Cassini-Huygens Gas Chromatograph Mass Spectrometer
Cassini-Huygens Gas Chromatograph Mass Spectrometer
Cassini-Huygens Gas Chromatograph Mass Spectrometer
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<strong>Cassini</strong>-<strong>Huygens</strong> <strong>Gas</strong><br />
<strong>Chromatograph</strong> <strong>Mass</strong><br />
<strong>Spectrometer</strong><br />
Dan Harpold<br />
and the GCMS Team<br />
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center<br />
Greenbelt, MD 20771<br />
<strong>Gas</strong> <strong>Chromatograph</strong> <strong>Mass</strong> <strong>Spectrometer</strong> 1
<strong>Cassini</strong>- <strong>Huygens</strong> Probe at Titan<br />
• Launch: October 17, 1997<br />
• Saturn Orbit Insertion: July 1, 2004<br />
• Probe Release: December 25, 2004<br />
• Entry and Landing: January 14, 2005<br />
• Probe mass: 318 kg<br />
Image courtesy of DISR<br />
• Heat shield and parachutes.<br />
• 6 instruments on Probe.<br />
• Probe and instruments survived<br />
impact and acquired data for<br />
over 1 hour on the surface.<br />
<strong>Gas</strong> <strong>Chromatograph</strong> <strong>Mass</strong> <strong>Spectrometer</strong> 2
The GCMS Team<br />
H. Niemann, Principle Investigator, NASA GSFC<br />
S. K Atreya 2 , S. J. Bauer 3 , K. Biemann 10 , G.R. Carignan 2 , J.E. Demick 1 ,<br />
T. Donahue 2 , R. L. Frost 7 , D. Gautier 4 , J. A. Haberman 1 , D.N. Harpold 1 ,<br />
D.M. Hunten 5 , G. Israel 6 , J. I. Lunine 5 , W. T. Kasprzak 1 , K.<br />
Mauersberger 11 , T.C. Owen 8 , M. Paulkovich 1 , F. Raulin 9 , E. Raaen 1 , S.<br />
H. Way 1<br />
1. National Aeronautics and Space Administration<br />
2. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2143, USA<br />
3. Institute for Meteorology and Geophysics, University of Graz<br />
4. LESIA, Observatoire de Paris-Meudon<br />
5. Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona<br />
6. Service d’Aéronomie du CNRS<br />
7. University of Alabama, CMC<br />
8. University of Hawaii<br />
9. Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques, Université<br />
Paris 12 et Paris 7<br />
10. <strong>Mass</strong>achusetts Institute of Technology<br />
11. Max Planck Institute<br />
<strong>Gas</strong> <strong>Chromatograph</strong> <strong>Mass</strong> <strong>Spectrometer</strong> 3
<strong>Huygens</strong> GCMS Characteristics<br />
• Quadrupole mass spectrometer with a dual, secondary electron<br />
multiplier detection system; 5 electron impact ion sources; and 3 gas<br />
chromatographic columns<br />
• Sample trapping and enrichment system<br />
• 6 ion pumps and 8 getters<br />
• 17.3 kg mass, 41 W average power<br />
• <strong>Mass</strong> range 2-141 u<br />
• Dynamic range >1x10 8<br />
• Resolution 1x10 -6 for adjacent half masses<br />
up to 60 u, less for higher masses<br />
• Sensitivity limit: 1x10 14 counts/s/mbar source pressure<br />
<strong>Gas</strong> <strong>Chromatograph</strong> <strong>Mass</strong> <strong>Spectrometer</strong> 4
Flight Configuration<br />
Exhaust<br />
Tube<br />
Ion Pump<br />
HV Supplies<br />
Pressurized<br />
Housing<br />
Mounting<br />
Flange<br />
Center Section<br />
Outlet<br />
Break off<br />
Thermal<br />
Inlet Isolator<br />
Inlet<br />
Break off<br />
Prom Board<br />
<strong>Gas</strong> <strong>Chromatograph</strong> <strong>Mass</strong> <strong>Spectrometer</strong> 5
GCMS Location in Probe<br />
GCMS Outlet<br />
GCMS Inlet<br />
<strong>Gas</strong> <strong>Chromatograph</strong> <strong>Mass</strong> <strong>Spectrometer</strong> 6
Heated Sample Inlet<br />
Exhaust<br />
Outlet<br />
198mm<br />
470mm<br />
25mm<br />
Atmospheric<br />
Inlet<br />
Front<br />
Shield<br />
<strong>Gas</strong> <strong>Chromatograph</strong> <strong>Mass</strong> <strong>Spectrometer</strong> 7
GCMS <strong>Gas</strong> Flow Diagram<br />
<strong>Gas</strong> <strong>Chromatograph</strong> <strong>Mass</strong> <strong>Spectrometer</strong> 8
GCMS External View<br />
<strong>Gas</strong> <strong>Chromatograph</strong> <strong>Mass</strong> <strong>Spectrometer</strong> 9
Inlet Tubing<br />
Coiled Heater<br />
Brazed to Tubing<br />
Heater Leads<br />
Inlet Line<br />
<strong>Gas</strong> <strong>Chromatograph</strong> <strong>Mass</strong> <strong>Spectrometer</strong> 10
GCMS Internal Components<br />
Assembled <strong>Mass</strong> <strong>Spectrometer</strong><br />
Hyperbolic Rods (4)<br />
10 cm<br />
Channeltron Secondary<br />
Electron Multipliers (2)<br />
Secondary Electron<br />
Multiplier Detector<br />
Flange<br />
Analyzer<br />
Quadrupole Rods<br />
Analyzer<br />
Housing<br />
Electron Beam<br />
Lens Assembly<br />
Ion Exit<br />
Nozzle<br />
Ion<br />
Source 4<br />
Ion<br />
Source 3<br />
Ion Source<br />
Ion Lens<br />
Assembly<br />
Filament<br />
Assembly<br />
Detectors<br />
Ion<br />
Source 5<br />
Switching Lens<br />
Ion<br />
Source 1<br />
Ion<br />
Source 2<br />
<strong>Gas</strong> <strong>Chromatograph</strong> <strong>Mass</strong> <strong>Spectrometer</strong> 11
GCMS Inlet System Components<br />
Manifolds<br />
Microvalve<br />
Getter Assembly<br />
Enrichment Cell<br />
Capillary Leaks<br />
Hydrogen Manifold<br />
<strong>Gas</strong> <strong>Chromatograph</strong> <strong>Mass</strong> <strong>Spectrometer</strong> 12
GCMS During Assembly<br />
<strong>Gas</strong> <strong>Chromatograph</strong> <strong>Mass</strong> <strong>Spectrometer</strong> 13
Descent<br />
Sequence<br />
<strong>Gas</strong> <strong>Chromatograph</strong> <strong>Mass</strong> <strong>Spectrometer</strong> 14
Instrument Performance<br />
• The instrument executed the pre-programmed<br />
sequence as expected<br />
• Data were taken from about 146 km altitude to the<br />
surface<br />
• 2h27m descent operation yielding 5634 mass spectra<br />
• 1h10m surface operation yielding 2692 mass spectra<br />
• Ion source 5 failed to operate early in the descent<br />
– Loss of data from one gas chromatograph column which<br />
resolved CO and N 2<br />
• Loss of channel A effected time resolution and signal<br />
statistics, no loss of essential data<br />
<strong>Gas</strong> <strong>Chromatograph</strong> <strong>Mass</strong> <strong>Spectrometer</strong> 15
Upper Atmosphere Averaged Spectrum<br />
(130-120 km)<br />
CH 4<br />
N 2<br />
40<br />
Ar<br />
H 2<br />
CO 2<br />
<strong>Gas</strong> <strong>Chromatograph</strong> <strong>Mass</strong> <strong>Spectrometer</strong> 16
Rare <strong>Gas</strong> Experiment Averaged<br />
Spectrum (with Background Subtracted)<br />
CH 4<br />
H 2<br />
36<br />
Ar<br />
40<br />
Ar<br />
CO 2<br />
C 6 H 6 ?<br />
Krypton and Xenon<br />
were not detected<br />
<strong>Gas</strong> <strong>Chromatograph</strong> <strong>Mass</strong> <strong>Spectrometer</strong> 17
Enrichment Cell Averaged Spectrum<br />
<strong>Gas</strong> <strong>Chromatograph</strong> <strong>Mass</strong> <strong>Spectrometer</strong> 18
Averaged Surface Spectrum<br />
CH 4<br />
N 2<br />
40<br />
Ar CO2<br />
CH 4 , C 2 H 6 , CO 2 , 40 Ar<br />
detected at surface<br />
Other Possible Species:<br />
Cyanogen (C 2 N 2 )<br />
Acetylene (C 2 H 2 )<br />
Vinylacetylene (C 4 H 4 )<br />
Propene (C 3 H 6 )<br />
Butane (C 4 H 10 )<br />
Benzene (C 6 H 6 )<br />
H 2<br />
C 2 H 6<br />
C 2 N 2<br />
DISR Image, surface<br />
Image courtesy of DISR<br />
<strong>Gas</strong> <strong>Chromatograph</strong> <strong>Mass</strong> <strong>Spectrometer</strong> 19
Surface Response of N 2 and CH 4<br />
Impact<br />
<strong>Gas</strong> <strong>Chromatograph</strong> <strong>Mass</strong> <strong>Spectrometer</strong> 20
Surface Response of C 2 H 6 and CO 2<br />
Altitude (km)<br />
C 2 H 6<br />
CO 2<br />
Impact<br />
<strong>Gas</strong> <strong>Chromatograph</strong> <strong>Mass</strong> <strong>Spectrometer</strong> 21
Last Image from Titan<br />
No evidence for macroscopic<br />
life on Titan’s surface except<br />
for this one image which is<br />
far from certain.<br />
<strong>Gas</strong> <strong>Chromatograph</strong> <strong>Mass</strong> <strong>Spectrometer</strong> 22
Companies Supplying Products or Services to the <strong>Huygens</strong> GCMS<br />
Company Product/Services<br />
Aker Industries<br />
Microvalves<br />
Artech Industries<br />
Ceramic to Metal Brazing<br />
AutoFlow Products<br />
Pressure Regulator<br />
Collimated Holes<br />
Capillary Leaks<br />
Command Technology<br />
Machining<br />
EG&G Pressure Sciences Vacuum/Pressure Seals<br />
Electron Beam Engineering Electron Beam Welding<br />
Ergenics<br />
Hydrogen Storage<br />
F&M Machine<br />
Machining<br />
Form Grind<br />
Hyperbolic Rod Manufacturing<br />
Galileo Electro Optics<br />
Secondary Electron Multipliers<br />
Hermetic Seal<br />
Vacuum/Pressure Feedthrus<br />
Insaco<br />
Ceramic Insulators<br />
Kulite Semiconductor<br />
Pressure Transducers<br />
Laser Applications<br />
Laser Welding<br />
Micro Machining<br />
Machining<br />
Restek Corp.<br />
GC Columns<br />
Reynolds Industries<br />
Ion Pump Feedthrus<br />
Spiralock Corp.<br />
Self-locking Taps<br />
Summit Machining<br />
Machining<br />
Supelco<br />
Adsorbent Material for Enrichment Cells<br />
Teledyne Electronics<br />
Hybrid Manufacturers<br />
University of Michigan<br />
Analog Electronics<br />
Westport Development<br />
Thin-walled Bellows<br />
<strong>Gas</strong> <strong>Chromatograph</strong> <strong>Mass</strong> <strong>Spectrometer</strong> 23
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