Forests Sourcebook - HCV Resource Network

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Box 1.14 Community Forestry in Mexico Mexican community forestry has perhaps reached a scale and level of maturity unmatched anywhere else in the world. It has demonstrated that where there has been greater community power over forest management there has been greater transparency and less corruption, better forest use and protection, and improved livelihoods for local people. Regions of greatest deforestation are where traditional social structures have been seriously weakened (Bray, Merino-Perez, and Barry 2005). An estimated three-fourths of Mexican forests are communally owned either by ejidos (agrarian reform communities) or indigenous communities. Mexican forest management is rich in indigenous forms of common property management overlaid by massive agricultural reforms from the violent Mexican revolution in the second decade of the 20th century. However, across the country there is great contrast in resource quality; indigenous groups and their approaches to organization, equity, and resource use; as well as in state and local leadership. Efforts to support local management have met with mixed results. The World Bank has worked to improve forest management for environmental protection and quality of life for local people, starting with pilot activities in 1990 and then redesigning a project expanding to other regions, many of which have needed specially crafted approaches. The Project for Conservation and Sustainable Management of Forest Resources (PROCYMAF) aimed to support community forest development, with a primary focus on Oaxaca but with some program work in Guerrero and Michoacan. PROCYMAF was a community-driven development project. PROCYMAF II retained the environmental and economic aims but focused on (i) strengthening local capacity and management; (ii) strengthening capacity of the local private sector to provide forestry services; (iii) promoting timber, nontimber, and nontraditional products; and (iv) strengthening federal and state institutions working in forestry conservation and development. A more diverse and multisectoral staff supported existing or new community management groups to expand social capital and helped form federations to be able to carry more weight in addressing local issues, including increased transparency and fair returns. Community members as well as professional foresters were trained so that technical issues could become understood locally, putting communities in a better position to negotiate and understand what to require of specialists and, in some cases, become specialists themselves. The project initiated community-to-community extension and, because there are areas in which there are either inter- or intra-community conflicts, promoters were trained in conflict management. The projects did studies on expanding the options and markets for economic use of forest products, including such items as mushrooms, bottled water, and resin as well as timber. Communities selected activities they found promising. Devolution of public and private forestlands to local communities with common pool resource regimes and clear tenure status can create economic equality, social peace, and democratization of power, addressing corruption and at the same time improving the forest ecosystem (Bray, Merino-Perez, and Barry 2005). Source: Authors’ compilation using World Bank 2003. (see note 1.4, Property and Access Rights). However, the ways in which local people realize the benefits of devolution differ widely, and the negative tradeoffs are most commonly borne by the poor. Community control and management over natural resources is often limited by continual government intervention and the government’s insistence on complex management plans. It is extremely important to facilitate a change in paradigm among forest officials and extension service providers. This can help in transforming the forest department culture and can be brought about by providing capacity building in participatory and community forest management and for provision of formal services. Such paradigm changes should be accompanied by appropriate incentives to forest staff and adequate budget. In many cases, CBFM can be a lever for wider pro-poor change and reform; in others, basic conditions must be present for it to flourish. The following elements should be considered in community forestry programs: ■ Bureaucracy and paper work necessary for communities to have the right to manage their forests should be limited. Communities often do not have the money or the skills required to produce professional management plans, resulting in overdependence on donors and logging companies. 36 CHAPTER 1: FORESTS FOR POVERTY REDUCTION
■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ Community forestry programs should make rich forest resources available to communities for their use, not just heavily degraded forests (see box 1.14). Transparency in payments to communities is critical. Governments or companies should make sure that villagers are informed of payments made to traditional village leaders, of amounts paid, and of the intended use for the payments, to limit corruption. Both communities and government should benefit from community forestry projects. Community benefits are more likely to accrue in situations where commercially viable forest resources, including NTFPs, are available. Governments benefit from expanded collection of taxes and forest fees and from cost savings resulting from a reduction in enforcement. Solid feasibility studies and business plans need to be in place, and communities should be familiar with market conditions. While financial returns should be quick to materialize, this should be balanced with longer-term needs of investing in infrastructure, natural resource conservation, and at times primary and secondary processing of wood and marketing of end products. Local knowledge, science, and institutions are often ignored or treated with derision by outsiders, making it difficult to incorporate local knowledge into activity design. It is essential that markets be made to work for the poor and that market failures, such as monopolies, collusion, segmentation, asymmetrical information, and power, are overcome. This means responding to market failures and imperfect competition and identifying new opportunities that take advantage of the assets of the poor, such as labor and natural resources. Project support should include management capacity building for the community administration. In addition to technical skills, training should cover participatory planning, monitoring, and periodic updating of community development plans. Individual families should be supported. Collective activities are not always the best approach for community forestry, especially tree planting activities— smallholder farmers should be supported in this process. In addition to traditional management of highly stocked forests, secondary forests and low-density woodlands offer good opportunities for community management, because they offer multiple agroforestry services and higher flexibility for forest management. Customary claims and particular rights of Indigenous Peoples and other forest-dependent communities should be addressed. SELECTED READINGS Agrawal, A., and C. Gibson, eds. 2001. Communities and the Environment: Ethnicity, Gender, and the State in Community-Based Conservation. Piscataway, NJ: Rutgers University Press. Gibson, C. C., J. T. Williams, and E. Ostrom. 2005. “Local Enforcement and Better Forests.” World Development 33 (2): 273–84. Ostrom, E. 1999. “Self Governance and Forest Resources.” CIFOR Occasional Paper No. 29. Bogor, Indonesia. Ribot, J. 2002. Democratic Decentralization of Natural Resources: Institutionalizing Popular Participation. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute. USAID (U.S. Agency for International Development), with CIFOR, Winrock International, WRI, and International Research Group on Wood Protection (IRG). 2004. Nature, Wealth, and Power: Emerging Best Practice for Revitalizing Rural Africa. Washington, DC: USAID. REFERENCES CITED Borrini-Feyerabend, G., M. Pimbert, M. T. Farvar, A. Kothari, and Y. Renard. 2004. “Sharing Power. Learning by Doing in Co-management of Natural Resources Throughout the World.” CENESTA, Tehran: IIED and IUCN/CEESP/CMWG. Bray, D. B., L. Merino-Perez, and D. Barry, eds. 2005. The Community Forests of Mexico: Managing for Sustainable Landscapes. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press. Clay, J. W., J. B. Alcorn, and J. R. Butler. 2000. “Indigenous Peoples, Forestry Management and Biodiversity Conservation.” Report to the World Bank, prepared by WWF- US, Washington, DC. IFRI. 2000. International Forestry Resources and Institutions Research Program. Indiana University, Bloomington, IN. http://www.indiana.edu/~ifri/. IUCN and WWF. 2004. “Who Owns, Who Conserves, and Why It Matters.” Arborvitae: The IUCN/WWF Conservation Newsletter, Vol. 26, September. Kaimowitz, D. 2005. “The International Experience with Community Forestry.” In Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Community Forestry in Liberia, Monrovia, 12-15 December 2005, 17–19. Bogor: CIFOR. OED (Operations Evaluation Department). 2000. Cameroon: Forest Sector Development in a Difficult Political Economy. Washington, DC: World Bank. WATCH (Women Acting Together for Change). 2004. Homepage http://www.watch.org.np/. White, A., and A. Martin. 2002. Who Owns the World’s Forests? Forest Tenure and Public Forests in Transition. Washington, DC: Forest Trends. NOTE 1.2: COMMUNITY-BASED FOREST MANAGEMENT 37
Page 1 and 2: INTRODUCTION OPPORTUNITIES AND CHAL
Page 3 and 4: Forest law enforcement and governan
Page 5 and 6: ■ Protecting vital local and glob
Page 7 and 8: Figure 3 Commitment from the World
Page 9 and 10: Figure 6 Regional Distribution of I
Page 11 and 12: management and biodiversity conserv
Page 13: PART I Priority Themes and Operatio
Page 16 and 17: Angelsen and Wunder 2003; and Malli
Page 18 and 19: harvesting forest products that are
Page 20 and 21: forest management and ownership hav
Page 22 and 23: Institutional development of capaci
Page 24 and 25: Contreras-Hermosilla, A., and M. Si
Page 26 and 27: Box 1.4 Poverty-Forest Linkages Too
Page 28 and 29: Box 1.6 An Overview of the Tools fo
Page 30 and 31: NOTE 1.2 Community-Based Forest Man
Page 32 and 33: the biophysical resource through fo
Page 34 and 35: Box 1.12 Andhra Pradesh Community F
Page 38 and 39: World Bank, 1978. Forestry. Sector
Page 40 and 41: [Indigenous Peoples’] rights of o
Page 42 and 43: inappropriate. Thus, development pr
Page 44 and 45: nity territory into individual plot
Page 46 and 47: LESSONS LEARNED AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Page 48 and 49: Borrini-Feyerabend, G., M. Pimbert,
Page 50 and 51: In what are considered public fores
Page 52 and 53: Figure 1.1 Toward Tenure Security:A
Page 54 and 55: Box 1.21 Opportunities to Advance C
Page 56 and 57: NOTE 1.5 Making Markets Work for th
Page 58 and 59: ■ environmental groups to produce
Page 60 and 61: Box 1.25 Medicinal Plants as NTFPs
Page 63 and 64: CHAPTER 2 Engaging the Private Sect
Page 65 and 66: dred to tens of thousands of new jo
Page 67 and 68: Box 2.2 Since 1995, Brazilian small
Page 69 and 70: Macqueen, D., N. Armitage, M. Jaeck
Page 71 and 72: NOTE 2.1 COMPANY-COMMUNITY PARTNERS
Page 73 and 74: inputs (communities), and cost savi
Page 75 and 76: community arrangements, such as eth
Page 77 and 78: NOTE 2.2 Small and Medium Enterpris
Page 79 and 80: must be distinguished from products
Page 81 and 82: overregulation falls most heavily o
Page 83 and 84: da Amazônia (IPAM) and the Interna
Page 85 and 86: NOTE 2.3 Innovative Marketing Arran
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Table 2.2 World Bank Projects with
Page 89 and 90:
payments for reforestation can enco
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Wunder, S. 2005. “Payments for En
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Box 3.1 Technical Definitions Wood
Page 96 and 97:
Table 3.2 Wood Fuel Data for Select
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ered it important to have the World
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operations (such as community-based
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also needs to be extended in many c
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NOTE 3.1 Mainstreaming Conservation
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areas that can be used more intensi
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Box 3.7 Applying HCVF in Papua New
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Finally, any existing protections,
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However, these general rules are se
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the origin of products from a certi
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management practices in selected en
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Reforms) provide the framework for
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lenges to weak institutions, which
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CHAPTER 4 Optimizing Forest Functio
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People and human societies are seen
Page 127 and 128:
Encourage stakeholder participation
Page 129 and 130:
Box 4.5 Tradeoffs Framework Used in
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Sector and Thematic Evaluation, Ope
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Identify planning team members and
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Involve relevant stakeholders in de
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needs of implementing partners and
Page 139 and 140:
NOTE 4.2 Assessing Outcomes of Land
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Box 4.13 Possible Indicators for As
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NOTE 4.3 Using Adaptive Management
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■ ■ ■ ■ Develop a project p
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Another important and useful proces
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theless, it is never too late to st
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CHAPTER 5 IMPROVING FOREST GOVERNAN
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Improving forest governance and leg
Page 155 and 156:
tant part of the World Bank’s con
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sector with broader governance and
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NOTE 5.1 Decentralized Forest Manag
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Assess the overall decentralization
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Box 5.5 Nicaragua: Asymmetries Betw
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Parker, A. 1995. “Decentralizatio
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■ ■ ■ Management of forests (
Page 169 and 170:
such as designing a transparent con
Page 171 and 172:
Box 5.11 Citizen Report Cards: Benc
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NOTE 5.3 Strengthening Legal Framew
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Box 5.13 Working on the Law with La
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In addition, the process of public
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ANNEX 5.3B SIX DRAFTING PRINCIPLES
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forestry policy or to promote other
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The most common fiscal incentives i
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is reasonable to allow the administ
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ANNEX 5.4A A SUMMARY OF THE DIFFERE
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NOTE 5.5 ADDRESSING ILLEGAL LOGGING
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Box 5.17 Measures Specific to Comba
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■ ■ ■ initially have to compe
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enterprises may be motivated to joi
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NOTES 1. This note is based on Worl
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ANNEX 5.5B TYPICAL CONTEXTS OF ILLE
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Typical contexts Potential drivers
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Box 6.1 Indonesian Structural Adjus
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Box 6.2 Upstream Analyses on Energy
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Box 6.3 Positive Impact of Agrarian
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Box 6.4 Use of the Rapid CEA Approa
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———. 2005. “Development Pol
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NOTE 6.1 Using National Forest Prog
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Box 6.6 Basic Principles of NFP Pre
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Implementation. The implementation
Page 220 and 221:
allow for each country’s differen
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limited in the coverage and duratio
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Box 6.12 The Use of DPLs to Support
Page 226 and 227:
Box 6.13 Using DPLs in Lao PDR for
Page 228 and 229:
OPCS. 2004. “Good Practice Notes
Page 230 and 231:
OPERATIONAL ASPECTS Prioritizing th
Page 232 and 233:
orientation of the DPL operations c
Page 234 and 235:
Indicators are helpful in these sit
Page 236 and 237:
ANNEX 6.3A SELECT TOOLS TO ASSIST S
Page 238 and 239:
NOTE 6.4 Assessing Cross-Sectoral I
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Box 6.16 The Forests Component in t
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Considering the above issues, an in
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Box 6.19 Implementation of the Keny
Page 246 and 247:
World Bank SEA Web resources: http:
Page 248 and 249:
Box 7.1 Monitoring Promotes Changes
Page 250 and 251:
collected via remote sensing rather
Page 252 and 253:
Discussions and proposals on how to
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Assessment (www.millenniumassessmen
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FAO. 2004. “Manual for Environmen
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■ ■ ■ enables implementation
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selecting the technology. Technolog
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USFS Field Guides: www.fia.fs.fed.u
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Box 7.13 System Architecture of a S
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Box 7.14 FMIS in Bosnia and Herzego
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and client-rich system, which would
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ANNEX 7.2A MODEL TERMS OF REFERENCE
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■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■
Page 274 and 275:
NOTE 7.3 Spatial Monitoring of Fore
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■ ■ ■ ■ Availability of ref
Page 278 and 279:
Box 7.19 Selecting the Appropriate
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Table 7.4 Existing Satellite Remote
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Tropical Ecosystem Environment Obse
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PART II Guidance on Implementing Fo
Page 288 and 289:
forestry activities was counterprod
Page 290 and 291:
waterways, or the quantity or quali
Page 292 and 293:
■ ■ ■ ■ ■ an independent
Page 294 and 295:
■ In the case of forest harvestin
Page 296 and 297:
■ ■ harvesting supported by Wor
Page 298 and 299:
However, some of the World Bank’s
Page 300 and 301:
■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ Examine the
Page 302 and 303:
Box 9.2 Participation Strategy To m
Page 304 and 305:
Box 9.5 Process Framework for Invol
Page 306 and 307:
Box 9.8 Market Analysis A market an
Page 308 and 309:
“no-project” option); and recom
Page 310 and 311:
Box 9.16 Environmental Management P
Page 312 and 313:
■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■
Page 314 and 315:
the detailed Biodiversidade Brasile
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■ ■ management plan—prepared
Page 319 and 320:
CHAPTER 10 Consultation and Communi
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media, NGOs, other interest groups,
Page 323 and 324:
Box 10.4 Consultation in the Democr
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Box 10.6 Elements of Communication
Page 327 and 328:
Table 10.2 Listening to the Public
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■ - Preliminary research should i
Page 331 and 332:
Box 10.8 Managing Risks through Str
Page 333 and 334:
Bank project cycle related to Commu
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CHAPTER 11 Forest Certification Ass
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carried out under a specific certif
Page 339 and 340:
once more practical experience has
Page 341 and 342:
ANNEX 11A MODEL TERMS OF REFERENCE
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ANNEX 11B PROCEDURES AND TERMS OF R
Page 347 and 348:
CHAPTER 12 Applying OP 4.10 on Indi
Page 349 and 350:
lack of opportunities relative to o
Page 351 and 352:
Box 12.2 When a project affects Ind
Page 353 and 354:
ples receive social and economic be
Page 355 and 356:
Bank’s supervision team must incl
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ANNEX 12A ELEMENTS OF AN INDIGENOUS
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forest monitoring, 275b social and
Page 362 and 363:
FOMAS. See National Forest Sector M
Page 364 and 365:
and forest certification, 335 toolk
Page 366 and 367:
applying to Indigenous Peoples, 347
Page 368 and 369:
strategic partnership, LFI example,
Page 372:
Eco-Audit Environmental Benefits St
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