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2 17 2 Learning for Conservation and Revitalisation of Natural and Cultural Resources Background The Porto Metropolitan Area (PMA) is a 1.575 square km territory in northern Portugal. About 16% of the Portuguese population lives in the area (1.67 million people) (INE, 2011). The area is structured around the municipality of Porto with 15 other municipalities included both in the PMA territory and the political and administrative body: Arouca, Espinho, Gondomar, Maia, Matosinhos, Oliveira de Azeméis, Póvoa de Varzim, S. João da Madeira, Santa Maria da Feira, Santo Tirso, Trofa, Vale de Cambra, Valongo, Vila do Conde, Vila Nova de Gaia. The Porto Metropolitan Area Environmental Strategic Plan (PMA-ESP), a broad participatory regional planning process conducted from 2003 to 2008, concluded that citizens, decision-makers, researchers, experts and government staff consider forest ecosystem management a major environmental challenge in the region, to a large extent because of forest fires. It also identified the need to improve riverside areas and enhance the natural corridors effect. Education and training for sustainability as well as the need for more and better inter-municipality cooperation also came up as a priority issue (GEA, 2006; GEA, 2008). The PMA-ESP integrates the contributions of more than 5,000 citizens and 200 organisations and represents a shared view of the environmental challenges and solutions for the region. In 2010, RCE Porto’s Executive Board decided that in 2011, which was the International Year of Forests and European Year of Volunteering, members should collaboratively: create and manage a flagship project to reforest the region with native species; help manage urban forests with goal of making a difference in the territory; create training and action opportunities for citizens with a goal of having a positive impact in people’s awareness and practical knowledge about trees and woodlands; and structure a volunteer programme for reforestation and management tasks with a goal of contributing to social change and promoting public participation. This meeting was seed for the FUTURE – the 100,000 trees project. Why did RCE Porto Embrace the Native Woodlands Challenge? As reported by the PMA-ESP and reaffirmed later (AFN, 2010), the PMA territory is a jigsaw puzzle of urban, agricultural and forest areas. Roughly 41% of the land has forest cover. However, native trees species (Quercus sp., Castanea sp., Ilex sp., Fraxinus sp. Alnus sp., Laurus sp., Salix sp., etc.) cover less than 6% of forested territory, which is dominated by extensive monocultures of Pinus pinaster and Eucalyptus sp. (representing a higher risk of fire and pest expansion, as well as biodiversity loss). In addition, the loss of forest and agricultural land to urban expansion is a constant. From 1991 to 2008 urban development spread at a rate of 1,8 hectares per day (GEA, 2006; GEA, 2008). This trend in forest loss to urban expansion matches the reality in other parts of Europe as reported by Konijnendijk (2003). Urban forests refer to all forest and tree resources in and around urban areas, including woodlands, parks, trees and other green areas (Konijnendijk, 2003). These urban forests, particularly when based in native species – which are suited to the local environment – are extremely important as they provide multiple and highly demanding goods and services to society. In fact, a recent report (Vibrant Cities and Urban Forests Task Force, 2011) describes how the urban forest, working as green infrastructure, plays multiple roles in the ecology of human habitats: they filter air, water and sunlight, moderate harsh local climates, cooling the air and slowing wind and storm water runoff, reduce the urban heat island effect and air pollution, act as carbon sink against climate change, provide recreational opportunities, improve wildlife habitat and biodiversity and create other countless health, social and economic benefits. Konijnendijk (2003) and Dwyer et al (1992) also detail these benefits and consider that the social and ecological stability of urban ecosystems can be enhanced by urban forests. Increasing resilience, reducing vulnerability, restoring natural capital and improving social well-being are some of the competences attributed to urban forests as central green infrastructures in Europe (Dige, 2011). The importance of forests was recently acknowledged by the United Nations General Assembly. It proclaimed 2011 as the International Year of Forests, inviting governments and the UN system, major groups and other forest-related organisations, to come together and raise awareness on strengthening the management, conservation and sustainable development of all types of forests for the benefit of current and future generations. Why did RCE Porto Embrace the Social Capital Improvement Approach? As reported by the PMA-ESP there is a need for more and better collaboration, public awareness and participation opportunities in the region if the main environmental challenges are to be solved (GEA, 2006; GEA, 2008). The SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats) analysis conducted during the study evidenced several weaknesses, such as the lack of human and financial resources, the nonexistence of collaboration and synergies between organisations and, often, competition for the same resources (including the school community that reported being overwhelmed with dozens of distinct projects each year), fragile public participation, and the general absence of project continuity (and no evaluation or feedback efforts). Strengths in the region include the large number of organisations enrolled in education for sustainable development (ESD) initiatives and the abundance of non-financial resources in these organisations. This regional scenario led to the creation of RCE Porto and the start of an expansion and social capital improvement process, as introduced by Putnam (1993), particularly in the creation of social networks that facilitate coordinated action and cooperation (with knowledge, trust and resources) that help move towards sustainability by overcoming the dilemmas of collective action. This ‘human dimension’ of sustainability has increased in significance over recent years, shifting the core of sustainability from goal attainment to a social learning process (Tàbara and Pahl-Wostl, 2007). Social learning implies a change in understanding of the individuals involved, goes beyond the individual, becomes situated within wider social units and occurs through social interactions and processes between actors within a social network (Reed et al, 2010). 30 31
2 2 Learning for Conservation and Revitalisation of Natural and Cultural Resources The Project The FUTURE – the 100,000 trees project in Porto Metropolitan Area addresses the two previously documented priority issues at the regional context: the need to expand and improve the natural capital, particularly native urban woodlands, which are related to a broader environmental quality context, and the social capital, particularly through the creation of social networks that facilitate the action, cooperation and public participation required to move the region to a more sustainable status. The project, collaboratively designed and managed, comprises the creation of 100 hectares of native woodlands in the region (100,000 trees) until 2015, mainly in areas that were previously subject to human pressures such as fire or invasive species, while simultaneously setting up a group of citizens that are aware, skilled and motivated enough to promote and care for these native woodlands in close cooperation with regional organisations. The project comprises reforestation area identification (both public and private), characterisation and selection, landowner agreements, reforestation plan design, needs listing, resource procurement (plants, machinery, professional human resources, hours of volunteer work), volunteer training and coordination before, during and after field activities, partnership management, stakeholder information and feedback (website, e-mail, newspapers, facebook), centralised record keeping (species planted per area, number of trees, hours of volunteer work offered, volunteer participation in each activity, etc.), reforestation results evaluation, and planning and training sessions. The RCE Porto executive team (the Environmental Studies Group of the Portuguese Catholic University) operates as the coordinating office for the FUTURE project. The institutions most directly implicated in this project include the PMA Coordination, 10 municipalities (Arouca, Gondomar, Maia, Matosinhos, Oliveira de Azeméis, S. João da Madeira, Santo Tirso, Trofa, Valongo, Vila do Conde), Forestis (forestry association), Quercus (non-governmental organisation) and the Portuguese Catholic University. Several governmental offices are also implicated: Portuguese Youth Institute; Regional Office of the Ministry of Education (DREN), and the Regional Office of the Ministry of the Environment (CCDR-N). Several non-governmental organisations, private companies, private forest landowners associations have also joined the project. At the moment of this writing the project involves 30 organisations. Planning and Implementation As mentioned earlier, the 100,000 trees project in Porto Metropolitan Area was born in October 2010 at an RCE Porto executive board meeting. The main stakeholders absent from that first meeting were later invited and incorporated in the design phase of the project. Several one-to-one and stakeholder phone and faceto-face meetings took place between December 2010 and April 2011. The objective was to consolidate the methodology, identify active partners and list both the resources needed and those provided by partners. From this dialogue several core issues arose: (1) the need to focus the reforestation efforts on a small number of pilot areas throughout the region, (2) the need to respect the various municipality agendas (reforest burned areas, create fire barriers, improve urban parks, regenerate areas dominated by Eucalyptus sp.), (3) the need to address post-planting challenges like tree replacement and short term management, and (4) the need to train and promote active citizen involvement, both in tree planting as well as previous tasks (germination/reproduction) and subsequent care. By June 2011, after several meeting rounds, the project was able to bring together the basic resources needed for the startup phase: (1) eight planting areas (public and private; in mountain, urban, and riverside areas) totaling around 40 hectares, (2) human resources for planting and management (these forest management teams resulted from the cooperation between landowners associations, the central government and municipalities), (3) indigenous tree seedlings (from state nurseries, through a partnership with a non-governmental organisation), and (4) a growing goodwill movement to help with planting and management (NGO, schools, companies and organisations with social responsibility departments). Two citizen enrolment programmes were created: a training programme (Forest Ambassadors) and a stewardship programme (Forest Curators). The training package was collaboratively developed and implemented by researchers and experts of the RCE Porto partner organisations. Forest Ambassadors is a 16 hour programme that imparts a broad forest insight: characteristics, history, biology and ecology, management, and economic, social and environmental impacts on society. It is composed by theoretical and practical study units and focuses on providing people with sensorial experiences (for example taste workshops with forest products like honey, teas, berries, chestnuts, etc.). The stewardship package invites residents from the region to donate 40 volunteer work hours to the forest, planting and caring for trees in one or several of the areas under the 100,000 trees project intervention. It was promoted exclusively over the web, through the network previously created by RCE Porto. The main implementation phase of the 100,000 trees Public participation in the project has been surprisingly positive. Around 1,900 participation records (800 individual volunteers) were registered in tree planting and caring (160 hours) and 76 people made a long term commitment to give 40 hours per year to these activities project started in September (training) and October 2011 (planting). Outcomes and Evaluation From October 2011 to February 2012, which is the suitable planting period at this latitude, 11,140 native trees were planted in six areas within the metropolitan area. The area under intervention in 2011/2012 was approximately 24 hectares. The planting goal for this period was achieved at 74% (as a consequence of the dry climatic conditions observed during this winter time, the 15,000 tree target could not be reached). After the interventions, these new woodland areas accommodate more than 20 species of native trees and shrubs: Quercus robur, Castanea sativa, Crataegus monogyna, Corylus avellana, Arbutus unedo, Acer monspessulanum, Betula celtiberica, Ulmus minor, Ilex aquifolium, Fraxinus sp., Alnus glutinosa, Sambucus nigra, Laurus nobilis, Prunus lusitânica, Quercus suber, Pinus pinea and Viburnum tinus. The selection of the exact species considered the ecological characteristics of each area. The tree survival rate in the areas examined during May 2012 was more than 95%. The environmental results have not been quantified but it is expected that biodiversity, the soil’s biocapacity and water regulation improve and that about 125 tonnes of carbon dioxide are stored per hectare planted per year (annual average for a 40 year period). The trees planted are very young, with lengths ranging from 10 cm to 50 cm, and the expected results can only be measured over the next decades. From the social capital perspective (civic engagement and social connectedness) several outcomes are to be highlighted. As a consequence of the collaborative design, 32 33
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