤ-
ÙËÛ ÙË ÁψÛÛÈ΋ ÂÌappleÂÈÚ›· ÙÔ˘ «Â·˘ÙÔ‡» Û ÎÔapple¤Ï˜ appleÔ˘ ÁÂÓÓ‹ıËÎ·Ó ‹ ηٿÁÔÓÙ·Ó ·applefi ÙËÓ

42
∂§∂¡∏ ∞∞°∞ƒ√Àº∞§∏
Ì·˜ ·ÏÏ¿ ·ÏÏËÏÔ-ÂÌappleÏÂÎfiÌ·ÛÙ Ì appleÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈο ÂappleÂÍÂÚÁ·Ṳ̂ÓÔ˘˜ ۈ̷ÙÈ-
ÎÔ‡˜ ÙÚfiappleÔ˘˜ appleÚÔÛÔ¯‹˜ Î·È Ì·ı·›ÓÔ˘Ì ̤Û˜-¿ÎÚ˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ÎfiÛÌÔ appleÔ˘
‚ÈÒÓÔ˘ÌÂ Î·È appleÔ˘ ¤ÊÙÈ·Í ÙȘ ÏÂÎÙÈΤ˜ Î·È ÌË ¯ÂÈÚÔÓƠ̂˜ Ì·˜. ÈÁ¿-ÛÈÁ¿
Ì·ı·›ÓÔ˘Ì ӷ ÌÈÏ¿Ì ÙËÓ ›‰È· ÁÏÒÛÛ· ηÈ, ¤ÛÙˆ appleÚfiÛηÈÚ·, Ó· ·appleÔÏ·Ì-
‚¿ÓÔ˘Ì ÙË Ì·Á›· Ù˘ Ê·ÈÓÔÌÂÓÈο ·ÓÂÍ¿ÚÙËÙ˘ ·applefi Û˘ÌÊÚ·˙fiÌÂÓ·,
·ÛÒÌ·Ù˘, ‰È·ÓÔËÙÈ΋˜ «Î˘ÚÈÔÏÂÍ›·˜».
∆È Â›Ó·È ÏÔÈapplefiÓ Ù· ÏfiÁÈ· appleÔ˘ ϤÌÂ Ô ¤Ó·˜ ÛÙÔÓ ¿ÏÏÔÓ Û ÌÈ· Û˘ÓÔÌÈ-
Ï›·-Û˘Ó¤ÓÙ¢ÍË; ∂›Ó·È, fiappleˆ˜ ˘appleÔÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È, ·ÓÂapple·ÚΛ˜ Î·È apple·Ú·appleÔÈËÙÈ-
Τ˜ ·Ó·apple·Ú·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ appleÚ·ÁÌ·ÙÈο ‚ÈˆÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÂÌappleÂÈÚÈÒÓ – Î·È fi¯È ÂÌappleÂÈڛ˜
appleÔ˘ ‚ÈÒÓÔ˘Ì ÛÙËÓ appleÚ·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·; ∞Ó Ó·È, appleÒ˜ ÌappleÔÚ› Ë ÁÏÒÛÛ· Ó·
·Ó·apple·Ú·ÛÙ‹ÛÂÈ Î·È Ó· apple·Ú·appleÔÈ‹ÛÂÈ ÂÌappleÂÈڛ˜ appleÔ˘ ‰ÂÓ ¤¯Ô˘Ó appleÚ·ÁÌ·ÙÈο
‚Ȉı› ·ÏÏ¿ appleÔ˘ ˘appleÔÙ›ıÂÙ·È fiÙÈ ı· ‚ȈıÔ‡Ó ÛÙÔ Ì¤ÏÏÔÓ – ·Ó Î·È ‰ÂÓ
¤¯Ô˘Ó η̛· Ù¤ÙÔÈ· appleÈı·ÓfiÙËÙ·; ŸÙ·Ó Ë ‰˘ÓËÙÈ΋ ‰ˆÚ‹ÙÚÈ· ÌÈÏ¿ÂÈ ÁÈ· ÙÔ
Êfi‚Ô appleÔ˘ (Ê·ÓÙ¿˙ÂÙ·È fiÙÈ) ı· ÓÈÒıÂÈ Ì¤Û· ÛÙÔ ÛÎÔ˘ÏËÎÈ·Ṳ̂ÓÔ Ù¿ÊÔ Ù˘,
ÙÔÓ ·Ó·apple·ÚÈÛÙ¿ ·ÓÂapple·ÚÎÒ˜ ‹ ÙÔÓ ‚ÈÒÓÂÈ Âapple·ÚÎÒ˜; ‡Ìʈӷ Ì ٷ fiÛ·
˘appleÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍ· Û’ ·˘Ùfi ÙÔ ¿ÚıÚÔ, Û˘Ì‚·›ÓÂÈ ÙÔ ‰Â‡ÙÂÚÔ. ∏ ÊÚ¿ÛË Ù˘ ∫·ÙÂÚ›-
Ó·˜ – «¢Â ı¤Ïˆ Ó· ı·ÊÙÒ, ı¤Ïˆ Ó· ηÒ, ÁÈ·Ù› ÊÔ‚¿Ì·È Ù· ÛÎÔ˘Ï‹ÎÈ·» –
Â›Ó·È ÌÈ· ۈ̷ÙÈ΋ appleÚ·ÎÙÈ΋ ‹ ÏÂÎÙÈ΋ ¯ÂÈÚÔÓÔÌ›·, 50 ÙËÓ ÔappleÔ›· ÁÓˆÚ›-
˙ÂÈ/‚ÈÒÓÂÈ/ÌÔÈÚ¿˙ÂÙ·È ÁÂÓÈο Î·È ·appleÚÔÛ‰ÈfiÚÈÛÙ· Ì ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜, Û˘˙ÒÓÙ·˜ ÛÙË
Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓË ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·, 51 Î·È appleÈÔ ÂȉÈο Î·È Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ Ì·˙› ÌÔ˘, ÛÙÔ
‚·ıÌfi appleÔ˘ ‰È·ÈÛı¿ÓÂÙ·È fiÙÈ ÙË ÓÈÒıˆ/ηٷÓÔÒ ˆ˜ ̤ÏÔ˜ Ù˘ ›‰È·˜ ÎÔÈÓˆ-
Ó›·˜ Î·È ¿Ú· Ù˘ ÂappleȂ‚·ÈÒÓˆ, ÂÓ Ì¤ÚÂÈ ÙÔ˘Ï¿¯ÈÛÙÔÓ, ÙËÓ appleÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈ΋
˘ÏÈÎfiÙËÙ· ÙÔ˘ Êfi‚Ô˘ Ù˘ (Ó· ÙË Ê¿Ó ٷ ÛÎÔ˘Ï‹ÎÈ·), Ù˘ ·apple¤¯ıÂÈ¿˜ Ù˘
(appleÚÔ˜ ÙÔ «Î·ÙÂÛÙË̤ÓÔ») Î·È Ù˘ ÂappleÈı˘Ì›·˜ Ù˘ (Ó· ·appleÔÙÂÊÚˆı› ·ÓÙ› Ó·
Ù·Ê›) 52 . ÙÔ appleÏ·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ Û˘ÓÔÌÈÏ›·˜ Ì·˜, ·˘Ù‹ Ë ÊÚ¿ÛË-ۈ̷ÙÈ΋ appleÚ·-
ÎÙÈ΋ ı· ÌappleÔÚÔ‡Û ӷ ȉˆı› Î·È Û· ÌÈ· «ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈ΋ appleÔ˘ ‰Â Û˘ÓÈÛÙ¿ ÙÔ
appleÚÔ˚fiÓ ÌÈ·˜ ÁÓ‹ÛÈ·˜ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈ΋˜ appleÚfiıÂÛ˘»: 53 §¤ÁÔÓÙ·˜ Ù· ÏfiÁÈ· appleÔ˘
ÔÚÙÔÁ·Ï›· Î·È appleÔ˘ ˙Ô˘Ó ÛÙË °·ÏÏ›·, ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔappleÔ›ËÛ ‰›ÁψÛÛ˜ ÁËÁÂÓ›˜ Û˘ÓÂÓÙ‡ÎÙÚȘ,
apple·ÚfiÏÔ appleÔ˘ Î·È Ë ›‰È· ÁÓˆÚ›˙ÂÈ ÙËÓ appleÔÚÙÔÁ·ÏÈ΋ Î·È ÙË Á·ÏÏÈ΋ ÁÏÒÛÛ· (Koven, 1998).
50. £· ÌappleÔÚÔ‡Û ӷ Ì·˜ appleÂÈ ÙÔ ›‰ÈÔ appleÚ¿ÁÌ· Ì ÙË ÁÏÒÛÛ· ÙˆÓ ÎˆÊ·Ï¿ÏˆÓ ‹ ¿ÏÏË
appleÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈ΋ ÌÔÚÊ‹ apple·ÓÙƠ̷̂˜.
51. ∑ÒÓÙ·˜ Û ÌÈ· ÔÚıfi‰ÔÍË ¯ÚÈÛÙÈ·ÓÈ΋ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·, ¤¯ÂÈ ·ÎÔ‡ÛÂÈ, ·Ó Î·È ‰ÂÓ ¤¯ÂÈ Ë ›‰È·
‰ÂÈ, ÁÈ· ÙȘ ÂÎٷʤ˜ ÓÂÎÚÒÓ appleÔ˘ Ù· ÛÒÌ·Ù¿ ÙÔ˘˜ ‰ÂÓ ¤¯Ô˘Ó appleÏ‹Úˆ˜ ·appleÔÛ˘ÓÙÂı› Î·È appleÔ˘ Ê·›-
ÓÔÓÙ·È «appleÒ˜ Ù· ¤¯Ô˘Ó Ê¿ÂÈ Ù· ÛÎÔ˘Ï‹ÎÈ·». ˘Á¯ÚfiÓˆ˜, ¤¯ÂÈ ÂÎÙÂı› Û appleÚfiÛÊ·Ù˜ Û˘˙ËÙ‹ÛÂȘ
˘appleÔÛÙËÚÈÎÙÒÓ Ù˘ ·appleÔÙ¤ÊÚˆÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ÓÂÎÚÒÓ Î·È ÛÙȘ ·ÓÙÈÚÚ‹ÛÂȘ Ù˘ ÂÎÎÏËÛ›·˜ Î.Ïapple..
52. ŸÓÙ·˜ ̤ÏÔ˜ ·˘Ù‹˜ Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ Î·È Û˘Ì̤ÙÔ¯Ô˜ ÙˆÓ ›‰ÈˆÓ ·ÎÔ˘ÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ Î·È ÂÈÎfi-
ÓˆÓ, ÌappleÔÚÒ Ó· ηٷÓÔ‹Ûˆ ·˘Ù¿ appleÔ˘ ϤÂÈ ·ÏÏ¿ ÌfiÓÔ «ÂÓ Ì¤ÚÂÈ», ‰ÈfiÙÈ ‰Â Û˘ÌÌÂÚ›˙ÔÌ·È ÙÔÓ
›‰ÈÔ –Ê·ÓÙ·ÛÙÈÎfi– Êfi‚Ô.
53. Bourdieu, 1977, Û. 73.

∏ À¡∂¡∆∂À•∏ ø øª∞∆π∫∏ ∂π∫√π¡ø¡π∞ ∆ø¡ À¡√ªπ§∏∆ø¡
43
ϤÂÈ, Ë ∫·ÙÂÚ›Ó· ‚ÈÒÓÂÈ ¤Ó· ΛÓËÙÚÔ ‹ Û¯¤‰ÈÔ, ÙÔ ÔappleÔ›Ô ¤¯ÂÈ ÂÌappleÓ¢Ûı›
Î·È (·˘ÙÔ)ۯ‰ȿÛÂÈ ·applefi ·ÓÙÈÎÚÔ˘fiÌÂÓ˜ ·ÈÛıËÙËÚȷΤ˜ Î·È Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·-
ÙÈΤ˜ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ Ù˘ Ì ˙ˆÓÙ·ÓÔ‡˜ Î·È ÓÂÎÚÔ‡˜, Ê·ÓÙ·ÛÙÈÎÔ‡˜ Î·È ·ÏËıÈ-
ÓÔ‡˜, ÂÓÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˘˜ ‹ Ê·ÈÓÔÌÂÓÈο ·ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˘˜ ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜, Î·È ÙÔ ÔappleÔ›Ô, Ì ÙËÓ
¤ÓÙ·ÛË appleÔ˘ Ì·˜ ÙÔ ÂÎÊÚ¿˙ÂÈ, 54 Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È ‹‰Ë Ó· ÙÔ ‚ÈÒÓÂÈ ˆ˜ ˘ÏÔappleÔÈ‹ÛÈÌÔ
Î·È ÁÈ’ ·˘Ùfi Î·È Ó· appleÚÔÛapple·ı› Ó· Ì·˜ apple›ÛÂÈ ÁÈ· Ù· appleÚÔÙÂÚ‹Ì·Ù¿ ÙÔ˘.
ŸÌˆ˜ fiÛÔ ¯ˆÚÔ¯ÚÔÓÈο ‰È¿Ûapple·ÚÙË (ηıfiÙÈ Û¯ÂÛȷ΋) Â›Ó·È Ë appleÚԤϢÛË
·˘ÙÔ‡ ÙÔ˘ «Û¯Â‰›Ô˘» ¿ÏÏÔ ÙfiÛÔ ‰È¿Ûapple·ÚÙË Î·È ·‚¤‚·ÈË (ηıfiÙÈ Û¯ÂÛȷ΋)
Â›Ó·È Î·È Ë ¤Î‚·Û‹ ÙÔ˘: Ë ∫·ÙÂÚ›Ó· ÌappleÔÚ› ·‡ÚÈÔ Ó· οÓÂÈ ¿ÏÏ· ·applefi ·˘Ù¿
appleÔ˘ ϤÂÈ Û’ Â̤ӷ Û‹ÌÂÚ· Ì ÙfiÛË ÛÈÁÔ˘ÚÈ¿ (ÌappleÔÚ› Ó· οÓÂÈ ‰È·ı‹ÎË appleÔ˘
Ó· ϤÂÈ fiÙÈ, Û appleÂÚ›appleÙˆÛË appleÔ˘ ηıÈÂÚˆı› Ë Î·‡ÛË ÛÙËÓ ∂ÏÏ¿‰·, ÙÔ ‰ÈÎfi
Ù˘ ÙÔ ÛÒÌ· ı¤ÏÂÈ Ó· ÙÔ ı¿„Ô˘Ó ÎÈ fi¯È Ó· ÙÔ Î¿„Ô˘Ó). ∫·Ù¿ ÙÔÓ ›‰ÈÔ
ÙÚfiappleÔ, ÌappleÔÚ› ÎÈ ÂÁÒ ÙÂÏÈο Ó· οӈ ¿ÏÏ· ·applefi ·˘Ù¿ appleÔ˘ Ù˘ Ϥˆ ÎÈ ·˜ Ù·
‚ÈÒÓˆ –¯ˆÚ›˜ Ó· Ù¿ ’¯ˆ ۯ‰ȿÛÂÈ– Ì ÙfiÛË ‚‚·ÈfiÙËÙ· (ÌappleÔÚ› Ó· ˙ËÙ‹-
Ûˆ Ó· ÌÂ ·appleÔÙÂÊÚÒÛÔ˘Ó ·ÓÙ› Ó· ·Ê‹Ûˆ Ó· ÌÂ ı¿„Ô˘Ó).
∂¿Ó Â›Ó·È ¤ÙÛÈ Ù· appleÚ¿ÁÌ·Ù· –Î·È Î¿appleˆ˜ ¤ÙÛÈ Â›Ó·È– ÙfiÙÂ, ÂÁÒ, ˆ˜ Û˘ÓÂ-
ÓÙ‡ÎÙÚÈ·-ÂÚ¢ӋÙÚÈ·, ÙÈ Ï¤ˆ fiÙÈ Î¿Óˆ Û˘ÏϤÁÔÓÙ·˜ ÏfiÁÈ· «‰˘ÓËÙÈÎÒÓ»
–fi¯È appleÚ·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ– ‰ˆÚËÙÒÓ, Î·È Ì¿ÏÈÛÙ· ̤ۈ Û˘ÓÂÓÙ‡ÍÂˆÓ ÌfiÓÔ Î·È
fi¯È Î·È Ì¤Ûˆ Ù˘ ÂappleÈÙfiappleÈ·˜ Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯È΋˜ apple·Ú·Ù‹ÚËÛ˘ fiappleÔ˘ ı· ÌappleÔÚÔ‡-
Û· Ó· «‚Ϥappleˆ» Î·È Ó· ÂϤÁ¯ˆ Ù˘¯fiÓ ·ÓÙÈÊ·ÙÈΤ˜ appleÚ¿ÍÂȘ ÙÔ˘˜; 55 ∞Ó
̤¯ÚÈ ÙÒÚ· ¤¯ˆ ·Ó·appleÙ‡ÍÂÈ Âapple·ÚÎÒ˜ ÙË ı¤ÛË ÌÔ˘, ı· appleÚ¤appleÂÈ Ó· ¤¯ÂÈ Á›ÓÂÈ
ηٷÓÔËÙfi ÙÔ ÂÍ‹˜: ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›˙ˆ Ù· ÏfiÁÈ· ÙˆÓ Û˘ÓÔÌÈÏËÙÒÓ ÌÔ˘ Û·Ó fiϘ
ÙȘ ¿ÏϘ «¯ÂÈÚÔÓƠ̂˜» appleÔ˘ ı· «¤‚ÏÂapple·» ÛÙÔ ÂÚ¢ÓËÙÈÎfi apple‰›Ô ˆ˜ ÂıÓÔ-
ÁÚ¿ÊÔ˜. ¢ËÏ·‰‹ ‰ÂÓ ÙÔ˘˜ ·appleÔ‰›‰ˆ η̛· ÂappleÈappleϤÔÓ ‹ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈ΋ ȉÈfiÙË-
Ù· ÂappleÂȉ‹ Â›Ó·È «ÏÂÎÙÈΤ˜ ¯ÂÈÚÔÓƠ̂˜» Î·È fi¯È ¿ÏϘ. ªÂ ¿ÏÏ· ÏfiÁÈ·, ‰ÂÓ
ÙȘ ‚Ϥappleˆ ˆ˜ appleÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ «È‰ÂÔÏÔÁÈΤ˜», ¿Ú· «·appleÔ-˚ÛÙÔÚÈÎÔappleÔÈËÙÈΤ˜»
Î·È ÂappleÔ̤ӈ˜ appleÈÔ apple·Ú·appleÏ·ÓËÙÈΤ˜ Î·È ·ÓÙÈÊ·ÙÈΤ˜ appleÚÔ˜ ÙȘ «‚Ȉ̤Ó˜» ‹
ÙȘ «ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜» ÂÌappleÂÈڛ˜ ÙˆÓ ÔÌÈÏÔ‡ÓÙˆÓ. 56 £ÂˆÚÒ fiÙÈ ÔÈ ÏÂÎÙÈΤ˜ ¯ÂÈ-
ÚÔÓƠ̂˜ ÙÔ˘ ÔÌÈÏÔ‡ÓÙÔ˜, fiappleˆ˜ fiϘ ÔÈ ¿ÏϘ appleÚ·ÎÙÈΤ˜ ÙÔ˘, ÂappleÈÙÂÏÔ‡Ó
·˘Ùfi appleÔ˘ ‰ËÏÒÓÔ˘Ó, ·ÏÏ¿ ·˘Ùfi appleÔ˘ ‰ËÏÒÓÔ˘Ó Â›Ó·È ·applefi ÙËÓ ·Ú¯‹ ˆ˜ ÙÔ
Ù¤ÏÔ˜ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ Î·È ¿Ú· ¤¯ÂÈ appleÔÏ˘appleÚfiÛˆappleÔ Î·È ¯ˆÚÔ¯ÚÔÓÈο ‰È¿Ûapple·ÚÙÔ
54. ∏ ∫·ÙÂÚ›Ó· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔappleÔ›ËÛ ‰‡Ô Û˘Ó¯fiÌÂÓ˜ ÊÔÚ¤˜ ÙÔ «ı¤Ïˆ» ÁÈ· Ó· ÂappleÈÙ›ÓÂÈ ÙË
ÛËÌ·Û›· Ù˘ ÂappleÈı˘Ì›·˜ Ù˘ Î·È ÙËÓ È‰ÂÔÏÔÁÈ΋ Ù˘ ·ÓÙ›ıÂÛË ÛÙÔ ÂÎÎÏËÛÈ·ÛÙÈÎfi ηÙÂÛÙË̤ÓÔ.
°È· ÙËÓ È‰ÂÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ÛËÌ·Û›· Ù˘ «Âapple·Ó¿Ï˄˘» ‹ «˙¢Á·ÚÒÌ·ÙÔ˜», ‚Ï. ∆ÛÈÙÛÈapple‹, 1998, Û. 116.
55. ∏ ¤ÚÂ˘Ó¿ ÌÔ˘ ‚·Û›ÛÙËΠÛÂ Û˘ÓÂÓÙ‡ÍÂȘ, ‰ÈfiÙÈ ÔÈ ˘appleÔ„‹ÊÈÔÈ ‰ˆÚËÙ¤˜ ·appleÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó
ÌÈ· ηÙËÁÔÚ›· Ì¿ÏÏÔÓ, apple·Ú¿ ÔÌ¿‰· ‹ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ· appleÔÏÈÙÒÓ Ì ÎÔÈÓ‹, appleÚÔÛÈÙ‹ Î·È apple·Ú·ÙË-
Ú‹ÛÈÌË, ‰Ú¿ÛË.
56. °È· ÌÈ· Ù¤ÙÔÈ· ı¤ÛË, ‚Ï., apple.¯., ∆ÛÈÙÛÈapple‹, 1998, Û. 117-120.

44
∂§∂¡∏ ∞∞°∞ƒ√Àº∞§∏
apple·ÚÂÏıfiÓ, ÌÂÚÈÎfi apple·ÚÔÓÙÈÎfi ÓfiËÌ· Î·È ·‚¤‚·ÈÔ Ì¤ÏÏÔÓ. ∆Ô «¤ÁÈÓ· ‰ˆÚ‹-
ÙÚÈ· ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÓ ÁÈ·Ù›...» ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÙÔ «ı¤Ïˆ Ó· ηһ Ù˘ ∫·ÙÂÚ›Ó·˜ ÂÍ·ÚÙ‹-
ıËηÓ, ÂÍ·ÚÙÒÓÙ·È Î·È ı· ÂÍ·ÚÙÒÓÙ·È Û˘Ó¯Ҙ ·applefi ÙÔ appleÒ˜ Û˘Ó·ÈÛı¿ÓÂ-
Ù·È/ÂÚÌËÓ‡ÂÈ ÙȘ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ ÂÍÔ˘Û›·˜ appleÔ˘ ¤¯ÂÈ ÂÓۈ̷ÙÒÛÂÈ Î·È appleÔ˘ ‚ÈÒ-
ÓÂÈ/ÌÔÈÚ¿˙ÂÙ·È Ì appleÚfiÛˆapple· Î·È ıÂÛÌÔ‡˜, Ê·ÓÙ·ÛÙÈο Î·È appleÚ·ÁÌ·ÙÈο,
̤۷ ÛÙÔ ¯ÚfiÓÔ. 57 ªÂ ¿ÏÏ· ÏfiÁÈ·, Ë ∫·ÙÂÚ›Ó· ‰ÂÓ ˙ÂÈ ÌfiÓË Ù˘ ·˘ÙfiÓ ÙÔÓ
ÎfiÛÌÔ Ô‡Ù ·appleÔÊ·Û›˙ÂÈ ‹ ÂappleÈı˘Ì› ·applefi ÌfiÓË Ù˘. ∆Ô «ı¤Ïˆ Ó· ηһ ‰ÂÓ
Â›Ó·È ·appleÏÒ˜ Ë ÂÎÊÔÚ¿ ÌÈ·˜ «appleÚÔÛˆappleÈ΋˜» ÂappleÈı˘Ì›·˜ ‹ ۯ‰›Ô˘ Ù˘. ∂›Ó·È
ÌÈ· ۈ̷ÙÈ΋ appleÚԉȿıÂÛË appleÔ˘ ¤¯ÂÈ Î·ÏÏÈÂÚÁËı› ·ÎÔ‡ÁÔÓÙ·˜ ÙȘ appleÚfiÛÊ·-
Ù˜ appleÂÚ› ·appleÔÙÂÊÚÒÛˆ˜ Û˘˙ËÙ‹ÛÂȘ appleÔ˘ Á›ÓÔÓÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· appleÔ˘ ˙ÂÈ,
Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¤¯ÔÓÙ·˜ ÛÙËÓ ÈÓ‰Ô˘ÈÛÙÈÎÔ‡ appleÚÔÛ·Ó·ÙÔÏÈÛÌÔ‡ ΛÓËÛË, Û˘ÓÔÌÈÏÒ-
ÓÙ·˜ Ì ¿ÙÔÌ· appleÔ˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ·appleÔÊ·Û›ÛÂÈ Ó· ·appleÔÙÂÊÚˆıÔ‡Ó ÛÙÔ Â͈ÙÂÚÈÎfi
Î.Ô.Î.. ˘Á¯ÚfiÓˆ˜, Â›Ó·È ÌÈ· Âapple›ÎÏËÛË appleÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜ –apple.¯., Â̤ӷ,
ÙÔ˘˜ ÁÔÓ›˜ Ù˘, ÙËÓ √Úıfi‰ÔÍË ∂ÎÎÏËÛ›· appleÔ˘ ·ÚÓÂ›Ù·È ÙËÓ ·appleÔÙ¤ÊÚˆÛË–
Ó· Û˘Ó·ÈÓ¤ÛÔ˘Ó appleÚÔ˜ ·˘Ù‹ ÙËÓ Î·Ù‡ı˘ÓÛË. ∆Ô ·Ó ı· οÓÂÈ ÙË ‰È·ı‹ÎË ÁÈ·
Ó· ˙ËÙ‹ÛÂÈ ÙËÓ Î·‡ÛË Ù˘ ÂÍ·ÚÙ¿Ù·È ·applefi ÙÔ ·Ó ‰È·ÈÛı·Óı› fiÙÈ ‰›ÓÂÙ·È ‹
fi¯È Ë Û˘Ó·›ÓÂÛË Î·È ·applefi ÙÔ appleÒ˜ ı· Û˘Ó·ÈÛı·Óı›/ÂÚÌËÓ‡ÛÂÈ ÙËÓ ¿ÚÓËÛË ‹
ÙËÓ Î·Ù¿Ê·ÛË. ¢Â ı· ÂÎappleÏ·ÁÒ ·Ó Ì¿ıˆ fiÙÈ Ë ∫·ÙÂÚ›Ó·, ÙËÓ Âapple·‡ÚÈÔ Ù˘
Û˘Ó¤ÓÙ¢͋˜ Ì·˜, ·Ó·Î¿ÏÂÛ ÙË ‰‹ÏˆÛ‹ Ù˘ ˆ˜ ‰ˆÚ‹ÙÚÈ·˜ ‹ Î·È fiÙÈ ·Ó·›-
ÚÂÛ ÙËÓ ÂappleÈı˘Ì›· Ù˘ Ó· η›. ∂ÎappleÏ‹ÍÂȘ ·˘ÙÔ‡ ÙÔ˘ ›‰Ô˘˜ Â›Ó·È ·Ó·applefi-
Ê¢ÎÙ˜ fiÙ·Ó ÔÈ ÁψÛÛÈΤ˜ ÂÎÊÔÚ¤˜ appleÚÔÛÂÁÁ›˙ÔÓÙ·È Û·Ó ÂÌappleÂÈڛ˜ appleÔ˘
‚ÈÒÓÔÓÙ·È Ì ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜ Û˘Ó¯Ҙ ̤۷ ÛÙÔÓ ÌË ÁÚ·ÌÌÈÎfi ¯ÚfiÓÔ, Î·È fi¯È Û·Ó
·Ó·apple·Ú·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ appleÚÔËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓˆÓ ·ÙÔÌÈÎÒÓ ÂÌappleÂÈÚÈÒÓ. ∫·È ÁÈ· Ó· ÙÔ appleˆ
οappleˆ˜ ·ÏÏÈÒ˜, ÙÔ Î¿„ÈÌÔ ÙÔ˘ apple·Ù¤Ú· ÌÔ˘ appleÔ˘ «‚›ˆÓ·» Âapple› ‰‡Ô ¯ÚfiÓÈ·
fiÙ·Ó ‹ÌÔ˘Ó ÌÈÎÚ‹, Ë ÌÓ›· ÙÔ˘ ‚ÈÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ ·˘ÙÔ‡ ηٿ ÙË ‰›ˆÚË Û˘ÓÔÌÈÏ›·
ÌÔ˘ Ì ÙËÓ ∫·ÙÂÚ›Ó· (Î·È ÂÌ̤ۈ˜ Ì ÙË ÌËÙ¤Ú· Ù˘, ÙË ÁÈ·ÁÈ¿ Ù˘, ÙÔ
Û·ÏÔ Ù˘, ÙÔ˘˜ ÈÓ‰Ô˘ÈÛÙ¤˜ Ê›ÏÔ˘˜ Ù˘ Î·È appleÔÏÏÔ‡˜ ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜) ηÈ, Ù¤ÏÔ˜, Ë
ÌÓ›· ÂΛӢ Ù˘ Û˘Ó¤ÓÙ¢Í˘ Â‰Ò Û˘ÓÈÛÙÔ‡Ó ÙÚÂȘ ‹ Ì¿ÏÏÔÓ ÂηÙfiÓ ÙÚÂȘ
‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈΤ˜ ̤۷ ÛÙÔ ¯ÚfiÓÔ ÂÌappleÂÈڛ˜ ‹ ‚ÈÒÌ·Ù· – ÂÍ›ÛÔ˘ ‚Ȉ̷ÙÈΤ˜
Î·È ÂappleËÚ·Ṳ̂Ó˜ ·applefi ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ Û˘Ì‚¿ÛÂȘ. ∫·Ì›· ‰ÂÓ ·Ó·apple·ÚÈÛÙ¿ ÙËÓ
¿ÏÏË, Û η̛· ‰ÂÓ Â›¯· «appleÏËÚ¤ÛÙÂÚË Û˘Ó›‰ËÛË» ·applefi ÌÈ· ¿ÏÏË. ·ÚfiÏÔ
appleÔ˘ ˘appleÔÙ›ıÂÙ·È fiÙÈ Â›Ó·È «‰ÈΤ˜ ÌÔ˘», fiϘ ÛÙËÚ›¯ÙËÎ·Ó ÂÍ›ÛÔ˘ Û ·˘Ùfi
appleÔ˘ Ô Bruner ÔÓÔÌ¿˙ÂÈ «Ó‡ÍÂȘ Î·È ˘appleÔı¤ÛÂȘ», ÁÈ·Ù› «Ô ·˘Ùfi˜ appleÔ˘
57. √ Lyons, ÌÈÏÒÓÙ·˜ ÁÈ· ÙË ÛËÌ·ÛÈÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ·appleÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚÈÛÙ›· ÙˆÓ ÏÂÍËÌ¿ÙˆÓ, ÙÔÓ›˙ÂÈ
fiÙÈ ·ÎfiÌ· Î·È Ë ÛËÌ·Û›· ÙˆÓ ÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ Î·ÙËÁÔÚÈÒÓ ÙÔ˘ ¯ÚfiÓÔ˘ (appleÔ˘ appleÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È
apple·Ú·‰ÔÛȷο Ì ÙÔ˘˜ fiÚÔ˘˜ «·fiÚÈÛÙÔ˜», «ÂÓÂÛÙÒÙ·˜» Î·È «Ì¤ÏÏÔÓÙ·˜») Â›Ó·È ÌfiÓÔ Ê·È-
ÓÔÌÂÓÈο appleÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚ›ÛÈÌË, ηıfiÙÈ ÂÍ·ÚÙ¿Ù·È ÌÔӛ̈˜ ·applefi Ù· ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈο Û˘ÌÊÚ·˙fiÌÂÓ· –
ÙÔ˘˜ ÚfiÏÔ˘˜ Î·È ÙȘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ ÙˆÓ ÔÌÈÏÔ‡ÓÙˆÓ (1992, Û. 184).

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45
apple·ÚÂÌ‚¿ÏÏÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ ÓfiËÌ·» ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È appleÔÙ¤ ÌfiÓÔ˜ ÙÔ˘Ø Î·È Ë appleϤÔÓ appleÚÔÛˆappleÈ΋
Î·È ÛȈappleËÚ‹ ÂÌappleÂÈÚ›· ‚ÈÒÓÂÙ·È Ì¤Û· ÛÙÔÓ ÎfiÛÌÔ, ÌappleÚÔÛÙ¿ ÛÂ Ê˘ÛÈ-
ο ·applefiÓÙ· –apple·ÚÂÏıfiÓÙ·, apple·ÚfiÓÙ·, ÌÂÏÏÔÓÙÈο– ·ÎÚÔ·Ù‹ÚÈ·.
µπµ§π√°ƒ∞ºπ∞
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