John and the Future of the Nations - Institute for Biblical Research

SCHNABEL: John and the Future of the Nations 253
which is the background for the scroll vision in Rev 10:8-10, confirms
the interpretation of 10:13 in the sense of "prophesying against"
peoples and nations. Ezekiel's message is primarily one of judgment,
a fact that explains why the scroll is described as displaying "lamentation
and mourning and woe" (Ezek 2:10). (5) The following vision
(11:1-13), which develops the ideas of chap. 10, focuses on God's
judgment on the "peoples and tribes and languages and nations"
(11:9). The prophecy of judgment on the nations that was predominant
in the early chapters continues after chap. 10. John's focus from
chap. 11 onward is, as G. Beale correctly observes, "not on a new
strategy for converting the world but on the world's rejection of the
church's witness." 29 We conclude that the content of the scroll in Rev
10 does not support the view that John relates to the church a missionary
mandate for an evangelistic ministry to the nations, thus anticipating
the conversion of the Gentiles who respond to the witness
of the church.
Second, the term e!mfoboi e)ge/nonto (11:13d) hardly has the positive
sense of "fear of the Lord.''' (1) John uses the word "fear" indeed
in the positive sense of worshipful stance toward God, but (i) only in
the subsequent context (11:18; 14:7; 15:4; 19:5), (ii) often with clear
reference to "the prophets and saints" (11:18) or "his servants" (19:5),
(iii) usually in the context of divine judgment on the nations (11:18;
14:7; 15:4; 19:5), and (iv) never with the use of the noun fo/boj, which
is used only negatively in Rev (11:18; 18:10, 15). 30 (2) In the preceding
context the notion of "fear" is not used in the sense of the "fear of the
Lord" but negatively in the sense of being afraid of God (cf. the
mh[de_n] fobou= in 1:17; 2:10). (3) e!mfoboi with a form of gi/nomai always
means "frightened" or "terrified" in the NT, never implying faith,
even though both believers and nonbelievers may be in view (Luke
24:5, 37; Acts 10:4; 24:25). (4) The possible allusion to the fear of the
Philistine sailors in Jonah 1:9-10 and 16 confirms the interpretation of
"fear" in terms of anxious apprehension: after the prophet tells them
that he worships YHWH the God of heaven (to_n ku/rion qeo_n tou= ou)ranou=
e)gw_ se/bomai, v. 9), the pagan sailors are terribly afraid (e)obh/qhsan
oi( a!ndrej fo/bon me/gan, v. 10; e)fobh/qhsan oi( a!ndrej fo/bw| mega/lw| to_n
ku/rion, v. 16) and offer sacrifices to Jonah's God. There is no hint that
they stopped worshiping their own gods or that they joined God's
covenant people. (5) The parallels in Rev 9:20; 19:21; and 20:5 that
also speak of oi( loipoi/ use the phrase with regard to unbelievers who
experience the beginning of the last judgment.
29. Beale, Revelation, 531.
30. In 13:13 several MSS read e)n fobw|= instead of e!mfoboi: ) 2351 pc lat sy ph.hmg ; cf.
Beale, Revelation, 605.